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Bikmurzin R, Maršalka A, Kalėdienė L. Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Soluble and Insoluble β-Glucans Extracted from Candida lusitaniae. Molecules 2023; 28:8066. [PMID: 38138557 PMCID: PMC10745363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are widely known for their biological activities. However, the choice of extraction method can significantly influence their structural characteristics, thereby potentially impacting their biological functions. In this paper, three fractions of β-glucans were obtained from Candida lusitaniae yeast via alkali and hot-water extraction methods and were analyzed using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used as a nondestructive technique that preserves the structure of the analyzed molecules. The results suggest that differences in the β-glucan structure are affected by the choice of extraction method. The main difference occurred in the 82-92 ppm region with signal presence suggesting that β-glucans have a linear structure when hot-water-extracted, which is absent in alkali-extracted fractions resulting in the acquisition of β-glucans with an ordered, possibly helical structure. A hot-water extracted water-insoluble (HWN) fraction consists of linear β-1,3-glucans with other signals indicating the presence of β-1,6-linked side chains, chitin and small amounts of α-glucan impurities. For those that are alkali-extracted, alkali-insoluble (AN) and water-soluble (AWS) fractions are structurally similar and consist of an ordered β-1,3-glucan structure with β-1,6-linked side chains and a significant amount of α-glucan and chitin in both fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Bikmurzin
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Medical Technology and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Care, Vilniaus Kolegija/Higher Education Institution, Didlaukio Str. 45, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Maršalka
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Lilija Kalėdienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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2
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Xie Y, Shao F, Duan X, Ding J, Ning Y, Sun X, Xia L, Pan J, Chen J, He S, Shen D, Qi C. Whole β-glucan particle attenuates AOM/DSS-induced colorectal tumorigenesis in mice via inhibition of intestinal inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1017475. [PMID: 36713833 PMCID: PMC9877317 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1017475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast β-glucan is a polysaccharide purified from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall, and its multiple biological activities are essential for immune regulation. However, the effect of β-glucan on the intestinal immune response during colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is unclear. Here, we explore the possible role of β-glucan in the development of CAC. Wild type (WT) mice with CAC induced by azoxmethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) had fewer tumors than untreated mice after oral β-glucan because of increased antitumor dendritic cells (DCs) in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in more CD8+ T cells and the production of related cytokines. β-glucan also increased resistance to DSS-induced chronic colitis by reshaping the inflammatory microenvironment. These data suggest that β-glucan improves experimental intestinal inflammation and delays the development of CAC. Therefore, β-glucan is feasible for treating chronic colitis and CAC in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Xie
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,Oncology Institute, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Fang Shao
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,Oncology Institute, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xuehan Duan
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,Oncology Institute, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yongling Ning
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,Oncology Institute, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuyan He
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Chunjian Qi, ; Dong Shen,
| | - Chunjian Qi
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,Oncology Institute, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,*Correspondence: Chunjian Qi, ; Dong Shen,
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Mitchelson KAJ, Tran TTT, Dillon ET, Vlckova K, Harrison SM, Ntemiri A, Cunningham K, Gibson I, Finucane FM, O'Connor EM, Roche HM, O'Toole PW. Yeast β-Glucan Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Mice Humanized with Obese Type 2 Diabetic Gut Microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100819. [PMID: 36038526 PMCID: PMC9787509 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Gut microbiota alterations are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Yeast β-glucans are potential modulators of the innate immune-metabolic response, by impacting glucose, lipid, and cholesterol homeostasis. The study examines whether yeast β-glucan interacts differentially with either an obese healthy or obese diabetic gut microbiome, to impact metabolic health through hepatic effects under high-fat dietary challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice are pre-inoculated with gut microbiota from obese healthy (OBH) or obese type 2 diabetic (OBD) subjects, in conjunction with a high-fat diet (HFD) with/without yeast β-glucan. OBD microbiome colonization adversely impacts metabolic health compared to OBH microbiome engraftment. OBD mice are more insulin resistant and display hepatic lipotoxicity compared to weight matched OBH mice. Yeast β-glucan supplementation resolves this adverse metabolic phenotype, coincident with increasing the abundance of health-related bacterial taxa. Hepatic proteomics demonstrates that OBD microbiome transplantation increases HFD-induced hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction, disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, and reduces protein synthesis, which are partly reverted by yeast β-glucan supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic metabolism is adversely affected by OBD microbiome colonization with high-fat feeding, but partially resolved by yeast β-glucan. More targeted dietary interventions that encompass the interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and host metabolism may have greater treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. J. Mitchelson
