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Wang Z, Shi X, Jiang S, Sun J, Borjigin G, Li Q, Mu Y, Yang C, Wang Z, Kuang H. Simultaneous Determination of Five Iridoids of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora in Rat Plasma Using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules 2023; 28:5925. [PMID: 37570895 PMCID: PMC10421376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method to simultaneously determine Picroside-I, Picroside-II, Picroside-III, minecoside, and sweroside in rat plasma. The chromatographic column was an ACQUITY UHPLC® BEH Amide Column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 µm; Waters, MA, USA), column temperature 40 °C. The mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and negative ion modes were adopted. The results showed that the calibration curves of five compounds in plasma showed good linearity (r > 0.9911) over the studied dose range. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for Picroside-I, Picroside-II, Picroside-III, minecoside, and sweroside were 6.876, 5.193, 5.040, 1.260, and 4.527 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision were <15%. The matrix effects ranged from 95.77 to 101.9%. The Tmax were 1.1 ± 0.2, 1.1 ± 0.1, 0.8 ± 0.1, 1.0 ± 0.2, and 2.1 ± 0.1 h. This study will be useful in understanding the behavior of drugs in the body and the body's effect on drugs. It also offers theoretical underpinnings and highlights the importance of clinical applications and creating novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xuepeng Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China; (X.S.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (Q.L.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China; (X.S.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (Q.L.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China; (X.S.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (Q.L.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Gilwa Borjigin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China; (X.S.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (Q.L.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China; (X.S.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (Q.L.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yuanqiu Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China; (X.S.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (Q.L.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunjuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150081, China; (X.S.); (S.J.); (J.S.); (G.B.); (Q.L.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.)
| | - Zhenyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (Z.W.); (Z.W.)
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Sinha K, Kumar S, Rawat B, Singh R, Purohit R, Kumar D, Padwad Y. Kutkin, iridoid glycosides enriched fraction of Picrorrhiza kurroa promotes insulin sensitivity and enhances glucose uptake by activating PI3K/Akt signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytomedicine 2022; 103:154204. [PMID: 35671635 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic failure and drug resistance are common sequelae to insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Consequently, there is an unmet need of alternative strategies to overcome insulin resistance associated complications. PURPOSE To demonstrate whether Kutkin (KT), iridoid glycoside enriched fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa extract (PKE) has potential to increase the insulin sensitivity vis à vis glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes. METHODS Molecular interaction of KT phytoconstituents, picroside-I (P-I) & picroside- II (P-II) with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt) were analyzed in silico. Cellular viability and adipogenesis were determined by following 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2, 5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Oil Red-O staining. Further, ELISA kit based triglycerides and diacylglycerol-O-Acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) were assessed in differentiated adipocytes. ELISA based determination were performed to check the levels of adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). However, Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence based assays were employed to measure the glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (glut4) expression in differentiated adipocytes, respectively. Further to explore the targeted signaling axis, mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (CEBPα), and glut4 were determined using qRT-PCR and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), Insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), PI3K/Akt, AS160, glut4 followed by protein validation using immunoblotting in differentiated adipocytes. RESULTS In silico analysis revealed the binding affinities of major constituents of KT (P-I& P-II) with PPARγ/PI3K/Akt. The enhanced intracellular accumulation of triglycerides with concomitant activation of PPARγ and C/EBPα in KT treated differentiated adipocytes indicates augmentation of adipogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, at cellular level, KT upregulated the expression of DAGT1, and decreases fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), further affirmed improvement in lipid milieu. It was also observed that KT upregulated the levels of adiponectin and reduced TNFα expression, thus improving the secretory functions of adipocytes along with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, KT significantly promoted insulin mediated glucose uptake by increasing glut4 translocation to the membrane via PI3/Akt signaling cascade. The results were further validated using PI3K specific inhibitor, wortmannin and findings revealed that KT treatment significantly enhanced the expression and activation of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt even in case of treatment with PI3K inhibitor wortmannin alone and co-treatment with KT in differentiated adipocytes and affirmed that KT as activator of PI3K/Akt axis in the presence of inhibitor as well. CONCLUSION Collectively, KT fraction of PKE showed anti-diabetic effects by enhancing glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling cascade. Therefore, KT may be used as a promising novel natural therapeutic agent for managing T2DMand to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report, showing the efficacy and potential molecular mechanism of KT in enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in differentiated adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Sinha
