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Samara MT, Michou N, Lappas AS, Argyrou A, Mathioudaki E, Bakaloudi DR, Tsekitsidi E, Polyzopoulou ZA, Christodoulou N, Papazisis G, Chourdakis M. Is cognitive behavioral therapy more effective than pharmacotherapy for binge spectrum disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2024; 58:308-319. [PMID: 38179705 DOI: 10.1177/00048674231219593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Binge spectrum disorders are prevalent worldwide. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities are common, and societal costs are significant. Evidence-based treatment remains underutilized. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the recommended first-line treatment, but pharmacotherapy may be easier to access. INTERVENTIONS Meta-analytic evidence directly comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy is lacking. We aimed to compare the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions with any pharmacological treatment for binge spectrum disorders. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov and reference lists for randomized controlled trials comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with any pharmacotherapy for bulimia nervosa/binge eating disorder and performed pairwise meta-analytic evaluations. PRIMARY OUTCOMES Primary outcomes are remission and frequency of binges. Secondary outcomes are frequency of purges, response, eating disorder psychopathology, weight/body mass index, depression, anxiety, quality of life and dropouts. RESULTS Eleven randomized controlled trials comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with fluoxetine/imipramine/desipramine/methylphenidate/sibutramine were identified (N = 531). Cognitive behavioral therapy was superior to antidepressants in terms of remission, frequency of binges and eating disorder psychopathology. There were no statistically significant differences for any of the individual cognitive behavioral therapy vs drug comparisons in terms of response/depression/anxiety/weight/quality of life/dropouts. Cognitive behavioral therapy was not superior to sibutramine/methylphenidate for the primary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Data are scarce, comparisons underpowered and, considering the inherent methodological limitations of psychotherapy trials, questions arise regarding the presumed superiority of cognitive behavioral therapy. Further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto T Samara
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niki Michou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas S Lappas
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Wales, UK
| | - Aikaterini Argyrou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elissavet Mathioudaki
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Rafailia Bakaloudi
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Tsekitsidi
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi A Polyzopoulou
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece
| | - Nikos Christodoulou
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgios Papazisis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Taipale H, Bergström J, Gèmes K, Tanskanen A, Ekselius L, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Helgesson M. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medications and Work Disability and Mental Health Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e242859. [PMID: 38506810 PMCID: PMC10955386 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often have comorbid psychiatric conditions. Relatively little is known about how specific ADHD medications are associated with overall treatment outcomes among these patients. Objective To investigate the association of the use of specific ADHD medications with hospitalization outcomes and work disability among adolescents and adults with ADHD. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationwide register-based cohort study identified individuals (aged 16-65 years) with ADHD from Swedish nationwide registers of inpatient health care, specialized outpatient health care, sickness absence, and disability pension during the years 2006 to 2021. Data analysis was performed from November 2022 to August 2023. Exposure Use of specific ADHD medications. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome measure was psychiatric hospitalization, and secondary outcomes were suicide attempt and/or death by suicide, nonpsychiatric hospitalization, and work disability (ie, sickness absence or disability pension). The risk of outcomes between use vs nonuse periods of ADHD medications was compared in a within-individual design, where a person acts as their own control, and was analyzed with stratified Cox models. Results A total of 221 714 persons with ADHD were included in the study cohort (mean [SD] age, 25.0 [11.2] years; 120 968 male individuals [54.6%]). Methylphenidate was the most commonly used ADHD medication (151 837 individuals [68.5%]), followed by lisdexamphetamine (78 106 individuals [35.2%]) during the follow-up (mean [SD], 7.0 [4.7] years). The following medications were associated with a decreased risk of psychiatric hospitalization: amphetamine (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.90), lisdexamphetamine (aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.78-0.82), ADHD drug polytherapy (aHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.82-0.88), dexamphetamine (aHR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.83-0.94), and methylphenidate (aHR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.92-0.95). No associations were found for modafinil, atomoxetine, clonidine, and guanfacine. Decreased risk of suicidal behavior was associated with the use of dexamphetamine (aHR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.89), lisdexamphetamine (aHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84), and methylphenidate (aHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98). None of the medications was associated with increased risk of nonpsychiatric hospitalization; instead, use of amphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, polytherapy, dexamphetamine, methylphenidate, and atomoxetine were associated with decreased risk of nonpsychiatric hospitalization. The results regarding work disability were significant only for the use of atomoxetine (aHR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.97), especially among adolescents and young adults aged 16 to 29 years, (aHR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.73-0.92). Conclusions and Relevance In this nationwide cohort study of adolescents and adults with ADHD, the use of ADHD medication was associated with fewer hospitalizations for both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric morbidity and lower suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Taipale
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jakob Bergström
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katalin Gèmes
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antti Tanskanen
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lisa Ekselius
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Helgesson
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Health Equity and Working Life, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gupta PK, Incledon B, Gobburu JVS, Gomeni R. A convolution-based in vitro-in vivo correlation model for methylphenidate hydrochloride delayed-release and extended-release capsule. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:132-142. [PMID: 37864318 PMCID: PMC10787209 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride (JORNAY PM®) is a novel capsule formulation of methylphenidate hydrochloride, used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients 6 years and older. In this paper, we develop a Level A in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) model for extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride to support post-approval manufacturing changes by evaluating a point-to-point correlation between the fraction of drug dissolved in vitro and the fraction of drug absorbed in vivo. Dissolution data from an in vitro study of three different release formulations: fast, medium, and slow, and pharmacokinetic data from two in vivo studies were used to develop an IVIVC model using a convolution-based approach. The time-course of the drug concentration resulting from an arbitrary dose was considered as a function of the in vivo drug absorption and the disposition and elimination processes defined by the unit impulse response function using the convolution integral. An IVIVC was incorporated in the model due to the temporal difference seen in the scatterplots of the estimated fraction of drug absorbed in vivo and the fraction of drug dissolved in vitro and Levy plots. Finally, the IVIVC model was subjected to evaluation of internal predictability. This IVIVC model can be used to predict in vivo profiles for different in vitro profiles of extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bev Incledon
- Ironshore Pharmaceuticals & Development, Inc., Camana Bay, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
