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Lee JW, Collins JE, Wendt KL, Chakrabarti D, Cichewicz RH. Leveraging Peptaibol Biosynthetic Promiscuity for Next-Generation Antiplasmodial Therapeutics. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:503-517. [PMID: 33565879 PMCID: PMC7941592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a worldwide threat, afflicting over 200 million people each year. The emergence of drug resistance against existing therapeutics threatens to destabilize global efforts aimed at controlling Plasmodium spp. parasites, which is expected to leave vast portions of humanity unprotected against the disease. To address this need, systematic testing of a fungal natural product extract library assembled through the University of Oklahoma Citizen Science Soil Collection Program has generated an initial set of bioactive extracts that exhibit potent antiplasmodial activity (EC50 < 0.30 μg/mL) and low levels of toxicity against human cells (less than 50% reduction in HepG2 growth at 25 μg/mL). Analysis of the two top-performing extracts from Trichoderma sp. and Hypocrea sp. isolates revealed both contained chemically diverse assemblages of putative peptaibol-like compounds that were responsible for their antiplasmodial actions. Purification and structure determination efforts yielded 30 new peptaibols and lipopeptaibols (1-14 and 28-43), along with 22 known metabolites (15-27 and 44-52). While several compounds displayed promising activity profiles, one of the new metabolites, harzianin NPDG I (14), stood out from the others due to its noteworthy potency (EC50 = 0.10 μM against multi-drug-resistant P. falciparum line Dd2) and absence of gross toxicity toward HepG2 at the highest concentrations tested (HepG2 EC50 > 25 μM, selectivity index > 250). The unique chemodiversity afforded by these fungal isolates serves to unlock new opportunities for translating peptaibols into a bioactive scaffold worthy of further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen L. Wendt
- Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Corresponding Authors: Robert H. Cichewicz – Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States; ; Debopam Chakrabarti – Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States;
| | - Robert H. Cichewicz
- Corresponding Authors: Robert H. Cichewicz – Natural Products Discovery Group, Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States; ; Debopam Chakrabarti – Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States;
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Maiolo D, Pigliacelli C, Sánchez Moreno P, Violatto MB, Talamini L, Tirotta I, Piccirillo R, Zucchetti M, Morosi L, Frapolli R, Candiani G, Bigini P, Metrangolo P, Baldelli Bombelli F. Bioreducible Hydrophobin-Stabilized Supraparticles for Selective Intracellular Release. ACS Nano 2017; 11:9413-9423. [PMID: 28806871 PMCID: PMC5618140 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the main hurdles in nanomedicine is the low stability of drug-nanocarrier complexes as well as the drug delivery efficiency in the region-of-interest. Here, we describe the use of the film-forming protein hydrophobin HFBII to organize dodecanethiol-protected gold nanoparticles (NPs) into well-defined supraparticles (SPs). The obtained SPs are exceptionally stable in vivo and efficiently encapsulate hydrophobic drug molecules. The HFBII film prevents massive release of the encapsulated drug, which, instead, is activated by selective SP disassembly triggered intracellularly by glutathione reduction of the protein film. As a consequence, the therapeutic efficiency of an encapsulated anticancer drug is highly enhanced (2 orders of magnitude decrease in IC50). Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics studies demonstrate the high stability of the loaded SPs in the bloodstream and the selective release of the payloads once taken up in the tissues. Overall, our results provide a rationale for the development of bioreducible and multifunctional nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maiolo
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pigliacelli
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Sánchez Moreno
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Talamini
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tirotta
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Piccirillo
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Lavinia Morosi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" , 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd , Biologinkuja 7, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Nanomedicine (NanoMedLab), Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), and Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina (CEN), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
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Pereira MG, Velasco-Lozano S, Moreno-Perez S, Polizeli AM, Heinen PR, Facchini FDA, Vici AC, Cereia M, Pessela BC, Fernandez-Lorente G, Guisan JM, Jorge JA, Polizeli MDLTM. Different Covalent Immobilizations Modulate Lipase Activities of Hypocrea pseudokoningii. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091448. [PMID: 28869529 PMCID: PMC6151390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization can promote several advantages for their industrial application. In this work, a lipase from Hypocrea pseudokoningii was efficiently linked to four chemical supports: agarose activated with cyanogen bromide (CNBr), glyoxyl-agarose (GX), MANAE-agarose activated with glutaraldehyde (GA) and GA-crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Results showed a more stable lipase with both the GA-crosslinked and GA derivatives, compared to the control (CNBr), at 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C. Moreover, all derivatives were stabilized when incubated with organic solvents at 50%, such as ethanol, methanol, n-propanol and cyclohexane. Furthermore, lipase was highly activated (4-fold) in the presence of cyclohexane. GA-crosslinked and GA derivatives were more stable than the CNBr one in the presence of organic solvents. All derivatives were able to hydrolyze sardine, açaí (Euterpe oleracea), cotton seed and grape seed oils. However, during the hydrolysis of sardine oil, GX derivative showed to be 2.3-fold more selectivity (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio) than the control. Additionally, the types of immobilization interfered with the lipase enantiomeric preference. Unlike the control, the other three derivatives preferably hydrolyzed the R-isomer of 2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid ethyl ester and the S-isomer of 1-phenylethanol acetate racemic mixtures. On the other hand, GX and CNBr derivatives preferably hydrolyzed the S-isomer of butyryl-2-phenylacetic acid racemic mixture while the GA and GA-crosslink derivatives preferably hydrolyzed the R-isomer. However, all derivatives, including the control, preferably hydrolyzed the methyl mandelate S-isomer. Moreover, the derivatives could be used for eight consecutive cycles retaining more than 50% of their residual activity. This work shows the importance of immobilization as a tool to increase the lipase stability to temperature and organic solvents, thus enabling the possibility of their application at large scale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita G Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Susana Velasco-Lozano
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Group, CIC Biomagune, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián Edificio Empresarial "C", Paseo Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián Guipúzcoa, Spain.
