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Desoubeaux G, Piqueras MDC, Pantin A, Bhattacharya SK, Peschke R, Joachim A, Cray C. Application of mass spectrometry to elucidate the pathophysiology of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177961. [PMID: 28723944 PMCID: PMC5516978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian species which can induce subclinical to serious disease in mammals including rabbits, a definitive natural host. The pathophysiology of infection has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this exploratory study, we utilized two mass spectrometry approaches: first, the analysis of the humoral response by profiling the microsporidian antigens as revealed by Western blot screening, and second, implementing the iTRAQ®-labeling protocol to focus on the changes within the host proteome during infection. Seven E. cuniculi proteins were identified at one-dimensional gel regions where specific seropositive reaction was observed by Western blot, including polar tube protein 3, polar tube protein 2, and for the first time reported: heat shock related 70kDa protein, polysaccharide deacetylase domain-containing protein, zinc finger protein, spore wall and anchoring disk complex protein EnP1, and translation elongation factor 1 alpha. In addition, there was a significant increase of nine host proteins in blood samples from E. cuniculi-diseased rabbits in comparison with non-diseased control subjects undergoing various inflammatory processes. This included serum paraoxonase, alpha-1-antiproteinase F precursor and alpha-1-antiproteinase S-1 which have presumptive catalytic activity likely related to infection control, and cystatin fetuin-B-type, an enzyme regulator that has been poorly studied to date. Notably, 11 proteins were found to be statistically increased in rabbits with neurological versus renal clinical presentation of E. cuniculi infection. Overall, this novel analysis based on mass spectrometry has provided new insights on the inflammatory and humoral responses during E. cuniculi infection in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Desoubeaux
- University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- CHU de Tours, Service de Parasitologie – Mycologie – Médecine tropicale, Tours, France
- Université François-Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, CEPR - INSERM U1100 / Équipe 3, Tours, France
| | - Maria del Carmen Piqueras
- University of Miami, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Miller School of Medicin–, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ana Pantin
- University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sanjoy K. Bhattacharya
- University of Miami, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Miller School of Medicin–, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Roman Peschke
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolyn Cray
- University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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del Aguila C, Izquierdo F, Granja AG, Hurtado C, Fenoy S, Fresno M, Revilla Y. Encephalitozoon microsporidia modulates p53-mediated apoptosis in infected cells. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:869-76. [PMID: 16753166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are intracellular obligate parasites which have recently been found to be related to fungi. They have a unique extrusion apparatus that is able to inject the sporoplasm directly into the target cell without using receptors. Encephalitozoon microsporidia are a source of morbidity and mortality in humans. It has been suggested that microsporidia may modulate the host cell cycle and apoptosis. We report here that caspase-3 cleavage is inhibited at different times of Vero cell infection by Encephalitozoon microsporidia and that the phosphorylation and translocation of p53 to the nucleus, previous steps for the activation of this protein, do not occur after infection of Vero cells. Consequently, the transcriptional function of p53 is impaired during the infection cycle as demonstrated by luciferase reporter assays. Thus, to our knowledge, for the first time it is shown that an intracellular parasite may be able to multiply in the host cell without activating the p53 apoptotic pathway of that cell. However, changes in the expression of Bcl-2 or Bax levels were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C del Aguila
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
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Ghosh K, Cappiello CD, McBride SM, Occi JL, Cali A, Takvorian PM, McDonald TV, Weiss LM. Functional characterization of a putative aquaporin from Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a microsporidia pathogenic to humans. Int J Parasitol 2005; 36:57-62. [PMID: 16197948 PMCID: PMC3086640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasitic protists that have been implicated as both human and veterinary pathogens. The infectious process of these organisms is believed to be dependent upon the rapid influx of water into spores, presumably via aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane channels that facilitate osmosis. An AQP-like sequence of the microsporidium Encephalitozoon cuniculi (EcAQP), when cloned and expressed in oocytes of Xenopus laevis, rendered these oocytes highly permeable to water. No permeability to the solutes glycerol or urea was observed. Pre-treatment of EcAQP-expressing oocytes with HgCl(2) failed to inhibit their osmotic permeability, as predicted from EcAQP's lack of mercury-sensitive cysteine residues near the NPA motifs which line the AQP aqueous pore. EcAQP exhibits sequence identity to AQP A of Dictyostelium discoideum (26%) and human AQP 2 (24%). Further study of AQPs in microsporidia and their potential inhibitors may yield novel therapeutic agents for microsporidian infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya Ghosh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Warren Street, Smith Hall, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Clint D. Cappiello
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Sean M. McBride
- Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - James L. Occi
- Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Warren Street, Smith Hall, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Ann Cali
- Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Warren Street, Smith Hall, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Peter M. Takvorian
- Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Warren Street, Smith Hall, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Thomas V. McDonald
- Section of Molecular Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Rm F 504 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Tel.: C1 718 430 2142; fax: C1 718 430 8543. (L.M. Weiss)
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Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular opportunistic protists that infect a wide variety of animals, including humans, via environmentally resistant spores. Infection requires that spores be in close proximity to host cells so that the hollow polar tube can pierce the cell membrane and inject the spore contents into the cell cytoplasm. Like other eukaryotic microbes, microsporidia may use specific mechanisms for adherence in order to achieve target cell proximity and increase the likelihood of successful infection. Our data show that Encephalitozoon intestinalis exploits sulfated glycans such as the cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in selection of and attachment to host cells. When exogenous sulfated glycans are used as inhibitors in spore adherence assays, E. intestinalis spore adherence is reduced by as much as 88%. However, there is no inhibition when nonsulfated glycans are used, suggesting that E. intestinalis spores utilize sulfated host cell glycans in adherence. These studies were confirmed by exposure of host cells to xylopyranoside, which limits host cell surface GAGs, and sodium chlorate, which decreases surface sulfation. Spore adherence studies with CHO mutant cell lines that are deficient in either surface GAGs or surface heparan sulfate also confirmed the necessity of sulfated glycans. Furthermore, when spore adherence is inhibited, host cell infection is reduced, indicating a direct association between spore adherence and infectivity. These data show that E. intestinalis specifically adheres to target cells by way of sulfated host cell surface GAGs and that this mechanism serves to enhance infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Russell Hayman
- Department of Microbiology, J.H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Box 70579, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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