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Katsuno Y, Derynck R. Epithelial plasticity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the TGF-β family. Dev Cell 2021; 56:726-46. [PMID: 33756119 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells repress epithelial characteristics and elaborate mesenchymal characteristics to migrate to other locations and acquire new properties. Epithelial plasticity responses are directed through cooperation of signaling pathways, with TGF-β and TGF-β-related proteins playing prominent instructive roles. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) directed by activin-like molecules, bone morphogenetic proteins, or TGF-β regulate metazoan development and wound healing and drive fibrosis and cancer progression. In carcinomas, diverse EMTs enable stem cell generation, anti-cancer drug resistance, genomic instability, and localized immunosuppression. This review discusses roles of TGF-β and TGF-β-related proteins, and underlying molecular mechanisms, in epithelial plasticity in development and wound healing, fibrosis, and cancer.
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Novak Kujundžić R, Prpić M, Đaković N, Dabelić N, Tomljanović M, Mojzeš A, Fröbe A, Trošelj KG. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase in Acquisition of Stem Cell Properties and Therapy Resistance in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5681. [PMID: 34073600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is tightly linked to the maintenance of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) level. This enzyme catalyzes methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) into methyl nicotinamide (MNAM), which is either excreted or further metabolized to N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2-PY) and H2O2. Enzymatic activity of NNMT is important for the prevention of NAM-mediated inhibition of NAD+-consuming enzymes poly-adenosine -diphosphate (ADP), ribose polymerases (PARPs), and sirtuins (SIRTs). Inappropriately high expression and activity of NNMT, commonly present in various types of cancer, has the potential to disrupt NAD+ homeostasis and cellular methylation potential. Largely overlooked, in the context of cancer, is the inhibitory effect of 2-PY on PARP-1 activity, which abrogates NNMT's positive effect on cellular NAD+ flux by stalling liberation of NAM and reducing NAD+ synthesis in the salvage pathway. This review describes, and discusses, the mechanisms by which NNMT promotes NAD+ depletion and epigenetic reprogramming, leading to the development of metabolic plasticity, evasion of a major tumor suppressive process of cellular senescence, and acquisition of stem cell properties. All these phenomena are related to therapy resistance and worse clinical outcomes.
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Di Tinco R, Bertani G, Pisciotta A, Bertoni L, Bertacchini J, Colombari B, Conserva E, Blasi E, Consolo U, Carnevale G. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Air-Polishing Treatments and Their Influence on Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Seeded on Titanium Disks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020865. [PMID: 33467097 PMCID: PMC7830275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental implants are one of the most frequently used treatment options for tooth replacement, and titanium is the metal of choice due to its demonstrated superiority in resisting corrosion, lack of allergic reactions and mechanical strength. Surface roughness of titanium implants favors the osseointegration process; nevertheless, its topography may provide a suitable substrate for bacterial biofilm deposition, causing peri-implantitis and leading to implant failure. Subgingival prophylaxis treatments with cleansing powders aimed to remove the bacterial accumulation are under investigation. Two different air-polishing powders—glycine and tagatose—were assayed for their cleaning and antimicrobial potential against a Pseudomonas biofilm and for their effects on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), seeded on sandblasted titanium disks. Immunofluorescence analyses were carried out to evaluate cell adhesion, proliferation, stemness and osteogenic differentiation. The results demonstrate that both the powders have a great in vitro cleaning potential in the early period and do not show any negative effects during hDPSCs osteogenic differentiation process, suggesting their suitability for enhancing the biocompatibility of titanium implants. Our data suggest that the evaluated cleansing systems reduce microbial contamination and allow us to propose tagatose as an adequate alternative to the gold standard glycine for the air-polishing prophylaxis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Di Tinco
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Giulia Bertani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Alessandra Pisciotta
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Laura Bertoni
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Bruna Colombari
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Enrico Conserva
