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Korzeniowski SH, Buck RC, Newkold RM, Kassmi AE, Laganis E, Matsuoka Y, Dinelli B, Beauchet S, Adamsky F, Weilandt K, Soni VK, Kapoor D, Gunasekar P, Malvasi M, Brinati G, Musio S. A critical review of the application of polymer of low concern regulatory criteria to fluoropolymers II: Fluoroplastics and fluoroelastomers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023; 19:326-354. [PMID: 35678199 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluoropolymers are a distinct class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), high molecular weight (MW) polymers with fluorine attached to their carbon-only backbone. Fluoropolymers possess a unique combination of properties and unmatched functional performance critical to the products and manufacturing processes they enable and are irreplaceable in many uses. Fluoropolymers have documented safety profiles; are thermally, biologically, and chemically stable, negligibly soluble in water, nonmobile, nonbioavailable, nonbioaccumulative, and nontoxic. Although fluoropolymers fit the PFAS structural definition, they have very different physical, chemical, environmental, and toxicological properties when compared with other PFAS. This study describes the composition, uses, performance properties, and functionalities of 14 fluoropolymers, including fluoroplastics and fluoroelastomers, and presents data to demonstrate that they satisfy the widely accepted polymer hazard assessment criteria to be considered polymers of low concern (PLC). The PLC criteria include physicochemical properties, such as molecular weight, which determine bioavailability and warn of potential hazard. Fluoropolymers are insoluble (e.g., water, octanol) solids too large to migrate into the cell membrane making them nonbioavailable, and therefore, of low concern from a human and environmental health standpoint. Further, the study results demonstrate that fluoropolymers are a distinct and different group of PFAS and should not be grouped with other PFAS for hazard assessment or regulatory purposes. When combined with an earlier publication by Henry et al., this study demonstrates that commercial fluoropolymers are available from the seven participating companies that meet the criteria to be considered PLC, which represent approximately 96% of the global commercial fluoropolymer market. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:326-354. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Evan Laganis
- AGC Chemicals Americas, Exton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Karl Weilandt
- Advanced Materials Division, 3M Center, 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kapoor
- Gujarat Fluorochemicals GmbH, Regus Centre Watermark, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marco Malvasi
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, V.le Lombardia, Bollate, (MI), Italy
| | - Giulio Brinati
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, V.le Lombardia, Bollate, (MI), Italy
| | - Stefana Musio
- Solvay Specialty Polymers, V.le Lombardia, Bollate, (MI), Italy
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2
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Gui W, Guo H, Chen X, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhang H, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Dai J. Emerging polyfluorinated compound Nafion by-product 2 disturbs intestinal homeostasis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 249:114368. [PMID: 36508837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nafion by-product 2 (Nafion BP2), an emerging fluorinated sulfonic acid commonly used in polymer electrolyte membrane technologies, has been detected in various environmental and human matrices. To date, however, few studies have explored its toxicity. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to Nafion BP2 at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160 mg/L from fertilization to 120 post-fertilization (hpf), and multiple developmental parameters (survival rate, hatching rate, and malformation rate) were then determined. Results showed that Nafion BP2 exposure led to a significant decrease in survival and hatching rates and an increase in malformations. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of Nafion BP2 for malformation at 120 hpf was 55 mg/L, which is higher than the globally important contaminant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 6 mg/L). Furthermore, exposure to Nafion BP2 resulted in additional types of malformations compared to PFOS exposure. Pathologically, Nafion BP2 caused abnormal early foregut development, with exfoliation of intestinal mucosa, damage to lamina propria, and aberrant proliferation of lamina propria cells. Nitric oxide content also decreased markedly. In addition, embryos showed an inflammatory response following Nafion BP2 exposure, with significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory factors C4 and IL-6. Acidic mucin in the hindgut increased more than two-fold. 16 S rRNA sequencing revealed a marked increase in the pathogen Pseudomonas otitidis. Furthermore, pathways involved in intestinal protein digestion and absorption, inflammatory response, and immune response were significantly altered. Our findings suggest that the intestine is a crucial toxicity target of Nafion BP2 in zebrafish, thus highlighting the need to evaluate its health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Gui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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3
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Xiao YP, Zhang J, Liu YH, Zhang JH, Yu QY, Huang Z, Yu XQ. Low molecular weight PEI-based fluorinated polymers for efficient gene delivery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:602-611. [PMID: 30472606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated biomaterials have been reported to have promising features as non-viral gene carriers. In this study, a series of fluorinated polymeric gene carriers were synthesized via Michael addition from low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) and fluorobenzoic acids (FBAs)-based linking compounds with different numbers of fluorine atoms. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these materials was systematically investigated. SAR studies showed that fluorine could screen the positive charge of these polymers. However, this shielding effect of fluorine would endow fluorinated polymers with good balance between DNA condensation and release. In vitro transfection results suggested that these fluorinated polymers could mediate efficient gene delivery. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies demonstrated that more efficient cell uptake could be achieved by fluorinated materials with more fluorine atoms. Cytotoxicity assays showed that these fluorinated materials exhibited very low cytotoxicity even at high mass ratios. This study demonstrates that FBA-based fluorinated biopolymers have the potential for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ju-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Qing-Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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4