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Nou-Fontanet L, Martín-Gómez C, Isabel-Gómez R, Bachoud-Lévi AC, Zorzi G, Capuano A, Blasco-Amaro JA, Ortigoza-Escobar JD. Systematic review of drug therapy for chorea in NXK2-1-related disorders: Efficacy and safety evidence from case studies and series. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3928-3948. [PMID: 37694681 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NKX2-1-related disorders (NKX2-1-RD) is a rare disorder characterized by choreiform movements along with respiratory and endocrine abnormalities. The European Reference Network of Rare Neurological Disorders funded by the European Commission conducted a systematic review to assess drug treatment of chorea in NKX2-1-RD, aiming to provide clinical recommendations for its management. METHODS A systematic pairwise review using various databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycInfo, was conducted. The review included patients diagnosed with chorea and NKX2-1-RD genetic diagnosis, drug therapy as intervention, no comparator, and outcomes of chorea improvement and adverse events. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed, and the study protocol was registered in PROSPERO. RESULTS Of the 1417 studies examined, 28 studies met the selection criteria, consisting of 68 patients. The studies reported 22 different treatments for chorea, including carbidopa/levodopa, tetrabenazine, clonazepam, methylphenidate, carbamazepine, topiramate, trihexyphenidyl, haloperidol, propranolol, risperidone, and valproate. No clinical improvements were observed with carbidopa/levodopa, tetrabenazine, or clonazepam, and various adverse effects were reported. However, most patients treated with methylphenidate experienced improvements in chorea and reported only a few negative effects. The quality of evidence was determined to be low. CONCLUSIONS The management of chorea in individuals with NKX2-1-RD presents significant heterogeneity and lack of clarity. While the available evidence suggests that methylphenidate may be effective in improving chorea symptoms, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of the studies reviewed. Nonetheless, more rigorous and comprehensive studies are necessary to provide sufficient evidence for clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Nou-Fontanet
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Martín-Gómez
- Health Technology Assessment Area-AETSA, Andalusian Public Foundation for Progress and Health ("Fundación Progreso y Salud"-"FPS"), Seville, Spain
- Research Group HUM604: Lifestyle Development in the Life Cycle and Health Promotion, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Rebeca Isabel-Gómez
- Health Technology Assessment Area-AETSA, Andalusian Public Foundation for Progress and Health ("Fundación Progreso y Salud"-"FPS"), Seville, Spain
| | - Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor Hospital, National Center of Reference for Huntington's Disease, Créteil, France
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giovanna Zorzi
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Capuano
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Juan Antonio Blasco-Amaro
- Health Technology Assessment Area-AETSA, Andalusian Public Foundation for Progress and Health ("Fundación Progreso y Salud"-"FPS"), Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Darío Ortigoza-Escobar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Tübingen, Germany
- U-703 Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Katzman MA, Otcheretko V, Po MD, Uchida CL, Incledon B. Adverse Events During Dosing of Delayed-release/Extended-release Methylphenidate: Learnings From the Open-label Phase of a Registration Trial and a Real-world Postmarketing Surveillance Program. Clin Ther 2023; 45:1212-1221. [PMID: 37770309 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Delayed-release/extended-release methylphenidate (DR/ER-MPH) (formerly HLD200) is an evening-dosed agent used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Postmarketing surveillance data from approximately 74,000 patients exposed to DR/ER-MPH (up to June 17, 2022) were reported and compared with the open-label, treatment-optimization phase of a Phase III clinical trial to derive possible learnings on how to approach adverse events (AEs) that emerge during dose titration. METHODS An analysis of AEs spontaneously reported to Ironshore in postmarketing surveillance included, where available, age, dose, timing, and discontinuations. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. FINDINGS A total of 395 children, adolescents, and adults reported 601 AEs in postmarketing surveillance. Five AEs were classified as serious. AEs preceded drug use discontinuation in 172 patients. Many AEs occurred early (52% were reported within 30 days) and at lower doses (54% were reported at 20 to 40 mg), similar to the trial data. Reported AEs included those similar in type but orders of magnitude lower in number than those from the clinical trial. IMPLICATIONS No new safety concerns were revealed in this real-world setting compared with the safety profile identified in DR/ER-MPH trial data. In real-world practices, clinicians tended to discontinue DR/ER-MPH treatment after AE onset, whereas trial investigators continued to optimize treatment and found that AEs were generally tolerable, suggesting that health care practitioners may consider developing strategies to manage tolerability issues with DR/ER-MPH treatment on AE emergence rather than immediately discontinuing use of the drug to provide optimal therapeutic benefit. CLINICALTRIALS gov identifier: NCT02493777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Katzman
- S.T.A.R.T. Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada; Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada; Adler Graduate Professional School, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Harton MR, Seo DC, Evans-Polce RJ, Nguyen I, Parker MA. Cigarette and e-cigarette use trajectories and prospective prescription psychotherapeutic drug misuse among adolescents and young adults. Addict Behav 2023; 147:107818. [PMID: 37540966 PMCID: PMC10528320 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the potential longitudinal impact of different cigarette and e-cigarette use trajectories among people aged 10-24 on prescription drug misuse of psychotherapeutic drugs. METHODS Data came from waves 1-5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (2013-2019; n = 14,454). Group-based trajectory modeling identified groups of adolescents and young adults based on cigarette and e-cigarette use across the five waves. Weighted logistic regression models were fit to examine the association of group membership with two outcomes at all waves: 1) misuse of opioids, sedatives, and/or tranquilizers, and 2) misuse of Ritalin and/or Adderall, adjusting for background characteristics. RESULTS Five trajectory groups emerged: (1) non-use (77.7 %); (2) early-onset cigarette use with reducing use (4.6 %); (3) ever-increasing e-cigarette use (6.1 %); (4) stable dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes (3.2 %); and (5) accelerating dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes (8.4 %). In comparison to the non-use group, all other groups had significantly higher odds of misuse of opioids, tranquilizers, and/or sedatives and all but the early-onset cigarette use with reducing use group had significantly higher odds of misuse of Ritalin and/or Adderall by the end of wave 5. DISCUSSION Patterns of cigarette and e-cigarette use in adolescent and young adult populations may serve as important indicators for concurrent and prospective prescription psychotherapeutic drug misuse. Findings highlight the need for cigarette and e-cigarette use prevention, harm reduction, and/or cessation efforts among adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah R Harton
- Indiana University Bloomington, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 809 E 9th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Dong-Chul Seo
- Indiana University Bloomington, School of Public Health, Department of Applied Health Science, 1025 E 7th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Rebecca J Evans-Polce
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, 400 North Ingalls Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ivana Nguyen
- Indiana University Bloomington, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 809 E 9th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Maria A Parker
- Indiana University Bloomington, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 809 E 9th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Eroglu TE, Halili A, Arulmurugananthavadivel A, Coronel R, Kessing LV, Fosbøl EL, Folke F, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH. Use of methylphenidate is associated with increased risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the general population: a nationwide nested case-control study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2023; 9:658-665. [PMID: 37070942 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM Methylphenidate, a sympathomimetic drug prescribed to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is associated with cardiovascular events, but few studies have explored the risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We investigated whether methylphenidate use is associated with OHCA in the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS Using Danish nationwide registries, we conducted a nested case-control study with OHCA cases of presumed cardiac causes and age/sex/OHCA-date-matched non-OHCA controls from the general population. Conditional logistic regression models with adjustments for well-known risk factors of OHCA were employed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of OHCA by comparing methylphenidate use with no use of methylphenidate.The study population consisted of 46 578 OHCA cases [median: 72 years (interquartile range: 62-81), 68.8% men] and 232 890 matched controls. Methylphenidate was used by 80 cases and 166 controls, and was associated with an increased OR of OHCA compared with non-users {OR: 1.78 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32-2.40]}. The OR was highest in recent starters (OR≤180 days: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.28-5.23). The OR of OHCA associated with methylphenidate use did not vary significantly by age (P-value interaction: 0.37), sex (P-value interaction: 0.94), and pre-existing cardiovascular disease (P-value interaction: 0.27). Furthermore, the ORs remained elevated when we repeated the analyses in individuals without registered hospital-based ADHD (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.34-2.55), without severe psychiatric disorders (OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.46-2.67), without depression (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.40-2.65), or in non-users of QT-prolonging drugs (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.27-2.54). CONCLUSION Methylphenidate use is associated with an increased risk of OHCA in the general population. This increased risk applies to both sexes and is independent of age and the presence of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talip E Eroglu
