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He P, Ye Q, Hua L, Zhu S, Liu H, Ning Q, Hu Q, Li Q, Qin X. Vein hierarchy mediates the 2D relationship between leaf size and drought tolerance across subtropical forest tree species. Tree Physiol 2024; 44:tpad141. [PMID: 38056447 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have observed a 2D relationship (i.e. decoupled correlation) between leaf size (LS) and leaf economics as well as a tight correlation between leaf economics and drought tolerance. However, the underlying mechanism maintaining the relationship between LS and drought tolerance remains largely unknown. Here, we measured LS, water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductance, hydraulic safety margin and different orders of vein traits across 28 tree species in a subtropical forest in Southern China. We found that LS and drought tolerance were in two independent dimensions (R2 = 0.00, P > 0.05). Primary and secondary vein traits (i.e. vein diameter and density) explained the variation of LS, with R2 ranging from 0.37 to 0.70 (all Ps < 0.01), while minor vein traits accounted for the variation of leaf drought tolerance, with R2 ranging from 0.30 to 0.43 (all Ps < 0.01). Our results provide insight into the 2D relationship between LS and drought tolerance and highlight the importance of vein hierarchy in plant leaf functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Shidanan Road 1, Rongjiangxin District, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Hua
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Ruihe Road 18, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Shidan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedong Road 100, Xixiangtang District, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiurui Ning
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinsheng Qin
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
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Liu G, Fu P, Mao Q, Xia J, Zhao W. Effect of life cycle and venation pattern on the coordination between stomatal and vein densities of herbs. AoB Plants 2024; 16:plae007. [PMID: 38435969 PMCID: PMC10908534 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Life cycle (annual vs perennial) and leaf venation pattern (parallel and reticular) are known to be related to water use strategies in herb species and critical adaptation to certain climatic conditions. However, the effect of these two traits and how they influence the coordination between vein density (vein length per area, VLA) and stomatal density (SD) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the leaves of 53 herb species from a subtropical botanical garden in Guangdong Province, China, including herbs with different life cycles and leaf venation patterns. We assessed 21 leaf water-related functional traits for all species, including leaf area (LA), major and minor VLA, major and minor vein diameter (VD), SD and stomatal length (SL). The results showed no significant differences in mean SD and SL between either functional group (parallel venation vs reticular venation and annual vs perennial). However, parallel vein herbs and perennial herbs displayed a significantly higher mean LA and minor VD, and lower minor VLA compared to reticular vein herbs and annual herbs, respectively. There was a linear correlation between total VLA and SD in perennial and reticular vein herbs, but this kind of correlation was not found in annual and parallel vein herbs. The major VLA and minor VD were significantly affected by the interaction between life cycle and leaf venation pattern. Our findings suggested that VLA, rather than SD, may serve as a more adaptable structure regulated by herbaceous plants to support the coordination between leaf water supply and demand in the context of different life cycles and leaf venation patterns. The results of the present study provide mechanistic understandings of functional advantages of different leaf types, which may involve in species fitness in community assembly and divergent responses to climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Peili Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinghong, Yunnan, China
- Ailaoshan Station of Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jingdong, Yunnan, China
| | - Qinggong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetatcion Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangbao Xia
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Wanli Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou, Shandong, China
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Leverett A, Ferguson K, Winter K, Borland AM. Leaf vein density correlates with crassulacean acid metabolism, but not hydraulic capacitance, in the genus Clusia. Ann Bot 2023; 132:801-810. [PMID: 36821473 PMCID: PMC10799986 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many succulent species are characterized by the presence of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and/or elevated bulk hydraulic capacitance (CFT). Both CAM and elevated CFT substantially reduce the rate at which water moves through transpiring leaves. However, little is known about how these physiological adaptations are coordinated with leaf vascular architecture. METHODS The genus Clusia contains species spanning the entire C3-CAM continuum, and also is known to have >5-fold interspecific variation in CFT. We used this highly diverse genus to explore how interspecific variation in leaf vein density is coordinated with CAM and CFT. KEY RESULTS We found that constitutive CAM phenotypes were associated with lower vein length per leaf area (VLA) and vein termini density (VTD), compared to C3 or facultative CAM species. However, when vein densities were standardized by leaf thickness, this value was higher in CAM than C3 species, which is probably an adaptation to overcome apoplastic hydraulic resistance in deep chlorenchyma tissue. In contrast, CFT did not correlate with any xylem anatomical trait measured, suggesting CAM has a greater impact on leaf transpiration rates than CFT. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly suggest that CAM photosynthesis is coordinated with leaf vein densities. The link between CAM and vascular anatomy will be important to consider when attempting to bioengineer CAM into C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Leverett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester Campus, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Kate Ferguson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Anne M Borland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Green WA, Losada JM. How dense can you be? New automatic measures of vein density in angiosperm leaves. Appl Plant Sci 2023; 11:e11551. [PMID: 37915435 PMCID: PMC10617316 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Premise Because of the trade-off between water loss and carbon dioxide assimilation, the conductivity of the transpiration path in a leaf is an important limit on photosynthesis. Closely packed veins correspond to short paths and high assimilation rates while widely spaced veins are associated with higher resistance to flow and lower maximum photosynthetic rates. Vein length per area (VLA) has become the standard metric for comparing leaves with different vein densities; its measurement typically utilizes digital image processing with varying amounts of human input. Methods and Results Here, we propose three new ways of measuring vein density using image analysis that improve on currently available procedures: (1) areole area distributions, (2) a sizing transform, and (3) a distance map. Each alternative has distinct practical, statistical, and biological limitations and advantages. In particular, we advocate the log-transformed modal distance map of a vein mask as an estimator to replace VLA as a standard metric for vein density. Conclusions These methods, for which open-source code appropriate for high-throughput automation is provided, improve on VLA by producing determinate measures of vein density as distributions rather than point estimates. Combined with advances in image quality and computational efficiency, these methods should help clarify the physiological and evolutionary significance of vein density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walton A. Green
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University, Harvard Botanical Museum26 Oxford StreetCambridgeMassachusetts02138USA
| | - Juan M. Losada
- Institute of Subtropical and Mediterranean Hortofruticulture La Mayora–CSIC–UMAAvda. Dr. Wienberg s/n, Algarrobo‐Costa29750MalágaSpain
