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Jacobs JW, Sharma D, Stephens LD, Figueroa Villalba CA, Rinder HM, Woo JS, Wheeler AP, Gerberi D, Goel R, Tormey CA, Booth GS, Bloch EM, Adkins BD. Thrombosis risk with haemoglobin C trait and haemoglobin C disease: A systematic review. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:1500-1506. [PMID: 38291731 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The thrombotic risk with haemoglobin C trait (HbAC) or haemoglobin C disease (HbCC) is unclear. However, individuals with HbCC have demonstrated chronic haemolysis, higher blood viscosity and altered rheology when compared to individuals with wild-type haemoglobin (HbAA). These physiological alterations may theoretically translate to increased risk of thrombosis; therefore, a systematic literature review was performed to investigate the possible association between HbAC and/or HbCC and thrombosis. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria representing 782 individuals with HbAC (n = 694) or HbCC (n = 88). Fifteen studies described the presence/absence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with HbAC (n = 685) or HbCC (n = 79), while seven studies described patients with HbAC (n = 9) or HbCC (n = 9) and arterial thrombosis. Most (n = 20) studies were case reports or case series; however, two studies suggested a potential increased VTE risk with HbAC compared to HbAA in (i) all patients (OR 2.2, 95% CI: 0.9-5.5) and in (ii) pregnant individuals (RR 3.7, 95% CI 0.9-16). This review is the largest assessment of patients with HbC trait or disease and thrombosis to date; despite its limitations, the findings suggest HbC may be a predisposing risk factor to thrombosis. Prospective cohort studies are warranted to definitively elucidate the risk of thrombosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Jacobs
- Special Coagulation Laboratory, Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Deva Sharma
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Meharry Center for Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Laura D Stephens
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Henry M Rinder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Hematology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer S Woo
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Allison P Wheeler
- Division of Coagulation Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dana Gerberi
- Mayo Clinic Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ruchika Goel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
- Vitalant, Corporate Medical Affairs, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher A Tormey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Garrett S Booth
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian D Adkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Vecchio F. [Hemoglobin-hematological phenotypes of interaction between beta-thalassemias and beta-structural allelic hemoglobinopathies]. Pediatria (Napoli) 1981; 89:815-9. [PMID: 7346767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Metras D, Ouezzin-Coulibaly A, Ouattara K, Longechaud A, Chauvet J, Girod X, Darracq R. [Open-heart surgery in hemoglobinopathies. Apropos of 10 cases]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1980; 73:1437-45. [PMID: 6779732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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McFarlane J. Sickle cell disorders. Am J Nurs 1977; 77:1948-54. [PMID: 244260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jennings JC. Hemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 1977; 15:104-10. [PMID: 831388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell trait is associated with an increased incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria, low birth weight infants and premature rupture of membranes. Hemoglobin SS and hemoglobin SC in pregnancy result in significantly increased maternal morbidity and mortality and reproductive wastage. Heterozygous thalassemias in pregnancy carry increased risks but to a lesser degree than hemoglobins SS and SC. Partial exchange transfusion can provide effective prophylaxis for many of the maternal and fetal problems of sickle cell disease.
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Abstract
A case of Haemoglobin C trait and a family with Haemoglobin O Arab thalassaemia from Greece are described. Both Haemoglobin C and Haemoglobin O Arab were identified by peptide analysis.
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Abstract
505 patients with various haemoglobinopathies were given a general anaesthetic between January 1970 and February 1972. One patient with haemoglobin SC disease and one patient with sickle-cell trait (HbAS) died postoperatively. Four other patients who were sickling positive, but whose genotypes were unknown, died, one from sickle-cell crisis precipitated by haemorrhage.A simple anaesthetic technique together with good postoperative care can provide safe general anaesthesia for patients with sickle-cell states. A plea is made for simplicity in the anaesthetic management of these patients.
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Weatherall DJ. Recent advances in the haemoglobinopathies with special reference to the first few months of life. Proc R Soc Med 1972; 65:746-7. [PMID: 4673538 PMCID: PMC1644585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bienzle U, Okoye VC, Gögler H. Haemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants: distribution in relation to malaria endemicity in a Togolese population. Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1972; 23:56-62. [PMID: 5050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
High altitude seemed to be responsible for seven recent cases of sickling crisis. People with sickle-cell trait are at risk if they fly in unpressurized aircraft, which are used for many local air services. Those with sickle-cell haemoglobin C disease should avoid air travel even in pressurized aircraft. Possibly as a result of "autosplenectomy," patients with sickle-cell anaemia seem to be able to fly in pressurized aircraft with little risk. All passengers and aircrew who might have some form of sickle-cell disease should be screened before flight.
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Blatrix C, de Traverse PM, Coquelet ML, Israel J, Pelletier P, Ferrara G. [Double heterozygotism, hemoglobin C disease-thalassemia in the white race]. Presse Med (1893) 1970; 78:1791-2. [PMID: 5507171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Gallo E, Ricco G, Mazza U, Papa G. [Study of a double S-C heterozygosis in the negro subject]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1970; 46:344-7. [PMID: 5456443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Soares AN, Bacha PC, Rogar MS. [Hemoglobinopathy CC. Report of a case and bibliographic review]. Hospital (Rio J) 1969; 76:1325-32. [PMID: 5308114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Thirteen pregnancies in nine patients with sickle-cell disease, sickle-cell/haemoglobin C disease and sickle-cell/thalassaemia are reported. There was one maternal death and one stillbirth. Crises occurred in three of the four patients with sickle-cell disease but in only one of the three patients with sickle-cell/haemoglobin C disease.
