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Zhou Y, Fu J, Zeng Z, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Han B, Ma J, Jiang J. Oxidation of amine-based pharmaceuticals with unactivated peroxymonosulfate: Kinetics, mechanisms, and elimination efficiency of NDMA formation. J Hazard Mater 2024; 463:132961. [PMID: 37951171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based pharmaceuticals are a significant class of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors. This study investigated the use of unactivated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to control amine-based pharmaceuticals and their NDMA formation potential. Kinetic analysis and product identification revealed that sumatriptan and doxylamine primarily underwent reactions at their tertiary amine group, while ranitidine and nizatidine had both tertiary amine and thioether group as reaction sites. The NDMA formation from sumatriptan and doxylamine during post-chloramination was significantly reduced with the abatement of the parent contaminants, while the formation of NDMA remained high even if full abatement of ranitidine and nizatidine was achieved. Product formation kinetics and reference standard tests revealed the great contribution of transformation products to NDMA formation. Ranitidine could be oxidized to sulfoxide-type product ranitidine-SO and N-oxide type product ranitidine-NO. Ranitidine-SO exhibited a high NDMA yield comparable to that of ranitidine (>90%), while ranitidine-NO showed a low NDMA yield (2%). With further oxidation of ranitidine-SO at the tertiary amine group, NDMA formation was reduced by more than 90%. The underlying mechanism for the importance of the tertiary amine group in NDMA formation was demonstrated by quantum chemical calculation. These findings underscore the potential of PMS pre-oxidation on NDMA control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junhao Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bin Han
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Pathak A, Rajput SJ. Simultaneous determination of a ternary mixture of doxylamine succinate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, and folic acid by the ratio spectra-zero-crossing, double divisor-ratio spectra derivative, and column high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. J AOAC Int 2008; 91:1059-1069. [PMID: 18980119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three simple, rapid, and accurate methods, i.e., the derivative ratio spectra-zero-crossing method (method I), double divisor-ratio spectra derivative method (method II), and column reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method (method III) were developed for the simultaneous determination of doxylamine succinate (DOX), pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYR), and folic acid (FA) in their ternary mixtures and in tablets. In methods I and II, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 2.5-80, 1.0-40, and 1.0-30 microg/mL for DOX, PYR, and FA, respectively. In the HPLC method, the separation of these compounds was performed using mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.3)-methanol-acetonitrile (50 + 20 + 30, v/v/v), and UV detection was performed at 263 nm. Linearity was observed between the concentrations of the analytes and peak areas [correlation coefficient (r) > or =0.9998] in the concentration range of 1.0-200, 4.0-600, and 4.0-600 microg/mL for DOX, PYR, and FA, respectively. The standard deviation of retention time in method III was 0.011, 0.015, and 0.016 for DOX, PYR, and FA, respectively. The precision studies for all of the methods gave relative standard deviation values of <2%. The results obtained from the methods were statistically compared by means of Student's t-test and the variance ratio F-test. It was concluded that all of the developed methods were equally accurate, sensitive, and precise. These methods could be applied to determine DOX, PYR, and FA in their combined dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pathak
- Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Centre of Relevance and Excellence in Novel Drug Delivery System, Pharmacy Department, Quality Assurance Laboratory, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Kireeva AV, Vozheva AB, Bakhtina SM, Volchenko SV, Kuklin VN. [Chemicotoxicological evaluation of doxylamine]. Sud Med Ekspert 2007; 50:22-5. [PMID: 17598444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The conditions of doxilamine isolation from biological fluids are studied. The method of its extraction with a mixture of organic solvents in pH 9 is proposed. Identification of doxilamine with techniques of thin layer chromatography, UV-, IR-spectroscopy, chromato-mass-spectrometry, densitometry, gas-liquid chromatography is described. UV-spectrometry, gas chromatography and densitometry can be used for quantitation of doxilamine.
