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Zhao H, Liu M, Guo Q. Silicon-based transient electronics: principles, devices and applications. Nanotechnology 2024; 35:292002. [PMID: 38599177 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3ce1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in materials science, device designs and advanced fabrication technologies have enabled the rapid development of transient electronics, which represents a class of devices or systems that their functionalities and constitutions can be partially/completely degraded via chemical reaction or physical disintegration over a stable operation. Therefore, numerous potentials, including zero/reduced waste electronics, bioresorbable electronic implants, hardware security, and others, are expected. In particular, transient electronics with biocompatible and bioresorbable properties could completely eliminate the secondary retrieval surgical procedure after their in-body operation, thus offering significant potentials for biomedical applications. In terms of material strategies for the manufacturing of transient electronics, silicon nanomembranes (SiNMs) are of great interest because of their good physical/chemical properties, modest mechanical flexibility (depending on their dimensions), robust and outstanding device performances, and state-of-the-art manufacturing technologies. As a result, continuous efforts have been made to develop silicon-based transient electronics, mainly focusing on designing manufacturing strategies, fabricating various devices with different functionalities, investigating degradation or failure mechanisms, and exploring their applications. In this review, we will summarize the recent progresses of silicon-based transient electronics, with an emphasis on the manufacturing of SiNMs, devices, as well as their applications. After a brief introduction, strategies and basics for utilizing SiNMs for transient electronics will be discussed. Then, various silicon-based transient electronic devices with different functionalities are described. After that, several examples regarding on the applications, with an emphasis on the biomedical engineering, of silicon-based transient electronics are presented. Finally, summary and perspectives on transient electronics are exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Zhao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglei Guo
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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2
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Wang Z, Lu H, Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhang H, Yu Y. Ultrathin Flexible Encapsulation Materials Based on Al 2O 3/Alucone Nanolaminates for Improved Electrical Stability of Silicon Nanomembrane-Based MOS Capacitors. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 15:41. [PMID: 38258160 PMCID: PMC10818618 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Ultrathin flexible encapsulation (UFE) using multilayered films has prospects for practical applications, such as implantable and wearable electronics. However, existing investigations of the effect of mechanical bending strains on electrical properties after the encapsulation procedure provide insufficient information for improving the electrical stability of ultrathin silicon nanomembrane (Si NM)-based metal oxide semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). Here, we used atomic layer deposition and molecular layer deposition to generate 3.5 dyads of alternating 11 nm Al2O3 and 3.5 nm aluminum alkoxide (alucone) nanolaminates on flexible Si NM-based MOSCAPs. Moreover, we bent the MOSCAPs inwardly to radii of 85 and 110.5 mm and outwardly to radii of 77.5 and 38.5 mm. Subsequently, we tested the unbent and bent MOSCAPs to determine the effect of strain on various electrical parameters, namely the maximum capacitance, minimum capacitance, gate leakage current density, hysteresis voltage, effective oxide charge, oxide trapped charge, interface trap density, and frequency dispersion. The comparison of encapsulated and unencapsulated MOSCAPs on these critical parameters at bending strains indicated that Al2O3/alucone nanolaminates stabilized the electrical and interfacial characteristics of the Si NM-based MOSCAPs. These results highlight that ultrathin Al2O3/alucone nanolaminates are promising encapsulation materials for prolonging the operational lifetimes of flexible Si NM-based metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education Ministry, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China; (Z.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanhao Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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3
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Cheng L, Hao X, Liu G, Zhang W, Cui J, Zhang G, Yang Y, Wang R. A Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on Silicon Nanomembrane. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:bios13010131. [PMID: 36671966 PMCID: PMC9856423 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With advances in new materials and technologies, there has been increasing research focused on flexible sensors. However, in most flexible pressure sensors made using new materials, it is challenging to achieve high detection sensitivity across a wide pressure range. Although traditional silicon-based sensors have good performance, they are not formable and, because of their rigidity and brittleness, they are not suitable for fitting with soft human skin, which limits their application in wearable devices to collect various signals. Silicon nanomembranes are ultra-thin, flexible materials with excellent piezoresistive properties, and they can be applied in various fields, such as in soft robots and flexible devices. In this study, we developed a flexible pressure sensor based on the use of silicon nanomembranes (with a thickness of only 340 nm) as piezoresistive units, which were transferred onto a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The flexible pressure sensor operated normally in the range of 0-200 kPa, and the sensitivity of the sensor reached 0.0185 kPa-1 in the low-pressure range of 0-5 kPa. In the high-pressure range of 5-200 kPa, the sensitivity of the sensor was maintained at 0.0023 kPa-1. The proposed sensor exhibited a fast response and excellent long-term stability and could recognize human movements, such as the bending of fingers and wrist joints, while maintaining a stable output. Thus, the developed flexible pressure sensor has promising applications in body monitoring and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xiaojian Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (R.W.)
| | - Guochang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jiangong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Renxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (R.W.)