| | - Sonia Moreno-Perez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências de la Alimentación, CIAL-CSIC, Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aline M Polizeli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Paulo R Heinen
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-900, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda D A Facchini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana C Vici
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Cereia
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Benevides C Pessela
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências de la Alimentación, CIAL-CSIC, Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gloria Fernandez-Lorente
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Microbiología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências de la Alimentación, CIAL-CSIC, Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose M Guisan
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - João A Jorge
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Lourdes T M Polizeli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil.
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Ren F, Zhu S, Wang B, Li L, Liu X, Su R, Che Y. Hypocriols A-F, Heterodimeric Botryane Ethers from Hypocrea sp., an Insect-Associated Fungus. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:1848-1856. [PMID: 27328173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The new heterodimeric botryane ethers hypocriols A-F (1-6) and the known compounds 4β-acetoxy-9β,10β,15α-trihydroxyprobotrydial (7), dihydrobotrydial (8), 10-oxodehydrodihydrobotrydial (9), and dehydrobotrydienol (10) were isolated from the solid cultures of an insect-associated fungus Hypocrea sp. The structures of 1-6 were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned using the modified Mosher method and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, whereas those for 3-5, and 2 and 6 were deduced via ECD calculations and circular dichroism data, respectively. Compounds 1-6 appear to be the first heterodimeric botryane ethers and showed antiproliferative effects against a small panel of four human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology , Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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Bodenheimer AM, Cuneo MJ, Swartz PD, He J, O’Neill HM, Myles DAA, Evans BR, Meilleur F. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of Hypocrea jecorina Cel7A in two new crystal forms. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:773-6. [PMID: 24915091 PMCID: PMC4051535 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14008851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cel7A (previously known as cellobiohydrolase I) from Hypocrea jecorina was crystallized in two crystalline forms, neither of which have been previously reported. Both forms co-crystallize under the same crystallization conditions. The first crystal form belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a=152.5, b=44.9, c=57.6 Å, β=101.2°, and diffracted X-rays to 1.5 Å resolution. The second crystal form belonged to space group P6₃22, with unit-cell parameters a=b≃155, c≃138 Å, and diffracted X-rays to 2.5 Å resolution. The crystals were obtained using full-length Cel7A, which consists of a large 434-residue N-terminal catalytic domain capable of cleaving cellulose, a 27-residue flexible linker and a small 36-residue C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). However, a preliminary analysis of the electron-density maps suggests that the linker and CBM are disordered in both crystal forms. Complete refinement and structure analysis are currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. Bodenheimer
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew J. Cuneo
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul D. Swartz
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Junhong He
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hugh M. O’Neill
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dean A. A. Myles
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barbara R. Evans
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Molecular and Structural Biochemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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Ohkawa Y, Miki K, Suzuki T, Nishio K, Sugita T, Kinoshita K, Takahashi K, Koyama K. Antiangiogenic metabolites from a marine-derived fungus, Hypocrea vinosa. J Nat Prod 2010; 73:579-582. [PMID: 20192239 DOI: 10.1021/np900698p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the role of tyrosine kinase in intracellular signaling and to search for lead compounds with tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity from metabolites of marine-derived fungi. We initially prepared 400 extracts from 200 species of marine fungi and then subjected them to a tyrosine kinase screening assay using human umbilical vein endothelial cell lysate. Tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity was observed among certain metabolites of Hypocrea vinosa. We isolated one known compound, SC2051 (1), as well as two new compounds, hypochromins A (2) and B (3), which have a bis(naphtho-gamma-pyrone) skeleton. Compounds 1-3 showed tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity, with IC(50) values of 42.1, 58.7, and 18.0 microMu, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 1-3 exhibited inhibitory effects on proliferation, migration, and tubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Ohkawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Cancer Institute Hospital, Ariake 3-10-6, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