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Wang X, Cheng W, Yang Q, Niu H, Liu Q, Liu Y, Gao M, Xu M, Xu A, Liu S, Huang X, Du Y. Preliminary investigation on cytotoxicity of fluorinated polymer nanoparticles. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 69:217-226. [PMID: 29941257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As well-known persistent organic pollutants (POPs), organofluorine pollutants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been proven to be bioaccumulated and harmful to health. However, toxicological assessment of organofluorinated nanoparticles, which have emerged as a novel tool for biomedical and industrial applications, is lacking, to the best of our knowledge. To assess the biological effects and health risk of fluorinated nanoparticles, trifluoroethyl aryl ether-based fluorinated poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles (PTFE-PMMA NPs) were synthesized with various fluorine contents (PTFE-PMMA-1 NPs 12.0wt.%, PTFE-PMMA-2 NPs 6.1wt.% and PTFE-PMMA-3 NPs 5.0wt.%), and their cytotoxicity was investigated in this study. The in vitro experimental results indicated that the cytotoxicity of PTFE-PMMA NPs was mild, and was closely related to their fluorine (F) contents and F-containing side chains. Specifically, the cytotoxicity of PTFE-PMMA NPs decreased with increasing F content and F-containing side chains. After exposure to PTFE-PMMA NPs at a sublethal dose (50μg/mL) for 24hr, the phospholipid bilayer was damaged, accompanied by increasing permeability of the cell membrane. Meanwhile, the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurred, resulting in the increase of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and cell death. Overall, the PTFE-PMMA NPs were found to be relatively safe compared with typical engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), such as silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide, for biomedical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wenge Cheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiuyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hongyun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry and Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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5
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Henry BJ, Carlin JP, Hammerschmidt JA, Buck RC, Buxton LW, Fiedler H, Seed J, Hernandez O. A critical review of the application of polymer of low concern and regulatory criteria to fluoropolymers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018; 14:316-334. [PMID: 29424474 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of fluorinated substances that are in the focus of researchers and regulators due to widespread presence in the environment and biota, including humans, of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Fluoropolymers, high molecular weight polymers, have unique properties that constitute a distinct class within the PFAS group. Fluoropolymers have thermal, chemical, photochemical, hydrolytic, oxidative, and biological stability. They have negligible residual monomer and oligomer content and low to no leachables. Fluoropolymers are practically insoluble in water and not subject to long-range transport. With a molecular weight well over 100 000 Da, fluoropolymers cannot cross the cell membrane. Fluoropolymers are not bioavailable or bioaccumulative, as evidenced by toxicology studies on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE): acute and subchronic systemic toxicity, irritation, sensitization, local toxicity on implantation, cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity, hemolysis, complement activation, and thrombogenicity. Clinical studies of patients receiving permanently implanted PTFE cardiovascular medical devices demonstrate no chronic toxicity or carcinogenicity and no reproductive, developmental, or endocrine toxicity. This paper brings together fluoropolymer toxicity data, human clinical data, and physical, chemical, thermal, and biological data for review and assessment to show that fluoropolymers satisfy widely accepted assessment criteria to be considered as "polymers of low concern" (PLC). This review concludes that fluoropolymers are distinctly different from other polymeric and nonpolymeric PFAS and should be separated from them for hazard assessment or regulatory purposes. Grouping fluoropolymers with all classes of PFAS for "read across" or structure-activity relationship assessment is not scientifically appropriate. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:316-334. © 2018 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Heidelore Fiedler
- MTM Research Centre School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Seed
- Risk Assessment Consultant, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
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6
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Abstract
The effects of the combined administration of urethan or Trypan Blue to the s.c. injection of 7,12-dymethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) were investigated. The repeated administration of Trypan Blue resulted in a marked inhibition of sarcomas arising around Teflon disc implanted s.c. It was thus confirmed, in a different strain of mice, the result of a previous experiment, where Trypan Blue was shown to exert an inhibiting action on the sarcoma production by glass fragments implanted subcutaneously. No consistent inhibiting action of Trypan Blue on the sarcoma production by DMBA could be demonstrated. Urethan administered before, concurrently or at various time after DMBA administration had no apparent effect on the incidence of sarcomas induced by DMBA. In a previous experiment urethan was showed to enhance the incidence of sarcomas arising around Teflon films.