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
- Operative Unit of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department Integrated Activity-Specialist Surgeries, University-Hospital of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Ugo Consolo
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
- Operative Unit of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department Integrated Activity-Specialist Surgeries, University-Hospital of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu W, Yu Q, Ma J, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Luo W, Yao J, Zhang H. Knockdown of a DIS3L2 promoter upstream long noncoding RNA (AC105461.1) enhances colorectal cancer stem cell properties in vitro by down-regulating DIS3L2. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:2367-2376. [PMID: 28496335 PMCID: PMC5422573 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s132708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of studies have identified plentiful long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with the development of multiple cancers. Some lncRNAs have also been found to be strongly linked with stem cell properties such as pluripotency and differentiation. However, only in a few cases have cancer stem cell (CSC)-related lncRNAs been studied. Commonly, the expression and function of lncRNAs are associated with adjacent protein coding transcripts. In the present study, we found an lncRNA (AC105461.1), a promoter upstream transcript of DIS3 mitotic control homolog (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)-like 2 (DIS3L2), may be closely connected with “stem cell-like” properties. We firstly investigated whether the expression of AC105461.1 was down-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue samples. Subsequently, we explored the expression pattern of the lncRNA/mRNA gene pair between AC105461.1 and DIS3L2 in 47 CRC specimens by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that the expression of AC105461.1 was positively correlated with that of DIS3L2. Through CRC cell lines screening experiment, we found that AC105461.1 expression was highest in SW480 and lowest in SW620 cells. Moreover, the results obtained by overexpression experiment indicated that AC105461.1 expression was markedly elevated and DIS3L2 expression level was also apparently upregulated by plasmid cDNA-AC105461.1. In contrast, we further found that AC105461.1 expression level in AC105461.1 siRNA group was significantly knocked down in SW480 cells. Meanwhile, DIS3L2 expression was also markedly decreased. Importantly, we noticed that AC105461.1 overexpression impaired CSC properties, while its knockdown enhanced CSC properties, including self-renewal, migration, and invasion abilities. To further identify the influence of AC105461.1 expression on CSCs properties in CRC, CD133 and CD44, as current universal markers for characterizing CRC stem cells, were selected to perform flow cytometry analysis. As a result, we found that AC105461.1 overexpression reduced the percentage of CD133+CD44+, whereas its knockdown increased the percentage of CD133+CD44+. Taken together, our findings indicated that AC105461.1 may be a regulator of DIS3L2 and a mediator of CRC stem cells, and we speculate that AC105461.1 could be regarded as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei
| | - Wengguang Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei
| | - Jie Yao
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei
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Tisza MJ, Zhao W, Fuentes JS, Prijic S, Chen X, Levental I, Chang JT. Motility and stem cell properties induced by the epithelial-mesenchymal transition require destabilization of lipid rafts. Oncotarget 2016; 7:51553-51568. [PMID: 27303921 PMCID: PMC5239496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a developmental program that provides cancer cells with the characteristics necessary for metastasis, including increased motility and stem cell properties. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not yet fully understood, hampering efforts to develop therapeutics. In recent years, it has become apparent that EMT is accompanied by wholesale changes in diverse signaling pathways that are initiated by proteins at the plasma membrane (PM). The PM contains thousands of lipid and protein species that are dynamically and spatially organized into lateral membrane domains, an example of which are lipid rafts. Since one of the major functions of rafts is modulation of signaling originating at the PM, we hypothesized that the signaling changes occurring during an EMT are associated with alterations in PM organization. To test this hypothesis, we used Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles (GPMVs) to study the organization of intact plasma membranes isolated from live cells. We observed that induction of EMT significantly destabilized lipid raft domains. Further, this reduction in stability was crucial for the maintenance of the stem cell phenotype and EMT-induced remodeling of PM-orchestrated pathways. Exogenously increasing raft stability by feeding cells with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) repressed these phenotypes without altering EMT markers, and inhibited the metastatic capacity of breast cancer cells. Hence, modulating raft properties regulates cell phenotype, suggesting a novel approach for targeting the impact of EMT in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Tisza