- Nutrigenomics Research Group and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland
| | - Tam T. T. Tran
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,Present address:
Vietnam Academy of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of HanoiHanoiVietnam
| | - Eugene T. Dillon
- Mass Spectrometry ResourceConway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical ResearchUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland
| | - Klara Vlckova
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland
| | - Sabine M. Harrison
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food ScienceUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland
| | - Alexandra Ntemiri
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland
| | - Katie Cunningham
- Bariatric Medicine ServiceCentre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismGalway University HospitalsGalwayH91 YR71Republic of Ireland,Heart and Stroke CentreCroiThe West of Ireland Cardiac FoundationMoyola Lane, NewcastleGalwayGalwayH91 FF68Republic of Ireland
| | - Irene Gibson
- Heart and Stroke CentreCroiThe West of Ireland Cardiac FoundationMoyola Lane, NewcastleGalwayGalwayH91 FF68Republic of Ireland
| | - Francis M. Finucane
- Bariatric Medicine ServiceCentre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismGalway University HospitalsGalwayH91 YR71Republic of Ireland,HRB Clinical Research FacilityNational University of IrelandGalwayH91 TK33Republic of Ireland
| | - Eibhlís M. O'Connor
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,Department of Biological SciencesSchool of Natural SciencesUniversity of LimerickLimerickV94 T9PXRepublic of Ireland,Health Research InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickV94 T9PXRepublic of Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland,Diabetes Complications Research CentreUniversity College DublinDublinDublin 4Republic of Ireland,The Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT9 5DLUK
| | - Paul W. O'Toole
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland,School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkT12 K8AFRepublic of Ireland
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Avramia I, Amariei S. Formulation of Fast Dissolving β-Glucan/Bilberry Juice Films for Packaging Dry Powdered Pharmaceuticals for Diabetes. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2040. [PMID: 35956516 PMCID: PMC9370384 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop fast dissolving films based on β-glucan and bilberry juice due to the bioactive potential of β-glucan and antidiabetic effect of bilberry juice. The benefit of incorporation of bioactive compounds into the films is due to the removal of unnecessary excipients and to confer protection as well as increase stability and shelf life to the packaged product. Due to the fast dissolving requirements of the European Pharmacopeia, which reduced the dissolution time from 180 to 60 s, indicating less than a minute, hygroscopic materials, such as sodium alginate and a suitable plasticizer, such as glycerin were incorporated. Moreover, the influence of ingredients and surfactants, such as soybean oil was studied in the design of fast dissolving films. Additionally, the steady state rate water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), water vapor permeability (WVP), and FT-IR spectroscopy tests were performed at high resolution to ensure the reliability of the films and composition as well as to validate the results. Our data suggest that the addition of surfactants contributed to the development of fast dissolving films without influencing the diffusion of water vapor. Low levels of WVTR and short dissolution time made from β-glucan and bilberry juice are a convenient candidate for packaging dry powdered pharmaceuticals for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionut Avramia
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Sonia Amariei
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
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5
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He L, Guo J, Wang Y, Wang L, Xu D, Yan E, Zhang X, Yin J. Effects of Dietary Yeast β-Glucan Supplementation on Meat Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Gut Microbiota of Finishing Pigs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11. [PMID: 35883831 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast β-glucan is a natural antioxidant and has been reported to improve growth performance of piglets, but its application in improving pork quality is limited. This study investigated the effects of dietary yeast β-glucan supplementation on meat quality, antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota of finishing pigs. In a 40-day experiment, ninety finishing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 70.47 ± 0.04 kg) were randomly allocated into five treatments including a basal diet supplemented with 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg yeast β-glucan. Results showed that yeast β-glucan significantly increased pH45 min (linear and quadratic, p < 0.01) and a*45 min (linear, p < 0.05), and reduced cooking loss (linear, p < 0.05) and drip loss (quadratic, p < 0.05) of meat in finishing pigs. Importantly, the 200 mg/kg group exhibited the highest values of pH45 min (p < 0.01) and the lowest values of drip loss (p < 0.05), accompanied by a decreased lactate content (p < 0.05) and glycolytic potential (p < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg yeast β-glucan markedly increased catalase (CAT) (p < 0.05), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.05) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.01) activities in skeletal muscle. Moreover, WPS-2 abundance was decreased significantly in colonic digesta by 200 mg/kg yeast β-glucan and exhibited a positive association with muscle lactate content and drip loss. Together, dietary 200 mg/kg yeast β-glucan supplementation effectively improved pH value and the water-holding capacity of fresh meat through reducing muscle postmortem glycolysis, increasing antioxidant capacity and altering the gut microbiota composition of finishing pigs.