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7
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Feng M, Qu R, Habteselassie M, Wu J, Yang S, Sun P, Huang Q, Wang Z. Hepatic Transcriptome Responses in Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to the Nafion Membrane and Its Combustion Products. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128591. [PMID: 26057616 PMCID: PMC4461320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nafion 117 membrane (N117), an important polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), has been widely used for numerous chemical technologies. Despite its increasing production and use, the toxicity data for N117 and its combustion products remain lacking. Toxicity studies are necessary to avoid problems related to waste disposal in landfills and incineration that may arise. In this study, we investigated the histopathological alterations, oxidative stress biomarker responses, and transcriptome profiles in the liver of male mice exposed to N117 and its combustion products for 24 days. An ion-chromatography system and liquid chromatography system coupled to a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to analyze the chemical compositions of these combustion products. The transcriptomics analysis identified several significantly altered molecular pathways, including the metabolism of xenobiotics, carbohydrates and lipids; signal transduction; cellular processes; immune system; and signaling molecules and interaction. These studies provide preliminary data for the potential toxicity of N117 and its combustion products on living organisms and may fill the information gaps in the toxicity databases for the currently used PEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Mussie Habteselassie
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, United States of America
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210046, P. R. China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (PS)
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, United States of America
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (PS)
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8
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Krafft MP, Riess JG. Selected physicochemical aspects of poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances relevant to performance, environment and sustainability-part one. Chemosphere 2015; 129:4-19. [PMID: 25245564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The elemental characteristics of the fluorine atom tell us that replacing an alkyl chain by a perfluoroalkyl or polyfluorinated chain in a molecule or polymer is consequential. A brief reminder about perfluoroalkyl chains, fluorocarbons and fluorosurfactants is provided. The outstanding, otherwise unattainable physicochemical properties and combinations thereof of poly and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are outlined, including extreme hydrophobic and lipophobic character; thermal and chemical stability in extreme conditions; remarkable aptitude to self-assemble into sturdy thin repellent protecting films; unique spreading, dispersing, emulsifying, anti-adhesive and levelling, dielectric, piezoelectric and optical properties, leading to numerous industrial and technical uses and consumer products. It was eventually discovered, however, that PFASs with seven or more carbon-long perfluoroalkyl chains had disseminated in air, water, soil and biota worldwide, are persistent in the environment and bioaccumulative in animals and humans, raising serious health and environmental concerns. Further use of long-chain PFASs is environmentally not sustainable. Most leading manufacturers have turned to shorter four to six carbon perfluoroalkyl chain products that are not considered bioaccumulative. However, many of the key performances of PFASs decrease sharply when fluorinated chains become shorter. Fluorosurfactants become less effective and less efficient, provide lesser barrier film stability, etc. On the other hand, they remain as persistent in the environment as their longer chain homologues. Surprisingly little data (with considerable discrepancies) is accessible on the physicochemical properties of the PFASs under examination, a situation that requires consideration and rectification. Such data are needed for understanding the environmental and in vivo behaviour of PFASs. They should help determine which, for which uses, and to what extent, PFASs are environmentally sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Krafft
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS UPR 22), Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
| | - Jean G Riess
- Harangoutte Institute, 68160 Sainte Croix-aux-Mines, France
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9
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Hatano Y. [Respiratory hazard due to inhalation of commercial waterproofing sprays]. Chudoku Kenkyu 2010; 23:73-78. [PMID: 20380327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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10
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Ebbehøj NE, Bang J. [Respiratory symptoms after the use of a painting primer product spray]. Ugeskr Laeger 2008; 170:3070. [PMID: 18822236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of waterproofing spray has been associated with the development of respiratory symptoms, but the pathogenetic mechanisms are unclear. We describe a case of acute respiratory disease with impaired diffusion developed after the use of a painting primer product spray (stain stop). Further investigation in aerosol-toxicology is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels E Ebbehøj
- Giftlinjen, Arbejds- og Miljømedicinsk Klinik, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 København NV.