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Leutou AS, Yang G, Nenkep VN, Siwe XN, Feng Z, Khong TT, Choi HD, Kang JS, Son BW. Microbial transformation of a monoterpene, geraniol, by the marine-derived fungus Hypocrea sp. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 19:1150-1152. [PMID: 19884773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Geraniol (1) is the biogenetic precursor of a number of monoterpenes. We tested various marine-derived microorganisms to determine their ability to biotransform 1. Only Hypocrea sp. was capable of transforming 1 into its oxidized derivative, 1,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-(E)-oct- 2-ene (2). The structure of the metabolite obtained was assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic data analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain S Leutou
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
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Mikus M, Hatvani L, Neuhof T, Komoń-Zelazowska M, Dieckmann R, Schwecke T, Druzhinina IS, von Döhren H, Kubicek CP. Differential regulation and posttranslational processing of the class II hydrophobin genes from the biocontrol fungus Hypocrea atroviridis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:3222-9. [PMID: 19329667 PMCID: PMC2681635 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01764-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobins are small extracellular proteins, unique to and ubiquitous in filamentous fungi, which mediate interactions between the fungus and environment. The mycoparasitic fungus Hypocrea atroviridis has recently been shown to possess 10 different class II hydrophobin genes, which is a much higher number than that of any other ascomycete investigated so far. In order to learn the potential advantage of this hydrophobin multiplicity for the fungus, we have investigated their expression patterns under different physiological conditions (e.g., vegetative growth), various conditions inducing sporulation (light, carbon starvation, and mechanical injury-induced stress), and confrontation with potential hosts for mycoparasitism. The results show that the 10 hydrophobins display different patterns of response to these conditions: one hydrophobin (encoded by hfb-2b) is constitutively induced under all conditions, whereas other hydrophobins were formed only under conditions of carbon starvation (encoded by hfb-1c and hfb-6c) or light plus carbon starvation (encoded by hfb-2c, hfb-6a, and hfb-6b). The hydrophobins encoded by hfb-1b and hfb-5a were primarily formed during vegetative growth and under mechanical injury-provoked stress. hfb-22a was not expressed under any conditions and is likely a pseudogene. None of the 10 genes showed a specific expression pattern during mycoparasitic interaction. Most, but not all, of the expression patterns under the three different conditions of sporulation were dependent on one or both of the two blue-light regulator proteins BLR1 and BLR2, as shown by the use of respective loss-of-function mutants. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry of mycelial solvent extracts provided sets of molecular ions corresponding to HFB-1b, HFB-2a, HFB-2b, and HFB-5a in their oxidized and processed forms. These in silico-deduced sequences of the hydrophobins indicate cleavages at known signal peptide sites as well as additional N- and C-terminal processing. Mass peaks observed during confrontation with plant-pathogenic fungi indicate further proteolytic attack on the hydrophobins. Our study illustrates both divergent and redundant functions of the 10 hydrophobins of H. atroviridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Mikus
- FB Gentechnik und Angewandte Biochemie, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9-166, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Berkaew P, Soonthornchareonnon N, Salasawadee K, Chanthaket R, Isaka M. Aurocitrin and related polyketide metabolites from the wood-decay fungus Hypocrea sp. BCC 14122. J Nat Prod 2008; 71:902-904. [PMID: 18380478 DOI: 10.1021/np700740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The known gentisaldehyde antibiotic aurocitrin (1), its cis-olefinic isomer (2), a salicylaldehyde analogue (3), two new benzofuran derivatives (4 and 5), and a new dihydroisocoumarin (6) were isolated from the wood-decay fungus Hypocrea sp. BCC 14122. The structures were elucidated primarily by NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchapa Berkaew
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Neuhof T, Dieckmann R, Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP, von Döhren H. Intact-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of peptaibol formation by the genus Trichoderma/Hypocrea: can molecular phylogeny of species predict peptaibol structures? Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:3417-3437. [PMID: 17906141 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/006692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptaibols are characteristic linear alpha-aminoisobutyrate-containing peptides produced by certain Ascomycetes, especially of the genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma [Hypocrea and Trichoderma are the names for the teleo- and anamorph forms of the same taxon; where known to occur in nature, the teleomorph is used to name the species. To aid the inexperienced reader, both names (the less well known one in parentheses) are given at the first mention of each species.] Here we have investigated whether phylogenetic relationships within Trichoderma permit a prediction of the peptaibol production profiles. To this end, representative strains from a third (28) of the known species of Trichoderma, identified by the sequences of diagnostic genes and covering most clades