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Lagou V, Mägi R, Hottenga JJ, Grallert H, Perry JRB, Bouatia-Naji N, Marullo L, Rybin D, Jansen R, Min JL, Dimas AS, Ulrich A, Zudina L, Gådin JR, Jiang L, Faggian A, Bonnefond A, Fadista J, Stathopoulou MG, Isaacs A, Willems SM, Navarro P, Tanaka T, Jackson AU, Montasser ME, O'Connell JR, Bielak LF, Webster RJ, Saxena R, Stafford JM, Pourcain BS, Timpson NJ, Salo P, Shin SY, Amin N, Smith AV, Li G, Verweij N, Goel A, Ford I, Johnson PCD, Johnson T, Kapur K, Thorleifsson G, Strawbridge RJ, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Esko T, Mihailov E, Fall T, Fraser RM, Mahajan A, Kanoni S, Giedraitis V, Kleber ME, Silbernagel G, Meyer J, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ganna A, Sarin AP, Yengo L, Shungin D, Luan J, Horikoshi M, An P, Sanna S, Boettcher Y, Rayner NW, Nolte IM, Zemunik T, Iperen EV, Kovacs P, Hastie ND, Wild SH, McLachlan S, Campbell S, Polasek O, Carlson O, Egan J, Kiess W, Willemsen G, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Dimitriou M, Hicks AA, Rauramaa R, Bandinelli S, Thorand B, Liu Y, Miljkovic I, Lind L, Doney A, Perola M, Hingorani A, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Bennett AJ, Groves CJ, Herder C, Koistinen HA, Kinnunen L, Faire UD, Bakker SJL, Uusitupa M, Palmer CNA, Jukema JW, Sattar N, Pouta A, Snieder H, Boerwinkle E, Pankow JS, Magnusson PK, Krus U, Scapoli C, de Geus EJCN, Blüher M, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Province MA, Abecasis GR, Meigs JB, Hovingh GK, Lindström J, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Dedoussis GV, Bornstein SR, Schwarz PEH, Tönjes A, Winkelmann BR, Boehm BO, März W, Metspalu A, Price JF, Deloukas P, Körner A, Lakka TA, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Saaristo TE, Bergman RN, Tuomilehto J, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C, Männistö S, Franks PW, Hayward C, Vitart V, Kaprio J, Visvikis-Siest S, Balkau B, Altshuler D, Rudan I, Stumvoll M, Campbell H, van Duijn CM, Gieger C, Illig T, Ferrucci L, Pedersen NL, Pramstaller PP, Boehnke M, Frayling TM, Shuldiner AR, Peyser PA, Kardia SLR, Palmer LJ, Penninx BW, Meneton P, Harris TB, Navis G, Harst PVD, Smith GD, Forouhi NG, Loos RJF, Salomaa V, Soranzo N, Boomsma DI, Groop L, Tuomi T, Hofman A, Munroe PB, Gudnason V, Siscovick DS, Watkins H, Lecoeur C, Vollenweider P, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P, Jarvelin MR, Stefansson K, Hamsten A, Nicholson G, Karpe F, Dermitzakis ET, Lindgren CM, McCarthy MI, Froguel P, Kaakinen MA, Lyssenko V, Watanabe RM, Ingelsson E, Florez JC, Dupuis J, Barroso I, Morris AP, Prokopenko I. Sex-dimorphic genetic effects and novel loci for fasting glucose and insulin variability. Nat Commun 2021; 12:24. [PMID: 33402679 PMCID: PMC7785747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences between sexes contribute to variation in the levels of fasting glucose and insulin. Epidemiological studies established a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose in men and impaired glucose tolerance in women, however, the genetic component underlying this phenomenon is not established. We assess sex-dimorphic (73,089/50,404 women and 67,506/47,806 men) and sex-combined (151,188/105,056 individuals) fasting glucose/fasting insulin genetic effects via genome-wide association study meta-analyses in individuals of European descent without diabetes. Here we report sex dimorphism in allelic effects on fasting insulin at IRS1 and ZNF12 loci, the latter showing higher RNA expression in whole blood in women compared to men. We also observe sex-homogeneous effects on fasting glucose at seven novel loci. Fasting insulin in women shows stronger genetic correlations than in men with waist-to-hip ratio and anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, waist-to-hip ratio is causally related to insulin resistance in women, but not in men. These results position dissection of metabolic and glycemic health sex dimorphism as a steppingstone for understanding differences in genetic effects between women and men in related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jouke- Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University medical center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nabila Bouatia-Naji
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center PARCC, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Marullo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Denis Rybin
- Boston University Data Coordinating Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josine L Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Antigone S Dimas
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Al. Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | - Anna Ulrich
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jesper R Gådin
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Longda Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Amélie Bonnefond
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joao Fadista
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases and Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sara M Willems
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Longitudinal Study Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - May E Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca J Webster
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Richa Saxena
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departmentartment of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeanette M Stafford
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Perttu Salo
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - So-Youn Shin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert V Smith
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Toby Johnson
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Karen Kapur
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Synpromics Ltd, Roslin Innovation Centre, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Genentech, 340 Point San Bruno Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology,Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology,Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology and Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55101, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Loic Yengo
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- RIKEN, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Kidney Disease, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ping An
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Boettcher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erik van Iperen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicholas D Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Susan Campbell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Olga Carlson
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Josephine Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wieland Kiess
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) (Affiliated Institute of the University of LübeckLübeckGermany), Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Barbara Thorand
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Doney
- Pat McPherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Markus Perola
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
- University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat McPherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Dept of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Government Services, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- IMM Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MiI, USA
| | - Patrik K Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Krus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eco J C N de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University medical center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Diabetes Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine, Division for Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- Department for Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard O Boehm
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore and Imperial College London, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antje Körner
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo E Saaristo
- Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Units of Medicine and Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Beverley Balkau
- Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, UVSQ, UMRS 1018, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - David Altshuler
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC) (Affiliated Institute of the University of LübeckLübeckGermany), Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre Meneton
- U872 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Geriatric Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leif Groop
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Centre, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for healthy ageing, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cecile Lecoeur
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and HPA-MRC Center, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institue of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Genentech, 340 Point San Bruno Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marika A Kaakinen
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard M Watanabe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology & Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center, Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
- Exeter Centre of ExcEllence in Diabetes (ExCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation.
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