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11
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Liu W, Chen S, Quan X, Jin YH. Toxic effect of serial perfluorosulfonic and perfluorocarboxylic acids on the membrane system of a freshwater alga measured by flow cytometry. Environ Toxicol Chem 2008; 27:1597-1604. [PMID: 18269298 DOI: 10.1897/07-459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometric measurements were used to investigate the toxic effect of perfluorobutanoic sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), and perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeA) on some membrane systems of the freshwater alga species Scenedesmus obliquus. Among the test compounds, PFOS, PFDoA, and PFTeA inhibited algal growth rate in a concentration-dependent manner while PFBS, PFHxA, and PFOA did not inhibit algal growth within the test concentration ranges. An enhancement of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cell membrane permeability in S. obliquus was observed caused by exposure to PFOS, PFOA, PFDoA, and PFTeA. Both carbon chain length and acid group influenced the toxicity of PFAAs, where the toxicity increased with increasing carbon chain length for the compounds belonging to the same class. The observed effective concentrations lie in the micromole range and the test compounds disrupted membrane properties at concentrations below those associated with algal growth inhibition. Flow cytometry is proved to be a useful technique for toxicity testing with microalgae and provide additional information regarding the mode of action of PFAAs to algal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
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12
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Liu W, Chen S, Quan X, Jin YH. Toxic effect of serial perfluorosulfonic and perfluorocarboxylic acids on the membrane system of a freshwater alga measured by flow cytometry. Environ Toxicol Chem 2008; 27:1597-1604. [PMID: 18269298 DOI: 10.1897/07-459.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometric measurements were used to investigate the toxic effect of perfluorobutanoic sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA), and perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeA) on some membrane systems of the freshwater alga species Scenedesmus obliquus. Among the test compounds, PFOS, PFDoA, and PFTeA inhibited algal growth rate in a concentration-dependent manner while PFBS, PFHxA, and PFOA did not inhibit algal growth within the test concentration ranges. An enhancement of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cell membrane permeability in S. obliquus was observed caused by exposure to PFOS, PFOA, PFDoA, and PFTeA. Both carbon chain length and acid group influenced the toxicity of PFAAs, where the toxicity increased with increasing carbon chain length for the compounds belonging to the same class. The observed effective concentrations lie in the micromole range and the test compounds disrupted membrane properties at concentrations below those associated with algal growth inhibition. Flow cytometry is proved to be a useful technique for toxicity testing with microalgae and provide additional information regarding the mode of action of PFAAs to algal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
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13
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Hayashi H, Ishii T, Ishida T, Saigusa M, Fukuyama H, Yamamoto M, Yokoyama T, Tokioka H, Nagai H, Noyama M, Yoshioka H, Tachibana H, Arita M, Hashimoto T. [Drug-induced pulmonary damage due to inhalation of a waterproof spray]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2008; 46:35-38. [PMID: 18260308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A 24-year-old woman smoked after using a waterproof spray in a poorly ventilated room. Two days later, she experienced a dry cough and dyspnea and was admitted to our hospital. A chest radiograph and CT showed ground-glass opacity. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid yielded no specific findings but a transbronchial lung biopsy specimen revealed eosinophilic alveolitis characterized by edema in the alveolar septa. The patient recovered without any treatment subsequent to hospitalization and she remained symptom-free after discharge. It was believed that she had suffered direct pulmonary damage from inhaling waterproof spray. Among the spray components, fluorocarbon resin was the most likely causative agent.