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 H.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 H.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Bindu Rawat
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 HP., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 H.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 H.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 HP., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Yogendra Padwad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061 H.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Ma S, Wang X, Lai F, Lou C. The beneficial pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of picroside II: Evidence of its benefits from in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacotherapy 2020; 130:110421. [PMID: 32674016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurroa, the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth, is a famous Chinese herb that has been traditionally used in China. Picroside II (PII), a glycoside derivative, is the main bioactive constituent of Picrorhiza kurroa. In the past several decades, bioactive components from Picrorhiza kurroa have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising therapeutic effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of PII for the prevention and treatment of some diseases, such as organic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, liver damage, inflammation, cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. In the present paper, we aimed to provide an overview of the pharmacology of PII, focusing on its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Meanwhile, the plant tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic properties were also described. Due to its beneficial pharmacological effects in I/R injury, PII may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for organic I/R injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangying Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Feifan Lai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chenghua Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Kim N, Do J, Ju IG, Jeon SH, Lee JK, Oh MS. Picrorhiza kurroa Prevents Memory Deficits by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and BACE1 Expression in 5xFAD Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:189-199. [PMID: 31741224 PMCID: PMC7007473 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes cognitive impairment, is the neuroinflammation facilitating the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Hence, the inhibition of abnormal neuroinflammatory response is considered a promising therapeutic approach for AD. Picrorhiza kurroa Bentham, Scrophulariae (PK) is a medicinal herb that has been traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases, including inflammation. This study aims to report the significance of PK treatment in markedly improving spatial learning memory and dramatically decreasing Aβ levels in Tg6799 mice, also known 5xFAD mice, which have five familial AD (FAD) mutations. Remarkably, these effects correlated with reversal of disease-related microglial neuroinflammation, as evidenced by shifting microglia phenotypes from the inflammatory form to the anti-inflammatory form and inhibiting the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome activity. Moreover, PK administration induced silent information regulator type1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ signaling, resulting in a decrease of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) expression, which involved in Aβ production. Overall, this study suggests that PK exhibits a neuroprotective effect by inducing alternative activation of microglia and downregulating the BACE1 expression, thereby ameliorating the disease pathophysiology and reversing the cognitive decline related to Aβ deposition in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namkwon Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Do
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyoung Ju
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Jeon
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Siddiqi A, Nazneen Z, Alam SS, Tariq S. Mechanism Of Nephroprotection By Picrorhiza Kurroa. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2018; 30:184-186. [PMID: 29938416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed either deliberately or unintentionally to a variety of diverse chemicals that harm the kidney. To reduce the alarming high incidence of nephrotoxicity, some chemical as well as herbal alternatives are needed. Nimesulide belongs to a group of antiinflammatory drugs that are in common use in our society. Like all non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, it carries a potential threat of nephrotoxicity especially when other risk factors are present in user. The objective of this study was to find herbal alternative with antiinflammatory and nephroprotective qualities and to bring into light its mechanism of nephroprotection. METHODS This experimental study was conducted on mice at National Institute of Health, Islamabad from Feb 2013 to March 2014. Nimesulide was given in a dosage of 750 mg/kg body weight for 3 days to induce nephrotoxicity and protective effect of Picrorhiza kurroa was noted in two doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 14 days. Renal function tests were done and urinary PGE2 was measured to assess the effect of nimesulide and Pk on kidneys. RESULTS In our study, significant improvement was seen in serum urea and creatinine levels in mice receiving low and high dose Picrorhiza kurroa. However, no significant improvement was noted in urinary PGE2 showing that the mechanism of nephroprotection is not by vasodilatory effect of Pk. CONCLUSIONS This study showed nimesulide nephrotoxic potential and Pk is a good herbal antiinflammatory and nephroprotective alternative for nimesulide but its mechanism of nephroprotection is not by PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Siddiqi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Nazneen
