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Favini A, Culcasi F, Cirimele F, Remondi C, Plata MG, Caldaroni S, Virzì AT, Luengo Kanacri BP. Smartphone and social network addiction in early adolescents: The role of self-regulatory self-efficacy in a pilot school-based intervention. J Adolesc 2024; 96:551-565. [PMID: 37853581 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youths' online problematic behaviors, such as smartphone or social network sites (SNS) addiction, gained increasing attention nowadays, due to their impact on concurrent and later adjustment, such as emotional and/or behavioral problems, academic impairments, or relational issues. AIMS This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot school-based intervention to contrast online addictive behaviors while fostering adolescents' self-regulative abilities. MATERIALS & METHODS The intervention started in January 2022 in an Italian junior high school located in Rome, and consisted of four meetings with students. A total sample of 462 15-year-old adolescents (Mage = 15.2; SD = 0.50; 41% females; Ncontrol = 214; Nintervention = 248) was considered. Within the latent difference score framework, we examined short-term changes from the pre-to-the-postintervention levels of SNS and smartphone addiction, and self-regulatory self-efficacy (SRSE) beliefs as a possible booster of the intervention's effectiveness. RESULTS Results showed a significant decrease in both online addictions (SNS and smartphone addiction), controlling for age, gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status, because of the short-term efficacy of the project. The buffering effect of SRSE beliefs was further supported. CONCLUSION These findings emphasized the usefulness of promoting youths' self-regulative beliefs to contrast problematic tendencies, according to a Positive Youth Development perspective which focused on resources rather than only on the prevention of negative outcomes for youths' adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainzara Favini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Culcasi
- Clinic for Substance and Behavioral Addiction, Academic Foundation Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Cirimele
- Department of Cultures and Societies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Chiara Remondi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Caldaroni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Yang L, Na L, Xiang Rui J. Effectiveness of web-based mindfulness program on college students with social network addiction. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33022. [PMID: 36862869 PMCID: PMC9981419 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this study a web-based mindfulness cultivation program was implemented to investigate its effectiveness on the addiction symptoms and negative emotions of college students with social network addiction. METHODS A total of 66 students were recruited and randomly divided into the intervention group or the control group. Participants in the intervention group received a web-based mindfulness cultivation program including the group training and self-cultivating. The primary outcome was addiction level, and the secondary outcome was anxiety, depression and perceived stress. Repeated measures analysis of variance were utilized to analyze the differences between the control and intervention group over the course of the intervention and the follow-up. RESULTS There were significant interaction effects on addiction level (F = 39.39, P < .00), anxiety (F = 31.17, P < .00), depression (F = 37.93, P < .00) and perceived stress (F = 22.04, P < .00). CONCLUSION A web-based mindfulness cultivation program could improve the addiction level and negative emotions of college students with social network addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Nursing, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lv Na
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Lv Na, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Heilongjiang, China (e-mail: )
| | - Jia Xiang Rui
- Department of Administration, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
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Cannito L, Annunzi E, Viganò C, Dell’Osso B, Vismara M, Sacco PL, Palumbo R, D’Addario C. The Role of Stress and Cognitive Absorption in Predicting Social Network Addiction. Brain Sci 2022; 12:643. [PMID: 35625029 PMCID: PMC9139642 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of social networks (SNs) is pervasive and ubiquitous. Among other things, SNs have become a key resource for establishing and maintaining personal relationships, as further demonstrated by the emergence of the pandemic. However, easy access to SNs may be a source of addictive behaviour, especially among the younger population. The literature highlights various psychological and physiological factors as possible predictors of vulnerability to SN addiction. This paper explores the joint effects of stress level and cognitive absorption, in the form of temporal dissociation while on SNs, on the addiction of university students to SNs. Here, 312 participants were involved in an online survey. About 14% of the sample presented a risk for SN addiction. Moreover, it was found that stress level predicted SN addiction both directly and indirectly through the effect of individual temporal dissociation, as experienced during SN usage. These results suggest a significant role of perceived stress level on addiction risk, while also pointing out additional vulnerability to SN addiction for cognitive profiles that are relatively more prone to temporal dissociation while online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Cannito
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Eugenia Annunzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Caterina Viganò
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (B.D.); (M.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell’Osso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (B.D.); (M.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Vismara
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.V.); (B.D.); (M.V.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Sacco
- Department of Philosophical, Pedagogical and Economic-Quantitative Sciences, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- MetaLAB (at) Harvard, Cambridge, MA 01451, USA