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Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION 2 dogs were evaluated because of vomiting and lethargy (a Toy Poodle; dog 1) and acute respiratory distress, vomiting, and anorexia (a Chihuahua; dog 2). Dog 1 had been exposed to a commercial hydrocarbon waterproofing spray 24 hours before the development of clinical signs, and dog 2 was examined 18 hours after exposure to a waterproofing spray containing heptane, a highly flammable liquid hydrocarbon. CLINICAL FINDINGS In both dogs, major gastrointestinal tract abnormalities were ruled out but respiratory status worsened. Thoracic radiography revealed a diffuse interstitial pulmonary pattern, and hypoxemia was detected. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Hospitalization for monitoring and care was required for both dogs. The dogs recovered with supportive care, which included administration of oxygen, fluids, and bronchodilators. Additionally, dog 1 received glucocorticoids via inhalation and supplemental enteral nutrition, whereas dog 2 was treated with an antimicrobial. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The dogs of this report developed hydrocarbon pneumonitis following exposure to waterproofing sprays. Such sprays contain potentially toxic hydrocarbons. The severity of the adverse effects associated with exposure may have been amplified because the dogs were physically small and were exposed to a relatively large amount of aerosolized spray within small areas. Development of chemical pneumonitis in pet animals is best prevented by application of waterproofing sprays in well-ventilated or outdoor areas from which pets have been excluded. With prolonged hospitalization and considerable monitoring and care, affected dogs can recover from these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Young
- The Animal Medical Center, 510 E 62nd St, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Vernez D, Bruzzi R, Kupferschmidt H, De-Batz A, Droz P, Lazor R. Acute respiratory syndrome after inhalation of waterproofing sprays: a posteriori exposure-response assessment in 102 cases. J Occup Environ Hyg 2006; 3:250-61. [PMID: 16574608 DOI: 10.1080/15459620600628845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Waterproofing agents are widely used to protect leather and textiles in both domestic and occupational activities. An outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome following exposure to waterproofing sprays occurred during the winter 2002-2003 in Switzerland. About 180 cases were reported by the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre between October 2002 and March 2003, whereas fewer than 10 cases per year had been recorded previously. The reported cases involved three brands of sprays containing a common waterproofing mixture, that had undergone a formulation change in the months preceding the outbreak. A retrospective analysis was undertaken in collaboration with the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre and the Swiss Registries for Interstitial and Orphan Lung Diseases to clarify the circumstances and possible causes of the observed health effects. Individual exposure data were generated with questionnaires and experimental emission measurements. The collected data was used to conduct numeric simulation for 102 cases of exposure. A classical two-zone model was used to assess the aerosol dispersion in the near- and far-field during spraying. The resulting assessed dose and exposure levels obtained were spread on large scales, of several orders of magnitude. No dose-response relationship was found between exposure indicators and health effects indicators (perceived severity and clinical indicators). Weak relationships were found between unspecific inflammatory response indicators (leukocytes, C-reactive protein) and the maximal exposure concentration. The results obtained disclose a high interindividual response variability and suggest that some indirect mechanism(s) predominates in the respiratory disease occurrence. Furthermore, no threshold could be found to define a safe level of exposure. These findings suggest that the improvement of environmental exposure conditions during spraying alone does not constitute a sufficient measure to prevent future outbreaks of waterproofing spray toxicity. More efficient preventive measures are needed prior to the marketing and distribution of new waterproofing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vernez
- Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Vernez DS, Droz PO, Lazor-Blanchet C, Jaques S. Characterizing emission and breathing-zone concentrations following exposure cases to fluororesin-based waterproofing spray mists. J Occup Environ Hyg 2004; 1:582-592. [PMID: 15559330 DOI: 10.1080/15459620490490084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Measurements and simulations were performed to assess workers' exposure to solvent vapors and aerosols during the waterproofing of a tiled surface. This investigation followed two recent incidents in the same company where workers experienced acute respiratory illness after spraying a stain-repellent resin containing fluorinated polymers on stone-tiled walls and floors. Because the waterproofing activity had been done for years at the tile company without encountering any exposure problems prior to these cases, it was strongly suspected that the incidents were linked to a recent change in the composition of the coating mixture. Experimental measurements and simulations indicated that the emission rate of particles smaller than 10 microm may be estimated at 0.66 mg/sec (SD 0.10) for the old resin and at 0.37 mg/sec (SD 0.04) for the new one. The measurement of the solvent emission rate from surfaces coated with the two resins indicated that shortly after spraying, the emission was in the range of 18 to 20 mg/sec x m2 and was similar for both products. Solvent and overspray emission rates were introduced in a two-zone compartment model. The results obtained in the near-field indicate significant exposure to overspray mist (7 and 34 mg/m3 for new resin) and solvent vapors (80 to 350 ppm for the new resin). It was also shown that the introduction of the new resin tended to significantly decrease the levels of solvents and particulates in the workers' breathing zone. These results strongly suggest that cases of acute respiratory illness are related to the specific toxicity of the fluorinated polymer itself. The fact that the same polymer is used in various commercial products raises concern regarding other possible occupational and domestic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Vernez
- Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waterproofing sprays for leather clothing have seldom been involved in severe accidents. In some circumstances, their pulmonary toxicity is marked, as shown by two case reports and a review of the literature. EXEGESIS Acute alveolitis is described in two young adults without previous respiratory illness, following the use of a waterproofing spray for leather clothing. Clinical features typical of a flu-like reaction (malaise, fever and chills) were associated with dyspnea and with hemoptysis in one patient. X-ray examination evidenced lesional edema which quickly resolved after symptomatic treatment. The toxic mechanism is debated, but experimental data and clinical findings suggest the causative role of recently introduced fluoropolymers. CONCLUSIONS Waterproofing sprays for leather clothing may induce severe respiratory illness after massive inhalation in confined area. Treatment is supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Testud
- Centre antipoisons, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Lyon, France
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18
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Yamashita M, Tanaka J, Yamashita M, Hirai H, Suzuki M, Kajigaya H. Mist particle diameters are related to the toxicity of waterproofing sprays: comparison between toxic and non-toxic products. Vet Hum Toxicol 1997; 39:71-4. [PMID: 9080629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although respiratory failures following exposure to waterproofing sprays have been reported worldwide, their mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we sorted each of 12 commercial waterproofing sprays into either the Toxic Group (No 1-4) or the Non-Toxic Group (No 5-12) and compared the pathological changes produced in the lungs of mice after their inhalation. Then we determined the diameters of each product's mist particles and their adhesion rates to cloth. The 4 products in the Toxic Group, reported as toxic to human beings, caused severe damage to mice lungs, whereas the 8 products in the Non-Toxic Group, not reported as toxic, caused little if any damage. The percentage of particle < or = 10 microns were significantly higher in the Toxic Group than in the Non-Toxic Group. The adhesion rate to cloth correlated to the mean particle diameter and was significantly lower in the Toxic Group than in the Non-Toxic Group. The toxic sprays generated mists of smaller particle diameter than the non-toxic sprays, suggesting that the mist particle diameters of waterproofing sprays are related to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamashita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Waterproofing agents consist of mixtures of solvents, repellents and propellants. Because of a fatality and a number of acute respiratory illnesses in humans following the exposure to a waterproofing agent, the aerosol mixtures were tested in mice. Inhalation of the waterproofing agent resulted in pulmonary collapse and pneumonia in mice. By testing fractions of the waterproofing agent it was determined that the fluororesin repellents in the waterproofing agent were responsible for the acute respiratory illness. The water-repelling agent, such as fluororesin, may counteract the surfactant in the alveoli of the lung and cause diffuse pulmonary collapse followed by acute respiratory distress. The recent substitution of less toxic and environmentally more friendly solvents in waterproofing agents may facilitate fluororesin inhalation by increasing the amount of airborne aerosol and changing the diameter of the aerosol particles. This would explain the apparent recent increase of respiratory symptoms following the use of these agents. In this experiment the mice were exposed intermittently to overcome the CNS effects of the solvents.
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Williams SJ, Baker BB, Lee KP. Formation of acute pulmonary toxicants following thermal degradation of perfluorinated polymers: evidence for a critical atmospheric reaction. Food Chem Toxicol 1987; 25:177-85. [PMID: 3557241 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In some small-scale tests of combustion-product toxicity, perfluorinated polymers (FP) have been shown to be much more toxic than other common materials. These studies were conducted to determine the conditions under which highly toxic decomposition products of FP are formed. A modification of the National Bureau of Standards exposure system (Levin et al. National Bureau of Standards 1982, NBS IR 82-2532) was used, in which materials could be heated either in a cup furnace or above a small methane flame. At 700 degrees C, the approximate lethal concentrations (ALCs) of the products formed from polytetrafluoroethylene (pTFE) and from hexafluoropropylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (FEP) in the CH4 flame (applied for 1 min) are approximately 850 times higher than the ALCs of the products formed in the cup furnace. Analytically, the major products formed initially from pTFE at 700 degrees C under either condition (flame or cup furnace) are similar but they disappear rapidly in the presence of continuous heat. When the cup furnace is removed 1 min after pTFE is added (a procedure temporally similar to the use of the flame) the toxicity of the products is again low. However, when heat from either the cup furnace or from a small secondary flame is applied continuously (for up to 30 min) to the initial products formed from pTFE in the flame, high toxicity is observed. These observations are supported by pathological evaluation of the respiratory tracts of exposed rats. Thus, the inhalation toxicity of FP thermal decomposition products is related to a heat- and time-dependent atmospheric reaction. Such mechanisms should be considered in estimating the fire hazard of these materials in use.