- Department of Community Medicine, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sumbal Tariq
- Department of Pharmacology, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Sankar M, Rajkumar J, Devi J. Hepatoprotective activity of hepatoplus on isonaizid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015; 28:983-990. [PMID: 26004706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Present study deals with the hepatoprotective activity of polyherbal formulation Hepatoplus (HP) as an oral supplement to the INH and RIF induced hepatitis in experimental rats. Rats treated with INH and RIF show abnormal liver function with significant increase in serum transaminases, bilirubin and clotting time (CT) and significant decrease in total protein and Albumin, which is brings to near normal levels by HP and LIV 52 treatments. Rats treated with INH and RIF suffer from oxidative stress in the hepatocytes, due to the decrease in Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Catalase (CAT), Super oxide dismutase (SOD) and significant increase in Lipid Per oxidation (LPO). HP decreases the oxidative stress and protects the liver cells membrane from LPO. 85% of DNA damage (comet tail) seen with RIF and INH treatment is reduced to 34.1% on HP application. A decrease of hepatocytes mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity is observed in INH and RIF treatment is restored by HP supplementation. Hepatic apoptotic and CYP2E1 gene expressions were also studied, BAX, p53, Caspase 3 and CYP2E1 were significantly up regulated and Bcl2 was down- regulated in INH and RIF treated rats. Concomitant application of HP prevents the modulation of these gene expressions. It is concluded that high dose of HP (100mg/kg) supplemented along with INH and RIF effectively prevents the toxicity induced by INH and RIF, as effective as 100mg/kg of LIV52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavan Sankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | - Johanna Rajkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | - Jamuna Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
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Siddiqi A, Alam SS, Begum S, Nazneen Z, Aaqil B, Alam MA. EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF PICRURHIZA KURROA GLYCOSIDAL EXTRACT AGAINST NIMESULIDE NEPHROTOXICITY: A PILOT STUDY. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2015; 27:312-313. [PMID: 26411104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picrorhiza kurroa (Pk) is a traditional Ayurvedic herb famous as a potent bepatoprotective agent, only few studies are available on the nephroprotective activity of this herb. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of Pk against nimesulide induced toxicity. METHODS This laboratory based experimental study was conducted on mice at National Institute of Health, Islamabad from Dec 2012 to Jan 2013. The mice were divided in to 4 groups. One group was given only PK while the other three groups were given nimesulide in a dosage of 750 mg/kg body weight for 3 days to induce nephrotoxicity and protective effect of Pk was noted by giving 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg pk for 14 days to the two of the nimesulide induced nephrotoxicity groups. Biochemical assessment of kidney was done by measuring serum urea & creatinine. Also histology was done to confirm the findings of biochemical assessment. RESULTS In our pilot study out of 20 mice, 19 mice survived. Only 1 mouse of nimesulide group died. Mean serum urea of nimesulide group was 60 mg/dl and was decreased to 23 mg/dI and 25 mg/dl by two doses of Pk. Mean creatinine in group 2 was 0.55 mg/dl and was decreased to 0.21 and 0.19 mg/dl by two doses of Pk. CONCLUSION Our study shows that nimesulide is a potential nephrotoxic drug and its toxic effects on kidney can be minimized by using glycosidal extract of Pk.
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Thomas M, Sheran J, Smith N, Fonseca S, Lee AJ. AKL1, a botanical mixture for the treatment of asthma: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. BMC Pulm Med 2007; 7:4. [PMID: 17374147 PMCID: PMC1847837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite effective treatments, asthma outcomes remain suboptimal. Interest exists in complementary therapies, particularly in herbal remedies for asthma treatment, currently with inconclusive evidence of efficacy. The encapsulated botanical mixture AKL1 has anecdotal evidence of effectiveness in asthma. METHODS We performed a randomised controlled cross over study comparing the effectiveness of AKL1 with indistinguishable placebo as add-on therapy in patients uncontrolled on standard asthma treatment. Thirty two adult asthmatics completed a 36 week trial consisting of a 4 week single blind run in period, during which placebo was added to usual treatment, a 12 week double blind active phase in which subjects received AKL1 or placebo, a single blind 8 week washout period receiving placebo and a final 12 week double blind cross-over active treatment phase. Daily diaries were kept of peak expiratory flow and symptoms, and spirometry, validated symptom and health status questionnaire scores and adverse events were monitored at study visits. Paired T tests were used to compare the effects of placebo and AKL1 on outcomes. Changes in outcome