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weina Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessie S.R. Fuentes
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara Prijic
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Yao J, Li J, Geng P, Li Y, Chen H, Zhu Y. Knockdown of a HIF-2α promoter upstream long noncoding RNA impairs colorectal cancer stem cell properties in vitro through HIF-2α downregulation. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3467-74. [PMID: 26648739 PMCID: PMC4664519 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s81393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, various long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as key regulators of multiple cancers. However, cancer stem cell (CSC)-related lncRNAs have rarely been reported. In this study, we found an lncRNA that is a promoter upstream transcript of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), and we named it “lncRNA-HIF2PUT”. The function of HIF-2α is closely connected with “stem cell-like” properties, and the function of PROMPTs is often associated with the adjacent protein-coding transcripts. Herein, we showed that the expression of lncRNA-HIF2PUT was significantly correlated with HIF-2α in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues. Knockdown of lncRNA-HIF2PUT blocked the HIF-2α expression and inhibited the CSC properties in CRC cell lines DLD-1 and HT29. LncRNA-HIF2PUTsmall interfering RNA transfection resulted in decreased stemness genes expression, impaired colony formation, and spheroid formation ability, retarded migration, and invasion of the cells. These data suggest that lncRNA-HIF2PUT may be a regulator of HIF-2α and a mediator of CSCs in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- Department of Oncology, People's Liberation Army No 161 Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Cancer Center, Division of Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiliang Geng
- Cancer Center, Division of Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Oncology, Kunming General Hospital of Chendu Military Command, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Kunming General Hospital of Chendu Military Command, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Zhu
- Cancer Center, Division of Internal Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Lugassy C, Wadehra M, Li X, Corselli M, Akhavan D, Binder SW, Péault B, Cochran AJ, Mischel PS, Kleinman HK, Barnhill RL. Pilot study on "pericytic mimicry" and potential embryonic/ stem cell properties of angiotropic melanoma cells interacting with the abluminal vascular surface. Cancer Microenviron 2013; 6:19-29. [PMID: 23275074 PMCID: PMC3601217 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of tumor cells with the tumor vasculature is mainly studied for its role in tumor angiogenesis and intravascular metastasis of circulating tumor cells. In addition, a specific interaction of tumor cells with the abluminal surfaces of vessels, or angiotropism, may promote the migration of angiotropic tumor cells along the abluminal vascular surfaces in a pericytic location. This process has been termed extravascular migratory metastasis. The abluminal vascular surface may also provide a vascular niche inducing or sustaining stemness to angiotropic tumor cells. This pilot study investigated if angiotropic melanoma cells might represent a subset population with pericytic and embryonic or stem cell properties. Through microarray analysis, we showed that the interaction between melanoma cells and the abluminal surface of endothelial cells triggers significant differential expression of several genes. The most significantly differentially expressed genes have demonstrated properties linked to cancer cell migration (CCL2, ICAM1 and IL6), cancer progression (CCL2, ICAM1, SELE, TRAF1, IL6, SERPINB2 and CXCL6), epithelial to mesenchymal transition (CCL2 and IL6), embryonic/stem cell properties (CCL2, PDGFB, EVX1 and CFDP1) and pericytic recruitment (PDGFB). In addition, bioinformatics-based analysis of the differentially expressed genes has shown that the most significantly enriched functional groups included development, cell movement, cancer, and embryonic development. Finally, the investigation of pericyte/mesenchymal stem cells markers via immunostaining of human melanoma samples revealed expression of PDGFRB, NG2 and CD146 by angiotropic melanoma cells. Taken together, these preliminary data are supportive of the "pericytic mimicry" by angiotropic melanoma cells, and suggest that the interaction between melanoma cells and the abluminal vascular surface induce differential expression of genes linked to cancer migration and embryonic/stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugassy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA,
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