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Chen C, Li C, Min S, Guo Q, Xia Z, Liu D, Ma Z, Xia F. Ultrafast Silicon Nanomembrane Microbolometer for Long-Wavelength Infrared Light Detection. Nano Lett 2021; 21:8385-8392. [PMID: 34606292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The microbolometer is the cornerstone device for imaging in the long-wavelength infrared range (LWIR) at room temperature. The state-of-the-art commercial microbolometers usually have a large thermal time constant (TTC) of over 10 ms, limited by their substantial device heat capacity. Moreover, the minimal pixel size of state-of-the-art bolometer is around 10 μm by 10 μm to ensure sufficient power absorption per pixel. Here, we demonstrate an ultrafast silicon nanomembrane microbolometer with a small heat capacity of around 1.9 × 10-11J/K, which allows for its operation at a speed of over 10 kHz, corresponding to a TTC of less than 16 μs. Moreover, a compact diabolo antenna is leveraged for efficient LWIR light absorption, enabling the downscaling of the active area size to 6.2 μm by 6.2 μm. Because of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible fabrication processes, our demonstration here may lead to a future high-resolution and high-speed LWIR imaging solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Seunghwan Min
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qiushi Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Zhenyang Xia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zhenqiang Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Madejski GR, Ahmad SD, Musgrave J, Flax J, Madejski JG, Rowley DA, DeLouise LA, Berger AJ, Knox WH, McGrath JL. Silicon Nanomembrane Filtration and Imaging for the Evaluation of Microplastic Entrainment along a Municipal Water Delivery Route. Sustainability 2020; 12:10655. [PMID: 36938128 PMCID: PMC10022737 DOI: 10.3390/su122410655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the origin of microplastics in municipal drinking water, we evaluated 50 mL water samples from different stages of the City of Rochester's drinking water production and transport route, from Hemlock Lake to the University of Rochester. We directly filtered samples using silicon nitride nanomembrane filters with precisely patterned slit-shaped pores, capturing many of the smallest particulates (<20 μm) that could be absorbed by the human body. We employed machine learning algorithms to quantify the shapes and quantity of debris at different stages of the water transport process, while automatically segregating out fibrous structures from particulate. Particulate concentrations ranged from 13 to 720 particles/mL at different stages of the water transport process and fibrous pollution ranged from 0.4 to 8.3 fibers/mL. A subset of the debris (0.2-8.6%) stained positively with Nile red dye which identifies them as hydrophobic polymers. Further spectroscopic analysis also indicated the presence of many non-plastic particulates, including rust, silicates, and calcium scale. While water leaving the Hemlock Lake facility is mostly devoid of debris, transport through many miles of piping results in the entrainment of a significant amount of debris, including plastics, although in-route reservoirs and end-stage filtration serve to reduce these concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Madejski
- 306 Goergen Hall, Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Correspondence: (G.R.M.); (J.L.M.); Tel.: +1-585-460-3113 (G.R.M.); +1-585-273-5489 (J.L.M.)
| | - S. Danial Ahmad
- 306 Goergen Hall, Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jonathan Musgrave
- 508 Goergen Hall, The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jonathan Flax
- 306 Goergen Hall, Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Joseph G. Madejski
- 306 Goergen Hall, Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - David A. Rowley
- Rochester Water Bureau, 7412 Rix Hill Rd, Hemlock, NY 14466, USA
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- 306 Goergen Hall, Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Andrew J. Berger
- 405 Goergen Hall, The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Wayne H. Knox
- 508 Goergen Hall, The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - James L. McGrath
- 306 Goergen Hall, Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Correspondence: (G.R.M.); (J.L.M.); Tel.: +1-585-460-3113 (G.R.M.); +1-585-273-5489 (J.L.M.)