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Jiang GF, Li SY, Dinnage R, Cao KF, Simonin KA, Roddy AB. Diverse mangroves deviate from other angiosperms in their genome size, leaf cell size and cell packing density relationships. Ann Bot 2023; 131:347-360. [PMID: 36516425 PMCID: PMC9992938 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While genome size limits the minimum sizes and maximum numbers of cells that can be packed into a given leaf volume, mature cell sizes can be substantially larger than their meristematic precursors and vary in response to abiotic conditions. Mangroves are iconic examples of how abiotic conditions can influence the evolution of plant phenotypes. METHODS Here, we examined the coordination between genome size, leaf cell sizes, cell packing densities and leaf size in 13 mangrove species across four sites in China. Four of these species occurred at more than one site, allowing us to test the effect of climate on leaf anatomy. RESULTS We found that genome sizes of mangroves were very small compared to other angiosperms, but, like other angiosperms, mangrove cells were always larger than the minimum size defined by genome size. Increasing mean annual temperature of a growth site led to higher packing densities of veins (Dv) and stomata (Ds) and smaller epidermal cells but had no effect on stomatal size. In contrast to other angiosperms, mangroves exhibited (1) a negative relationship between guard cell size and genome size; (2) epidermal cells that were smaller than stomata; and (3) coordination between Dv and Ds that was not mediated by epidermal cell size. Furthermore, mangrove epidermal cell sizes and packing densities covaried with leaf size. CONCLUSIONS While mangroves exhibited coordination between veins and stomata and attained a maximum theoretical stomatal conductance similar to that of other angiosperms, the tissue-level tradeoffs underlying these similar relationships across species and environments were markedly different, perhaps indicative of the unique structural and physiological adaptations of mangroves to their stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Yuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Russell Dinnage
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Kevin A Simonin
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132USA
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Narawatthana S, Phansenee Y, Thammasamisorn BO, Vejchasarn P. Multi-model genome-wide association studies of leaf anatomical traits and vein architecture in rice. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1107718. [PMID: 37123816 PMCID: PMC10130391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The anatomy of rice leaves is closely related to photosynthesis and grain yield. Therefore, exploring insight into the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and alleles related to rice flag leaf anatomical and vein traits is vital for rice improvement. Methods Here, we aimed to explore the genetic architecture of eight flag leaf traits using one single-locus model; mixed-linear model (MLM), and two multi-locus models; fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) and Bayesian information and linkage disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK). We performed multi-model GWAS using 329 rice accessions of RDP1 with 700K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. Results The phenotypic correlation results indicated that rice flag leaf thickness was strongly correlated with leaf mesophyll cells layer (ML) and thickness of both major and minor veins. All three models were able to identify several significant loci associated with the traits. MLM identified three non-synonymous SNPs near NARROW LEAF 1 (NAL1) in association with ML and the distance between minor veins (IVD) traits. Discussion Several numbers of significant SNPs associated with known gene function in leaf development and yield traits were detected by multi-model GWAS performed in this study. Our findings indicate that flag leaf traits could be improved via molecular breeding and can be one of the targets in high-yield rice development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatthra Narawatthana
- Rice Department, Thailand Rice Science Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Suphan Buri, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Supatthra Narawatthana,
| | - Yotwarit Phansenee
- Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Bang-On Thammasamisorn
- Rice Department, Thailand Rice Science Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Suphan Buri, Thailand
| | - Phanchita Vejchasarn
- Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
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Costa e Silva J, Potts BM, Wiehl G, Prober SM. Linking leaf economic and hydraulic traits with early-age growth performance and survival of Eucalyptus pauciflora. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:973087. [PMID: 36426150 PMCID: PMC9679299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.973087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Selection on plant functional traits may occur through their direct effects on fitness (or a fitness component), or may be mediated by attributes of plant performance which have a direct impact on fitness. Understanding this link is particularly challenging for long-lived organisms, such as forest trees, where lifetime fitness assessments are rarely achievable, and performance features and fitness components are usually quantified from early-life history stages. Accordingly, we studied a cohort of trees from multiple populations of Eucalyptus pauciflora grown in a common-garden field trial established at the hot and dry end of the species distribution on the island of Tasmania, Australia. We related the within-population variation in leaf economic (leaf thickness, leaf area and leaf density) and hydraulic (stomatal density, stomatal length and vein density) traits, measured from two-year-old plants, to two-year growth performance (height and stem diameter) and to a fitness component (seven-year survival). When performance-trait relationships were modelled for all traits simultaneously, statistical support for direct effects on growth performance was only observed for leaf thickness and leaf density. Performance-based estimators of directional selection indicated that individuals with reduced leaf thickness and increased leaf density were favoured. Survival-performance relationships were consistent with size-dependent mortality, with fitness-based selection gradients estimated for performance measures providing evidence for directional selection favouring individuals with faster growth. There was no statistical support for an effect associated with the fitness-based quadratic selection gradient estimated for growth performance. Conditional on a performance measure, fitness-based directional selection gradients estimated for the leaf traits did not provide statistical support for direct effects of the focal traits on tree survival. This suggested that, under the environmental conditions of the trial site and time period covered in the current study, early-stage selection on the studied leaf traits may be mediated by their effects on growth performance, which in turn has a positive direct influence on later-age survival. We discuss the potential mechanistic basis of the direct effects of the focal leaf traits on tree growth, and the relevance of a putative causal pathway of trait effects on fitness through mediation by growth performance in the studied hot and dry environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Costa e Silva
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Georg Wiehl
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, Australia
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Amitrano C, Rouphael Y, De Pascale S, De Micco V. Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) Drives the Balance of Hydraulic-Related Anatomical Traits in Lettuce Leaves. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2369. [PMID: 36145772 PMCID: PMC9502365 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of leaf hydraulic-related traits with leaf size is influenced by environmental conditions and especially by VPD. Water and gas flows are guided by leaf anatomical and physiological traits, whose plasticity is crucial for plants to face environmental changes. Only a few studies have analysed how variations in VPD levels influence stomatal and vein development and their correlation with leaf size, reporting contrasting results. Thus, we applied microscopy techniques to evaluate the effect of low and high VPDs on the development of stomata and veins, also analysing leaf functional traits. We hypothesized that leaves under high VPD with a modified balance between veins and stomata face higher transpiration. We also explored the variability of stomata and vein density across the leaf lamina. From the results, it was evident that under both VPDs, plants maintained a coordinated development of stomata and veins, with a higher density at low VPD. Moreover, more stomata but fewer veins developed in the parts of the lettuce head exposed to light, suggesting that their differentiation during leaf expansion is strictly dependent on the microclimatic conditions. Knowing the plasticity of hydraulic-related morpho-functional traits and its intra-leaf variability is timely for their impact on water and gas fluxes, thus helping to evaluate the impact of environmental-driven anatomical variations on productivity of natural ecosystems and crops, in a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Amitrano
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (V.D.M.); Tel.: +39-081-2532026 (C.A. & V.D.M.)
| | | | | | - Veronica De Micco
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (V.D.M.); Tel.: +39-081-2532026 (C.A. & V.D.M.)