measures over treatment phases are presented as means and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of means. RESULTS No significant differences in lung function (active-placebo) were found (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second: mean difference [95% CI] = 0.01 [-0.12 to 0.14] L, p = 0.9. Peak Expiratory Flow: -4.08 [-35.03 to 26.89]. L/min, p = 0.8). Trends to clinical improvements favouring active treatment were however consistently seen in the patient-centered outcomes: Asthma Control Questionnaire mean difference (active - placebo) [95% CI] = -0.35 [-0.78 to 0.07], p = 0.10, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire mean difference 0.42 [-0.08 to 0.93], p = 0.09, Leicester Cough Questionnaire mean difference 0.49, [-0.18 to 1.16], p = 0.15. Nine exacerbations occurred during placebo treatment and five whilst on AKL1. No significant adverse events were noted. CONCLUSION AKL1 treatment was well tolerated. No significant improvements in lung function, symptoms, or quality of life were seen, although consistent trends were seen to improvements in patient-centered outcomes. Further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thomas
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Centre, Westburn Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2AY, UK
| | - Jane Sheran
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Centre, Westburn Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2AY, UK
| | - Natalie Smith
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Centre, Westburn Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2AY, UK
| | - Sofia Fonseca
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Health Sciences Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Amanda J Lee
- Department of General Practice and Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Health Centre, Westburn Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2AY, UK
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Singh AK, Sharma A, Warren J, Madhavan S, Steele K, RajeshKumar NV, Thangapazham RL, Sharma SC, Kulshreshtha DK, Gaddipati J, Maheshwari RK. Picroliv accelerates epithelialization and angiogenesis in rat wounds. Planta Med 2007; 73:251-6. [PMID: 17318779 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-967119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair and wound healing are complex processes that involve inflammation, granulation and tissue remodeling. Angiogenesis plays a central role in wound healing. Earlier, we have shown that picroliv, a natural product obtained from the roots of Picrorhiza kurrooa, up-regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and of insulin-like growth factor in rats during hypoxia. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of picroliv in an ex vivo rat aorta ring model of angiogenesis. Picroliv enhanced the sprouting and migration of endothelial cells. We also investigated punch wound healing on days 4 and 7 after wounding by histology, morphometry and collagenization. The data showed improved re-epithelialization, neovascularization and migration of various cells such as endothelial, dermal myofibroblasts and fibroblasts into the wound bed after picroliv treatment. Immunohistochemical localization showed increased VEGF and alpha smooth muscle actin staining consistent with an increased number of microvessels in granulation tissue. These findings suggest that picroliv could be developed as a therapeutic angiogenic agent for the restoration of the blood supply in diseases involving inadequate blood supply such as limb ischemia, ischemic myocardium and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop K Singh
- Center for Combat Casualty and Life Sustainment Research, Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Life Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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Lee HS, Yoo CB, Ku SK. Hypolipemic effect of water extracts of Picrorrhiza kurroa in high fat diet treated mouse. Fitoterapia 2006; 77:579-84. [PMID: 17056204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A hypolipemic effect of the water extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa (PR) was observed in a high fat diet feeding hyperlipemic mouse at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, orally, once a day for 12 weeks. Liver weight, serum aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by the treatment. On the contrary, serum HDL level seems not affected by P. kurroa water extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeung Sik Lee
- Department of Herbal Biotechnology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 712-715, Republic of Korea
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Lee HS, Ahn HC, Ku SK. Hypolipemic effect of water extracts of Picrorrhiza rhizoma in PX-407 induced hyperlipemic ICR mouse model with hepatoprotective effects: a prevention study. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 105:380-6. [PMID: 16406704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The preventive hypolipemic effect of water extract of Picrorrhiza rhizoma (PR) was observed in Poloxamer (PX)-407 induced hyperlipemic mice with their hepatoprotective effects. Doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of PR extracts were given orally once a day for 12 weeks initiated with intraperitoneal injection of PX-407 (0.5 g/kg), and changes in body weight and gains, liver weight, serum aspartate transferase (AST) and alanine transferase (ALT) levels were monitored with serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. The efficacy of PX-407 was compared to that of 10mg/kg of simvastatin (SIMVA). No meaningful changes in the body weight were detected in all dosing groups compared to that of vehicle control group. Dramatic decrease of both absolute and relative liver weight was dose-dependently observed in all PR extracts dosing groups compared to that of vehicle control group. The serum AST and ALT levels were significantly and dose-dependently decreased in PR extracts dosing groups. However, slight increase of liver weight, serum AST and ALT levels were detected in SIMVA-dosing groups. The serum LDL, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were dose-dependently decreased in PR extracts dosing groups and SIMVA-dosing group compared to that of vehicle control group, respectively. The serum HDL levels were slightly but dose-dependently increased in PR extracts dosing groups compared to that in vehicle control group, respectively. However, the efficacy on the serum lipid levels of PR extracts was lower than that of SIMVA-about 200 mg/kg of PR extracts which showed similar effect compared to that of SIMVA 10mg/kg. