1
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Ghosh S, Devereaux MW, Liu C, Sokol RJ. LRH-1 agonist DLPC through STAT6 promotes macrophage polarization and prevents parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in mice. Hepatology 2024; 79:986-1004. [PMID: 37976384 PMCID: PMC11023811 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) is an important complication in patients with intestinal failure with reduced LRH-1 expression. Here, we hypothesized that LRH-1 activation by its agonist, dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), would trigger signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) signaling and hepatic macrophage polarization that would mediate hepatic protection in PNAC. APPROACH AND RESULTS PNAC mouse model (oral DSSx4d followed by PNx14d; DSS-PN) was treated with LRH-1 agonist DLPC (30 mg/kg/day) intravenously. DLPC treatment prevented liver injury and cholestasis while inducing hepatic mRNA expression of Nr5a2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2), Abcb11 (ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11), Abcg5 (ATP-binding cassette [ABC] transporters subfamily G member 5), Abcg8 (ATP-binding cassette [ABC] transporters subfamily G member 8), nuclear receptor subfamily 0, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 ( Abcc2) mRNA, all of which were reduced in PNAC mice. To determine the mechanism of the DLPC effect, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis of the liver from Chow, DSS-PN, and DSS-PN/DLPC mice, which revealed DLPC upregulation of the anti-inflammatory STAT6 pathway. In intrahepatic mononuclear cells or bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) from PNAC mice, DLPC treatment prevented upregulation of pro-inflammatory (M1) genes, suppressed activation of NFκB and induced phosphorylation of STAT6 and its target genes, indicating M2 macrophage polarization. In vitro, incubation of DLPC with cultured macrophages showed that the increased Il-1b and Tnf induced by exposure to lipopolysaccharides or phytosterols was reduced significantly, which was associated with increased STAT6 binding to promoters of its target genes. Suppression of STAT6 expression by siRNA in THP-1 cells exposed to lipopolysaccharides, phytosterols, or both resulted in enhanced elevation of IL-1B mRNA expression. Furthermore, the protective effect of DLPC in THP-1 cells was abrogated by STAT6 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that activation of LRH-1 by DLPC may protect from PNAC liver injury through STAT6-mediated macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Michael W. Devereaux
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Cuining Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado‐Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, Colorado, USA
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
- Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado
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2
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Wang H, Hu DQ, Xiao Q, Liu YB, Song J, Liang Y, Ruan JW, Wang ZZ, Li JX, Pan L, Wang MC, Zeng M, Shi LL, Xu K, Ning Q, Zhen G, Yu D, Wang DY, Wenzel SE, Liu Z. Defective STING expression potentiates IL-13 signaling in epithelial cells in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1692-1703. [PMID: 33340608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation favors effective innate immune responses against viral infections. Its role in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to explore the expression, regulation, and function of STING in CRSwNP. METHODS STING expression in sinonasal mucosal samples was analyzed by means of quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. Regulation and function of STING expression were explored by using cultured primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and cells of the line BEAS-2B in vitro. RESULTS STING expression was reduced in eosinophilic nasal polyps compared with that in noneosinophilic nasal polyps and control tissues. STING was predominantly expressed by epithelial cells in nasal tissue and was downregulated by IL-4 and IL-13 in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)-dependent manner. HNECs derived from eosinophilic polyps displayed compromised STING-dependent type I interferon production but heightened IL-13-induced STAT6 activation and CCL26 production as compared with HNECs from noneosinophilic polyps and control tissues, which were rescued by exogenous STING overexpression. Knocking down or overexpressing STING decreased or enhanced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in BEAS-2B cells, respectively, independent of the canonic STING pathway elements TBK1 and IRF3. Knocking down SOCS1 abolished the inhibitory effect of STING on IL-13 signaling in BEAS-2B cells. STING expression was positively correlated with SOCS1 expression but negatively correlated with CCL26 expression in nasal epithelial cells from patients with CRSwNP. CONCLUSIONS Reduced STING expression caused by the type 2 milieu not only impairs STING-dependent type I interferon production but also amplifies IL-13 signaling by decreasing SOCS1 expression in nasal epithelial cells in eosinophilic CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Qing Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Bo Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxia Liang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Wen Ruan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe-Zheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Xian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Chen Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Li Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohua Zhen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases of Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infection Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Delgado-Ramirez Y, Colly V, Gonzalez GV, Leon-Cabrera S. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 as a target in colon cancer therapy. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:455-464. [PMID: 32565970 PMCID: PMC7285805 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a member of the STAT family of proteins that serve key roles in the initiation of tumorigenesis and malignant transformation. STAT6 is highly expressed in several types of cancer, including breast, pancreatic, prostate and colorectal cancer. STAT6 transduces signals in response to the binding of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 to their receptors and regulates the expression of genes involved in the immune response, cell survival, tumor proliferation and metastasis. Patients with colorectal cancer exhibit high STAT6 activity in the colonic epithelium, and STAT6 expression is associated with lower survival rates, lymph node metastasis, changes in the epithelial barrier function and alterations in the inflammatory response. A number of studies investigating experimental models and cancer cell lines have revealed that STAT6 is associated with tumor growth and development, as well as with increased invasion and metastasis, suggesting that STAT6 inhibition may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in colon cancer. The present review summarizes the evidence with regard to the implications of STAT6 in cancer biology and the direct and indirect effects on colon tumor transformation. Furthermore, the current treatment strategies targeting the IL-4/IL-13/STAT6 axis in colon cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Delgado-Ramirez
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology, Biomedical Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico
| | - Vaneesa Colly
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology, Biomedical Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico.,Medical School, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico
| | - Giovanni Villanueva Gonzalez
- Medical School, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico
| | - Sonia Leon-Cabrera
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology, Biomedical Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico.,Medical School, Faculty of Superior Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tlalnepantla, CP 54090, Mexico
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4
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Dutta AK, Boggs K, Khimji AK, Getachew Y, Wang Y, Kresge C, Rockey DC, Feranchak AP. Signaling through the interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 receptor complexes regulates cholangiocyte TMEM16A expression and biliary secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G763-G771. [PMID: 32090602 PMCID: PMC7191463 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00219.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
TMEM16A is a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel in the apical membrane of biliary epithelial cells, known as cholangiocytes, which contributes importantly to ductular bile formation. Whereas cholangiocyte TMEM16A activity is regulated by extracellular ATP-binding membrane purinergic receptors, channel expression is regulated by interleukin-4 (IL-4) through an unknown mechanism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the signaling pathways involved in TMEM16A expression and cholangiocyte secretion. Studies were performed in polarized normal rat cholangiocyte monolayers, human Mz-Cha-1 biliary cells, and cholangiocytes isolated from murine liver tissue. The results demonstrate that all the biliary models expressed the IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1 receptor complex. Incubation of cholangiocytes with either IL-13 or IL-4 increased the expression of TMEM16A protein, which was associated with an increase in the magnitude of Ca2+-activated Cl- currents in response to ATP in single cells and the short-circuit current response in polarized monolayers. The IL-4- and IL-13-mediated increase in TMEM16A expression was also associated with an increase in STAT6 phosphorylation. Specific inhibition of JAK-3 inhibited the increase in TMEM16A expression and the IL-4-mediated increase in ATP-stimulated currents, whereas inhibition of STAT6 inhibited both IL-4- and IL-13-mediated increases in TMEM16A expression and ATP-stimulated secretion. These studies demonstrate that the cytokines IL-13 and IL-4 regulate the expression and function of biliary TMEM16A channels through a signaling pathway involving STAT6. Identification of this regulatory pathway provides new insight into biliary secretion and suggests new targets to enhance bile formation in the treatment of cholestatic liver disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The Ca2+-activated Cl- channel transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A) has emerged as an important regulator of biliary secretion and hence, ductular bile formation. The present studies represent the initial description of the regulation of TMEM16A expression in biliary epithelium. Identification of this regulatory pathway involving the IL-4 and IL-13 receptor complex and JAK-3 and STAT-6 signaling provides new insight into biliary secretion and suggests new therapeutic targets to enhance bile formation in the treatment of cholestatic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal K. Dutta
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kristy Boggs
- 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Al-karim Khimji
- 2Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yonas Getachew
- 2Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Youxue Wang
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Charles Kresge
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Don C. Rockey
- 3Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Andrew P. Feranchak
- 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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5
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Brandt EB, Lewkowich IP. RAGE-induced asthma: A role for the receptor for advanced glycation end-products in promoting allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:651-653. [PMID: 31251951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Brandt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Ian P Lewkowich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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6