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Zhen W, Liu Y, Shao Y, Ma Y, Wu Y, Guo F, Abbas W, Guo Y, Wang Z. Yeast β-Glucan Altered Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolome in Older Hens. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:766878. [PMID: 34975793 PMCID: PMC8718749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.766878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prebiotics- and probiotics-mediated positive modulation of the gut microbiota composition is considered a useful approach to improve gut health and food safety in chickens. This study explored the effects of yeast β-glucan (YG) supplementation on intestinal microbiome and metabolites profiles as well as mucosal immunity in older hens. A total of 256 43-week-old hens were randomly assigned to two treatments, with 0 and 200 mg/kg of YG. Results revealed YG-induced downregulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokine gene expression in the ileum without any effect on the intestinal barrier. 16S rRNA analysis claimed that YG altered α- and β-diversity and enriched the relative abundance of class Bacilli, orders Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales, families Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, genera Lactobacillus and Escherichia–Shigella, and species uncultured bacterium-Lactobacillus. Significant downregulation of cutin and suberin, wax biosynthesis, atrazine degradation, vitamin B6 metabolism, phosphotransferase system (PTS), steroid degradation, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, aminobenzoate degradation and quorum sensing and upregulation of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, steroid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, lysine degradation, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosyntheses were observed in YG-treated hens, as substantiated by the findings of untargeted metabolomics analysis. Overall, YG manifests prebiotic properties by altering gut microbiome and metabolite profiles and can downregulate the intestinal mucosal immune response of breeder hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Zhen
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Shao
- College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangshen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Waseem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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So SY, Wu Q, Leung KS, Kundi ZM, Savidge TC, El-Nezami H. Yeast β-glucan reduces obesity-associated Bilophila abundance and modulates bile acid metabolism in healthy and high-fat diet mouse models. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G639-G655. [PMID: 34643089 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00226.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence links dietary fiber with altered gut microbiota composition and bile acid signaling in maintaining metabolic health. Yeast β-glucan (Y-BG) is a dietary supplement known for its immunomodulatory effect, yet its impact on the gut microbiota and bile acid composition remains unclear. This study investigated whether dietary forms of Y-BG modulate these gut-derived signals. We performed 4-wk dietary supplementation in healthy mice to evaluate the effects of different fiber composition (soluble vs. particulate Y-BG) and dose (0.1% vs. 2%). We found that 2% particulate Y-BG induced robust gut microbiota community shifts with elevated liver Cyp7a1 mRNA abundance and bile acid synthesis. These diet-induced responses were notably different when compared with the prebiotic inulin, and included a marked reduction in fecal Bilophila abundance which we demonstrated as translatable to obesity in population-scale American Gut and TwinsUK clinical cohorts. This prompted us to test whether 2% Y-BG maintained metabolic health in mice fed 60% HFD over 13 wk. Y-BG consistently altered the gut microbiota composition and reduced Bilophila abundance, with trends observed in improvement of metabolic phenotype. Notably, Y-BG improved insulin sensitization and this was associated with enhanced ileal Glpr1r mRNA accumulation and reduced Bilophila abundance. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Y-BG modulates gut microbiota community composition and bile acid signaling, but the dietary regime needs to be optimized to facilitate clinical improvement in metabolic phenotype in an aggressive high-fat diet animal model.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study shows that dietary Y-BG supplementation modulated gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism and associated signaling pathways. Y-BG significantly reduced Bilophila abundance which is associated with obesity in human cohorts. Correlation analysis confirmed functional interactions between bile acid composition, gut microbiota, and metabolic phenotype, although clinical benefit did not reach significance in an aggressive obesity model. Gut microbiota and bile acids correlated with metabolic parameters, indicating future potential of dietary Y-BG modulation of metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sik Yu So
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Qinglong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zuzanna Maria Kundi
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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8
