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Shaw TM, Dettle ST, Mejia A, Hayes JM, Simmons HA, Basu P, Kuhn JH, Ramuta MD, Warren CJ, Jahrling PB, O'Connor DH, Huang L, Zaeem M, Seo J, Slukvin II, Brown ME, Bailey AL. Isolation of Diverse Simian Arteriviruses Causing Hemorrhagic Disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:721-731. [PMID: 38526136 PMCID: PMC10977827 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetically diverse simian arteriviruses (simarteriviruses) naturally infect geographically and phylogenetically diverse monkeys, and cross-species transmission and emergence are of considerable concern. Characterization of most simarteriviruses beyond sequence analysis has not been possible because the viruses fail to propagate in the laboratory. We attempted to isolate 4 simarteriviruses, Kibale red colobus virus 1, Pebjah virus, simian hemorrhagic fever virus, and Southwest baboon virus 1, by inoculating an immortalized grivet cell line (known to replicate simian hemorrhagic fever virus), primary macaque cells, macrophages derived from macaque induced pluripotent stem cells, and mice engrafted with macaque CD34+-enriched hematopoietic stem cells. The combined effort resulted in successful virus isolation; however, no single approach was successful for all 4 simarteriviruses. We describe several approaches that might be used to isolate additional simarteriviruses for phenotypic characterization. Our results will expedite laboratory studies of simarteriviruses to elucidate virus-host interactions, assess zoonotic risk, and develop medical countermeasures.
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Cai Y, Yu S, Fang Y, Bollinger L, Li Y, Lauck M, Postnikova EN, Mazur S, Johnson RF, Finch CL, Radoshitzky SR, Palacios G, Friedrich TC, Goldberg TL, O’Connor DH, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH. Development and Characterization of a cDNA-Launch Recombinant Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Expressing Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein: ORF 2b' Is Not Required for In Vitro Virus Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040632. [PMID: 33917085 PMCID: PMC8067702 DOI: 10.3390/v13040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) causes acute, lethal disease in macaques. We developed a single-plasmid cDNA-launch infectious clone of SHFV (rSHFV) and modified the clone to rescue an enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing rSHFV-eGFP that can be used for rapid and quantitative detection of infection. SHFV has a narrow cell tropism in vitro, with only the grivet MA-104 cell line and a few other grivet cell lines being susceptible to virion entry and permissive to infection. Using rSHFV-eGFP, we demonstrate that one cricetid rodent cell line and three ape cell lines also fully support SHFV replication, whereas 55 human cell lines, 11 bat cell lines, and three rodent cells do not. Interestingly, some human and other mammalian cell lines apparently resistant to SHFV infection are permissive after transfection with the rSHFV-eGFP cDNA-launch plasmid. To further demonstrate the investigative potential of the infectious clone system, we introduced stop codons into eight viral open reading frames (ORFs). This approach suggested that at least one ORF, ORF 2b’, is dispensable for SHFV in vitro replication. Our proof-of-principle experiments indicated that rSHFV-eGFP is a useful tool for illuminating the understudied molecular biology of SHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Ying Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (Y.F.); (Y.L.)
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.L.); (T.C.F.); (D.H.O.)
| | - Elena N. Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Steven Mazur
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
- Emerging Infectious Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Courtney L. Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.R.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.R.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.L.); (T.C.F.); (D.H.O.)
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.L.); (T.C.F.); (D.H.O.)
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
- Emerging Infectious Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (S.Y.); (L.B.); (E.N.P.); (S.M.); (R.F.J.); (C.L.F.); (P.B.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-631-7245
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Li Y, Firth AE, Brierley I, Cai Y, Napthine S, Wang T, Yan X, Kuhn JH, Fang Y. Programmed -2/-1 Ribosomal Frameshifting in Simarteriviruses: an Evolutionarily Conserved Mechanism. J Virol 2019; 93:e00370-19. [PMID: 31167906 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00370-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The -2/-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-2/-1 PRF) mechanism in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) leads to the translation of two additional viral proteins, nonstructural protein 2TF (nsp2TF) and nsp2N. This -2/-1 PRF mechanism is transactivated by a viral protein, nsp1β, and cellular poly(rC) binding proteins (PCBPs). Critical elements for -2/-1 PRF, including a slippery sequence and a downstream C-rich motif, were also identified in 11 simarteriviruses. However, the slippery sequences (XXXUCUCU instead of XXXUUUUU) in seven simarteriviruses can only facilitate -2 PRF to generate nsp2TF. The nsp1β of simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) was identified as a key factor that transactivates both -2 and -1 PRF, and the universally conserved Tyr111 and Arg114 in nsp1β are essential for this activity. In vitro translation experiments demonstrated the involvement of PCBPs in simarterivirus -2/-1 PRF. Using SHFV reverse genetics, we confirmed critical roles of nsp1β, slippery sequence, and C-rich motif in -2/-1 PRF in SHFV-infected cells. Attenuated virus growth ability was observed in SHFV mutants with impaired expression of nsp2TF and nsp2N. Comparative genomic sequence analysis showed that key elements of -2/-1 PRF are highly conserved in all known arteriviruses except equine arteritis virus (EAV) and wobbly possum disease virus (WPDV). Furthermore, -2/-1 PRF with SHFV PRF signal RNA can be stimulated by heterotypic nsp1βs of all non-EAV arteriviruses tested. Taken together, these data suggest that -2/-1 PRF is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism employed in non-EAV/-WPDV arteriviruses for the expression of additional viral proteins that are important for viral replication.IMPORTANCE Simarteriviruses are a group of arteriviruses infecting nonhuman primates, and a number of new species have been established in recent years. Although these arteriviruses are widely distributed among African nonhuman primates of different species, and some of them cause lethal hemorrhagic fever disease, this group of viruses has been undercharacterized. Since wild nonhuman primates are historically important sources or reservoirs of human pathogens, there is concern that simarteriviruses may be preemergent zoonotic pathogens. Thus, molecular characterization of simarteriviruses is becoming a priority in arterivirology. In this study, we demonstrated that an evolutionarily conserved ribosomal frameshifting mechanism is used by simarteriviruses and other distantly related arteriviruses for the expression of additional viral proteins. This mechanism is unprecedented in eukaryotic systems. Given the crucial role of ribosome function in all living systems, the potential impact of the in-depth characterization of this novel mechanism reaches beyond the field of virology.