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 1, 2900 Hellerup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrim Halili
- Department of Cardiology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anojhaan Arulmurugananthavadivel
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 1, 2900 Hellerup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Loldrup Fosbøl
- The Heart Center, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Folke
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 1, 2900 Hellerup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Hilmar Gislason
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 1, 2900 Hellerup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cartabia M, Finazzi S, Bonati M. Differences between centers in functional outcome of patients with ADHD after 1 year from the time of diagnosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18738. [PMID: 37907548 PMCID: PMC10618531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the pharmacological therapy of ADHD has been widely studied, little has been done to compare the different therapeutic approaches (e.g., drug therapy vs. psychological treatments) and even less has been done to compare the outcome of the therapy between centers. This multicenter observational study aims to assess between-center variation in functional outcome of ADHD patients one year after the diagnosis, according to the treatment received. We used the Regional ADHD Registry data on 1429 patients enrolled in 16 ADHD centers in the 2011-2022 period. To evaluate the effectiveness of the therapy we used a generalized linear mixed model with the center as the random effect, including patient condition at diagnosis and center characteristics, weighting by the inverse of the propensity score of the treatment received by the patient. Between-center variation was expressed as the relative difference in odds-ratios between the observed and the expected number of patients whose condition improved, using the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale (CGI-I), and the relative 95% CI. Patients who received combined treatment were significantly more likely to improve compared to other treatment groups (65.5% vs 54.4% for methylphenidate alone, 53.4% for psychological treatment alone, or 40.5% for no therapy). Adjusted for patients and center characteristics, the log-odds ratio ranged from 0.85 (0.29-1.55 95% CI) to - 0.64 (- 1.17-- 0.18 95% CI). The mean expected probability of improvement after one year of therapy for an average patient with ADHD for each center was 47.7% in a center at the 25th percentile and 61.2% in a center at the 75th percentile of the outcome distribution after adjustments. The wide between-center variation in patient functional improvement one year after the diagnosis of ADHD could be largely explained by center-specific therapeutic approaches or attitudes. More careful and stringent work is needed to reduce differences in responses between centers, as could formal and periodic audit programs within and between centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cartabia
- Laboratory of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Finazzi
- Laboratory of Clinical Data Science, Department of Public Health,, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, BG, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bonati
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri, 2, 20156, Milano, Italy.
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Sidorenko N, Chung HK, Grueschow M, Quednow BB, Hayward-Könnecke H, Jetter A, Tobler PN. Acetylcholine and noradrenaline enhance foraging optimality in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305596120. [PMID: 37639601 PMCID: PMC10483619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305596120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Foraging theory prescribes when optimal foragers should leave the current option for more rewarding alternatives. Actual foragers often exploit options longer than prescribed by the theory, but it is unclear how this foraging suboptimality arises. We investigated whether the upregulation of cholinergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems increases foraging optimality. In a double-blind, between-subject design, participants (N = 160) received placebo, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist nicotine, a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine, or a preferential dopamine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate, and played the role of a farmer who collected milk from patches with different yield. Across all groups, participants on average overharvested. While methylphenidate had no effects on this bias, nicotine, and to some extent also reboxetine, significantly reduced deviation from foraging optimality, which resulted in better performance compared to placebo. Concurring with amplified goal-directedness and excluding heuristic explanations, nicotine independently also improved trial initiation and time perception. Our findings elucidate the neurochemical basis of behavioral flexibility and decision optimality and open unique perspectives on psychiatric disorders affecting these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Sidorenko
- Department of Economics, Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, University of Zurich, Zurich8006, Switzerland
- Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich8006, Switzerland
| | - Hui-Kuan Chung
- Department of Economics, Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, University of Zurich, Zurich8006, Switzerland
- Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich8006, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Grueschow
- Department of Economics, Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, University of Zurich, Zurich8006, Switzerland
- Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich8006, Switzerland
| | - Boris B. Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich8008, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
| | - Helen Hayward-Könnecke
- Department of Neurology, Section of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich8091, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Jetter
- National Poisons Information Centre, Tox Info Suisse, Associated Institute of the University of Zurich, Zurich8032, Switzerland
| | - Philippe N. Tobler
- Department of Economics, Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, University of Zurich, Zurich8006, Switzerland
- Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, Zurich8006, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich8057, Switzerland
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10
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Moore T, Soccorso C, Fogler J, Carroll G, Froehlich T, Nyp SS. Complex Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Bilingual Child with Down Syndrome and Intellectual Disability. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2023; 44:e501-e504. [PMID: 37696032 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
CASE Maria is an 8-year-old girl with Down syndrome, described by her mother as an affectionate and social child, who was referred to developmental-behavioral pediatrics by her pediatrician because of increasing aggressive behaviors and inattention.Maria was 5 pounds at birth, delivered full-term by cesarean section, and hospitalized for 1 month after delivery because of feeding issues that required a nasogastric (NG) tube. Maternal age was 24 years, pregnancy was uncomplicated, and there were no reported prenatal exposures to substances. Additional medical history includes corrective cardiac surgery at age 11 months, mild-to-moderate hearing loss in 1 ear, and myopia.At the time of Maria's presentation to developmental-behavioral pediatrics, she was in third grade and had an IEP with placement in a substantially separate multigrade classroom and inclusion for special classes such as music and art. She had multiple academic goals and accommodations for behaviors such as eloping from class, shoving, and growling at adults; communication Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS); and extended time to complete assignments. Previously, she had attended an inclusion setting with a 1:1 aide. Maria is followed annually at a specialty clinic that focuses on the health needs of children with Down syndrome. At home, Maria's parents speak primarily Spanish, while her 2 older brothers speak primarily English. Maria has been using 3-word phrases since she was 6 years old and understands some American Sign Language. She also uses a PECS book for communication.During the visit, Maria was notably fidgety, frequently interrupted the parent interview despite having toys to play with, and became aggressive-hitting, kicking, pushing, and shoving-when she did not want to comply with directives. She used mostly single words and a variety of gestures to communicate. Both the parent-completed and teacher-completed Conners-3 (Long Version) produced elevated T-scores (>70) in the domains of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, defiance/aggression, peer relations, Global Index scale, DSM-5 Hyperactive/Impulsive symptom scale, and DSM-5 Conduct Disorder symptom scale. The teacher endorsed full criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, consistent with combined presentation, and the parent endorsed symptoms in a similar pattern. Methylphenidate (2.5 mg) was trialed but tolerated poorly when it was titrated to 5 mg. Maria's mother reported that Maria's focus was somewhat better, but she was easily brought to tears and "not herself."What would be the next steps in Maria's evaluation/treatment? Could there be reasons for her worsening behavior other than a primary attention disorder?