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Pan L, George-Jaeggli B, Borrell A, Jordan D, Koller F, Al-Salman Y, Ghannoum O, Cano FJ. Coordination of stomata and vein patterns with leaf width underpins water-use efficiency in a C 4 crop. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:1612-1630. [PMID: 34773276 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance for crop water use and productivity, especially in drought-affected environments, the underlying mechanisms of variation in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE = net photosynthesis/stomatal conductance for water vapour, gsw ) are not well understood, especially in C4 plants. Recently, we discovered that leaf width (LW) correlated negatively with iWUE and positively with gsw across several C4 grasses. Here, we confirmed these relationships within 48 field-grown genotypes differing in LW in Sorghum bicolor, a C4 crop adapted to dry and hot conditions. We measured leaf gas exchange and modelled leaf energy balance three times a day, alongside anatomical traits as potential predictors of iWUE. LW correlated negatively with iWUE and stomatal density, but positively with gsw , interveinal distance of longitudinal veins, and the percentage of stomatal aperture relative to maximum. Energy balance modelling showed that wider leaves needed to open their stomata more to generate a more negative leaf-to-air temperature difference, especially at midday when air temperatures exceeded 40°C. These results highlight the important role that LW plays in shaping iWUE through coordination of vein and stomatal traits and by affecting stomatal aperture. Therefore, LW could be used as a predictor of higher iWUE among sorghum genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Barbara George-Jaeggli
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Hermitage Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Borrell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Hermitage Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Hermitage Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Koller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yazen Al-Salman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francisco J Cano
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Pan L, George-Jaeggli B, Borrell A, Jordan D, Koller F, Al-Salman Y, Ghannoum O, Cano FJ. Coordination of stomata and vein patterns with leaf width underpins water-use efficiency in a C 4 crop. Plant Cell Environ 2022. [PMID: 34773276 DOI: 10.22541/au.162009415.55042548/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance for crop water use and productivity, especially in drought-affected environments, the underlying mechanisms of variation in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE = net photosynthesis/stomatal conductance for water vapour, gsw ) are not well understood, especially in C4 plants. Recently, we discovered that leaf width (LW) correlated negatively with iWUE and positively with gsw across several C4 grasses. Here, we confirmed these relationships within 48 field-grown genotypes differing in LW in Sorghum bicolor, a C4 crop adapted to dry and hot conditions. We measured leaf gas exchange and modelled leaf energy balance three times a day, alongside anatomical traits as potential predictors of iWUE. LW correlated negatively with iWUE and stomatal density, but positively with gsw , interveinal distance of longitudinal veins, and the percentage of stomatal aperture relative to maximum. Energy balance modelling showed that wider leaves needed to open their stomata more to generate a more negative leaf-to-air temperature difference, especially at midday when air temperatures exceeded 40°C. These results highlight the important role that LW plays in shaping iWUE through coordination of vein and stomatal traits and by affecting stomatal aperture. Therefore, LW could be used as a predictor of higher iWUE among sorghum genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Barbara George-Jaeggli
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Hermitage Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Agri-Science Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Borrell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Hermitage Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Hermitage Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Koller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yazen Al-Salman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francisco J Cano
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Peng G, Xiong Y, Yin M, Wang X, Zhou W, Cheng Z, Zhang YJ, Yang D. Leaf Venation Architecture in Relation to Leaf Size Across Leaf Habits and Vein Types in Subtropical Woody Plants. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:873036. [PMID: 35599892 PMCID: PMC9121095 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.873036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are enormously diverse in their size and venation architecture, both of which are core determinants of plant adaptation to environments. Leaf size is an important determinant of leaf function and ecological strategy, while leaf venation, the main structure for support and transport, determines the growth, development, and performance of a leaf. The scaling relationship between venation architecture and leaf size has been explored, but the relationship within a community and its potential variations among species with different vein types and leaf habits have not been investigated. Here, we measured vein traits and leaf size across 39 broad-leaved woody species within a subtropical forest community in China and analyzed the scaling relationship using ordinary least squares and standard major axis method. Then, we compared our results with the global dataset. The major vein density, and the ratio of major (1° and 2°) to minor (3° and higher) vein density both geometrically declined with leaf size across different vein types and leaf habits. Further, palmate-veined species have higher major vein density and a higher ratio of major to minor vein density at the given leaf size than pinnate-veined species, while evergreen and deciduous species showed no difference. These robust trends were confirmed by reanalyzing the global dataset using the same major vein classification as ours. We also found a tradeoff between the cell wall mass per vein length of the major vein and the major vein density. These vein scaling relationships have important implications on the optimization of leaf size, niche differentiation of coexisting species, plant drought tolerance, and species distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yingjie Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhenfeng Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Dongmei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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12
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Zhao W, Fu P, Liu G, Zhao P. Difference between emergent aquatic and terrestrial monocotyledonous herbs in relation to the coordination of leaf stomata with vein traits. AoB Plants 2020; 12:plaa047. [PMID: 33376587 PMCID: PMC7750939 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emergent aquatic plants mostly occur in shallow waters and root in bottom substrates, but their leaves emerge from the water surface and are thus exposed to air, similar to the leaves of terrestrial plants. Previous studies have found coordination between leaf water supply and demand in terrestrial plants; however, whether such a coordination exists in emergent aquatic plants remains unknown. In this study, we analysed leaf veins and stomatal characteristics of 14 emergent aquatic and 13 terrestrial monocotyledonous herb species (EMH and TMH), with 5 EMH and 8 TMH belonging to Poaceae. We found that EMH had significantly higher mean leaf area, leaf thickness, stomatal density, stomatal number per vein length and major vein diameter, but lower mean major vein length per area (VLA) and total VLA than TMH. There was no significant difference in stomatal length, minor VLA and minor vein diameter between the two groups. Stomatal density and total VLA were positively correlated among the EMH, TMH, as well as the 8 Poaceae TMH species, but this correlation became non-significant when data from both the groups were pooled. Our results showed that the differences in water supply between emergent aquatic and terrestrial plants modify the coordination of their leaf veins and stomatal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
| | - Peili Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
- Ailaoshan Station of Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jingdong, Yunnan 676209, China