of the established multilocus phylogeny of Trichoderma/Hypocrea, were investigated by intact-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Peptaibols were detected in all strains, and some strains were found to produce up to five peptide families of different sizes. Comparison of the data with phylogenies derived from rRNA spacer regions (ITS1 and 2) and RNA polymerase subunit B (rpb2) gene sequences did not show a strict correlation with the types and sequences of the peptaibols produced, but the production of some groups of peptaibols appears to be found only in some clades or sections of the genus, which could be used for more targeted screening of novel compounds of this type. In an analysis of peptaibol structures, we have defined conserved key positions and have further identified and compared sequences of the corresponding adenylate domains within non-ribosomal peptide synthetases producing trichovirins, paracelsins and atroviridins. These phylogenies are not concordant with those of their producers Hypocrea virens, Hypocrea jecorina and Hypocrea atroviridis as obtained from ITS1 and 2, and rpb2, respectively, and therefore hint at a complex history of peptaibol diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Neuhof
- TU Berlin, Institut für Chemie, FG Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Franklinstr. 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dieckmann
- TU Berlin, Institut für Chemie, FG Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Franklinstr. 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Forschungsbereich Gentechnik und Angewandte Biochemie, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9-166, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Forschungsbereich Gentechnik und Angewandte Biochemie, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9-166, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Hans von Döhren
- TU Berlin, Institut für Chemie, FG Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Franklinstr. 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Gamauf C, Marchetti M, Kallio J, Puranen T, Vehmaanperä J, Allmaier G, Kubicek CP, Seiboth B. Characterization of the bga1-encoded glycoside hydrolase family 35 beta-galactosidase of Hypocrea jecorina with galacto-beta-D-galactanase activity. FEBS J 2007; 274:1691-700. [PMID: 17381511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular bga1-encoded beta-galactosidase of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) was overexpressed under the pyruvat kinase (pki1) promoter region and purified to apparent homogeneity. The monomeric enzyme is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 118.8 +/- 0.5 kDa (MALDI-MS) and an isoelectric point of 6.6. Bga1 is active with several disaccharides, e.g. lactose, lactulose and galactobiose, as well as with aryl- and alkyl-beta-D-galactosides. Based on the catalytic efficiencies, lactitol and lactobionic acid are the poorest substrates and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside and lactulose are the best. The pH optimum for the hydrolysis of galactosides is approximately 5.0, and the optimum temperature was found to be 60 degrees C. Bga1 is also capable of releasing D-galactose from beta-galactans and is thus actually a galacto-beta-D-galactanase. beta-Galactosidase is inhibited by its reaction product D-galactose and the enzyme also shows a significant transferase activity which results in the formation of galacto-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gamauf
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
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Seidl V, Marchetti M, Schandl R, Allmaier G, Kubicek CP. Epl1, the major secreted protein of Hypocrea atroviridis on glucose, is a member of a strongly conserved protein family comprising plant defense response elicitors. FEBS J 2006; 273:4346-59. [PMID: 16939625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We used a proteomic approach to identify constitutively formed extracellular proteins of Hypocrea atroviridis (Trichoderma atroviride), a known biocontrol agent. The fungus was cultivated on glucose and the secretome was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The two predominant spots were identified by MALDI MS utilizing peptide mass fingerprints and amino acid sequence tags obtained by postsource decay and/or high-energy collision-induced dissociation (MS/MS) experiments, and turned out to be the same protein (12 629 Da as determined with MS, pI 5.5-5.7), probably representing the monomer and the dimer. The corresponding gene was subsequently cloned from H. atroviridis and named epl1 (eliciting plant response-like), because it encodes a protein that exhibits high similarity to the cerato-platanin family, which comprises proteins such as cerato-platanin from Ceratocystis fimbriata f. sp. platani and Snodprot1 of Phaeosphaeria nodorum, which have been reported to be involved in plant pathogenesis and elicitation of plant defense responses. Additionally, based on the similarity of the N-terminus to that of H. atroviridis Epl1, we conclude that a previously identified 18 kDa plant response elicitor isolated from T. virens is an ortholog of epl1. Our results showed that epl1 transcript was present under all growth conditions tested, which included the carbon sources glucose, glycerol, l-arabinose, d-xylose, colloidal chitin and cell walls of the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, and also plate confrontation assays with R. solani. Epl1 transcript could even be detected under osmotic stress, and carbon and nitrogen starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Seidl
- Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria.
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