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Chen N, Feng L, Lu K, Li P, Lv X, Wang X. STAT6 phosphorylation upregulates microRNA-155 expression and subsequently enhances the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:95-100. [PMID: 31289477 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a clonal expansion of CD5+ B cells, is the most common form of adult leukemia; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain undetermined. It has been previously suggested that numerous biological factors, including cytokines, may be involved in the proliferation of malignant cells. For example, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-2, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor serve roles as inhibitors of cellular apoptosis; whereas IL-5 and IL-10 are inducers of cellular apoptosis. In the present study, the results demonstrated that the phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) was induced by IL-4 in a time-dependent manner. Notably, the expression level of microRNA (miR)-155 was increased in MEC-1 cells following treatment with IL-4; however, this effect was attenuated following STAT6 knockdown via RNA interference. In addition, STAT6 knockdown promoted cell apoptosis, which was partly attenuated by treatment with IL-4. Inhibition of miR-155 expression significantly increased cell apoptosis despite the presence of IL-4. The results of the present study suggested that treatment with IL-4 enhanced the expression of miR-155, which regulated CLL cell survival via the enhanced phosphorylation of STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Lili Feng
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Institute of Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
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7
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Mahaki H, Jabarivasal N, Sardarian K, Zamani A. The effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on c-Maf, STAT6, and RORα expressions in spleen and thymus of rat. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 38:177-183. [PMID: 31017814 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1608832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) exposure at different magnetic flux densities on genes expression of transcription factor Maf (c-Maf), signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), and retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) in the spleen and thymus of rats. Eighty adult male rats were separated into four ELF-EMFs exposed and were exposed to magnetic flux densities of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 µT at a frequency of 50 Hz for 2 h daily for up to 60 d. All rats were intraperitoneally immunized on d 31, 44, and 58 of exposure. The experimental results showed that the expression levels of c-Maf, STAT6, and RORα in the thymus were not significantly changed at different magnetic flux densities. The expression levels of RORα and c-Maf were significantly downregulated at the densities of 1 and 100 µT, while the expression of STAT6 was only significantly decreased at the density of 100 µT. In conclusion, low magnetic flux densities of ELF-EMFs may reduce the expression levels of c-Maf, STAT6, and RORα genes in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Mahaki
- a Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,b Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Naghi Jabarivasal
- c Department of Medical Physics , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Khosro Sardarian
- a Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,b Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- a Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,d Molecular Immunology Research Group , Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
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8
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Kiyohara T, Tanimura H, Takewaki H, Suzuki K. Malignant solitary fibrous tumor in the subcutis: Report of a rare superficial malignant type and review of published work. J Dermatol 2019; 46:267-270. [PMID: 30614065 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An 82-year-old Japanese man presented with a 90 mm × 80 mm subcutaneous nodule on the left chest, not connected to the pleura, described as hypointense on T1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Histologically, a well-demarcated nodule demonstrated a patternless pattern composed of hemangiopericytoma-like and short storiform patterns from the subcutis into deeper tissue. Antler-like branching blood vessels and keloidal-type collagen bundles were seen. Myxoid change was seen in hypocellular areas. Bizarre cells and multinucleated giant cells could be easily identified. Approximately 5 mitoses per 10 high-power fields could be detected. The majority of proliferating spindle cells were positive for CD34, CD99 and BCL2 expression. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 was strongly expressed in the nuclei. The Ki-67 proliferation index was 60%. We performed wide local excision with a 30-mm margin, along with resection of intercostal muscles, fasciae and periostea. Neither local recurrence nor distant metastases have occurred in 16 months of follow up. The present case is consistent with malignant solitary fibrous tumor in the subcutis histologically mimicking myxofibrosarcoma or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, definitively diagnosed by immunoexpression of STAT6. We performed a review of the published work and identified six previously reported patients with malignant superficial solitary fibrous tumor to validate the characteristics of this rare type. Four men and two women were included. The sarcomas involved the head area, trunk and thigh. Only one tumor-associated death occurred despite excision and radiotherapy. Complete excision is a possible treatment choice for this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kiyohara
- Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tanimura
- Department of Dermatology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruka Takewaki