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Taylor HB, Vasu C. Impact of Prebiotic β-glucan Treatment at Juvenile Age on the Gut Microbiota Composition and the Eventual Type 1 Diabetes Onset in Non-obese Diabetic Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:769341. [PMID: 34805251 PMCID: PMC8595985 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.769341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex dietary polysaccharides such as β-glucans are widely used for their anti-inflammatory properties. We reported before that oral administration of Yeast β-glucan (YBG) in adult mice can help delay type 1 diabetes (T1D) onset and suppress gut inflammation through modulation of the structure and function of gut microbiota. Since juvenile age is characterized by profoundly changing immature gut microbiota, we examined the impact of oral treatment with YBG in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice at this age. Juvenile mice that received daily oral administration of YBG starting at 15 days of age for 7 or 30 days were examined for changes in gut microbiota, immune characteristics, and T1D incidence. Mice that received YBG for 30 days but not 7 days, showed considerable changes in the composition and diversity of fecal microbiota as compared to controls. Predictive functional analysis, based on 16S rDNA sequences, revealed overrepresentation of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, energy metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways in mice that received YBG for 30 days. Immune phenotype of the colon showed skewing toward immune regulatory and Th17 cytokines with increases in IL-10, IL-17, and IL-21 and a decrease in TNF-α, although increases in some pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IFN-γ) were observed. Most importantly, mice that received YBG treatment for 30 days showed significantly suppressed insulitis and delayed onset of hyperglycemia compared to controls. Overall, this study suggests that oral consumption of YBG beginning at pre-diabetic juvenile ages could have positive maturational changes to gut microbiota and immune functions and could result in a delay in the disease onset in those who are pre-disposed to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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9
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Rehman S, Gora AH, Siriyappagouder P, Brugman S, Fernandes JMO, Dias J, Kiron V. Zebrafish intestinal transcriptome highlights subdued inflammatory responses to dietary soya bean and efficacy of yeast β-glucan. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1619-1637. [PMID: 34237181 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anti-nutritional factors in dietary components can have a negative impact on the intestinal barrier. Here, we present soya bean-induced changes in the intestine of juvenile zebrafish and the effect of yeast β-glucan through a transcriptomic approach. The inclusion of soya bean meal affected the expression of several intestinal barrier function-related genes like arl4ca, rab25b, rhoub, muc5ac, muc5d, clcn2c and cltb in zebrafish. Several metabolic genes like cyp2x10.2, cyp2aa2, aldh3a2b, crata, elovl4, elovl6, slc51a, gpat2 and ATP-dependent peptidase activity (lonrf, clpxb) were altered in the intestinal tissue. The expression of immune-related genes like nlrc3, nlrp12, gimap8, prdm1 and tph1a, and genes related to cell cycle, DNA damage and DNA repair (e.g. spo11, rad21l1, nabp1b, spata22, tdrd9) were also affected in the soya bean fed group. Furthermore, our study suggests the plausible effect of yeast β-glucan through the modulation of several genes that regulate immune responses and barrier integrity. Our findings indicate a subdued inflammation in juvenile zebrafish fed soya bean meal and the efficacy of β-glucan to counter these subtle inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Adnan H Gora
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Sylvia Brugman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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10
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Chen G, Chen D, Zhou W, Peng Y, Chen C, Shen W, Zeng X, Yuan Q. Improvement of Metabolic Syndrome in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice by Yeast β-Glucan Is Linked to Inhibited Proliferation of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus in Gut Microbiota. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:7581-7592. [PMID: 34197112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that prevention of metabolic syndrome (MS) by dietary fibers is intricately linked to gut microbiota. In the present work, the mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and orally treated with yeast β-glucan to further examine the effects of β-glucan on MS and gut microbiota and the potential relationship between gut microbiota and its activity. After intervention for 10 weeks, it was found that the treatment of yeast β-glucan could significantly improve the HFD-induced MS. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma including IL-6 and IL-1β were decreased. Yeast β-glucan could regulate the diversity and composition of HFD-induced gut microbiota. Moreover, the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, having significant positive correlation with metabolic changes, were decreased by β-glucan, which might play a critical role in attenuation of MS. Our findings suggest that yeast β-glucan shows promising application as a prebiotic for preventing MS and regulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wangting Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujia Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunxu Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxia Yuan
