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Latinne A, Chen HW, Kuo CC, Lorica R, Singleton G, Stuart A, Malbas FF, Demanche C, Chabé M, Michaux J, Morand S. Revisiting the Pneumocystis host specificity paradigm and transmission ecology in wild Southeast Asian rodents. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 93:104978. [PMID: 34175480 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pneumocystis fungi are opportunistic parasites of mammalian lungs whose evolution, ecology and host specificity in natural host populations remain poorly understood and controversial. Using an extensive collection of 731 lung samples from 27 rodent species sampled in five Southeast Asian countries, and nested PCR amplification of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, we investigated the host specificity and genetic structure of Pneumocystis lineages infecting wild rodents. We also identified the rodent species playing a central role in the transmission of these parasites using network analysis and centrality measurement and we characterized the environmental conditions allowing Pneumocystis infection in Southeast Asia using generalized linear mixed models. Building upon an unprecedented Pneumocystis sampling from numerous rodent species belonging to closely related genera, our findings provide compelling evidence that the host specificity of Pneumocystis lineages infecting rodents is not restricted to a single host species or genus as often presented in the literature but it encompasses much higher taxonomic levels and more distantly related rodent host species. The phylogenetic species status at both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers of at least three new Pneumocystis lineages, highly divergent from Pneumocystis species currently described, is also suggested by our data. Our models show that the probability of Pneumocystis infection in rodent hosts is positively correlated to environmental variables reflecting habitat fragmentation and landscape patchiness. Synanthropic and habitat-generalist rodents belonging to the Rattus, Sundamys and Bandicota genera played a role of bridge host species for Pneumocystis spreading in these heterogeneous habitats, where they can reach high population densities. These are critical findings improving our understanding of the ecology of these enigmatic parasites and the role played by cospeciation and host switches in their evolution. Our results also confirmed the role of land-use change and habitat fragmentation in parasite amplification and spillover in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Latinne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Ha Noi, Viet Nam; Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA; Université de Liège, Laboratoire de Génétique de la Conservation, GeCoLAB, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Hsuan-Wien Chen
- Department of Biological Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Kuo
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Renee Lorica
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Grant Singleton
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines; Natural Resource Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Alex Stuart
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fedelino F Malbas
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Christine Demanche
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Magali Chabé
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Johan Michaux
- Université de Liège, Laboratoire de Génétique de la Conservation, GeCoLAB, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Animal Santé Territoire Risque Environnement- Unité Mixe de Recherche 117 (ASTRE) Univ. Montpellier, Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Morand
- University of Montpellier, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS-IRD, Montpellier, France; University of Kasetsart, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, ASTRE-CIRAD, Bangkok, Thailand
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Martinez A, Halliez MCM, Aliouat EM, Chabé M, Standaert-Vitse A, Fréalle E, Gantois N, Pottier M, Pinon A, Dei-Cas E, Aliouat-Denis CM. Growth and airborne transmission of cell-sorted life cycle stages of Pneumocystis carinii. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79958. [PMID: 24223207 PMCID: PMC3819301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis organisms are airborne opportunistic pathogens that cannot be continuously grown in culture. Consequently, the follow-up of Pneumocystis stage-to-stage differentiation, the sequence of their multiplication processes as well as formal identification of the transmitted form have remained elusive. The successful high-speed cell sorting of trophic and cystic forms is paving the way for the elucidation of the complex Pneumocystis life cycle. The growth of each sorted Pneumocystis stage population was followed up independently both in nude rats and in vitro. In addition, by setting up a novel nude rat model, we attempted to delineate which cystic and/or trophic forms can be naturally aerially transmitted from host to host. The results showed that in axenic culture, cystic forms can differentiate into trophic forms, whereas trophic forms are unable to evolve into cystic forms. In contrast, nude rats inoculated with pure trophic forms are able to produce cystic forms and vice versa. Transmission experiments indicated that 12 h of contact between seeder and recipient nude rats was sufficient for cystic forms to be aerially transmitted. In conclusion, trophic- to cystic-form transition is a key step in the proliferation of Pneumocystis microfungi because the cystic forms (but not the trophic forms) can be transmitted by aerial route from host to host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martinez
- Biology and Diversity of Emerging Eukaryotic Pathogens (BDEEP), Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, EA-4547, Univ Lille Nord de France, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France ; Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Gołab E. [Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis jirovecii infections]. Przegl Epidemiol 2009; 63:353-357. [PMID: 19899590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pneumocystis fungi has been recognized as causative agent of pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. The epidemiology of Pneumocystis infection has been dynamically changing over the past two decades. In this review, the current understanding of factors contributing to the spreading of Pneumocystis jirovecii in immunocompetent and immunocompromised human populations is highlighted. Primary infections, routs of transmission and colonization issues are discussed. Data concerning P. jirovecii infections in Poland is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gołab
- Zakład Parazytologii Lekarskiej, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego-Państwowy Zakład Higieny.