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Xu B, Lu X, Zhao Y, Liu C, Huang X, Chen S, Zhu W, Zhang L, Chen M. MicroRNA-135a induces prostate cancer cell apoptosis via inhibition of STAT6. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1889-1895. [PMID: 30675252 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of metastatic prostate cancer remains a challenge. Activation of apoptosis signaling pathways via signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) has been hypothesized to be a therapeutic strategy for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. The ONCOMINE® prostate cancer database and two Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (Gene Series 40026 and 21032) were re-analyzed to determine the expression levels of STAT6 and microRNA (miR)-135a in prostate cancer. The current study investigated the induced overexpression of miR-135a in prostate cancer cell lines to detect its function in prostate cell apoptosis using Hoechst staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting and examined the expression levels of STAT6 and its DNA binding ability using western blotting and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In analysis of the ONCOMINE® database, STAT6 expression levels in prostate cancer tissue were higher compared with those in normal prostate gland tissue and were associated with the overall survival rate and biochemical relapse rate following radical prostatectomy. Additionally, there was an inverse correlation between miR-135a and STAT6 expression levels in prostate cancer cell lines. miR-135a was able to induce prostate cancer cell apoptosis via targeting STAT6 mRNA and subsequently repressing protein expression and phosphorylation, which also altered the transcriptional factor function of STAT6 through its DNA-binding capabilities. In conclusion, miR-135a may function as a tumor-suppressing miRNA in prostate cancer and its anti-oncogenic activity may involve the direct targeting and inhibition of STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, P.R. China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiu Chen
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China.,Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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10
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Sandoh K, Ishida M, Okano K, Ebisu Y, Fukumoto K, Saito T, Murakawa T, Nakai T, Hatakeyama K, Ohbayashi C, Tsuta K. Cytological characteristics of meningeal solitary fibrous tumor metastatic to the lung: A case report with immunocytochemical analysis. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 9:17-20. [PMID: 29896398 PMCID: PMC5995211 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2018.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a relatively uncommon mesenchymal tumor, and its occurrence in the meninges is rare. We herein report what is, to the best of our knowledge, the first cytological case of meningeal SFT metastatic to the lung with immunocytochemical analysis for signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), and compare the cytological characteristics to those of pleuropulmonary SFT. A 58-year-old Japanese male patient was found to have multiple nodules in the bilateral lungs after surgery for meningeal SFT. Partial resection of the nodules was performed, and touch smears were obtained. The Papanicolaou smear revealed cohesive hypercellular clusters of polygonal to elongated neoplastic cells with scant cytoplasm and oval to short spindle-shaped nuclei with nucleoli containing coarse chromatin. Mild-to-moderate nuclear pleomorphism was observed. No collagenous stroma was noted. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that the neoplastic cells diffusely expressed STAT6. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies confirmed the diagnosis of meningeal SFT metastatic to the lung. Moreover, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the lung tumor harbored NAB2ex6-STAT6ex16 fusion. Recent studies demonstrated that there is a clinicopathological difference among NAB2-STAT6 fusion variants in SFT. As reflected in fusion variants, meningeal SFT occasionally lacks collagenous stroma, as in the present case, although the most characteristic cytological feature of SFT is the presence of spindle-shaped neoplastic cells embedded in dense collagenous stroma. Thus, immunocytochemical analysis for STAT6 is very useful for diagnosing SFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sandoh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ishida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kimiaki Okano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ebisu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kento Fukumoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomohito Saito
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Murakawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tokiko Nakai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Kinta Hatakeyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Chiho Ohbayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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11
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Muramatsu K, Ujiie H, Kobayashi I, Nishie W, Izumi K, Ito T, Yoshimoto N, Natsuga K, Iwata H, Shimizu H. Regulatory T-cell dysfunction induces autoantibodies to bullous pemphigoid antigens in mice and human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1818-1830.e6. [PMID: 29704593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in peripheral immune tolerance in multiple organs, including the skin. Thus far, the effect of peripheral immune tolerance failure on autoantibody-related autoimmune reactions to the skin is unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the target autoantigens in the skin under the condition of Treg cell dysfunction caused by forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) gene mutations in scurfy mice and patients with immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome. METHODS Sera and skin from scurfy mice and sera from patients with IPEX syndrome were analyzed to detect target autoantigens by using immunofluorescence studies, ELISAs, and immunoblotting. The pathogenicity of scurfy IgG was examined by using a passive transfer experiment. CD4+ T cells from scurfy mice were transferred to immunodeficient mice to examine their pathogenicity. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6)-/- scurfy mice were analyzed to further clarify the molecular pathway of autoantibody production. Follicular helper T-cell counts are measured in Stat6-/- scurfy mice and scurfy mice. RESULTS Scurfy mice spontaneously generated IgG autoantibodies to the dermal-epidermal junction, which had been class-switched from IgM within 12 days after birth. The target autoantigens were murine BP230 and type XVII collagen (COL17). The scurfy polyclonal autoantibodies did not induce skin fragility in neonatal mice. Autoantibody production was induced by CD4+ T cells from scurfy mice and was ameliorated by Stat6 gene knockout in association with a decrease of follicular helper T cells. We also identified autoantibodies to COL17 and BP230 in patients with IPEX syndrome and found an association between production of autoantibodies to COL17 and an eczematous skin phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of Treg cells generates autoantibodies to COL17 and BP230 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Muramatsu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Izumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Moue T, Tajika Y, Ishikawa S, Kanada Y, Okumo T, Asano K, Hisamitsu T. Influence of IL13 on Periostin Secretion by Synoviocytes in Osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 31:79-85. [PMID: 28064224 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous research provided evidence of periostin increase in parallel with interleukin-13 (IL13) increase in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The reaction cascade from IL13 to periostin, however, remains unidentified. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that periostin secretion is affected downstream of IL13. MATERIALS AND METHODS OA synoviocytes were cultured under different concentrations of IL13. Periostin content in culture supernatants and the level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in the cultured cells were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the influence of dexamethasone and leflunomide on periostin production in relation to the effect of IL13 on the cells was also examined. RESULTS Periostin content in culture supernatants and the level of STAT6 in cultured cells were significantly increased by IL13. The increase of periostin was significantly inhibited by dexamethasone and leflunomide. CONCLUSION Periostin may be up-regulated in OA synoviocytes via STAT6 downstream of IL13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Moue
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Tajika
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishikawa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kanada
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okumo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Asano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hisamitsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Hall SL, Baker T, Lajoie S, Richgels PK, Yang Y, McAlees JW, van Lier A, Wills-Karp M, Sivaprasad U, Acciani TH, LeCras TD, Myers JB, Kovacic MB, Lewkowich IP. IL-17A enhances IL-13 activity by enhancing IL-13-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:462-471.e14. [PMID: 27417023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased IL-17A production has been associated with more severe asthma; however, the mechanisms whereby IL-17A can contribute to IL-13-driven pathology in asthmatic patients remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to gain mechanistic insight into how IL-17A can influence IL-13-driven responses. METHODS The effect of IL-17A on IL-13-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, gene expression, mucus hypersecretion, and airway inflammation was assessed by using in vivo models of IL-13-induced lung pathology and in vitro culture of murine fibroblast cell lines and primary fibroblasts and human epithelial cell lines or primary human epithelial cells exposed to IL-13, IL-17A, or both. RESULTS Compared with mice given intratracheal IL-13 alone, those exposed to IL-13 and IL-17A had augmented airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus production, airway inflammation, and IL-13-induced gene expression. In vitro, IL-17A enhanced IL-13-induced gene expression in asthma-relevant murine and human cells. In contrast to the exacerbating influence of IL-17A on IL-13-induced responses, coexposure to IL-13 inhibited IL-17A-driven antimicrobial gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, in both primary human and murine cells, the IL-17A-driven increase in IL-13-induced gene expression was associated with enhanced IL-13-driven signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IL-17A contributes to asthma pathophysiology by increasing the capacity of IL-13 to activate intracellular signaling pathways, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. These data represent the first mechanistic explanation of how IL-17A can directly contribute to the pathogenesis of IL-13-driven pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Hall
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Theresa Baker
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stephane Lajoie
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Phoebe K Richgels
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yanfen Yang
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jaclyn W McAlees
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Adelaide van Lier
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marsha Wills-Karp
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Umasundari Sivaprasad
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Thomas H Acciani
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy D LeCras
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jocelyn Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Melinda Butsch Kovacic
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ian P Lewkowich