| | - Guolan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for Yellow River Delta, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Richardson F, Jordan GJ, Brodribb TJ. Leaf hydraulic conductance is linked to leaf symmetry in bifacial, amphistomatic leaves of sunflower. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:2808-2816. [PMID: 31970417 PMCID: PMC7210757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic implications of stomatal positioning across leaf surfaces and the impact on internal water flow through amphistomatic leaves are not currently well understood. Amphistomaty potentially provides hydraulic efficiencies if the majority of hydraulic resistance in the leaf exists outside the xylem in the mesophyll. Such a scenario would mean that the same xylem network could equally supply a hypostomatic or amphistomatic leaf. Here we examine leaves of Helianthus annuus to determine whether amphistomaty in this species is associated with higher hydraulic efficiency compared with hypostomatic leaves. We identified asymmetry in the positioning of minor veins which were significantly closer to the abaxial than the adaxial leaf surface, combined with lower Kleaf when transpiration was driven through the adaxial rather than the abaxial surface. We also identified a degree of coordination in stomatal behaviour driven by leaf hydraulics, where the hydraulic conditions experienced by an individual leaf surface affected the stomatal behaviour on the opposite surface. We found no advantage to amphistomaty based on efficiencies in construction costs of the venous system, represented by vein density:stomatal density, only limited hydraulic independence between leaf surfaces. These results suggest that amphistomaty does not substantially increase whole-leaf hydraulic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Richardson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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14
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Lu Z, Xie K, Pan Y, Ren T, Lu J, Wang M, Shen Q, Guo S. Potassium mediates coordination of leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance by modifications of leaf anatomy. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:2231-2244. [PMID: 30938459 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Typical symptoms of potassium deficiency, characterized as chlorosis or withered necrosis, occur concomitantly with downregulated photosynthesis and impaired leaf water transport. However, the prominent limitations and mechanisms underlying the concerted decreases of leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance are poorly understood. Monocots and dicots were investigated based on responses of photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance and their components and the correlated anatomical determinants to potassium deficiency. We found a conserved pattern in which leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance concurrently decreased under potassium starvation. However, monocots and dicots showed two different hydraulic-redesign strategies: Dicots tended to show a decreased minor vein density, whereas monocots reduced the size of the bundle sheath and its extensions, rather than the minor vein density; both of these strategies may restrain xylem and outside-xylem hydraulic conductance. Additionally, potassium-deprived leaves developed with fewer mesophyll cell-to-cell connections, leading to a reduced area being available for liquid-phase flow. Further quantitative analysis revealed that mesophyll conductance to CO2 and outside-xylem hydraulic resistance were the major contributors to photosynthetic limitation and increased hydraulic resistance, at more than 50% and 60%, respectively. These results emphasize the importance of potassium in the coordinated regulation of leaf photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance through modifications of leaf anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kailiu Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yonghui Pan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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15
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Baresch A, Crifò C, Boyce CK. Competition for epidermal space in the evolution of leaves with high physiological rates. New Phytol 2019; 221:628-639. [PMID: 30216453 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaves with high photosynthetic capacity require high transpiration capacity. Consequently, hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, and assimilation capacities should be positively correlated. These traits make independent demands on anatomical space, particularly due to the propensity for veins to have bundle sheath extensions that exclude stomata from the local epidermis. We measured density and area occupation of bundle sheath extensions, density and size of stomata and subsidiary cells, and venation density for a sample of extant angiosperms and fossil and living nonangiosperm tracheophytes. For most nonangiosperms, even modest increases in vein density and stomatal conductance would require substantial reconfigurations of anatomy. One characteristic of the angiosperm syndrome (e.g. small cell sizes, etc.) is hierarchical vein networks that allow expression of bundle sheath extensions in some, but not all veins, contrasting with all-or-nothing alternatives available with the single-order vein networks in most nonangiosperms. Bundle sheath modulation is associated with higher vein densities in three independent groups with hierarchical venation: angiosperms, Gnetum (gymnosperm) and Dipteris (fern). Anatomical and developmental constraints likely contribute to the stability in leaf characteristics - and ecophysiology - seen through time in different lineages and contribute to the uniqueness of angiosperms in achieving the highest vein densities, stomatal densities, and physiological rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baresch
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Camilla Crifò
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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16
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Lundgren MR, Dunning LT, Olofsson JK, Moreno-Villena JJ, Bouvier JW, Sage TL, Khoshravesh R, Sultmanis S, Stata M, Ripley BS, Vorontsova MS, Besnard G, Adams C, Cuff N, Mapaura A, Bianconi ME, Long CM, Christin PA, Osborne CP. C 4 anatomy can evolve via a single developmental change. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:302-312. [PMID: 30557904 PMCID: PMC6849723 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait that boosts productivity in warm environments. Paradoxically, it evolved independently in numerous plant lineages, despite requiring specialised leaf anatomy. The anatomical modifications underlying C4 evolution have previously been evaluated through interspecific comparisons, which capture numerous changes besides those needed for C4 functionality. Here, we quantify the anatomical changes accompanying the transition between non‐C4 and C4 phenotypes by sampling widely across the continuum of leaf anatomical traits in the grass Alloteropsis semialata. Within this species, the only trait that is shared among and specific to C4 individuals is an increase in vein density, driven specifically by minor vein development that yields multiple secondary effects facilitating C4 function. For species with the necessary anatomical preconditions, developmental proliferation of veins can therefore be sufficient to produce a functional C4 leaf anatomy, creating an evolutionary entry point to complex C4 syndromes that can become more specialised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie R Lundgren
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luke T Dunning
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jill K Olofsson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jose J Moreno-Villena
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jacques W Bouvier
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stefanie Sultmanis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Matt Stata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Brad S Ripley
- Botany Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
| | - Maria S Vorontsova
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Guillaume Besnard
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENSFEA, UPS, IRD, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Adams
- Botany Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Cuff
- Northern Territory Herbarium, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT, 0831, Australia
| | | | - Matheus E Bianconi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Christine M Long
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia
| | - Pascal-Antoine Christin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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17
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Cardoso AA, Randall JM, Jordan GJ, McAdam SAM. Extended differentiation of veins and stomata is essential for the expansion of large leaves in Rheum rhabarbarum. Am J Bot 2018; 105:1967-1974. [PMID: 30475383 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The densities of veins and stomata govern leaf water supply and gas exchange. They are coordinated to avoid overproduction of either veins or stomata. In many species, where leaf area is greater at low light, this coordination is primarily achieved through differential cell expansion, resulting in lower stomatal and vein density in larger leaves. This mechanism would, however, create highly inefficient leaves in species in which leaf area is greater at high light. Here we investigate the role of cell expansion and differentiation as regulators of vein and stomatal density in Rheum rhabarbarum, which produces large leaves under high light. METHODS Rheum rhabarbarum plants were grown under full sunlight and 7% of full sunlight. Leaf area, stomatal density, and vein density were measured from leaves harvested at different intervals. KEY RESULTS Leaves of R. rhabarbarum expanded at high light were six times larger than leaves expanded at low light, yet vein and stomatal densities were similar. In high light-expanded leaves, minor veins were continuously initiated as the leaves expanded, while an extended period of stomatal initiation, compared to leaves expanded at low light, occurred early in leaf development. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that R. rhabarbarum adjusts the initiation of stomata and minor veins at high light, allowing for the production of larger leaves uncoupled from lower vein and stomatal densities. We also present evidence for an independent control of vein and stomatal initiation, suggesting that this adjustment must involve some unknown developmental mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joshua M Randall