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6
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Yin L, Huang W, Xiao R, Peng W, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Pi X, Yang D. Optically Stimulated Synaptic Devices Based on the Hybrid Structure of Silicon Nanomembrane and Perovskite. Nano Lett 2020; 20:3378-3387. [PMID: 32212734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic synaptic devices have been attracting increasing attention due to their critical role in the development of neuromorphic computing based on optoelectronic integration. Here we start with silicon nanomembrane (Si NM) to fabricate optoelectronic synaptic devices. Organolead halide perovskite (MAPbI3) is exploited to form a hybrid structure with Si NM. We demonstrate that synaptic transistors based on the hybrid structure are very sensitive to optical stimulation with low energy consumption. Synaptic functionalities such as excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC), paired-pulse facilitation, and transition from short-term memory to long-term memory (LTM) are all successfully mimicked by using these optically stimulated synaptic transistors. The backgate-enabled tunability of the EPSC of these devices further leads to the LTM-based mimicking of visual learning and memory processes under different mood states. This work contributes to the development of Si-based optoelectronic synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Rulei Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenbing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yiyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiaodong Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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7
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Won SM, Wang H, Kim BH, Lee K, Jang H, Kwon K, Han M, Crawford KE, Li H, Lee Y, Yuan X, Kim SB, Oh YS, Jang WJ, Lee JY, Han S, Kim J, Wang X, Xie Z, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Multimodal Sensing with a Three-Dimensional Piezoresistive Structure. ACS Nano 2019; 13:10972-10979. [PMID: 31124670 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sensors that reproduce the complex characteristics of cutaneous receptors in the skin have important potential in the context of artificial systems for controlled interactions with the physical environment. Multimodal responses with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range are essential for many such applications. This report introduces a simple, three-dimensional type of microelectromechanical sensor that incorporates monocrystalline silicon nanomembranes as piezoresistive elements in a configuration that enables separate, simultaneous measurements of multiple mechanical stimuli, such as normal force, shear force, and bending, along with temperature. The technology provides high sensitivity measurements with millisecond response times, as supported by quantitative simulations. The fabrication and assembly processes allow scalable production of interconnected arrays of such devices with capabilities in spatiotemporal mapping. Integration with wireless data recording and transmission electronics allows operation with standard consumer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Smart Wearable Engineering, Information Communication Materials, and Convergence Technology , Soongsil University , 369 Sangdo-ro , Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Kaitlyn E Crawford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seungyong Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Ajou University , Suwon 16499 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence Engineering , Kwangwoon University , Seoul 01897 , Republic of Korea
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 65201 , United States
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Engineering Mechanics , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology and Center for Mechanics and Materials, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | | | - John A Rogers
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering and Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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8
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Pan R, Guo Q, Li G, Song E, Huang G, An Z, Di Z, Mei Y. Schottky Barrier Modulation in Surface Nanoroughened Silicon Nanomembranes for High-Performance Optoelectronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:41497-41503. [PMID: 30407783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface nanostructures of silicon nanomembranes (SiNMs) play a dominant role in modulating their energy band structures and trapping surface charges, thus strongly affecting the Schottky barrier height, the surface resistance, and the optoelectronic response of Schottky-contacted SiNMs. Here, controllable nanoroughening of SiNMs without substantial changes in thickness was realized via a metal-masked chemical-etching approach. The mechanism of surface roughness effect on the electrical characteristics and contact properties of SiNM-based diodes and thin-film transistors was investigated. Meanwhile, photodetective devices were fabricated by utilizing rough SiNMs, and significant dark current suppressions were demonstrated due to surface depletion and Schottky barrier modulations. Moreover, by introducing a three-terminal device structure (adding a gate), the photoresponse could be further enhanced with high current on/off ratio. Our work may provide guidance for creating and designing principles of SiNM-based optoelectronic devices, especially for Schottky barrier modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zengfeng Di