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevena Moore
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Cara Soccorso
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Dr. Soccorso is now with the Newton Neuropsychology Group, Newton, MA
| | - Jason Fogler
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Brookline, MA
| | - Gretchen Carroll
- Thomas Center for Down Syndrome, Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Tanya Froehlich
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Sarah S Nyp
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Health, Children's Mercy Kansas City, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
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11
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Angarita GA, Pittman B, Nararajan A, Mayerson TF, Parate A, Marlin B, Gueorguieva RR, Potenza MN, Ganesan D, Malison RT. Discriminating cocaine use from other sympathomimetics using wearable electrocardiographic (ECG) sensors. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 250:110898. [PMID: 37523916 PMCID: PMC10905422 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our group has established the feasibility of using on-body electrocardiographic (ECG) sensors to detect cocaine use in the human laboratory. The purpose of the current study was to test whether ECG sensors and features are capable of discriminating cocaine use from other non-cocaine sympathomimetics. METHODS Eleven subjects with cocaine use disorder wore the Zephyr BioHarness™ 3 chest band under six experimental (drug and non-drug) conditions, including 1) laboratory, intravenous cocaine self-administration, 2) after a single oral dose of methylphenidate, 3) during aerobic exercise, 4) during tobacco use (N=7 who smoked tobacco), and 5) during routine activities of daily inpatient living (unit activity). Three ECG-derived feature sets served as primary outcome measures, including 1) the RR interval (i.e., heart rate), 2) a group of ECG interval proxies (i.e., PR, QS, QT and QTc intervals), and 3) the full ECG waveform. Discriminatory power between cocaine and non-cocaine conditions for each of the three outcomes measures was expressed as the area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve. RESULTS All three outcomes successfully discriminated cocaine use from unit activity, exercise, tobacco, and methylphenidate conditions with a mean AUROC values ranging from 0.66 to 0.99 and with least squares means values all statistically different/higher than 0.5 among all subjects [F(3, 99) = 3.38, p =0.02] and among those with tobacco use [F(4, 84) = 5.39, p = 0.0007]. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results support discriminatory power of wearable ECG sensors for detecting cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA.
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA
| | - Annamalai Nararajan
- Philips Research North America, Cambridge, MA02141, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA
| | - Talia F Mayerson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA
| | - Abhinav Parate
- Manning College of Information and Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA; Lumme Health Inc, Boston, MA02210, USA
| | - Benjamin Marlin
- Manning College of Information and Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA
| | - Ralitza R Gueorguieva
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT06510, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT06510, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT06109, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, New Haven, CT06510, USA
| | - Deepak Ganesan
- Manning College of Information and Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA
| | - Robert T Malison
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT06519, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT06510, USA
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12
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Sakamoto M, Suzuki T, Teraoka D, Tanaka K, Saeki Y, Kishimoto K, Nagashima M, Nakajima J, Suzuki J, Inomata A, Moriyasu T, Fukaya H. Analytical characterization and differentiation between threo- and erythro-4-fluoroethylphenidate. Forensic Toxicol 2023; 41:272-286. [PMID: 37097346 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-023-00664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methylphenidate analogs appeared on the drug market during the last years. Its analogs contain two chiral centers and, thus, have potential varying configurations (i.e., threo and erythro forms). This study presents the analytical characterization of 4-fluoroethylphenidate (4-FEP) and its differentiation between threo- and erythro-4-FEP. METHODS Analysis of the samples included high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure analysis. RESULTS NMR spectroscopic investigations confirmed the differences between threo- and erythro-4-FEP, and demonstrated that both isomers could be separated using HPLC and GC methods. Two samples obtained from one vendor in 2019 consisted of threo-4-FEP, whereas the other two samples obtained from a different vendor in 2020 consisted of a mixture of threo- and erythro-4-FEP. CONCLUSIONS Several analytical approaches including HPLC, GC-EI-MS, HRMS analyses, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure analysis enabled the unambiguous identification of threo- and erythro-4-FEP. The analytical data presented in this article will be useful for identifying threo- and erythro-4-FEP included in illicit products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sakamoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan.
| | - Toshinari Suzuki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Daisuke Teraoka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kazue Tanaka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yuki Saeki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kishimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Machiko Nagashima
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Jun'ichi Nakajima
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Jin Suzuki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akiko Inomata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Takako Moriyasu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
- Tokyo Food Sanitation Association Food Research Laboratory, 1-19-10 Tokumaru, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 175-0083, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fukaya
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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13
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Takahara Y, Ota T, Nakanishi Y, Ueda S, Jurica P, Struzik ZR, Nishitomi K, Iida J, Kishimoto T, Cichocki A, Hasegawa M, Ogawa K. Exploration of electroencephalogram response to MPH treatment in ADHD patients. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 332:111631. [PMID: 37030146 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to be associated with several diagnostic resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) patterns, including the theta/beta ratio, but no objective predictive markers for each medication. In this study, we explored EEG markers with which the therapeutic efficacy of medications could be estimated at the 1st clinical visit. Thirty-two ADHD patients and thirty-one healthy subjects participated in this study. EEG was recorded during eyes-closed resting conditions, and ADHD symptoms were scored before and after the therapeutic intervention (8 ± 2 weeks). Although comparing EEG patterns between ADHD patients and healthy subjects showed significant differences, EEG dynamics, e.g., theta/beta ratio, in ADHD patients before and after MPH treatment were not significantly different despite improvements in ADHD symptoms. We demonstrated that MPH good responders and poor responders, defined by the efficacy of MPH, had significantly different theta band power in right temporal areas, alpha in left occipital and frontal areas, and beta in left frontal areas. Moreover, we showed that MPH good responders had significant improvements toward normalization in several coherence measures after MPH treatment. Our study implies the possibility of these EEG indices as predictive markers for ADHD therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takahara
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toyosaku Ota
- Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Shijo-cho Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakanishi
- Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Shijo-cho Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ueda
- Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Shijo-cho Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Peter Jurica
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Zbignew R Struzik
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan; Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Japan; Faculty of Physics, The University of Warsaw, Pasteur, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kohei Nishitomi
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junzo Iida
- Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Shijo-cho Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Shijo-cho Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Andrzej Cichocki
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Minoru Hasegawa
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Ogawa
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, Japan.