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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18
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Zhang FP, Carins Murphy MR, Cardoso AA, Jordan GJ, Brodribb TJ. Similar geometric rules govern the distribution of veins and stomata in petals, sepals and leaves. New Phytol 2018; 219:1224-1234. [PMID: 29761509 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Investment in leaf veins (supplying xylem water) is balanced by stomatal abundance, such that sufficient water transport is provided for stomata to remain open when soil water is abundant. This coordination is mediated by a common dependence of vein and stomatal densities on cell size. Flowers may not conform to this same developmental pattern if they depend on water supplied by the phloem or have high rates of nonstomatal transpiration. We examined the relationships between veins, stomata and epidermal cells in leaves, sepals and petals of 27 angiosperms to determine whether common spacing rules applied to all tissues. Regression analysis found no evidence for different relationships within organ types. Both vein and stomatal densities were strongly associated with epidermal cell size within organs, but, for a given epidermal cell size, petals had fewer veins and stomata than sepals, which had fewer than leaves. Although our data support the concept of common scaling between veins and stomata in leaves and flowers, the large diversity in petal vein density suggests that, in some species, petal veins may be engaged in additional functions, such as the supply of water for high cuticular transpiration or for phloem delivery of water or carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Madeline R Carins Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Amanda A Cardoso
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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19
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Blackman CJ, Gleason SM, Cook AM, Chang Y, Laws CA, Westoby M. The links between leaf hydraulic vulnerability to drought and key aspects of leaf venation and xylem anatomy among 26 Australian woody angiosperms from contrasting climates. Ann Bot 2018; 122:59-67. [PMID: 29668853 PMCID: PMC6025239 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The structural properties of leaf venation and xylem anatomy strongly influence leaf hydraulics, including the ability of leaves to maintain hydraulic function during drought. Here we examined the strength of the links between different leaf venation traits and leaf hydraulic vulnerability to drought (expressed as P50leaf by rehydration kinetics) in a diverse group of 26 woody angiosperm species, representing a wide range of leaf vulnerabilities, from four low-nutrient sites with contrasting rainfall across eastern Australia. Methods For each species we measured key aspects of leaf venation design, xylem anatomy and leaf morphology. We also assessed for the first time the scaling relationships between hydraulically weighted vessel wall thickness (th) and lumen breadth (bh) across vein orders and habitats. Key Results Across species, variation in P50leaf was strongly correlated with the ratio of vessel wall thickness (th) to lumen breadth (bh) [(t/b)h; an index of conduit reinforcement] at each leaf vein order. Concomitantly, the scaling relationship between th and bh was similar across vein orders, with a log-log slope less than 1 indicating greater xylem reinforcement in smaller vessels. In contrast, P50leaf was not related to th and bh individually, to major vein density (Dvmajor) or to leaf size. Principal components analysis revealed two largely orthogonal trait groupings linked to variation in leaf size and drought tolerance. Conclusions Our results indicate that xylem conduit reinforcement occurs throughout leaf venation, and remains closely linked to leaf drought tolerance irrespective of leaf size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- USDA-ARS, Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alicia M Cook
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yvonne Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire A Laws
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Stewart JJ, Polutchko SK, Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW. Arabidopsis thaliana Ei-5: Minor Vein Architecture Adjustment Compensates for Low Vein Density in Support of Photosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:693. [PMID: 29910820 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00693/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis thaliana accession with naturally low vein density, Eifel-5 (Ei-5), was compared to Columbia-0 (Col-0) with respect to rosette growth, foliar vein architecture, photosynthesis, and transpiration. In addition to having to a lower vein density, Ei-5 grew more slowly, with significantly lower rates of rosette expansion, but had similar capacities for photosynthetic oxygen evolution on a leaf area basis compared to Col-0. The individual foliar minor veins were larger in Ei-5, with a greater number of vascular cells per vein, compared to Col-0. This compensation for low vein density resulted in similar values for the product of vein density × phloem cell number per minor vein in Ei-5 and Col-0, which suggests a similar capacity for foliar sugar export to support similar photosynthetic capacities per unit leaf area. In contrast, the product of vein density × xylem cell number per minor vein was significantly greater in Ei-5 compared to Col-0, and was associated not only with a higher ratio of water-transporting tracheary elements versus sugar-transporting sieve elements but also significantly higher foliar transpiration rates per leaf area in Ei-5. In contrast, previous studies in other systems had reported higher ratios of tracheary to sieve elements and higher transpiration rate to be associated with higher - rather than lower - vein densities. The Ei-5 accession thus further underscores the plasticity of the foliar vasculature by illustrating an example where a higher ratio of tracheary to sieve elements is associated with a lower vein density. Establishment of the Ei-5 accession, with a low vein density but an apparent overcapacity for water flux through the foliar xylem network, may have been facilitated by a higher level of precipitation in its habitat of origin compared to that of the Col-0 accession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared J Stewart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie K Polutchko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - William W Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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21
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Stewart JJ, Polutchko SK, Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW. Arabidopsis thaliana Ei-5: Minor Vein Architecture Adjustment Compensates for Low Vein Density in Support of Photosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:693. [PMID: 29910820 PMCID: PMC5992485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis thaliana accession with naturally low vein density, Eifel-5 (Ei-5), was compared to Columbia-0 (Col-0) with respect to rosette growth, foliar vein architecture, photosynthesis, and transpiration. In addition to having to a lower vein density, Ei-5 grew more slowly, with significantly lower rates of rosette expansion, but had similar capacities for photosynthetic oxygen evolution on a leaf area basis compared to Col-0. The individual foliar minor veins were larger in Ei-5, with a greater number of vascular cells per vein, compared to Col-0. This compensation for low vein density resulted in similar values for the product of vein density × phloem cell number per minor vein in Ei-5 and Col-0, which suggests a similar capacity for foliar sugar export to support similar photosynthetic capacities per unit leaf area. In contrast, the product of vein density × xylem cell number per minor vein was significantly greater in Ei-5 compared to Col-0, and was associated not only with a higher ratio of water-transporting tracheary elements versus sugar-transporting sieve elements but also significantly higher foliar transpiration rates per leaf area in Ei-5. In contrast, previous studies in other systems had reported higher ratios of tracheary to sieve elements and higher transpiration rate to be associated with higher - rather than lower - vein densities. The Ei-5 accession thus further underscores the plasticity of the foliar vasculature by illustrating an example where a higher ratio of tracheary to sieve elements is associated with a lower vein density. Establishment of the Ei-5 accession, with a low vein density but an apparent overcapacity for water flux through the foliar xylem network, may have been facilitated by a higher level of precipitation in its habitat of origin compared to that of the Col-0 accession.