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Wingert WE, Mundy LA, Collins GL, Chmara ES. Possible Role of Pseudoephedrine and Other Over-the-Counter Cold Medications in the Deaths of Very Young Children. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52:487-90. [PMID: 17316256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Philadelphia Medical Examiners Office has reported a series of 15 deaths between February 1999 and June 2005 of infants and toddlers 16 months and younger in which drugs commonly found in over-the-counter (OTC) cold medications were present. A total of 10 different drugs were detected: pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, acetaminophen, brompheniramine, carbinoxamine, chlorpheniramine, ethanol, doxylamine and the anticonvulsants, phenobarbital, and phenytoin. The drugs were confirmed and quantified by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry, with the exception of ethanol, which was analyzed by headspace GC and of phenobarbital and phenytoin that were quantified by GC with a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The most predominant drug was pseudoephedrine, which was found in all of the cases (blood concentration, n=14, range=0.10-17.0 mg/L, mean=3.34 mg/L) and was the sole drug detected in three cases. Acetaminophen was detected in blood from each of the five cases with sufficient sample. Other drugs (with frequency of detection) were dextromethorphan (five cases), carbinoxamine (four cases), chlorpheniramine (two cases) and brompheniramine, doxylamine, and ethanol (one case each). In the majority of the cases, toxicity from drugs found in easily available OTC medications was listed either as the direct cause of death or as a contributory factor. The manner of death was determined to be natural in only two of the cases. This postmortem study supports previous evidence that the administration of OTC cold medications to infants may, under some circumstances, be an unsafe practice and in some cases may even be fatal. The treating physicians and the general public need to be made more aware of the dangers of using OTC cold medications to treat very young children so that these types of tragedies might be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Wingert
- Medical Examiners Office, 321 University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Fartushnyĭ AF, Sukhin AP, Gerasimenko AI, Shevchenko VV, Sborshchik EA. [Detection of reladorm and donormil in forensic-medical examination of cadavers]. Sud Med Ekspert 2005; 48:38-41. [PMID: 15881142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A method was suggested for identifying reladorm and donormil in pharmaceutical drugs and biological objects. The above substances are isolated by 96% ethanol or by mixture of chloroform and isopropanol. 7 color reactions, 3 microcrystalloscopic reactions and chromatography in thin sorbent layer are suggested for identification.
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Somashekar BS, Nagana Gowda GA, Ramesha AR, Khetrapal CL. Differential protonation and dynamic structure of doxylamine succinate in solution using 1H and 13C NMR. Magn Reson Chem 2004; 42:636-640. [PMID: 15181634 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A protonation and dynamic structural study of doxylamine succinate, a 1:1 salt of succinic acid with dimethyl-[2-(1-phenyl-1-pyridin-2-yl-ethoxy)ethyl]amine, in solution using one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR experiments at variable temperature and concentration is presented. The two acidic protons of the salt doxylamine succinate are in 'intermediate' exchange at room temperature, as evidenced by the appearance of a broad signal. This signal evolves into two distinct signals below about -30 degrees C. A two-dimensional 1H-1H double quantum filtered correlation experiment carried out at -55 degrees C shows protonation of one of the acidic protons to the dimethylamine nitrogen. A two-dimensional rotating frame 1H-1H NOE experiment at the same temperature reveals that the other proton remains with the succinate moiety. Comparison of the 1H and 13C chemical shifts and the 13C T1 relaxation times of the salt with those of the free base further substantiate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Somashekar
- Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Post-graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, India
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Abstract
Doxylamine is an antihistamine of the ethanolamine class. It is used primarily as a sleep-inducing agent. Only a few reports can be found in the literature about lethal intoxications with doxylamine, but many with combined intoxications. Doxylamine is, aside from diphenhydramine, the only chemically defined active ingredient in some sleeping medications which is available without a prescription in the Federal Republic of Germany. Two cases of doxylamine poisoning are presented, in which high doxylamine concentrations were found in the blood and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bockholdt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, UK Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Hittorfstr. 18, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Argekar AP, Sawant JG. Simultaneous determination of pyridoxine hydrochloride and doxylamine succinate from tablets by ion pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1999; 25:945-50. [PMID: 10434138 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-100102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A new, simple, precise, and rapid ion pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of pyridoxine hydrochloride (PYR) and doxylamine succinate (DOX) in tablets. The stationary phase was a Microbondapak C18 column (10 mu, 300 mm x 3.9 mm i.d.). The mobile phase was water:methanol (60:40) containing 10 mM heptanesulfonic acid and 0.25% triethylamine and adjusted to pH 2.2 with orthophosphoric acid. Detection was carried out at 263 nm using an ultraviolet (UV) detector. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and retention times were 3.65 min and 7.32 min for PYR and DOX, respectively. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range 0.5-500 micrograms/ml for PYR and DOX. Mean percentage recoveries were 100.20% and 101.20% for PYR and DOX, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Argekar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Mumbai, India