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , People's Republic of China
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9
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Bai W, Yang H, Ma Y, Chen H, Shin J, Liu Y, Yang Q, Kandela I, Liu Z, Kang SK, Wei C, Haney CR, Brikha A, Ge X, Feng X, Braun P, Huang Y, Zhou W, Rogers JA. Flexible Transient Optical Waveguides and Surface-Wave Biosensors Constructed from Monocrystalline Silicon. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801584. [PMID: 29944186 PMCID: PMC6148372 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical technologies offer important capabilities in both biological research and clinical care. Recent interest is in implantable devices that provide intimate optical coupling to biological tissues for a finite time period and then undergo full bioresorption into benign products, thereby serving as temporary implants for diagnosis and/or therapy. The results presented here establish a silicon-based, bioresorbable photonic platform that relies on thin filaments of monocrystalline silicon encapsulated by polymers as flexible, transient optical waveguides for accurate light delivery and sensing at targeted sites in biological systems. Comprehensive studies of the mechanical and optical properties associated with bending and unfurling the waveguides from wafer-scale sources of materials establish general guidelines in fabrication and design. Monitoring biochemical species such as glucose and tracking physiological parameters such as oxygen saturation using near-infrared spectroscopic methods demonstrate modes of utility in biomedicine. These concepts provide versatile capabilities in biomedical diagnosis, therapy, deep-tissue imaging, and surgery, and suggest a broad range of opportunities for silicon photonics in bioresorbable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubin Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0072, USA
| | - Yinji Ma
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jiho Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Yonghao Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0072, USA
| | - Quansan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Irawati Kandela
- The Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Zhonghe Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0072, USA
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Chad R. Haney
- Chemistry Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Anlil Brikha
- Chemistry Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Xiaochen Ge
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0072, USA
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Paul Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0072, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering and Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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10
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Cho M, Yun J, Kwon D, Kim K, Park I. High-Sensitivity and Low-Power Flexible Schottky Hydrogen Sensor Based on Silicon Nanomembrane. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:12870-12877. [PMID: 29578325 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-performance and low-power flexible Schottky diode-based hydrogen sensor was developed. The sensor was fabricated by releasing Si nanomembrane (SiNM) and transferring onto a plastic substrate. After the transfer, palladium (Pd) and aluminum (Al) were selectively deposited as a sensing material and an electrode, respectively. The top-down fabrication process of flexible Pd/SiNM diode H2 sensor is facile compared to other existing bottom-up fabricated flexible gas sensors while showing excellent H2 sensitivity (Δ I/ I0 > 700-0.5% H2 concentrations) and fast response time (τ10-90 = 22 s) at room temperature. In addition, selectivity, humidity, and mechanical tests verify that the sensor has excellent reliability and robustness under various environments. The operating power consumption of the sensor is only in the nanowatt range, which indicates its potential applications in low-power portable and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Donguk Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and KI for NanoCentury , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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11
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Park J, Blick RH. Mechanical Modulation of Phonon-Assisted Field Emission in a Silicon Nanomembrane Detector for Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:200. [PMID: 26861329 DOI: 10.3390/s16020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate mechanical modulation of phonon-assisted field emission in a free-standing silicon nanomembrane detector for time-of-flight mass spectrometry of proteins. The impacts of ion bombardment on the silicon nanomembrane have been explored in both mechanical and electrical points of view. Locally elevated lattice temperature in the silicon nanomembrane, resulting from the transduction of ion kinetic energy into thermal energy through the ion bombardment, induces not only phonon-assisted field emission but also a mechanical vibration in the silicon nanomembrane. The coupling of these mechanical and electrical phenomenon leads to mechanical modulation of phonon-assisted field emission. The thermal energy relaxation through mechanical vibration in addition to the lateral heat conduction and field emission in the silicon nanomembrane offers effective cooling of the nanomembrane, thereby allowing high resolution mass analysis.