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, Guangxi, China
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Abstract
The innate immune system responds in a rapid and non-specific manner against immunologic threats; inflammation is part of this response. This is followed by a slower but targeted and specific response termed the adaptive or acquired immune response. There is emerging evidence that dietary components, including yeast-derived β-glucans, can aid host defense against pathogens by modulating inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of neutrophils and macrophages. Innate immune training refers to a newly recognized phenomenon wherein compounds may "train" innate immune cells, such that monocyte and macrophage precursor biology is altered to mount a more effective immunological response. Although various human studies have been carried out, much uncertainty still exists and further studies are required to fully elucidate the relationship between β-glucan supplementation and human immune function. This review offers an up-to-date report on yeast-derived β-glucans as immunomodulators, including a brief overview of the current paradigm regarding the interaction of β-glucans with the immune system. The recent pre-clinical work that has partly decrypted mode of action and the newest evidence from human trials are also reviewed. According to pre-clinical studies, β-1,3/1,6-glucan derived from baker's yeast may offer increased immuno-surveillance, although the human evidence is weaker than that gained from pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marco Castro
- Nutrigenomics Research GroupSchool of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports ScienceConway Institute, and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO16 6YDUK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO16 6YDUK
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research GroupSchool of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports ScienceConway Institute, and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Institute for Global Food SecurityQueens University BelfastBelfastNorthern IrelandBT9 5DLUK
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12
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Gudi R, Suber J, Brown R, Johnson BM, Vasu C. Pretreatment with Yeast-Derived Complex Dietary Polysaccharides Suppresses Gut Inflammation, Alters the Microbiota Composition, and Increases Immune Regulatory Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in C57BL/6 Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:1291-1302. [PMID: 31879786 PMCID: PMC7198290 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Glucans (BGs), a group of complex dietary polysaccharides (CDPs), are available as dietary supplements. However, the effects of orally administered highly purified BGs on gut inflammation are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of orally administering highly purified, yeast-derived BG (YBG; β-1,3/1,6-d-glucan) on susceptibility to colitis. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6 (B6) mice were used in a series of experiments. Experiment (Expt) 1: male and female mice were treated every day, for 40 d, with saline (control) or 250 μg YBG, followed by 2.5% (wt:vol) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water during days 30-35; and colitis severity and intestinal immune phenotype were determined. Expt 2: female B6 mice were treated with saline or YBG for 30 d and intestinal immune phenotype, gut microbiota composition, and fecal SCFA concentrations were determined. Expt 3: female B6 mice were treated as in Expt 2, given drinking water with or without antibiotics [Abx; ampicillin (1 g/L), vancomycin (0.5 g/L), neomycin (1 g/L), and metronidazole (1 g/L)] during days 16-30, and gut immune phenotype and fecal SCFA concentrations were determined. Expt 4: female B6 Foxp3-green fluorescent protein (-GFP) reporter mice were treated as in Expt 3, and intestinal T-regulatory cell (Treg) frequencies and immune phenotypes were determined. Expt 5: female mice were treated as in Expt 1, given drinking water with or without antibiotics during days 16-40, and colitis severity and intestinal cytokine production were determined. RESULTS Compared with controls, the YBG group in Expt 1 exhibited suppressive effects on features of colitis, such as loss of body weight (by 47%; P < 0.001), shortening of colon (by 24%; P = 0.016), and histopathology severity score (by 45%; P = 0.01). The YBG group of Expt 2 showed a shift in the abundance of gut microbiota towards Bacteroides (by 16%; P = 0.049) and Verrucomicrobia (mean ± SD: control = 7.8 ± 0.44 vs. YBG = 21.0 ± 9.6%) and a reduction in Firmicutes (by 66%; P < 0.001). The YBG group also showed significantly higher concentrations of fecal