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22
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Gerlein-Safdi C, Gauthier PPG, Sinkler CJ, Caylor KK. Leaf water 18 O and 2 H maps show directional enrichment discrepancy in Colocasia esculenta. Plant Cell Environ 2017; 40:2095-2108. [PMID: 28658718 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial patterns of leaf water isotopes are challenging to predict because of the intricate link between vein and lamina water. Many models have attempted to predict these patterns, but to date, most have focused on monocots with parallel veins. These provide a simple system to study, but do not represent the majority of plant species. Here, a new protocol is developed using a Picarro induction module coupled to a cavity ringdown spectrometer to obtain maps of the leaf water isotopes (18 O and 2 H). The technique is applied to Colocasia esculenta leaves. The results are compared with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In C. esculenta, a large enrichment in the radial direction is observed, but not in the longitudinal direction. The string-of-lakes model fails to predict the observed patterns, while the Farquhar-Gan model is more successful, especially when enrichment is accounted for along the radial direction. Our results show that reticulate-veined leaves experience a larger enrichment along the axis of the secondary veins than along the midrib. We hypothesize that this is due to the lower major/minor vein ratio that leads to longer pathways between major veins and sites of evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Gerlein-Safdi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Paul P G Gauthier
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Craig James Sinkler
- Department of Geological, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ, 08648, USA
- EarthRes Group Inc., Pipersville, PA, 18947, USA
| | - Kelly Krispin Caylor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Geography, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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23
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Huang CF, Yu CP, Wu YH, Lu MYJ, Tu SL, Wu SH, Shiu SH, Ku MSB, Li WH. Elevated auxin biosynthesis and transport underlie high vein density in C 4 leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6884-E6891. [PMID: 28761000 PMCID: PMC5565467 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709171114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High vein density, a distinctive trait of C4 leaves, is central to both C3-to-C4 evolution and conversion of C3 to C4-like crops. We tested the hypothesis that high vein density in C4 leaves is due to elevated auxin biosynthesis and transport in developing leaves. Up-regulation of genes in auxin biosynthesis pathways and higher auxin content were found in developing C4 leaves compared with developing C3 leaves. The same observation held for maize foliar (C4) and husk (C3) leaf primordia. Moreover, auxin content and vein density were increased in loss-of-function mutants of Arabidopsis MYC2, a suppressor of auxin biosynthesis. Treatment with an auxin biosynthesis inhibitor or an auxin transport inhibitor led to much fewer veins in new leaves. Finally, both Arabidopsis thaliana auxin efflux transporter pin1 and influx transporter lax2 mutants showed reduced vein numbers. Thus, development of high leaf vein density requires elevated auxin biosynthesis and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fa Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Yu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Hua Wu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh Jade Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Long Tu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsing Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824;
| | - Maurice S B Ku
- Department of Bioagricultural Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Abstract
Resolving the drivers of hydraulic decline during drought is crucial for understanding drought tolerance in crops and natural ecosystems. In the past 15 years, studies of the decline of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) have supported a major role in controlling plant drought responses. We analyzed the variation in Kleaf decline with dehydration in a global database of 310 species, providing novel insights into its underlying mechanisms, its co-ordination with stem hydraulics, its influence on gas exchange and drought tolerance, and its linkage with species ecological distributions. Kleaf vulnerability varied strongly within and across lineages, growth forms, and biomes. A critical literature review indicates that changes in hydraulic conductance outside the xylem with dehydration drive the overall decline of Kleaf. We demonstrate a significant leaf hydraulic safety-efficiency trade-off across angiosperm species and discuss the importance of the large variation around this trend. Leaves tend to be more vulnerable than stems, with their vulnerabilities co-ordinated across species, and importantly linked with adaptation across biomes. We hypothesize a novel framework to explain diversity across species in the co-ordination of Kleaf and gas exchange during dehydration. These findings reflect considerable recent progress, yet new tools for measurement, visualization, and modeling will result in ongoing discoveries important across fields in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Schneider JV, Habersetzer J, Rabenstein R, Wesenberg J, Wesche K, Zizka G. Water supply and demand remain coordinated during breakdown of the global scaling relationship between leaf size and major vein density. New Phytol 2017; 214:473-486. [PMID: 28005294 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Vein networks that disobey the global scaling of major vein density with leaf size shed light on functional constraints of vein network formation in dicotyledons. Understanding their evolution, distribution and impact on vein-stomata-climate associations is an important contribution to our global view of vein network organization. Based on vein traits of 55 species of pantropical Ochnaceae, stomata and climatic niche data, and a dated molecular phylogeny, we unveil major structural shifts in vein networks through deep time, relationships between leaf size, vein and stomata traits, and their interplay with climate. Dense 2° veins, reduction of minor veins and the associated breakdown of vein-leaf size scaling evolved multiple times independently in Ochnaceae. In spite of the drastic changes in vein architecture in this venation type, vein and stomatal densities remain correlated. Our study demonstrates that shortening the major vein-stomata distance is economically not less advantageous than by increasing minor vein density, as illustrated by the same degree of coordination between vein and stomatal densities and the similar construction costs across networks with dense 2° veins and those with 'normally' spaced 2° veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio V Schneider
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60439, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Habersetzer
- Department of Paleoanthropology and Messel Research, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renate Rabenstein
- Department of Paleoanthropology and Messel Research, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Wesenberg
- Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, D-02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Karsten Wesche
- Department of Botany, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, D-02826, Görlitz, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- International Institute Zittau, Technische Universität Dresden, Markt 23, 02763, Zittau, Germany
| | - Georg Zizka
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60439, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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26
