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Du X, Zhu H, Jiao D, Nian Z, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Zheng X, Tong X, Wei H, Fu B. Human-Induced CD49a+ NK Cells Promote Fetal Growth. Front Immunol 2022; 13:821542. [PMID: 35185911 PMCID: PMC8854499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CD49a+ natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in promoting fetal development and maintaining immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface during the early stages of pregnancy. However, given their residency in human tissue, thorough studies and clinical applications are difficult to perform. It is still unclear as to how functional human CD49a+ NK cells can be induced to benefit pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we established three no-feeder cell induction systems to induce human CD49a+ NK cells from umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), bone marrow HSCs, and peripheral blood NK cells in vitro. These induced NK cells (iNKs) from three cell induction systems display high levels of CD49a, CD9, CD39, CD151 expression, low levels of CD16 expression, and no obvious cytotoxic capability. They are phenotypically and functionally similar to decidual NK cells. Furthermore, these iNKs display a high expression of growth-promoting factors and proangiogenic factors and can promote fetal growth and improve uterine artery blood flow in a murine pregnancy model in vivo. This research demonstrates the ability of human-induced CD49a+ NK cells to promote fetal growth via three cell induction systems, which could eventually be used to treat patients experiencing adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Du
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huaiping Zhu
- The Section of Experimental Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiping Zhu, ; Haiming Wei, ; Binqing Fu,
| | - Defeng Jiao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Nian
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jinghe Zhang
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohu Zheng
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xianhong Tong
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiping Zhu, ; Haiming Wei, ; Binqing Fu,
| | - Binqing Fu
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiping Zhu, ; Haiming Wei, ; Binqing Fu,
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Hydes T, Noll A, Salinas‐Riester G, Abuhilal M, Armstrong T, Hamady Z, Primrose J, Takhar A, Walter L, Khakoo SI. IL-12 and IL-15 induce the expression of CXCR6 and CD49a on peripheral natural killer cells. Immun Inflamm Dis 2018; 6:34-46. [PMID: 28952190 PMCID: PMC5818449 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Murine hepatic NK cells exhibit adaptive features, with liver-specific adhesion molecules CXCR6 and CD49a acting as surface markers. METHODS We investigated human liver-resident CXCR6+ and CD49a+ NK cells using RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and functional analysis. We further assessed the role of cytokines in generating NK cells with these phenotypes from the peripheral blood. RESULTS Hepatic CD49a+ NK cells could be induced using cytokines and produce high quantities of IFNγ and TNFα, in contrast to hepatic CXCR6+ NK cells. RNA sequencing of liver-resident CXCR6+ NK cells confirmed a tolerant immature phenotype with reduced expression of markers associated with maturity and cytotoxicity. Liver-resident double-positive CXCR6 + CD49a+ hepatic NK cells are immature but maintain high expression of Th1 cytokines as observed for single-positive CD49a+ NK cells. We show that stimulation with activating cytokines can readily induce upregulation of both CD49a and CXCR6 on NK cells in the peripheral blood. In particular, IL-12 and IL-15 can generate CXCR6 + CD49a+ NK cells in vitro from NK cells isolated from the peripheral blood, with comparable phenotypic and functional features to liver-resident CD49a+ NK cells, including enhanced IFNγ and NKG2C expression. CONCLUSION IL-12 and IL-15 may be key for generating NK cells with a tissue-homing phenotype and strong Th1 cytokine profile in the blood, and links peripheral activation of NK cells with tissue-homing. These findings may have important therapeutic implications for immunotherapy of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Hydes
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Angela Noll
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CentreGöttingenGermany
| | - Gabriela Salinas‐Riester
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory GöttingenUniversity Medical Centre GöttingenGermany
| | - Mohammed Abuhilal
- Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Thomas Armstrong
- Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Zaed Hamady
- Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - John Primrose
- Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Arjun Takhar
- Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustSouthamptonUK
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics LaboratoryGerman Primate CentreGöttingenGermany
| | - Salim I. Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Soong RS, Song L, Trieu J, Knoff J, He L, Tsai YC, Huh W, Chang YN, Cheng WF, Roden RBS, Wu TC, Trimble CL, Hung CF. Toll-like receptor agonist imiquimod facilitates antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the genital tract leading to tumor control through IFNγ. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5456-67. [PMID: 24893628 PMCID: PMC4216740 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imiquimod is a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist used topically to treat external genital warts and basal cell carcinoma. We examined the combination of topical imiquimod with intramuscular administration of CRT/E7, a therapeutic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine comprised of a naked DNA vector expressing calreticulin fused to HPV16 E7. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using an orthotopic HPV16 E6/E7(+) syngeneic tumor, TC-1, as a model of high-grade cervical/vaginal/vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, we assessed if combining CRT/E7 vaccination with cervicovaginal deposition of imiquimod could result in synergistic activities promoting immune-mediated tumor clearance. RESULTS Imiquimod induced cervicovaginal accumulation of activated E7-specific CD8(+) T cells elicited by CRT/E7 vaccination. Recruitment was not dependent upon the specificity of the activated CD8(+) T cells, but was significantly reduced in mice lacking the IFNγ receptor. Intravaginal imiquimod deposition induced upregulation of CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNA expression in the genital tract, which are produced in response to IFNγ receptor signaling and attract cells expressing their ligand, CXCR3. The T cells attracted by imiquimod to the cervicovaginal tract expressed CXCR3 as well as CD49a, an integrin involved in homing and retention of CD8(+) T cells at mucosal sites. Our results indicate that intramuscular CRT/E7 vaccination in conjunction with intravaginal imiquimod deposition recruits antigen-specific CXCR3(+) CD8(+) T cells to the genital tract. CONCLUSIONS Several therapeutic HPV vaccination clinical trials using a spectrum of DNA vaccines, including vaccination in concert with cervical imiquimod, are ongoing. Our study identifies a mechanism by which these strategies could provide therapeutic benefit. Our findings support accumulating evidence that manipulation of the tumor microenvironment can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of strategies that induce tumor-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Shyang Soong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung City, Taiwan. College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Liwen Song
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jayne Knoff
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liangmei He
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ya-Chea Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Warner Huh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Cornelia L Trimble
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Zhuang S, Kelo L, Nardi JB, Kanost MR. Multiple alpha subunits of integrin are involved in cell-mediated responses of the Manduca immune system. Dev Comp Immunol 2008; 32:365-79. [PMID: 17868866 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The cell-mediated responses of the insect innate immune system-phagocytosis, nodulation, encapsulation-involve multiple cell adhesion molecules of hemocyte surfaces. A hemocyte-specific (HS) integrin and a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily (neuroglian) are involved in the encapsulation response of hemocytes in Manduca sexta. In addition, two new integrin alpha (alpha) subunits have been found on these hemocytes. The alpha2 subunit is mainly expressed in epidermis and Malphigian tubules, whereas the alpha3 subunit is primarily expressed on hemocytes and fat body cells. Of the three known alpha subunits, the alpha1 subunit found in HS integrin is the predominant subunit of hemocytes. Cell adhesion assays indicate that alpha2 belongs to the integrin family with RGD-binding motifs, confirming the phylogenetic analysis of alpha subunits based on the amino-acid sequence alignment of different alpha subunits. Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting each of these three integrin alpha subunits not only specifically decreased transcript expression of each alpha subunit in hemocytes, but also abolished the cell-mediated encapsulation response of hemocytes to foreign surfaces. The individual alpha subunits of M. sexta integrins, like their integrin counterparts in mammalian immune systems, have critical, individual roles in cell-substrate and cell-cell interactions during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufei Zhuang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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La Linn M, Eble JA, Lübken C, Slade RW, Heino J, Davies J, Suhrbier A. An arthritogenic alphavirus uses the α1β1 integrin collagen receptor. Virology 2005; 336:229-39. [PMID: 15892964 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ross River (RR) virus is an alphavirus endemic to Australia and New Guinea and is the aetiological agent of epidemic polyarthritis or RR virus disease. Here we provide evidence that RR virus uses the collagen-binding alpha1beta1 integrin as a cellular receptor. Infection could be inhibited by collagen IV and antibodies specific for the beta1 and alpha1 integrin proteins, and fibroblasts from alpha1-integrin-/- mice were less efficiently infected than wild-type fibroblasts. Soluble alpha1beta1 integrin bound immobilized RR virus, and peptides representing the alpha1beta1 integrin binding-site on collagen IV inhibited virus binding to cells. We speculate that two highly conserved regions within the cell-receptor binding domain of E2 mimic collagen and provide access to cellular collagen-binding receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- May La Linn
- The Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Suda H, Asami Y, Murata E, Fujita K, Akita M. Immuno-histochemical expression of alpha1, alpha2 and alpha3 integrin subunits during angiogenesis in vitro. Histol Histopathol 2004; 19:735-42. [PMID: 15168335 DOI: 10.14670/hh-19.