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Abstract
Adult male Fischer 344 rats received single 30-min exposures to the aerosolized products of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) heated to 595 degrees C. The concentrations of thermal degradation products of PTFE were at the LC50 dose of 0.045 mg/l for most rats, but some rats received doses ranging from 0.005 to 5.025 mg/l. Serial measurements of cardiopulmonary function were obtained and will be published subsequently. Necropsies were performed at 0, 2, 12, 24 and 36 h post-exposure, and a few rats were killed between 2 and 17 days. Signs of respiratory impairment were followed by death in some rats. Pathologic findings included focal hemorrhages, edema and fibrin deposition in the lungs. With time focal interstitial thickenings developed due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of alveolar cells, and macrophages accumulated in alveoli. Thrombosis of pulmonary capillaries was common. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurred in 53% of test rats; its incidence and severity were positively related to the degree of pulmonary damage. Renal infarcts were common due to DIC. No lesions were seen in kidneys or other tissue (except lung and thymus) unless they were affected with DIC. Thymic lymphocytes underwent necrosis in many test and some vehical (warm air) control rats, possibly due to stress. The finding of DIC in PTFE combustion product exposure has not been reported to our knowledge. The toxicity of the thermal degradation products of PTFE requires further study, especially relative to induction of DIC.
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22
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Afonin NI, Rozenberg GI. [Organofluorine compounds as oxygen-carrier blood substitutes]. Probl Gematol Pereliv Krovi 1979; 24:49-53. [PMID: 386300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Ivanova NL, Konovalova NV, Afonin NI, Memenova NM, Vlasova AG. [Biological properties of emulsions of organofluorine compounds as model oxygen-carrier blood substitutes]. Probl Gematol Pereliv Krovi 1979; 24:24-7. [PMID: 493261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Chaplygina ZA, Kuznetsova IN, Gokhman NS, Domracheva VS, Shliaposhnikova GP. [Physicochemical and biological properties of perfluorotributylamine emulsions]. Probl Gematol Pereliv Krovi 1979; 24:18-21. [PMID: 40216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Arito H, Soda R. Pyrolysis products of polytetrafluoroethylene and polyfluoroethylenepropylene with reference to inhalation toxicity. Ann Occup Hyg 1977; 20:247-55. [PMID: 606020 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/20.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Khmidullin RS, Petrova GA, Karaulova GI, Promyslovae AD. [Hygienic evaluation of fluoroplast-4 film in relation to its use in the food industry]. Gig Sanit 1977; 0:38-41. [PMID: 838302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Lethal gas embolism always occurs after FC 80 liquid fluorocarbon is injected intravenously (0.1 ml/kg body mass) in dogs breathing room air but not in dogs breathing oxygenated FC 80 liquid fluorocarbon. Gas embolism is not prevented in dogs that have been injected intravenously with FC 80 when they are exposed to 2 ATA (atmospheres absolute) 20% 02-80% N2, 9 ATA 5% O2-95% He, or 1 ATA 100%, O2. In dogs that die of FC 80-induced gas embolism, free gas in the right atrium contains approximately 0.5 g FC 80/liter, and Po2 and Pco2 in the gas are in equilibrium with their corresponding tensions in right atrial blood. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that PFC 80 in alveolar gas does not equilibrate with PFC 80 (55 mmHg) in blood. The total gas tension in pulmonary capillary blood containing FC 80 and its vapor thus exceeds the total tension of alveolar gases (atmospheric pressure). Bubbles of O2, CO2, N2, FC 80, and water vapor form in the regions of the pulmonary capillary bed where the total tension of gases dissolved in blood exceeds the absolute blood pressure.
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28
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Rosenblum WI, Hadfield MG, Martinez AJ, Schatzki P. Alterations of liver and spleen following intravenous infusion of fluorocarbon emulsions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1976; 100:213-7. [PMID: 989286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mice were injected via tail vein with emulsions of fluorocarbon (FC), an oxygen-carrying compound that has great potential as a blood substitute. Different types of FCs were used. All produced vacuolar changes in hepatocytes, and in reticuloendothelial cells throughout the body. In the liver, occasional inflammatory foci were also observed, but fibrosis was never seen. The vacuolated cells, presumably containing FC, were found as late as one year following a single infusion. However, such cells might also disappear from the liver and spleen. The numbers of affected cells and their rate of disappearance depended on the type of FC, the amount of FC infused, the length of time between infusion and killing. Fluorodecalins, especially PP-5, produced the least amount of change and the most readily reversible change of all FCs tested. The morphologic observations suggest that PP-5 would be more suitable as a blood substitute than the other FCs tested. However, other studies have shown that apparently healthy long-term survival is obtainable even when the infused FC is one that produces extreme vacuolar change in the liver and spleen.