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Korfmacher WA, Holder CL, Betowski LD, Mitchum RK. Characterization of doxylamine and pyrilamine metabolites via thermospray/mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 1988; 15:501-8. [PMID: 3382805 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200150907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of doxylamine N-oxide and pyrilamine N-oxide as synthetic standards and biologically derived metabolites by thermospray mass spectrometry (TSP/MS) provided [M + H]+ ions for each metabolite. TSP/tandem mass spectrometry (TSP/MS/MS) of the [M + H]+ ions provided fragment ions characteristic of these metabolites. In addition, TSP mass spectrometry and TSP/MS/MS analysis of ring-hydroxylated N-desmethyldoxylamine, N-desmethylpyrilamine and O-dealkylated pyrilamine is also reported. A fragmentation pathway for analysis by MS/MS of pyrilamine and its metabolites is also proposed. The results demonstrate the utility of TSP/MS for biologically derived metabolites of pyrilamine and doxylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Korfmacher
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
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Holder CL, Korfmacher WA, Rushing LG, Thompson HC, Slikker W, Gosnell AB. Formation of artifactual metabolites of doxylamine following acid hydrolysis. J Chromatogr 1987; 419:113-22. [PMID: 3667771 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the use of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric, high-performance liquid chromatographic and capillary column gas chromatographic separation techniques in demonstrating the production of several artifactual compounds reported in the literature as metabolites of doxylamine. Rhesus monkey urinary extracts which contained doxylamine and doxylamine metabolites were examined with and without acid hydrolysis. The production of 1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridinyl)ethanol and 1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridinyl)ethylene under acid hydrolysis conditions was demonstrated. These artifactual products were shown to originate from the acid hydrolysis of 2-[1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridinyl)ethoxy] acetic acid and not from doxylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Holder
- Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079
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11
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Lewis ET. No promethazine in Nyquil. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:927. [PMID: 3951533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Holder CL, Thompson HC, Slikker W. Trace level determination of doxylamine in nonhuman primate plasma and urine by GC/NPD and HPLC. J Anal Toxicol 1984; 8:46-50. [PMID: 6708478 DOI: 10.1093/jat/8.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bendectin contains doxylamine succinate and is used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Trace level analytical chemical procedures for analysis of doxylamine in primate urine and plasma were required before toxicological tests with the drug in three species of nonhuman primates could be performed. A gas chromatographic procedure using a nitrogen phosphorus detector was developed to quantitate doxylamine in primate plasma at levels as low as 100 ppb. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure was also developed to assay the drug in primate urine at levels as low as 250 ppb. Data from stability studies with the drug in plasma at -5 degrees and -20 degrees C, and recovery of the drug from Bendectin tablets, plasma, and urine are also presented.
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Thompson HC, Holder CL, Bowman MC. Trace analysis of doxylamine succinate in animal feed, human, urine, and wastewater by GC using a rubidium-sensitized nitrogen detector. J Chromatogr Sci 1982; 20:373-80. [PMID: 6126486 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/20.8.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Doxylamine succinate, a drug used as a sleep-inducing agent, an antihistamine, and in a therapeutic formulation taken by pregnant women as an antinauseant, was scheduled for toxicological evaluation as part of a structure activity relationship study, with rats and mice, because a deficiency of such data exists with regard to many antihistamines. Analytical chemical procedures that ensure proper concentration, homogeneity, and stability of the drug in dosed feed, as well as the safety of personnel and the environment, were prerequisites for the toxicological tests. GC methods using a rubidium-sensitized nitrogen detector were developed for analysis of doxylamine succinate in animal feed, human urine, and wastewater at levels as low as 1 ppm, 100 ppb, and 100 ppb, respectively. Sample extracts were cleaned up by liquid-liquid partitioning, followed by additional cleanup on a column of silica gel. Data are presented concerning the stability of the drug in animal feed, extraction efficiencies, and the use of the silica gel cleanup column to separate the caffeine interference from doxylamine in extracts of human urine. Partition values and ancillary data concerning analysis of the drug in feed, by HPLC at levels as low as 10 ppm, are also reported.
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Abstract
A three-year old male ingested approximately 100 tablets of Bendectin. He developed tonic-clonic seizures followed by cardiac arrest. Toxicologic analysis yielded high levels of doxylamine, dicyclomine, and pyridoxine in blood, peritoneal fluid, and tissue homogenates. The antihistamine, doxylamine succinate appears to be the toxic constituent. Analytical methods used to document the case are herein described.
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