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Cornish JP, Moore IN, Perry DL, Lara A, Minai M, Promeneur D, Hagen KR, Virtaneva K, Paneru M, Buechler CR, O'Connor DH, Bailey AL, Cooper K, Mazur S, Bernbaum JG, Pettitt J, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH, Johnson RF. Clinical Characterization of Host Response to Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection in Permissive and Refractory Hosts: A Model for Determining Mechanisms of VHF Pathogenesis. Viruses 2019; 11:E67. [PMID: 30650570 DOI: 10.3390/v11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) causes a fulminant and typically lethal viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in macaques (Cercopithecinae: Macaca spp.) but causes subclinical infections in patas monkeys (Cercopithecinae: Erythrocebus patas). This difference in disease course offers a unique opportunity to compare host responses to infection by a VHF-causing virus in biologically similar susceptible and refractory animals. Patas and rhesus monkeys were inoculated side-by-side with SHFV. Unlike the severe disease observed in rhesus monkeys, patas monkeys developed a limited clinical disease characterized by changes in complete blood counts, serum chemistries, and development of lymphadenopathy. Viral RNA was measurable in circulating blood 2 days after exposure, and its duration varied by species. Infectious virus was detected in terminal tissues of both patas and rhesus monkeys. Varying degrees of overlap in changes in serum concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and interleukin (IL)-6 were observed between patas and rhesus monkeys, suggesting the presence of common and species-specific cytokine responses to infection. Similarly, quantitative immunohistochemistry of livers from terminal monkeys and whole blood flow cytometry revealed varying degrees of overlap in changes in macrophages, natural killer cells, and T-cells. The unexpected degree of overlap in host response suggests that relatively small subsets of a host's response to infection may be responsible for driving hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis. Furthermore, comparative SHFV infection in patas and rhesus monkeys offers an experimental model to characterize host⁻response mechanisms associated with viral hemorrhagic fever and evaluate pan-viral hemorrhagic fever countermeasures.
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Buechler C, Semler M, Baker DA, Newman C, Cornish JP, Chavez D, Guerra B, Lanford R, Brasky K, Kuhn JH, Johnson RF, O'Connor DH, Bailey AL. Subclinical Infection of Macaques and Baboons with A Baboon Simarterivirus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120701. [PMID: 30544677 PMCID: PMC6316555 DOI: 10.3390/v10120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simarteriviruses (Arteriviridae: Simarterivirinae) are commonly found at high titers in the blood of African monkeys but do not cause overt disease in these hosts. In contrast, simarteriviruses cause severe disease in Asian macaques upon accidental or experimental transmission. Here, we sought to better understand the host-dependent drivers of simarterivirus pathogenesis by infecting olive baboons (n = 4) and rhesus monkeys (n = 4) with the simarterivirus Southwest baboon virus 1 (SWBV-1). Surprisingly, none of the animals in our study showed signs of disease following SWBV-1 inoculation. Three animals (two rhesus monkeys and one olive baboon) became infected and sustained high levels of SWBV-1 viremia for the duration of the study. The course of SWBV-1 infection was highly predictable: plasma viremia peaked between 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 vRNA copies/mL at 3–10 days post-inoculation, which was followed by a relative nadir and then establishment of a stable set-point between 1 × 106 and 1 × 107 vRNA copies/mL for the remainder of the study (56 days). We characterized cellular and antibody responses to SWBV-1 infection in these animals, demonstrating that macaques and baboons mount similar responses to SWBV-1 infection, yet these responses are ineffective at clearing SWBV-1 infection. SWBV-1 sequencing revealed the accumulation of non-synonymous mutations in a region of the genome that corresponds to an immunodominant epitope in the simarterivirus major envelope glycoprotein GP5, which likely contribute to viral persistence by enabling escape from host antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Buechler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA..
| | - Matthew Semler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA..
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA..
| | - Christina Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA..
| | - Joseph P Cornish
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 20896, USA.
| | - Deborah Chavez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Bernadette Guerra
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Robert Lanford
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Kathy Brasky
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 20896, USA.
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA..
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin⁻Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA..
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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