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Luppi AI, Hansen JY, Adapa R, Carhart-Harris RL, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Golkowski D, Ranft A, Ilg R, Jordan D, Bonhomme V, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, Jaquet O, Bahri MA, Alnagger NL, Cardone P, Peattie AR, Manktelow AE, de Araujo DB, Sensi SL, Owen AM, Naci L, Menon DK, Misic B, Stamatakis EA. In vivo mapping of pharmacologically induced functional reorganization onto the human brain's neurotransmitter landscape. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadf8332. [PMID: 37315149 PMCID: PMC10266734 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To understand how pharmacological interventions can exert their powerful effects on brain function, we need to understand how they engage the brain's rich neurotransmitter landscape. Here, we bridge microscale molecular chemoarchitecture and pharmacologically induced macroscale functional reorganization, by relating the regional distribution of 19 neurotransmitter receptors and transporters obtained from positron emission tomography, and the regional changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity induced by 10 different mind-altering drugs: propofol, sevoflurane, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), modafinil, and methylphenidate. Our results reveal a many-to-many mapping between psychoactive drugs' effects on brain function and multiple neurotransmitter systems. The effects of both anesthetics and psychedelics on brain function are organized along hierarchical gradients of brain structure and function. Last, we show that regional co-susceptibility to pharmacological interventions recapitulates co-susceptibility to disorder-induced structural alterations. Collectively, these results highlight rich statistical patterns relating molecular chemoarchitecture and drug-induced reorganization of the brain's functional architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I. Luppi
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Justine Y. Hansen
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ram Adapa
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin L. Carhart-Harris
- Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leor Roseman
- Center for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Timmermann
- Center for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Golkowski
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Ranft
- School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Ilg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Asklepios Clinic, Bad Tölz, Germany
| | - Denis Jordan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Liege University Hospital, Liege, Belgium
- Anesthesia and Perioperative Neuroscience Laboratory, GIGA-Consciousness Thematic Unit, GIGA-Research, Liege University, Liege, Belgium
| | - Audrey Vanhaudenhuyse
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Liege University Hospital, Liege, Belgium
| | - Athena Demertzi
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Oceane Jaquet
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Liege University Hospital, Liege, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Naji L. N. Alnagger
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Liege University Hospital, Liege, Belgium
| | - Paolo Cardone
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Liege University Hospital, Liege, Belgium
| | - Alexander R. D. Peattie
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging and Clinical Science, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adrian M. Owen
- Department of Psychology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western Institute for Neuroscience (WIN), Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lorina Naci
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David K. Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wolfon Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bratislav Misic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuel A. Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Gürbüzer N, Ceyhun HA, Öztürk N, Kasali K. The Relationship Between Eating-Attitudes and Clinical Characteristics, Agouti-Related Peptide, and Other Biochemical Markers in Adult-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:394-409. [PMID: 36642920 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221149198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our study, we aimed to evaluate eating-attitudes in adult-ADHD, and to examine its relationship with sociodemographic, clinical, AgRP, and biochemical parameters. METHOD The study included 70 adult-patients and 47 healthy-controls. The DIVA2.0, SCID-1 was administered to the participants. Eating-Attitudes Test (EAT), Night-Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) were filled by the participants. RESULTS We found that psychological state affect eating-attitudes in adult-ADHD (p = .013), emotional eating is more common, nocturnal chronotype is dominant (p < .001), NES is more frequent (p < .001), waist circumference measurement is higher (p = .030), and lipid profile is deteriorated (p < .001). AgRP levels were significantly lower in patients treated with methylphenidate (p = .021). Those who received methylphenidate treatment had less NES than those who did not. Deterioration in eating-attitudes and symptom severity of night eating in ADHD, it was positively correlated with clinical severity of ADHD and impulsivity. In addition, age and increase in night eating symptoms were predictors of deterioration in eating attitudes in adult-ADHD. We found that impaired eating-attitudes and impulsivity severity were also predictors of NES (p = .006, p = .034). CONCLUSION The necessity of adult-ADHD treatment has been demonstrated by the deterioration in eating-attitudes and cardiometabolic risk dimensions and the underlying mechanisms.
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16
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Smith DR, Strupp BJ. Animal Models of Childhood Exposure to Lead or Manganese: Evidence for Impaired Attention, Impulse Control, and Affect Regulation and Assessment of Potential Therapies. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:3-21. [PMID: 36853434 PMCID: PMC10119373 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral disorders involving attention and impulse control dysfunction, such as ADHD, are among the most prevalent disorders in children and adolescents, with significant impact on their lives. The etiology of these disorders is not well understood, but is recognized to be multifactorial, with studies reporting associations with polygenic and environmental risk factors, including toxicant exposure. Environmental epidemiological studies, while good at establishing associations with a variety of environmental and genetic risk factors, cannot establish causality. Animal models of behavioral disorders, when properly designed, can play an essential role in establishing causal relationships between environmental risk factors and a disorder, as well as provide model systems for elucidating underlying neural mechanisms and testing therapies. Here, we review how animal model studies of developmental lead or manganese exposure have been pivotal in (1) establishing a causal relationship between developmental exposure and lasting dysfunction in the domains of attention, impulse control, and affect regulation, and (2) testing the efficacy of specific therapeutic approaches for alleviating the lasting deficits. The lead and manganese case studies illustrate how animal models can advance knowledge in ways that are not possible in human studies. For example, in contrast to the Treatment of Lead Poisoned Children (TLC) human clinical trial evaluating succimer chelation efficacy to improve cognitive functioning in lead-exposed children, our developmental lead exposure animal model showed that succimer chelation can produce lasting cognitive benefits if chelation sufficiently reduces brain lead levels. In addition, this study revealed that succimer treatment in the absence of lead exposure produces lasting cognitive dysfunction, highlighting potential risks of chelation in off-label uses, such as the treatment of autistic children without a history of lead exposure. Our animal model of developmental manganese exposure has demonstrated that manganese can cause lasting attentional and sensorimotor deficits, akin to an ADHD-inattentive behavioral phenotype, thereby providing insights into the role of environmental exposures as contributors to ADHD. These studies have also shown that oral methylphenidate (Ritalin) can fully alleviate the deficits produced by early developmental Mn exposure. Future work should continue to focus on the development and use of animal models that appropriately recapitulate the complex behavioral phenotypes of behavioral disorders, in order to determine the mechanistic basis for the behavioral deficits caused by developmental exposure to environmental toxicants, and the efficacy of existing and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Barbara J Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Stricker B, Cheung K, Verhamme K. General practice database on mortality in adults on methylphenidate: cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057303. [PMID: 36028269 PMCID: PMC9422798 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methylphenidate is a 'prescription only' drug against attention disorders which is increasingly used by adults. We investigated whether methylphenidate in adults was associated with an increased risk of psychiatric events such as depression, and suicide attempt and overall mortality. DESIGN A population-based matched cohort design. SETTING The Integrated Primary Care Information system, a general practitioners (GP) database in the Netherlands with a source population of 2.5 million inhabitants. PARTICIPANTS During the study period between 1 June 1996 and 1 January 2018, 8905 adults started methylphenidate and were matched to 10 non-users on sex, age, GP practice and ad prescription date. The total study population consisted of 97 198 participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serious psychiatric events such as depression and suicide attempts, and overall mortality. ANALYSES Risks of development of each event during the use of methylphenidate were expressed as HR with 95% CI, adjusted for relevant confounders with methylphenidate as a time-dependent determinant. Additional adjustment was performed for the intervention ('intention-to-treat'). RESULTS Although during follow-up, the unadjusted risks of depression and suicide attempt were strongly increased in users, depression and psychosis became non-significant after adjustment for alcohol-abuse and substance-abuse and psychiatric disease in the medical history and after adjustment for 'intention-to-treat'. However, the risk of suicide attempts remained significantly increased after full adjustment (HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.6), and was highest in women and in participants within the age-group of 18-40 years. The unadjusted risk of overall mortality was strongly increased, but this lowered to a significant 30% risk increase (HR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.6) after full adjustment. CONCLUSION There is an increased risk of suicide attempts in adults up to 40 years of age after starting methylphenidate and this risk should be carefully considered before prescribing to this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stricker
- Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Cheung
- Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Katia Verhamme
- Medical Informatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Qian Y, Markowitz JS. Prediction of Carboxylesterase 1-mediated In Vivo Drug Interaction between Methylphenidate and Cannabinoids using Static and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:968-979. [PMID: 35512806 PMCID: PMC11022897 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabis products has increased substantially. Cannabis products have been perceived and investigated as potential treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accordingly, co-administration of cannabis products and methylphenidate (MPH), a first-line medication for ADHD, is possible. Oral MPH undergoes extensive presystemic metabolism by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), a hepatic enzyme which can be inhibited by two prominent cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). This prompts further investigation into the likelihood of clinical interactions between MPH and these two cannabinoids through CES1 inhibition. In the present study, inhibition parameters were obtained from a human liver S9 system and then incorporated into static and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for prediction of potential clinical significance. The inhibition of MPH hydrolysis by THC and CBD was reversible, with estimated unbound inhibition constants (Ki,u) of 0.031 and 0.091 µM, respectively. The static model predicted a mild increase in MPH exposure by concurrent THC (34%) and CBD (94%) from smoking a cannabis cigarette and ingestion of prescriptive CBD, respectively. PBPK models suggested no significant interactions between single doses of MPH and CBD (2.5 - 10 mg/kg) when administered simultaneously, while a mild interaction (area under drug concentration-time curve increased by up to 55% and maximum concentration by up to 45%) is likely if multiple doses of CBD (10 mg/kg twice daily) are administered. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic disposition of MPH can be potentially influenced by THC and CBD under certain clinical scenarios. Whether the magnitude of predicted interactions translates into clinically relevant outcomes requires verification in an appropriately designed clinical study. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrated a potential mechanism of drug-drug interactions between methylphenidate (MPH) and two major cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] and cannabidiol [CBD]) not previously reported. We predicted a mild interaction between MPH and THC when the cannabinoid exposure occurred via cannabis smoking. Mild interactions between MPH and CBD were predicted with multiple oral administrations of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qian
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John S Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Mizuno Y, Cai W, Supekar K, Makita K, Takiguchi S, Tomoda A, Menon V. Methylphenidate remediates aberrant brain network dynamics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119332. [PMID: 35640787 PMCID: PMC9286726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate is a widely used first-line treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the underlying circuit mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we investigate whether a single dose of osmotic release oral system methylphenidate can remediate attention deficits and aberrancies in functional circuit dynamics in cognitive control networks, which have been implicated in ADHD. In a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover design, 27 children with ADHD were scanned twice with resting-state functional MRI and sustained attention was examined using a continuous performance task under methylphenidate and placebo conditions; 49 matched typically-developing (TD) children were scanned once for comparison. Dynamic time-varying cross-network interactions between the salience (SN), frontoparietal (FPN), and default mode (DMN) networks were examined in children with ADHD under both administration conditions and compared with TD children. Methylphenidate improved sustained attention on a continuous performance task in children with ADHD, when compared to the placebo condition. Children with ADHD under placebo showed aberrancies in dynamic time-varying cross-network interactions between the SN, FPN and DMN, which were remediated by methylphenidate. Multivariate classification analysis confirmed that methylphenidate remediates aberrant dynamic brain network interactions. Furthermore, dynamic time-varying network interactions under placebo conditions predicted individual differences in methylphenidate-induced improvements in sustained attention in children with ADHD. These findings suggest that a single dose of methylphenidate can remediate deficits in sustained attention and aberrant brain circuit dynamics in cognitive control circuits in children with ADHD. Findings identify a novel brain circuit mechanism underlying a first-line pharmacological treatment for ADHD, and may inform clinically useful biomarkers for evaluating treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mizuno
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kai Makita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takiguchi
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
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Miranda M, Barbosa M. Use of Cognitive Enhancers by Portuguese Medical Students: Do Academic Challenges Matter? ACTA MEDICA PORT 2022; 35:257-263. [PMID: 33507860 DOI: 10.20344/amp.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonmedical use of prescription drugs and other substances for cognitive enhancement in the academic environment has been documented in several studies. However, the prevalence among Portuguese university students is unknown. We aimed to assess the prevalence and academic contexts of the use of cognitive enhancers of a sample of Portuguese medical students. MATERIAL AND METHODS An online questionnaire about the use of cognitive enhancers was completed by 1156 participants, who were either medical students (group 1) or newly qualified physicians applying for the Portuguese medical licensing exam (group 2). RESULTS Coffee was the most frequently used substance for cognitive enhancement purposes in both groups, whereas nonmedical use of prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement was lower in undergraduate students (5%) and higher in licensing exam applicants (14%). Methylphenidate (35%) and modafinil (10%) were the most consumed prescription substances and they were mainly used to enhance attention (83%) and memory (44%). Use of prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement was mainly associated with studying for medical school exams and the medical licensing exam. Most prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement were obtained through medical prescription (54%). DISCUSSION These results show a low consumption of prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement by Portuguese medical students. Licensing exam applicants show a higher consumption of almost every substance included in this study, which might be explained by the crucial role of the exam in defining their future career path and desire by students to improve the cognitive skills that determine exam success. CONCLUSION Studying drugtaking behaviors in medical students and young doctors is relevant for public health and medical education, since they will soon be in charge of drugs prescription. Therefore, ethical and medical concerns raised by off label consumption of prescription drugs for cognitive enhancement purposes must be openly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Miranda
- Unidade Funcional de Neurologia. Hospital de Cascais Dr. José de Almeida. Cascais; Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB-FMUL). Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal
| | - Miguel Barbosa
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB-FMUL). Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa. Portugal
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Gollu G, Gummadi S. OUP accepted manuscript. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 61:358-365. [PMID: 35152281 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple, robust stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for simultaneous quantification of serdexmethyl phenidate and dexmethyl phenidate in a fixed capsule dosage form. This is the first method to be reported for simultaneous estimation and quantification of degradation products produced from forced stressing of the dosage form as per ICH guidelines. The chromatographic separation was attained on Waters X-terra C18 column using a mixture of trifluoro acetic acid and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 mL, monitored at 265 nm over a run time of 10 min. Serdexmethyl phenidate and dexmethyl phenidate were eluted with retention times of 2.71 min and 7.33 min, respectively. The method displayed linear responses in the range of 4.2-63 μg/mL (0.9994) for serdexmethyl phenidate and 0.9 to 3.5 μg/mL (0.9998) for dexmethyl phenidate, respectively. The percentage recoveries of the two drugs were found within the acceptable limits. Forced degradation was conducted and showed considerable degradation in various stress conditions. It also confirms the specificity of the method as no interference peaks were observed concerning for to stress products. This method can be routinely used in quality control labs for simultaneous determination of respective drugs in marketed dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Gollu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Maharajah's College of Pharmacy, Phool Baugh, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh 535002, India
| | - Sowjanya Gummadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
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22