- ISPC-CNR, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Palumbo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’ Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Claudio D’Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Miceli S, Scrima F, Cardaci M, Quatrosi G, Vetri L, Roccella M, Caci B. Does Attentional Style Moderate the Relationship between Time Perspective and Social Network Addiction? A Cross-Sectional Study on a Sample of Social Networking Sites Users. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173983. [PMID: 34501428 PMCID: PMC8432466 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the role of attentional style as a moderator variable between temporal perspective and social network addiction, since little is known about users' cognitive variables involved in this kind of addictive behavior. To achieve this goal, a sample of 186 volunteers and anonymous social networking sites users (M = 34%; F = 66%; Mage = 22.54 years; SD = 3.94; range: 18 ÷ 45 years) participated in a cross-sectional study. All participants filled out self-report instruments measuring temporal perspective, internal vs. external attentional style, and social network addiction. The results align with the previous literature and show that present fatalistic and past negative time orientations are associated with social network addiction, whereas the future is a negative precursor. Moreover, a four-step hierarchical regression analysis showed that internal attentional style is a significant moderator of the relationship between high levels of temporal perspective and a high level of social network addiction. This result suggests that social network-addicted users are oriented toward internal stimuli such as their intrusive thoughts or feelings and that social network addiction is similar to obsessive compulsive disorders, depression, or anxiety. Despite its limitations, the present study could contribute to the efforts of clinicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, teachers, and all those who seek to combat social network addiction in developing treatment programs to reduce its harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Miceli
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Fabrizio Scrima
- Département de Psychologie, Universitè de Rouen, 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France;
| | - Maurizio Cardaci
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Quatrosi
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Luigi Vetri
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy;
| | - Michele Roccella
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Barbara Caci
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (M.C.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-23897739
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Ballarotto G, Volpi B, Tambelli R. Adolescent Attachment to Parents and Peers and the Use of Instagram: The Mediation Role of Psychopathological Risk. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3965. [PMID: 33918727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown an association between adolescents’ attachment relationships and social media use. Instagram is the social media platform most used by teenagers and recent studies have shown an association between Instagram use and increased psychopathological risk. The present study aims to verify whether psychopathological risk mediates the relationship between an adolescent’s attachment to their parents and peers and their Instagram addiction. N = 372 adolescents are assessed through self-report questionnaires evaluating Instagram addiction, the adolescents’ attachments to parents and peers, and their psychopathological risk. The Bergen Instagram Addiction Scale (BIAS) is developed by adapting the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Results show the validity and reliability of the BIAS, confirming a one-factor structure. Findings show that a worse attachment to parents and peers is associated with adolescents’ psychopathological risk, which is associated with Instagram addiction. This finding has important clinical implications. Being able to intervene in adolescents’ relationships with parents and peers and the ways in which adolescents feel in relation to others could allow for a reduction in adolescents’ psychological difficulties, involving reduced Instagram use as a vehicle for the expression of their psychopathological symptoms.
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Cuadrado E, Rojas R, Tabernero C. Development and Validation of the Social Network Addiction Scale (SNAddS-6S). Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:763-78. [PMID: 34542510 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of social networks has increased exponentially, especially among youth. These tools offer many advantages but also carry some risks such as addiction. This points to the need for a valid multifactorial instrument to measure social network addiction, focusing on the core components of addiction that can serve researchers and practitioners. This study set out to validate a reliable multidimensional social network addiction scale based on the six core components of addiction (SNAddS-6S) by using and adapting the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale. A total of 369 users of social networks completed a questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed, and different competing models were explored. The external validity of the scale was tested across its relations with different measures. Evidence for the validity and reliability of both the multidimensional SNAddS-6S and the unidimensional Short SNAddS-6S was provided. The SNAddS-6S was composed of 18 items and five different factors (time-management, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict), with the time-management factor as a higher-order factor integrated by salience and tolerance as sub-factors. The Short SNAddS-6S was composed of six items and a unifactorial structure. This scale could be of relevance for researchers and practitioners to assess the extent to which individuals suffer from social network addiction and to study the potential predictors and risks of such addiction.
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Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Online social networking and addiction--a review of the psychological literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8:3528-52. [PMID: 22016701 PMCID: PMC3194102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8093528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Social Networking Sites (SNSs) are virtual communities where users can create individual public profiles, interact with real-life friends, and meet other people based on shared interests. They are seen as a 'global consumer phenomenon' with an exponential rise in usage within the last few years. Anecdotal case study evidence suggests that 'addiction' to social networks on the Internet may be a potential mental health problem for some users. However, the contemporary scientific literature addressing the addictive qualities of social networks on the Internet is scarce. Therefore, this literature review is intended to provide empirical and conceptual insight into the emerging phenomenon of addiction to SNSs by: (1) outlining SNS usage patterns, (2) examining motivations for SNS usage, (3) examining personalities of SNS users, (4) examining negative consequences of SNS usage, (5) exploring potential SNS addiction, and (6) exploring SNS addiction specificity and comorbidity. The findings indicate that SNSs are predominantly used for social purposes, mostly related to the maintenance of established offline networks. Moreover, extraverts appear to use social networking sites for social enhancement, whereas introverts use it for social compensation, each of which appears to be related to greater usage, as does low conscientiousness and high narcissism. Negative correlates of SNS usage include the decrease in real life social community participation and academic achievement, as well as relationship problems, each of which may be indicative of potential addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, NG1 4BU, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, NG1 4BU, UK; E-Mail:
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