SCFAs such as acetic (by 37%; P = 0.016), propionic (by 47%; P = 0.026), and butyric (by 57%; P = 0.013) acids. Compared with controls, the YBG group of Expt 2 showed higher frequencies of Tregs (by 32%; P = 0.043) in the gut mucosa. Depletion of gut microbiota in the YBG group of mice caused diminished fecal SCFA concentrations (Expt 3) and intestinal Treg frequencies (Expt 4). Compared with the YBG group, the YBG-(Abx) group of Expt 5 showed aggravated colitis features including loss of body weight (by >100%; P < 0.01) and colonic inflammation score (by 42%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Studies using B6 mice show that dietary BGs are beneficial for promoting intestinal health when the gut microbiota is intact. However, these CDPs may produce adverse effects if gut microbiota is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jada Suber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Address correspondence to CV (e-mail: )
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Gudi R, Perez N, Johnson BM, Sofi MH, Brown R, Quan S, Karumuthil-Melethil S, Vasu C. Complex dietary polysaccharide modulates gut immune function and microbiota, and promotes protection from autoimmune diabetes. Immunology 2019; 157:70-85. [PMID: 30712258 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary supplement and prebiotic values of β-glucan-rich products have been widely recognized and dietary approaches for modulating autoimmunity have been increasingly explored, we assess the impact of oral administration of high-purity yeast β-glucan (YBG) on gut immune function, microbiota and type 1 diabetes (T1D) using mouse models. Oral administration of this non-digestible complex polysaccharide caused a dectin-1-dependent immune response involving increased expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10), retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gut mucosa. YBG-exposed intestinal dendritic cells induced/expanded primarily Foxp3+ , IL-10+ and IL-17+ T cells, ex vivo. Importantly, prolonged oral administration of low-dose YBG at pre-diabetic stage suppressed insulitis and significantly delayed the appearance of T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Further, prolonged treatment with YBG showed increased Foxp3+ T-cell frequencies, and a significant change in the gut microbiota, particularly an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and a decrease in the Firmicute members. Oral administration of YBG, together with Raldh-substrate and β-cell antigen, resulted in better protection of NOD mice from T1D. These observations suggest that YBG not only has a prebiotic property, but also an oral tolerogenic-adjuvant-like effect, and these features could be exploited for modulating autoimmunity in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Gudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M Hanief Sofi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Songhua Quan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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14
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Cao Y, Sun Y, Zou S, Duan B, Sun M, Xu X. Yeast β-Glucan Suppresses the Chronic Inflammation and Improves the Microenvironment in Adipose Tissues of ob/ob Mice. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:621-629. [PMID: 29285925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation in visceral adipose tissues (VATs) contributes to the pathology of diabetes. This study focused on the inflammatory regulation in VATs by a yeast β-1,3-glucan (BYG) orally administered to ob/ob mice. BYG decreased pro-inflammatory modulators of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL2, and SAA3, and increased anti-inflammatory factors of Azgp1 (2.53 ± 0.02-fold change) at protein and/or mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Remarkably, BYG decreased the degree of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) infiltration to 82.5 ± 8.3%, especially the newly recruited ATMs. Interestingly, BYG increased the protective Th2 cell regulator GATA3 (7.72 ± 0.04-fold change) and decreased immunosuppressors IL-10 and IL-1ra, suggesting that BYG elicited inflammation inhibition via stimulating immune responses. Additionally, BYG increased the gut microbiota proportion of Akkermansia from 0.07% to 4.85% and improved the microenvironment of VATs through decreasing fibrosis and angiogenesis. These findings suggest that BYG has anti-inflammatory effect in diabetic mice, which can be used as a food component and/or therapeutic agent for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Siwei Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bingchao Duan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengying Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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15