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Briegel W. Psychiatric Comorbidities in 1p36 Deletion Syndrome and Their Treatment-A Case Report. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182212064. [PMID: 34831818 PMCID: PMC8619815 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1p36 deletion syndrome represents the most common terminal deletion observed in humans. Major clinical findings comprise developmental delay/intellectual disability, poor or absent expressive language, congenital central muscular hypotonia, brain anomalies, brachydactyly/camptodactyly, short feet, and characteristic facial features like straight eyebrows, deep-set eyes, and midface hypoplasia. So far, there is very limited knowledge about comorbid psychiatric disorders and their effective treatment in this special population. To fill this gap, this case report presents an initially four-year-old girl with 1p36.33-1p36.32 deletion, moderate intellectual disability, insomnia, oppositional-defiant disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder covering a period of time of about 1.5 years comprising initial psychological/psychiatric assessment, subsequent day clinic/outpatient treatment (amongst others including off-label use of melatonin and methylphenidate as well as parent-child interaction therapy) and follow-up assessment. Follow-up results indicated good efficacy of melatonin and methylphenidate medication without any adverse effects. Multidisciplinarity in diagnosis and treatment are mandatory to meet needs of patients with complex genetic disorders like 1p36 deletion syndrome. Off-label use of melatonin (for insomnia) and methylphenidate (for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) should be considered in young children with 1p36 deletion syndrome if behavioral interventions are not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Briegel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Leopoldina Hospital, 97422 Schweinfurt, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-9721-720-3370
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Barra ME, Edlow BL, Lund JT, DeSanctis KS, Vetrano J, Reilly-Tremblay C, Zhang ER, Bodien YG, Brown EN, Solt K. Stability of extemporaneously prepared preservative-free methylphenidate 5 mg/mL intravenous solution. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2021; 79:359-363. [PMID: 34788364 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DISCLAIMER In an effort to expedite the publication of articles , AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE To advance the implementation of consciousness-promoting therapies in patients with acute disorders of consciousness, the availability of potential therapeutic agents in formulations suitable for administration in hospitalized patients in the presence of complex comorbid conditions is paramount. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term stability of extemporaneously prepared preservative-free methylphenidate hydrochloride (HCl) 5 mg/mL intravenous solution for experimental use. METHODS A methylphenidate 5 mg/mL solution was prepared under proper aseptic techniques with Methylphenidate Hydrochloride, USP, powder mixed in sterile water for solution. Methylphenidate HCl 5 mg/mL solution was sterilized by filtration technique under USP <797>-compliant conditions. Samples were stored refrigerated (2-8°C) and analyzed at approximately days 1, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 365. At each time point, chemical and physical stability were evaluated by visual inspection, pH measurement, membrane filtration procedure, turbidometric or photometric technique, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. RESULTS Over the 1-year study period, the samples retained 96.76% to 102.04% of the initial methylphenidate concentration. There was no significant change in the visual appearance, pH level, or particulate matter during the study period. The sterility of samples was maintained and endotoxin levels were undetectable throughout the 1-year stability period. CONCLUSION Extemporaneously prepared preservative-free methylphenidate 5 mg/mL intravenous solution was physically and chemically stable at 32, 61, 95, 186, and 365 days when stored in amber glass vials at refrigerated temperatures (2-8°C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Barra
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian L Edlow
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James T Lund
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John Vetrano
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Edlyn R Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yelena G Bodien
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emery N Brown
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken Solt
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Lancee M, Maat A, van Veelen N, Roder CH, Schellekens AFA, Batalla A. [Not Available]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2021; 63:91-92. [PMID: 33537981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Erasmus N, Kotzé C. Medical Students' Attitudes Towards Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement With Methylphenidate. Acad Psychiatry 2020; 44:721-726. [PMID: 32974792 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-020-01303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess medical students' perception of pharmacological cognitive enhancement (PCE) with methylphenidate and to determine whether this perception differs between junior and senior medical students. METHODS The second and fifth year medical student groups of 2017 at a specific university completed self-administered questionnaires in order to investigate if there were a difference in their attitudes towards methylphenidate use for PCE. RESULTS A total of 353 students were included as follows: 135 second year and 218 fifth year students. Fifth year students were more aware of PCE with methylphenidate than second year students (94% versus 87%; p value = 0.02). Many students (second year = 86%; fifth year = 71%; p value = 0.2469) were of the opinion that methylphenidate could enhance academic performance. Sixty-six percent of all the students were concerned about the fairness of PCE; 93% were concerned about the harmfulness of methylphenidate. There were no statistical significant differences in the attitudes towards methylphenidate use for PCE between the two groups of junior and senior students. CONCLUSION In both groups, the majority of students were against the use of methylphenidate for PCE in students without attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Their attitudes regarding the use of methylphenidate for non-medical purposes did not differ significantly. Addressing the topic of PCE with medical students is essential, and the impact on their practice can be an important direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Erasmus
- Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Carla Kotzé
- Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Hofmans L, Papadopetraki D, van den Bosch R, Määttä JI, Froböse MI, Zandbelt BB, Westbrook A, Verkes RJ, Cools R. Methylphenidate boosts choices of mental labor over leisure depending on striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2170-2179. [PMID: 32919405 PMCID: PMC7784967 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive enhancing effects of methylphenidate are well established, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We recently demonstrated that methylphenidate boosts cognitive motivation by enhancing the weight on the benefits of a cognitive task in a manner that depended on striatal dopamine. Here, we considered the complementary hypothesis that methylphenidate might also act by changing the weight on the opportunity cost of a cognitive task, that is, the cost of foregoing alternative opportunity. To this end, 50 healthy participants (25 women) completed a novel cognitive effort-discounting task that required choices between task and leisure. They were tested on methylphenidate, placebo, as well as the selective D2-receptor agent sulpiride, the latter to strengthen inference about dopamine receptor selectivity of methylphenidate's effects. Furthermore, they also underwent an [18F]DOPA PET scan to quantify striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. Methylphenidate boosted choices of cognitive effort over leisure across the group, and this effect was greatest in participants with more striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. The effects of sulpiride did not reach significance. This study strengthens the motivational account of methylphenidate's effects on cognition, and suggests that methylphenidate reduces the cost of mental labor by increasing striatal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Hofmans
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Danae Papadopetraki
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben van den Bosch
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica I Määttä
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monja I Froböse
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram B Zandbelt
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Westbrook
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistics and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robbert-Jan Verkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Forensic Psychiatric Centre Nijmegen, Pompestichting, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Criminal Law, Law School, Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kedem S, Yust-Katz S, Carter D, Levi Z, Kedem R, Dickstein A, Daher S, Katz LH. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gastrointestinal morbidity in a large cohort of young adults. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6626-6637. [PMID: 33268951 PMCID: PMC7673962 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i42.6626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with psychiatric disorders is well known, its association with somatic diseases is unclear. Only few studies have investigated the gastrointestinal (GI) morbidity in adult patients with ADHD.
AIM To measure gastrointestinal comorbidity and its burden on healthcare in young adults with ADHD.
METHODS The cohort included subjects aged 17-35 years recruited to the Israel Defense Forces in 2007-2013, 33380 with ADHD and 355652 without (controls). The groups were compared for functional and inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and clinic and specialist visits for gastrointestinal symptoms/disease during service (to 2016). Findings were analyzed by generalized linear models adjusted for background variables.
RESULTS Compared to controls, the ADHD group had more diagnoses of functional gastrointestinal disorders (referred to as FGID), namely, dyspepsia [odds ratio (OR): 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40-1.57, P < 0.001], chronic constipation (OR: 1.64, 95%CI: 1.48-1.81, P < 0.001), and irritable bowel syndrome (OR: 1.67, 95%CI: 1.56-1.80, P < 0.001) but not of organic disorders (inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease). They had more frequent primary care visits for gastrointestinal symptoms [rate ratio (RR): 1.25, 95%CI: 1.24-1.26, P < 0.001] and referrals to gastrointestinal specialists (RR: 1.96, 95%CI: 1.88-2.03, P < 0.001) and more episodes of recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms (RR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.21-1.38, P < 0.001). Methylphenidate use increased the risk of dyspepsia (OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.28-1.73, P < 0.001) and constipation (OR: 1.42, 95%CI: 1.09-1.84, P = 0.009).