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Carins Murphy MR, Jordan GJ, Brodribb TJ. Cell expansion not cell differentiation predominantly co-ordinates veins and stomata within and among herbs and woody angiosperms grown under sun and shade. Ann Bot 2016; 118:1127-1138. [PMID: 27578763 PMCID: PMC5963197 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has been proposed that modification of leaf size, driven by epidermal cell size, balances leaf water supply (determined by veins) with transpirational demand (generated by stomata) during acclimation to local irradiance. We aimed to determine whether this is a general pattern among plant species with contrasting growth habits. METHODS We compared observed relationships between leaf minor vein density, stomatal density, epidermal cell size and leaf size in four pairs of herbs and woody species from the same families grown under sun and shade conditions with modelled relationships assuming vein and stomatal densities respond passively to epidermal cell expansion. Leaf lignin content was also quantified to assess whether construction costs of herbaceous leaf veins differ from those of woody plants and the leaf mass fraction invested in veins. KEY RESULTS Modelled relationships accurately described observed relationships, indicating that in all species, co-ordinated changes to the density of minor veins and stomata were mediated by a common relationship between epidermal cell size, vein density and stomatal density, with little or no impact from stomatal index. This co-ordination was independent of changes in leaf size and is likely to be an adaptive process driven by the significant proportion of biomass invested in veins (13·1 % of sun leaf dry weight and 21·7 % of shade leaf dry weight). Relative costs of venation increased in the shade, intensifying selective pressure towards economizing investment in vein density. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of epidermal cell size appears to be a general mechanism among our experimental species to maintain a constant ratio between leaf anatomical traits that control leaf water fluxes independently of habit. We propose that this process may co-ordinate plasticity in hydraulic supply and demand in the majority of eudicot angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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27
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Roddy AB, Brodersen CR, Dawson TE. Hydraulic conductance and the maintenance of water balance in flowers. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:2123-32. [PMID: 27144996 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flowers face desiccating conditions, yet little is known about their ability to transport water. We quantified variability in floral hydraulic conductance (Kflower ) for 20 species from 10 families and related it to traits hypothesized to be associated with liquid and vapour phase water transport. Basal angiosperm flowers had trait values associated with higher water and carbon costs than monocot and eudicot flowers. Kflower was coordinated with water supply (vein length per area, VLA) and loss (minimum epidermal conductance, gmin ) traits among the magnoliids, but was insensitive to variation in these traits among the monocots and eudicots. Phylogenetic independent contrast (PIC) correlations revealed that few traits had undergone coordinated evolution. However, VLA and the desiccation time (Tdes ), the quotient of water content and gmin , had significant trait and PIC correlations. The near absence of stomata from monocot and eudicot flowers may have been critical in minimizing water loss rates among these clades. Early divergent, basal angiosperm flowers maintain higher Kflower because of traits associated with high rates water loss and water supply, while monocot and eudicot flowers employ a more conservative strategy of limiting water loss and may rely on stored water to maintain turgor and delay desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Roddy
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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28
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Evans-Fitz.Gerald C, Porter AS, Yiotis C, Elliott-Kingston C, McElwain JC. Co-ordination in Morphological Leaf Traits of Early Diverging Angiosperms Is Maintained Following Exposure to Experimental Palaeo-atmospheric Conditions of Sub-ambient O 2 and Elevated CO 2. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1368. [PMID: 27695464 PMCID: PMC5023689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to be successful in a given environment a plant should invest in a vein network and stomatal distribution that ensures balance between both water supply and demand. Vein density (Dv) and stomatal density (SD) have been shown to be strongly positively correlated in response to a range of environmental variables in more recently evolved plant species, but the extent of this relationship has not been confirmed in earlier diverging plant lineages. In order to examine the effect of a changing atmosphere on the relationship between Dv and SD, five early-diverging plant species representing two different reproductive plant grades were grown for 7 months in a palaeo-treatment comprising an O2:CO2 ratio that has occurred multiple times throughout plant evolutionary history. Results show a range of species-specific Dv and SD responses to the palaeo-treatment, however, we show that the strong relationship between Dv and SD under modern ambient atmospheric composition is maintained following exposure to the palaeo-treatment. This suggests strong inter-specific co-ordination between vein and stomatal traits for our study species even under relatively extreme environmental change. This co-ordination supports existing plant function proxies that use the distance between vein endings and stomata (Dm) to infer plant palaeo-physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Evans-Fitz.Gerald
- Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda S. Porter
- Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Charilaos Yiotis
- Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jennifer C. McElwain
- Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
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29
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Caringella MA, Bongers FJ, Sack L. Leaf hydraulic conductance varies with vein anatomy across Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and leaf vein mutants. Plant Cell Environ 2015; 38:2735-46. [PMID: 26047314 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaf venation is diverse across plant species and has practical applications from paleobotany to modern agriculture. However, the impact of vein traits on plant performance has not yet been tested in a model system such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous studies analysed cotyledons of A. thaliana vein mutants and identified visible differences in their vein systems from the wild type (WT). We measured leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ), vein traits, and xylem and mesophyll anatomy for A. thaliana WT (Col-0) and four vein mutants (dot3-111 and dot3-134, and cvp1-3 and cvp2-1). Mutant true leaves did not possess the qualitative venation anomalies previously shown in the cotyledons, but varied quantitatively in vein traits and leaf anatomy across genotypes. The WT had significantly higher mean Kleaf . Across all genotypes, there was a strong correlation of Kleaf with traits related to hydraulic conductance across the bundle sheath, as influenced by the number and radial diameter of bundle sheath cells and vein length per area. These findings support the hypothesis that vein traits influence Kleaf , indicating the usefulness of this mutant system for testing theory that was primarily established comparatively across species, and supports a strong role for the bundle sheath in influencing Kleaf .