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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14
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Bao L, Alexander JB, Shi VY, Mohan GC, Chan LS. Interleukin-4 up-regulation of epidermal interleukin-19 expression in keratinocytes involves the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) to the imperfect Stat6 sites. Immunology 2015; 143:601-8. [PMID: 24943510 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-19 (IL-19) plays an important role in asthma by stimulating T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine production. Interestingly, IL-4, a key Th2 cytokine, in turn up-regulates IL-19 expression in bronchial epithelial cells, so forming a positive feedback loop. In atopic dermatitis (AD), another Th2 disease closely related to asthma, IL-19 is up-regulated in the skin. We propose to use IL-4 transgenic (Tg) mice and human keratinocyte culture to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in the up-regulation of IL-19 in AD. IL-19 is similarly up-regulated in the skin of IL-4 Tg mice as in human AD. Next we show that IL-4 up-regulates IL-19 expression in keratinocytes. Interestingly, the up-regulation was suppressed by a pan-Janus kinase (Jak) inhibitor, suggesting that the Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) pathway may be involved. Dominant negative studies further indicate that STAT6, but not other STATs, mediates the up-regulation. Serial 5' deletion of the IL-19 promoter and mutagenesis studies demonstrate that IL-4 up-regulation of IL-19 in keratinocytes involves two imperfect STAT6 response elements. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay studies indicate that IL-4 increases the binding of STAT6 to its response elements in the IL-19 promoter. Taken together, we delineate the detailed molecular pathway for IL-4 up-regulation of IL-19 in keratinocytes, which may play an important role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Lee JG, Moon H, Park C, Shin SH, Kang K, Kim TJ. Reversible expression of CD138 on mature follicular B cells is downregulated by IL-4. Immunol Lett. 2013;156:38-45. [PMID: 24029663 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD138, known as a marker of plasma cells, was reported to be expressed to an intermediate level in the murine bone marrow precursor B cells. Here an intermediate level of CD138 expression was also noted in a subpopulation of splenic follicular B cells, which were distinguishable from CD138(high) plasma cells, whereas the majority of transitional or marginal zone B cells did not express CD138. These CD138(int) B cells were IgM(low)IgD(high) mature B cells, located within follicular B cell zone, and expressed a lower level of CD21 than CD138(-) follicular B cells. During in vitro culture of splenic cells, the proportion of CD138(int) B cells increased, which was noticeably reversed by the addition of IL-4 to the culture. The experiments with sorted CD138(int) cells showed that IL-4-mediated regulation of the CD138 expression was B cell-intrinsic and independent of in vitro B cell death. Our results demonstrate that mouse CD138(int) B cells characterize a subpopulation of IgM(low)IgD(high) mature follicular B cells. The CD138 expression on follicular B cells may represent a reversible status, reflecting a dynamic state probably influenced by IL-4.
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16
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Li B, Nie W, Li Q, Liu H, Liu S. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 polymorphism and asthma risk: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013; 6:621-631. [PMID: 24040469 PMCID: PMC3762616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymorphism in the signal transducer and activators of transduction 6 (STAT6) gene has been implicated in susceptibility to asthma and aetiology of asthma, but a number of studies have reported inconclusive and ambiguous results of the association between polymorphism in STAT6 gene and asthma risk in different populations. The aim of this study is to further investigate the association between the STAT6 gene polymorphism and asthma susceptibility. METHODS Pubmed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Weipu Database and Wanfang Database were searched to find relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. RESULTS Included in this meta analysis were 14 studies involving 2875 cases and 3227 controls for STAT6 2964G/A polymorphism and six studies involving 1431 cases and 2027 controls for 2892C/T polymorphism. Overall, there was no significant association between 2964G/A polymorphism of STAT6 and asthma susceptibility for GA+AA vs. GG (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.85-1.07, P = 0.39). Except TT vs. CT+CC and TT vs. CC, no significant association was observed between 2892C/T polymorphism and asthma risk under other different contrast models. However, the result was instable. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the 2964G/A polymorphism of STAT6 gene is not a risk factor of asthma. For 2892C/T, it contributes to the aetiology of or susceptibility to asthma. More studies are needed to validate this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200003, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hongchao Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that exerts distinct biological activities on different cell types. Our studies indicate that interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-4 is both a target and a modulator of the IL-4 signaling cascade. IRF-4 expression is strongly upregulated upon costimulation of B cells with CD40 and IL-4. Furthermore, we find that IRF-4 can interact with signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)6 and drive the expression of IL-4-inducible genes. The transactivating ability of IRF-4 is blocked by the repressor factor BCL-6. Since expression of IRF-4 is mostly confined to lymphoid cells, these data provide a potential mechanism by which IL-4-inducible genes can be regulated in a lineage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Alissa Anthony
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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