CONCLUSION ADHD in young adults is associated with an excess of FGID and increased use of related health services. Research is needed to determine if an integrative approach treating both conditions will benefit these patients and cut costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Kedem
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- Medical School, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shlomit Yust-Katz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 77096, Israel
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Dan Carter
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 77096, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52361, Israel
| | - Zohar Levi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 77096, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Ron Kedem
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Adi Dickstein
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Salah Daher
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Lior H Katz
- Medical Corps, Israeli Defense Forces, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Friedrich B, Bridler R. [Not Available]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2020; 109:1294-1295. [PMID: 33292002 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- From the Center for Innovation in Mental Health, Academic Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, and Solent NHS Trust, Southampton - all in the United Kingdom
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Weibel S, Lopez R, Micoulaud‐Franchi J, Bioulac S, Lecendreux M, Bertschy G. Overuse or underuse of methylphenidate in adults in France: commentary on Pauly et al. 2018. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:273-274. [PMID: 30255566 PMCID: PMC6303204 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Weibel
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Inserm 1114Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg (FMTS)StrasbourgFrance
| | - Régis Lopez
- National Reference Network for Narcolepsy, Sleep–Wake Disorders Center, Department of NeurologyGui‐de‐Chauliac HospitalMontpellierFrance
- INSERMUniversity of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical ResearchMontpellierFrance
| | - Jean‐Arthur Micoulaud‐Franchi
- Bordeaux Sleep ClinicPellegrin University Hospital33 076BordeauxFrance
- Bordeaux University, USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY Research UnitBordeauxFrance
| | - Stéphanie Bioulac
- Bordeaux Sleep ClinicPellegrin University Hospital33 076BordeauxFrance
- Bordeaux University, USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY Research UnitBordeauxFrance
| | - Michel Lecendreux
- AP‐HP, Pediatric Sleep CenterRobert‐Debré HospitalParisFrance
- National Reference Network for NarcolepsyParisFrance
| | - Gilles Bertschy
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Inserm 1114Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg (FMTS)StrasbourgFrance
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Bernardes C, Mattos P, Nazar BP. Skin picking disorder comorbid with ADHD successfully treated with methylphenidate. Braz J Psychiatry 2018; 40:111. [PMID: 29590267 PMCID: PMC6899426 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Bernardes
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Psiquiatria (IPUB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mattos
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Psiquiatria (IPUB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Palazzo Nazar
- Instituto de Psiquiatria (IPUB), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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White T. Individual Variability and Medications to Treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The World According to the Caudate. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28647005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonya White
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Chui CSL, Coghill D, Cortese S, Simonoff E, Wong ICK. Methylphenidate for ADHD in children and adolescents: throwing the baby out with the bathwater. Evid Based Ment Health 2016; 19:97-99. [PMID: 27935807 PMCID: PMC10699535 DOI: 10.1136/eb-2016-102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A recent Cochrane review assessed the efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Notwithstanding the moderate-to-large effect sizes for ADHD symptom reduction found in the meta-analysis, the authors concluded that the quality of the evidence is low and therefore the true magnitude of these effects remains uncertain. We identified a number of major concerns with the review, in the domains of study inclusion, approaches to quality assessment and interpretation of data relating to serious adverse events as well as of the clinical implications of the reported effects. We also found errors in the extraction of data used to estimate the effect size of the primary outcome. Considering all the shortcomings, the conclusion in the Cochrane review that the status of the evidence is uncertain is misplaced. Professionals, parents and patients should refer to previous reviews and existing guidelines, which include methylphenidate as one of the safe and efficacious treatment strategies for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Celine S L Chui
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Coghill
- Department of Paediatrics and Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), University of Southampton, UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Ian C K Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
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Xu FF, Han L, He HJ, Zhu YH, Zhong JH. [Effective connectivity within the default mode network modulated by methylphenidate using dynamic causal modeling on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2016; 68:255-264. [PMID: 27350198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effective connectivity of default mode network (DMN) and its change after taking methylphenidate (MPH) were investigated in this study based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was applied to compare the effective connectivity between the conditions of taking MPH and placebo for 18 healthy male volunteers. Started with the network structural basis provided by a recent literature, endogenous low frequency fluctuation signals (0.01-0.08 Hz) of each node of DMN were taken as the driving input, and thirty-two possible models were designed according to the modulation effect of MPH on different connections between nodes. Model fitting and Bayesian model selection were performed to find the winning model and corresponding parameters. Our results indicated that the effective connectivity from medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) to posterior cingulated cortex (PCC), from left/right inferior parietal lobule (L/RIPL) to MPFC, and from RIPL to PCC were excitatory, whereas the connectivity from LIPL to PCC was inhibitory. Further t-test statistics on connectivity parameters found that MPH significantly reduced the link from RIPL to MPFC in DMN (t = 2.724, P = 0.016) and changed the weak excitatory state to inhibitory state. However, it had no significant effect on other connections. In all, our results demonstrated that MPH modulates the effective connectivity within DMN in resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hong-Jian He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yi-Hong Zhu
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hui Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Owen M. Meds are no panacea for children who might have ADHD. Nurs Stand 2016; 30:32-33. [PMID: 26860168 DOI: 10.7748/ns.30.24.32.s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
I agree caution needs to be exercised in using methylphenidate, most commonly known as Ritalin, for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, (clinical update, January 20).
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ROBERTS HJ. THE SYNDROME OF NARCOLEPSY AND DIABETOGENIC (“FUNCTIONAL”) HYPERINSULINISM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OBESITY, DIABETES, IDIOPATHIC EDEMA, CEREBRAL DYSRHYTHMIAS AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (200 PATIENTS). J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 12:926-76. [PMID: 14213328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1964.tb00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dubljević V. Response to open peer commentaries on "prohibition or coffee shops: regulation of amphetamine and methylphenidate for enhancement use by healthy adults". Am J Bioeth 2014; 14:W1-W8. [PMID: 24422938 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2014.862417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veljko Dubljević
- a Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) and McGill University
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Methylphenidate: abuse in Europe. Prescrire Int 2013; 22:47. [PMID: 23444508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, methylphenidate consumption is rising at an alarming rate. Reports of abuse and addiction are also increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Sandberg
- The Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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van der Eijk Y. Tobacco: prohibition, coffee shops, or discouragement? Am J Bioeth 2013; 13:51-53. [PMID: 23767444 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.796022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van der Eijk
- National University of Singapore, Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Singapore, Singapore.
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LaBuzetta JN. Moving beyond methylphenidate and amphetamine: the ethics of a better "smart drug". Am J Bioeth 2013; 13:43-45. [PMID: 23767440 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.794881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Flanigan J. An argument for permitting amphetamines and instant-release methylphenidate. Am J Bioeth 2013; 13:49-51. [PMID: 23767443 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.794884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Flanigan
- University of Richmond, Leadership Studies and PPEL, Richmond, VA 23173, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Centre for Neuroethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Hall W, Partridge B, Lucke J. Constraints on regulatory options for putatively cognitive enhancing drugs. Am J Bioeth 2013; 13:35-37. [PMID: 23767436 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.795825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hall
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Queensland, Australia.
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