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29
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Trochimowicz HJ, Reinhardt CF, Mullin LS, Azar A, Karrh BW. The effect of myocardial infarction on the cardiac sensitization potential of certain halocarbons. J Occup Med 1976; 18:26-30. [PMID: 1249655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that many halocarbons and hydrocarbons are capable of producing cardiac sensitization. Briefly, the test method involved exposure of healthy, unanesthetized, beagle dogs to various inspired levels of sensitizing agent, followed by an intravenous dose (8 mug/kg) of epinephrine. Along, this epinephrine dose produces only mild ECG alterations, but, at threshold levels of a sensitizing agent, may induce a serious cardiac arrhythmia and sometimes death. Using the same test protocol, dogs with experimentally-induced myocardial infarctions were used to determine whether this type of heart condition might significantly lower the threshold for cardiac sensitization. Test results on three halocarbons showed no greater potential for cardiac sensitization among dogs having recovered from myocardial infarction as compared to normal, healthy animals.
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30
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Abstract
Rabbits were exposed for four minutes to combinations of oxygen (21%, 11%, or 7%) and fluorocarbon-11 (0%, 5%, or 15%). Exposure to 7% oxygen-15% fluorocarbon-11 caused cardiac arrhythmias in all rabbits exposed. These bradyarrhythmias developed at levels of arterial hypoxemia that did not cause arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to 7% oxygen alone. In contrast with recent reports, hypoxia and this aerosol propellant do appear to have an interactive effect on cardiac rhythm.
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Abstract
In addition to the usual toxicology studies necessary for the safe manufacture and use of polymers at room temperature, special studies are needed for polymers which will be used at elevated temperatures. This paper discusses various areas to be investigated and principles for deciding on test materials, tests, and test conditions, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated polyethylene-propylene (PFEP) pyrolysis studies being used as an illustrative case history. Some limitations of animal testing also are mentioned. A toxicological spectrum relating toxicological determinants to PTFE temperature is developed.
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32
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Carter VL, Bafus DA, Warrington HP, Harris ES. The acute inhalation toxicity in rats from the pyrolysis products of four fluoropolymers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 30:369-76. [PMID: 4446033 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Mullin LS, Azar A, Reinhardt CF, Smith PE, Fabryka EF. Halogenated hydrocarbon-induced cardiac arrhythmias associated with release of endogenous epinephrine. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1972; 33:389-96. [PMID: 4651523 DOI: 10.1080/0002889728506670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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35
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Fujita T, Sumaya T, Yokoyama K. Fluorocarbon emulsion as a candidate for artificial blood. Correlation between particle size of the emulsion and acute toxicity. Eur Surg Res 1971; 3:436-53. [PMID: 5158957 DOI: 10.1159/000127590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Patel MM, Szanto P, Yates B, Long DM. Survival and histopathologic changes in lungs of hamsters following synthetic liquid breathing. Fed Proc 1970; 29:1740-5. [PMID: 5457582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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37
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38
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Wagner M. Evaluation of diverse plastic and cutis prostheses in a growing host. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1970; 130:1077-81. [PMID: 4910229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Evarts CM, Steffe AD, McCormack LJ. Investigation of canine tissue reaction to TFE-fluorocarbon resin, to high-density polyethylene, and to vitallium. J Surg Res 1970; 10:91-4. [PMID: 5482418 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(70)90015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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40
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Hot air on PTFE. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1969; 7:368-9. [PMID: 4898707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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41
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Schell LD, Lane WC, Coleman WE. The toxicity of polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolysis products including carbonyl fluoride and a reaction product, silicon tetrafluoride. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1968; 29:41-8. [PMID: 5667190 DOI: 10.1080/00028896809342979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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42
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Scheel LD, McMillan L, Phipps FC. Biochemical changes associated with toxic exposrues to polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolysis products. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1968; 29:49-53. [PMID: 5667191 DOI: 10.1080/00028896809342980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Coleman WE, Scheel LD, Kupel RE, Larkin RL. The identification of toxic compounds in the pyrolysis products of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1968; 29:33-40. [PMID: 5667189 DOI: 10.1080/00028896809342978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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45
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Waritz RS, Kwon BK. The inhalation toxicity of products of polytetrafluoroethylene heated below 500 degrees centigrade. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1968; 29:19-26. [PMID: 5667186 DOI: 10.1080/00028896809342976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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46
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Harris HH, Carleton JS. Clinical investigation of the use of RTV silastic S-5392 for paralytic dysphonia and its histological comparison to teflon in animals. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1966; 70:48-58. [PMID: 5910025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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