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Caringella
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Franca J Bongers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute for Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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30
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Blonder B, Vasseur F, Violle C, Shipley B, Enquist BJ, Vile D. Testing models for the leaf economics spectrum with leaf and whole-plant traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. AoB Plants 2015; 7:plv049. [PMID: 25957316 PMCID: PMC4481546 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes strong relationships between multiple functional leaf traits that determine resource fluxes in vascular plants. Five models have been proposed to explain these patterns: two based on patterns of structural allocation, two on venation networks and one on resource allocation to cell walls and cell contents. Here we test these models using data for leaf and whole-plant functional traits. We use structural equation modelling applied to multiple ecotypes, recombinant inbred lines, near isogenic lines and vascular patterning mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that express LES trait variation. We show that a wide variation in multiple functional traits recapitulates the LES at the whole-plant scale. The Wright et al. (2004) model and the Blonder et al. (2013) venation network model cannot be rejected by data, while two simple models and the Shipley et al. (2006) allocation model are rejected. Venation networks remain a key hypothesis for the origin of the LES, but simpler explanations also cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - François Vasseur
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, UMR5175, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Bill Shipley
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, 1041 E Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Denis Vile
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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31
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Abstract
Leaf venation networks provide an integrative linkage between plant form, function and climate niche, because leaf water transport underlies variation in plant performance. Here, we develop theory based on leaf physiology that uses community-mean vein density to predict growing season temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration. The key assumption is that leaf water supply is matched to water demand in the local environment. We test model predictions using leaves from 17 temperate and tropical sites that span broad climatic gradients. We find quantitative agreement between predicted and observed climate values. We also highlight additional leaf traits that may improve predictions. Our study provides a novel approach for understanding the functional linkages between functional traits and climate that may improve the reconstruction of paleoclimate from fossil assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, 81224, USA
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210088, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, 81224, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
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32
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Carins Murphy MR, Jordan GJ, Brodribb TJ. Acclimation to humidity modifies the link between leaf size and the density of veins and stomata. Plant Cell Environ 2014; 37:124-31. [PMID: 23682831 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of veins and stomata during leaf acclimation to sun and shade can be facilitated by differential epidermal cell expansion so large leaves with low vein and stomatal densities grow in shade, effectively balancing liquid- and vapour-phase conductances. As the difference in vapour pressure between leaf and atmosphere (VPD) determines transpiration at any given stomatal density, we predict that plants grown under high VPD will modify the balance between veins and stomata to accommodate greater maximum transpiration. Thus, we examined the developmental responses of these traits to contrasting VPD in a woody angiosperm (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) and tested whether the relationship between them was altered. High VPD leaves were one-third the size of low VPD leaves with only marginally greater vein and stomatal density. Transpirational homeostasis was thus maintained by reducing stomatal conductance. VPD acclimation changed leaf size by modifying cell number. Hence, plasticity in vein and stomatal density appears to be generated by plasticity in cell size rather than cell number. Thus, VPD affects cell number and leaf size without changing the relationship between liquid- and vapour-phase conductances. This results in inefficient acclimation to VPD as stomata remain partially closed under high VPD.
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33
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Abstract
PREMISE OF STUDY The mechanisms by which plants tolerate water deficit are only just becoming clear. One key factor in drought tolerance is the ability to maintain the capacity to conduct water through the leaves in conditions of water stress. Recent work has shown that a simple feature of the leaf xylem cells, the cube of the thickness of cell walls divided by the lumen width (t/b)(3), is strongly correlated with this ability. METHODS Using ecologically, phylogenetically, and anatomically diverse members of Proteaceae, we tested the relationships between (t/b)(3) and climate, leaf mass per unit area, leaf area, and vein density. To test relationships at high phylogenetic levels (mostly genus), we used phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic single and multiple regressions based on data from 50 species. We also used 14 within-genus species pairs to test for relationships at lower phylogenetic levels. KEY RESULTS All analyses revealed that climate, especially mean annual precipitation, was the best predictor of (t/b)(3). The variation in (t/b)(3) was driven by variation in both lumen diameter and wall thickness, implying active control of these dimensions. Total vein density was weakly related to (t/b)(3) but unrelated to either leaf area or climate. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that xylem reinforcement is a fundamental adaptation for water stress tolerance and, among evergreen woody plants, drives a strong association between rainfall and xylem anatomy. The strong association between (t/b)(3) and climate cannot be explained by autocorrelation with other aspects of leaf form and anatomy that vary along precipitation gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Jordan
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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34
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McKown AD, Dengler NG. Shifts in leaf vein density through accelerated vein formation in C4 Flaveria (Asteraceae). Ann Bot 2009; 104:1085-98. [PMID: 19759038 PMCID: PMC2766201 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leaf venation in many C(4) species is characterized by high vein density, essential in facilitating rapid intercellular diffusion of C(4) photosynthetic metabolites between different tissues (mesophyll, bundle sheath). Greater vein density has been hypothesized to be an early step in C(4) photosynthesis evolution. Development of C(4) vein patterning is thought to occur from either accelerated or prolonged procambium formation, relative to ground tissue development. METHODS Cleared and sectioned tissues of phylogenetically basal C(3) Flaveria robusta and more derived C(4) Flaveria bidentis were compared for vein pattern in mature leaves and vein pattern formation in developing leaves. KEY RESULTS In mature leaves, major vein density did not differ between C(3) and C(4) Flaveria species, whereas minor veins were denser in C(4) species than in C(3) species. The developmental study showed that both major and minor vein patterning in leaves of C(3) and C(4) species were initiated at comparable stages (based on leaf length). An additional vein order in the C(4) species was observed during initiation of the higher order minor veins compared with the C(3) species. In the two species, expansion of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells occurred after vein pattern was complete and xylem differentiation was continuous in minor veins. In addition, mesophyll cells ceased dividing sooner and enlarged less in C(4) species than in C(3) species. CONCLUSIONS Leaf vein pattern characteristic to C(4) Flaveria was achieved primarily through accelerated and earlier offset of higher order vein formation, rather than other modifications in the timing of vein pattern formation, as compared with C(3) species. Earlier cessation of mesophyll cell division and reduced expansion also contributed to greater vein density in the C(4) species. The relatively late expansion of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells shows that vein patterning precedes ground tissue development in C(4) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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