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Huang X, Liu Y, Kong GW, Seo JH, Ma Y, Jang KI, Fan JA, Mao S, Chen Q, Li D, Liu H, Wang C, Patnaik D, Tian L, Salvatore GA, Feng X, Ma Z, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Epidermal radio frequency electronics for wireless power transfer. Microsyst Nanoeng 2016; 2:16052. [PMID: 31057838 PMCID: PMC6444737 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronic systems feature physical properties that approximate those of the skin, to enable intimate, long-lived skin interfaces for physiological measurements, human-machine interfaces and other applications that cannot be addressed by wearable hardware that is commercially available today. A primary challenge is power supply; the physical bulk, large mass and high mechanical modulus associated with conventional battery technologies can hinder efforts to achieve epidermal characteristics, and near-field power transfer schemes offer only a limited operating distance. Here we introduce an epidermal, far-field radio frequency (RF) power harvester built using a modularized collection of ultrathin antennas, rectifiers and voltage doublers. These components, separately fabricated and tested, can be integrated together via methods involving soft contact lamination. Systematic studies of the individual components and the overall performance in various dielectric environments highlight the key operational features of these systems and strategies for their optimization. The results suggest robust capabilities for battery-free RF power, with relevance to many emerging epidermal technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gil Woo Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jung Hun Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yinji Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan A. Fan
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shimin Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qiwen Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daizhen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hank Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chuxuan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dwipayan Patnaik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Limei Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Giovanni A. Salvatore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenqiang Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kim J, Son D, Lee M, Song C, Song JK, Koo JH, Lee DJ, Shim HJ, Kim JH, Lee M, Hyeon T, Kim DH. A wearable multiplexed silicon nonvolatile memory array using nanocrystal charge confinement. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501101. [PMID: 26763827 PMCID: PMC4705037 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for efficient charge confinement in nanocrystal floating gates to realize high-performance memory devices have been investigated intensively. However, few studies have reported nanoscale experimental validations of charge confinement in closely packed uniform nanocrystals and related device performance characterization. Furthermore, the system-level integration of the resulting devices with wearable silicon electronics has not yet been realized. We introduce a wearable, fully multiplexed silicon nonvolatile memory array with nanocrystal floating gates. The nanocrystal monolayer is assembled over a large area using the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Efficient particle-level charge confinement is verified with the modified atomic force microscopy technique. Uniform nanocrystal charge traps evidently improve the memory window margin and retention performance. Furthermore, the multiplexing of memory devices in conjunction with the amplification of sensor signals based on ultrathin silicon nanomembrane circuits in stretchable layouts enables wearable healthcare applications such as long-term data storage of monitored heart rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyeong Song
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyul Song
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jun Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Shim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Minbaek Lee
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Xu X, Subbaraman H, Chakravarty S, Hosseini A, Covey J, Yu Y, Kwong D, Zhang Y, Lai WC, Zou Y, Lu N, Chen RT. Flexible single-crystal silicon nanomembrane photonic crystal cavity. ACS Nano 2014; 8:12265-12271. [PMID: 25409282 DOI: 10.1021/nn504393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flexible inorganic electronic devices promise numerous applications, especially in fields that could not be covered satisfactorily by conventional rigid devices. Benefits on a similar scale are also foreseeable for silicon photonic components. However, the difficulty in transferring intricate silicon photonic devices has deterred widespread development. In this paper, we demonstrate a flexible single-crystal silicon nanomembrane photonic crystal microcavity through a bonding and substrate removal approach. The transferred cavity shows a quality factor of 2.2×10(4) and could be bent to a curvature of 5 mm radius without deteriorating the performance compared to its counterparts on rigid substrates. A thorough characterization of the device reveals that the resonant wavelength is a linear function of the bending-induced strain. The device also shows a curvature-independent sensitivity to the ambient index variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Xu
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin , 10100 Burnet Road, Bldg. 160, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
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Cao R, Huang G, Di Z, Zhu G, Mei Y. Junctionless ferroelectric field effect transistors based on ultrathin silicon nanomembranes. Nanoscale Res Lett 2014; 9:2412. [PMID: 26088987 PMCID: PMC4494014 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The paper reported the fabrication and operation of nonvolatile ferroelectric field effect transistors (FeFETs) with a top gate and top contact structure. Ultrathin Si nanomembranes without source and drain doping were used as the semiconducting layers whose electrical performance was modulated by the polarization of the ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] thin layer. FeFET devices exhibit both typical output property and obvious bistable operation. The hysteretic transfer characteristic was attributed to the electrical polarization of the ferroelectric layer which could be switched by a high enough gate voltage. FeFET devices demonstrated good memory performance and were expected to be used in both low power integrated circuit and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronggen Cao
- />Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- />Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengfeng Di
- />State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- />Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- />Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 People’s Republic of China
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Oehrlein SM, Sanchez-Perez JR, Jacobson RB, Flack FS, Kershner RJ, Lagally MG. Translation and manipulation of silicon nanomembranes using holographic optical tweezers. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011; 6:507. [PMID: 21867504 PMCID: PMC3212022 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of holographic optical tweezers for trapping and manipulating silicon nanomembranes. These macroscopic free-standing sheets of single-crystalline silicon are attractive for use in next-generation flexible electronics. We achieve three-dimensional control by attaching a functionalized silica bead to the silicon surface, enabling non-contact trapping and manipulation of planar structures with high aspect ratios (high lateral size to thickness). Using as few as one trap and trapping powers as low as several hundred milliwatts, silicon nanomembranes can be rotated and translated in a solution over large distances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - RB Jacobson
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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