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aortic explants were obtained from mouse fetuses and cultured in collagen gels. Immuno-fluorescence microscopy, antibodies (anti alpha1, alpha2 and alpha3 integrin subunits) were used. Fibroblastic cells migrated from the aortic explant after one day of cultivation. The migrating cells located in the peripheral part of the aortic explant were positive for alpha1 and alpha2 integrin subunit antibodies. Immuno-fluorescence-positive staining for the alpha3 integrin subunit antibody was clearly seen in the migrating cells located near the aortic explant and surrounding tube-like structures. In an immuno-electron microscope study performed by pre-embedding immuno labeling, gold particles associated with the alpha3 integrin subunit were found to reside on the membranes of the cells surrounding the capillary-like tubes. Two synthetic peptides, GRGDSP (Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro) and KDGEA (Lys-Asp-Gly-Glu-Ala), were added to the growth medium to study their effects on cell migration. KDGEA, a compound containing the recognition sequence for alpha2beta1 integrin, decreased cell migration, while GRGDSP exhibited no effect. The migration of fibroblastic cells is an important phenomenon for tube formation. The present study suggested that the alpha1 and alpha2 integrin subunits are both involved in the cell migration, and more specifically, that the alpha2 integrin subunit participates in cell migration through the KDGEA sequence. The alpha3 integrin subunit played a role in tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suda
- Department of Anatomy, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan
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Salas A, Shimaoka M, Kogan AN, Harwood C, von Andrian UH, Springer TA. Rolling adhesion through an extended conformation of integrin alphaLbeta2 and relation to alpha I and beta I-like domain interaction. Immunity 2004; 20:393-406. [PMID: 15084269 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, beta(2) integrins and particularly alpha(L)beta(2) (LFA-1) robustly support firm adhesion of leukocytes, but can also cooperate with other molecules in supporting rolling adhesion. Strikingly, a small molecule alpha/beta I-like allosteric antagonist, XVA143, inhibits LFA-1-dependent firm adhesion, while at the same time it enhances adhesion in shear flow and rolling both in vitro and in vivo. XVA143 appears to induce the extended conformation of integrins as shown by increased activation epitope exposure. Fab to the beta(2) I-like domain converts firm adhesion to rolling adhesion, but does not enhance adhesion. Residue alpha(L)-Glu-310 in the linker following the I domain is critical for communication to the beta(2) I-like domain, rolling, integrin extension, and activation by Mn(2+) of firm adhesion. The results demonstrate the importance of integrin extension in rolling, and suggest that rolling and firm adhesion are mediated by extended conformations of alpha(L)beta(2) that differ in the affinity of the alpha(L) I domain for ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Salas
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Pathology, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Bank I, Kapyla J, Grinbaum A, Doolman R, Bank J, Sela BA. Analysis of cell-free human alpha1 integrin with a monoclonal antibody to the I-domain: detection in ocular fluid and function as an adhesion substrate. Cell Commun Adhes 2004; 8:113-23. [PMID: 11936186 DOI: 10.3109/15419060109080711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The alpha1 beta1 integrin, an inserted (1) domain containing collagen receptor, is expressed in the cell surface membrane of normal and malignant cells, and may play a role in their migration through tissues or in metastatic spread. Here we report that a functional anti-human alpha1beta1 integrin monoclonal antibody (mAb) (1B3.1) directly and specifically binds plastic bound recombinant human alpha1 I-domain protein containing the collagen binding site. Detection was diminished by acidification of the I-domain protein but was enhanced by increasing concentrations of Mg2+ cation. Furthermore, we detected binding of the mAb to proteins from the ocular fluids of 6 patients, with the highest concentration, corresponding to 22.1 ng/ml of I-domain, found in a sample from the eye of a patient with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Interestingly, we found that both SKNSH neuroblastoma cells and virally transformed human T cells adhered specifically to plastic wells coated with either immobilized collagen IV or alpha1 I-domain. MAb I B3.1 inhibited adhesion to collagen IV but not to immobilized I-domain. These results suggest a novel function for cell free alpha1 I-domain as a substrate for cellular adhesion, which may have relevance in tumor spread in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bank
- Department of Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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Deschaseaux F, Gindraux F, Saadi R, Obert L, Chalmers D, Herve P. Direct selection of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using an anti-CD49a antibody reveals their CD45med,low phenotype. Br J Haematol 2003; 122:506-17. [PMID: 12877680 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) generate, via a fibroblast colony-forming unit (CFU-F), osteo-chondroblastic cells as well as adipocytes and stromacytes. To date, these stem cells are isolated indirectly using a cell culture method and phenotyped as CD45 negative while the in vivo counterparts are undetermined. Our aim was to develop a direct selection method and to determine the phenotype of the MSC isolated in this way. Mesenchymal cells were selected with anti-CD49a and/or anti-CD45 antibodies using either flow cytometry or a magnetic beads method. All CFU-F were always detected in the small population of CD49a-positive cells. These CFU retained their differentiation potential and gave rise to osteo-chondroblastic cells, adipocytes and stromacytes. Phenotypic studies on uncultured cells revealed a CD45med,low, CD34low, HLA-II- cell population. Flow cytometry cell sorting showed that MSC with CFU-F potential were obtained only from a CD49a+/CD45med,low population. In addition, when cultured, they clearly became CD45-, CD34-, HLA-II-, CD49a+. These results confirmed that MSC can be directly selected easily from human bone marrow using magnetic beads without altering their differentiation potential. These cells expressed mildly the haematopoietic marker CD45, which was dramatically downregulated by in vitro culture. The expression of CD45 coupled to CD49a thus enabled direct selection of the MSC.
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