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Baumes RM, Berrada-Mataame M. [Abnormal hemoglobins. The 1st case of hymozygous hemoglobin C disease in a Moroccan]. Maroc Med 1967; 47:720-2. [PMID: 5597907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Cawein MJ, Lappat EJ. The clinical importance of abnormal human hemoglobins. II. Med Times 1967; 95:1156-70. [PMID: 6081099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Charache S, Conley CL, Waugh DF, Ugoretz RJ, Spurrell JR. Pathogenesis of hemolytic anemia in homozygous hemoglobin C disease. J Clin Invest 1967; 46:1795-811. [PMID: 6061750 PMCID: PMC292930 DOI: 10.1172/jci105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin C is less soluble than hemoglobin A in red cells, in hemolysates, and in dilute phosphate buffer. Its relative insolubility may be explained by electrostatic interactions between positively charged beta6-lysyl groups and negatively charged groups on adjacent molecules. Red cells from patients with homozygous hemoglobin C (CC) disease exhibit aberrant physical properties which suggest that the cells are more rigid than normal erythrocytes. They pass through membrane filters less readily than normal red cells do, and their viscosity is higher than that of normal cells. Differences from normal cells are exaggerated if mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is increased, by suspension in hypertonic salt solution. Increased rigidity of CC cells, by accelerating their fragmentation, may be responsible for formation of microspherocytes. These small dense cells are exceptionally rigid, and probably are even more susceptible to fragmentation and sequestration. Rigidity of CC cells can be attributed to a "precrystalline" state of intracellular hemoglobin, in which crystallization does not occur, although the MCHC exceeds the solubility of hemoglobin in hemolysates.
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Fuller AM, Hunt R, Barelli PA. Tonsillectomy and hemoglobin C-C disease. Arch Otolaryngol 1967; 85:99-101. [PMID: 6016258 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.1967.00760040101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Trincão C. [Hemoglobin C]. An Inst Med Trop (Lisb) 1966; 23:509-14. [PMID: 4875632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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DIGGS LW, BELL A. INTRAERYTHROCYTIC HEMOGLOBIN CRYSTALS IN SICKLE CELL- HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE. Blood 1965; 25:218-23. [PMID: 14267697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
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Abstract
The clinical and postmortem findings in a case of sickle cell-hemaglobin C disease complicated by acute rheumatic fever with accompanying carditis, and rheumatic pneumonitis are presented and discussed. This is believed to be the first such case reported.
The recent literature pertaining to the cardiac manifestations of SS and SC hemoglobinopathies is briefly reviewed.
A possible explanation for the failure of the rheumatic process to respond to conventional therapy in our patient is given.
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LAU HL, JONES GS. SICKLE CELL-- HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1964; 90:136-42. [PMID: 14208415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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SCOTT JG, DWORATZEK J, CROOKSTON JH. HEMOGLOBIN C DISEASE IN A SICILIAN-CANADIAN FAMILY. Can Med Assoc J 1963; 89:1239-42. [PMID: 14084707 PMCID: PMC1922183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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MOVITT ER, MANGUM JF, PORTER WR. Sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease. Quantitative determination of iron kinetics and hemoglobin synthesis. Blood 1963; 21:535-45. [PMID: 13936391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
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SMITH EB. Sickle cell hemoglobin-C disease. Two case reports. J Natl Med Assoc 1963; 55:33-5. [PMID: 13989386 PMCID: PMC2642158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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REYNOLDS J. Roentgenographic and clinical appraisal of sickle cell- hemoglobin C disease. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1962; 88:512-22. [PMID: 14491713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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TRACHSLER M. [The blood picture in hemoglobin C disease]. Rontgen Laborator 1962; 15:L165-L166. [PMID: 13993928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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CHESKIN LJ, SINGER M, COHEN FB. Sickle-cell hemoglobin/hemoglobin-C disease. A report of three cases. J Newark Beth Isr Hosp 1962; 13:208-25. [PMID: 13878797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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SCHNECK H, OZREN P. Hemoglobin C disease. Report of a case in a 12 year old Negro. Arch Pediatr (N Y) 1961; 78:385-9. [PMID: 13908880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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SULLIVAN PG, BUTTERWORTH CE. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin-C Disease Treated by Splenectomy. South Med J 1960; 53:792-5. [PMID: 13835649 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-196006000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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PEROSA L, MANGANELLI G, DALFINO G. [First case of hemoglobin C-thalassemia in Italy]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1960; 36:93-6. [PMID: 14431935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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HUESTIS DW, GERSTBREIN HL, COOPER WM, CHAPMAN WL. Sickle cell- hemoglobin C disease; clinical, laboratory, and anatomic findings. J Transl Med 1959; 8:736-60. [PMID: 13655599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
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