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that water extract of PR has a relatively good favorable preventive effect on the PX-407 inducing hyperlipemia with favorable hepatoprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeung Sik Lee
- Department of Herbal Biotechnology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Ye WC, Jiang RW, Wu JJ, Mak TC, Zhao SX, Yao XS. Three new cyclopentanoid monoterpenes from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Planta Med 2004; 70:382-384. [PMID: 15095161 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-818957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three new cyclopentanoid monoterpenes, named piscrocins A , B and C, were isolated from the roots of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Scrophulariaceae). The structures of these new compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques ( (1)H- (1)H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) in combination with X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Phytochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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13
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Abstract
From the AcOEt extract of the seeds of Picrorhiza kurroa were isolated picrorhiza acid (1), picrorhizoside A (2), picrorhizoside B (3), picrorhizoside C (4), (-)-shikimic acid (5), gallic acid (6), ellagic acid (7), isocorilagin (8), 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (9), 1-O,3-O,6-O-trigalloyl-beta-D-glucose (10), and 1-O,2-O,3-O,4-O,6-O-pentagalloyl-beta-D-glucose (11), and their structures were established by extensive NMR and chemical studies. Constituents 1-4 are novel compounds, and the known compounds 5-11 have been isolated for the first time from the seeds of P. kurroa. Compounds 2 and 3 were hydrolyzed and yielded 12, isochebulic acid. Compounds 1-12 showed 89.6, 77.3, 56.1, 50.5, 11.0, 86.4, 50.5, 29.2, 70.9, 50.5, 56.5, and 86.1% inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 5 microg/ml, respectively. The commercial antioxidants BHA (1.8 microg/ml), BHT (2.2 microg/ml), and TBHQ (1.66 microg/ml) inhibited lipid peroxidation at 85.6, 87.1, and 81.1%, respectively. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) by 2-5, 7, 8, and 10-12 at 100 microg/ml was 41.9, 28.4, 32.9, 9.3, 70.7, 34.7, 16.0, 89.6, and 53.4%, respectively. Similarly, compounds 1-8 and 11 and 12, at 100 microg/ml, inhibited COX-2 by 12.6, 15.3, 25.1, 5.3, 13.2, 21.7, 2.0, 42.4, 43.4, and 36.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- Bioactive Natural Products and Phytoceuticals, Department of Horticulture and National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Wang H, Sun Y, Ye WC, Xiong F, Wu JJ, Yang CH, Zhao SX. Antioxidative Phenylethanoid and Phenolic Glycosides from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:615-7. [PMID: 15133218 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One new phenylenthanoid glycoside, scroside D (2), was isolated from the roots of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Scrophulariaceae), together with nine known phenylethanoid and phenolic glycosides: 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), scroside B (4), hemiphroside A (5), plantainoside D (6), scroside A (7), androsin (8), piceoside (9), and 6-O-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. The antioxidative activities of these isolated compounds were evaluated based on their scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radicals, respectively. Compounds 1, 2, and 6 showed potent antioxidative effects as those of ascorbic acid and the structure-activity relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Phytochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
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Sharma N, Sharma B. Cryopreservation of shoot tips of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth, an indigenous endangered medicinal plant, through vitrification. Cryo Letters 2003; 24:181-90. [PMID: 12908028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The cryopreservation of shoot tips of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth (IC 266698), an endangered medicinal plant of India was investigated. Shoot tips (about 1 mm in length) excised from four-week-old proliferating shoot cultures were precultured on MS medium supplemented with various osmotica before dehydrating with PVS2 solution at 0 degrees C. The dehydrated shoot tips were directly immersed in LN2. Following cryopreservation, and after rapid rewarming at 45 degrees C, shoot tips were quickly washed with 1.2 M sucrose solution and then plated on solidified shoot culture medium. Shoot tips were successfully cryopreserved by vitrification, when they were precultured on medium supplemented with 5% DMSO at 4 degrees C for two days before dehydrating in PVS2 for 10-20 minutes at 0 degrees C. Average survival in terms of normal shoot formation after 4 wks of plating was about 20% without callus formation. Cold hardening of shoot cultures for four weeks at 4 degrees C significantly improved the survival and shoot regeneration of cryopreserved shoot tips to 70% and 35%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Sharma
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India.
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