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Cao Y, Sun Y, Zou S, Li M, Xu X. Orally Administered Baker's Yeast β-Glucan Promotes Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis in the Livers of Obesity and Diabetes Model Mice. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:9665-9674. [PMID: 29035040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Baker's yeast glucan (BYG) has been reported to be an anti-diabetic agent. In the work described herein, further study on the effect of orally administered BYG on glucose and lipid homeostasis in the livers of ob/ob mice was performed. It was found that BYG decreased the blood glucose and the hepatic glucose and lipid disorders. Western blotting analysis revealed that BYG up-regulated p-AKT and p-AMPK, and down-regulated p-Acc in the liver. Furthermore, RNA-Seq analysis indicated that BYG down-regulated genes responsible for gluconeogenesis (G6pase and Got1), fatty acid biosynthesis (Acly, Acc, Fas, etc.), glycerolipid synthesis (Gpam and Lipin1/2), and cholesterol synthesis (Hmgcr, Fdps, etc.). Additionally, BYG decreased glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2, fat emulsification, and adipogenic genes/proteins in the intestine to decrease glucose and lipid absorption. All these findings demonstrated that BYG is beneficial for regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis in diabetic mice, and thus has potential applications in anti-diabetic foods or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Siwei Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengxia Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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Varelas V, Liouni M, Calokerinos AC, Nerantzis ET. An evaluation study of different methods for the production of β-D-glucan from yeast biomass. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:46-55. [PMID: 26190751 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucan is a proven beneficial and valuable molecule for human and animal health systems. It can be incorporated as an ingredient in various functional foods and beverages. β-Glucan has been isolated from various biological sources, fungi, mushrooms, algae, plants, and bacteria. The yeast cell wall comprises a suitable target for the extraction and purification of β-glucan. Although there are various extraction techniques, significant differences are observed as the technique used affects the final yield and purity, molecular weight, biological activity, solubility, quality, and other biological and functional properties of the extracted β-glucan. The aim of this review is the evaluation of different extraction methods for the production of β-glucan from yeast biomass. Furthermore, the use of industrial spent yeast waste from breweries and the wine industry for biotechnological β-glucan production and the concept of green wineries and breweries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassileios Varelas
- University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Greece Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Zografou, 157 71, Greece
| | - Maria Liouni
- University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Greece Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Zografou, 157 71, Greece
| | - Antony C Calokerinos
- University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Zografou, 157 71, Greece
| | - Elias T Nerantzis
- TEI of Athens, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Oenology and Beverage Technology, Laboratory of Biotechnology & Industrial Fermentations, Agiou Spiridonos, Egaleo, 122 10, Athens, Greece
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children are vulnerable to diet inadequacies, which may affect immune function. Our objective was to determine if a follow-up formula (FUF) containing DHA, the prebiotics PDX and GOS, and yeast β-glucan affects incidence of respiratory infections and diarrheal disease in healthy children. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, controlled, prospective trial, 3-4 year old children were fed 3 servings per day of either a FUF with 25 mg DHA, 1.2 g PDX/GOS, and 8.7 mg yeast β-glucan per serving or an unfortified, cow's milk-based beverage (control) for 28 weeks. Fecal and blood samples were collected to assess immune markers and iron/zinc status. Incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI), diarrheal disease, and antibiotic treatment were obtained from medical records. RESULTS The FUF group had fewer episodes and shorter duration of ARI (mean days [SE]; control = 4.3 [0.2]; FUF = 3.5 [0.2]; P = .007), less antibiotic use (n [%]; control = 21 [14%]; FUF = 8 [5%]; P = .01), and fewer missed days of day care due to illness. No diarrheal disease was diagnosed in either group. The FUF group had higher interleukin-10 and white blood cell count at the end of the study. There were no differences in hemoglobin, serum ferritin and zinc, or fecal secretory immunoglobulin A. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of a FUF was associated with fewer episodes and shorter duration of ARI, as well as less antibiotic use. The children who consumed the FUF had increased interleukin-10 and white blood cells, suggesting an antiinflammatory mechanism and/or an increase of effector immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Xingming Jin
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Bryan Liu
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, Indiana
| | - Weihong Zhuang
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, Indiana
| | - Deolinda Scalabrin
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, Indiana
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Baker
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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