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Abstract
Whether Pneumocystis colonization is transmitted in families with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected members is unknown. Using nested polymerase chain reaction of oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal samples, we detected colonization in 11.4% of HIV-infected adults and in 3.3% of their children, but there was no evidence of clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaShonda Spencer
- Maternal Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Ukwu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Travis Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Karri Valadez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lora Liu
- Maternal Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Toni Frederick
- Maternal Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Kovacs
- Maternal Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alison Morris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and the Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Durand-Joly I, Soula F, Chabé M, Dalle JH, Lafitte JJ, Senechal M, Pinon A, Camus D, Dei-Cas E. Long-Term Colonization with Pneumocystis jirovecii in Hospital Staffs: A Challenge to Prevent Nosocomial Pneumocystosis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2003; 50 Suppl:614-5. [PMID: 14736183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vargas SL, Ponce CA, Gigliotti F, Ulloa AV, Prieto S, Muñoz MP, Hughes WT. Transmission of Pneumocystis carinii DNA from a patient with P. carinii pneumonia to immunocompetent contact health care workers. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1536-8. [PMID: 10747139 PMCID: PMC86483 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.4.1536-1538.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of Pneumocystis carinii from person to person was studied by detecting P. carinii-specific DNA in prospectively obtained noninvasive deep-nasal-swab samples from a child with a documented P. carinii pneumonia (PCP), his mother, two contact health care workers, and 30 hospital staff members who did not enter the patient's room (controls). Nested-DNA amplification was done by using oligonucleotide primers designed for the gene encoding the mitochondrial large subunit rRNA of rat P. carinii (P. carinii f. sp. carinii) that amplifies all forms of P. carinii and internal primers specific for human P. carinii (f. sp. hominis). P. carinii f. sp. hominis DNA was detected in samples from the patient and all of his contacts versus none of the 30 hospital staff members. The results, as previously shown in murine models of P. carinii pneumonia, document that person-to-person transmission of P. carinii is possible. This observation suggests that immunocompromised patients not on PCP prophylaxis should not enter the room of a patient with PCP, and it also raises the question as to whether healthy contacts can transmit the disease to immunocompromised patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Vargas
- Program in Microbiology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
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Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for opportunistic infections. Traditionally, these infections were thought to arise from endogenous reactivation of previously acquired latent infections, and nosocomial transmission therefore was deemed to be so unlikely that no special infection control interventions were needed to prevent transmission in healthcare settings. However, new data have challenged this view and suggest that some opportunistic pathogens are transmissible from one immunosuppressed patient to another. Epidemiological investigations, molecular genotyping, animal studies, and air-sampling experiments lend support to the hypothesis that reinfection with opportunistic pathogens does occur, that airborne transmission is possible, and that nosocomial spread is a plausible explanation for case clusters. Taken together, these observations support the view that some opportunistic infections are exogenous in origin and that additional epidemiological investigations are needed to define the true risk of nosocomial spread and need for isolation.
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Abstract
Although vertical transmission of Pneumocystis in human or animal hosts has often been suspected, no evidence demonstrating this infection route has been furnished until now. This widespread parasite is constantly found in the lungs of rabbits, which spontaneously develop a benign pneumocystosis at weaning. However, the infection source, the method of entry of Pneumocystis organisms into the rabbit and when this mammal is infected, remain to be known. As a few parasites have been microscopically observed and detected by PCR in the lungs of rabbits at birth, in utero Pneumocystis infection has been hypothesized. The presence of Pneumocystis was therefore carefully assessed in 16 pregnant does, their embryos and fetuses by using several detection methods. Pneumocystis was detected by PCR in maternal blood, embryos, amniotic fluid and fetuses. The parasite was also revealed histologically and by immunofluorescence in fetal and maternal lungs and in placentas. The results suggest that vertical transmission of P. carinii sp. f. oryctolagi occurs as early as at the 10th day of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cere
- INRA, Centre de Tours, Station de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie, Nouzilly
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Bartlett MS, Vermund SH, Jacobs R, Durant PJ, Shaw MM, Smith JW, Tang X, Lu JJ, Li B, Jin S, Lee CH. Detection of Pneumocystis carinii DNA in air samples: likely environmental risk to susceptible persons. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2511-3. [PMID: 9316898 PMCID: PMC230001 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.10.2511-2513.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The means by which humans acquire Pneumocystis carinii is not well understood. Whether it can be acquired from specific environmental sources or transmitted from person to person has not been determined. This study was designed to detect nucleic acids of P. carinii in air samples from various locations, including P. carinii-infected patients' homes and hospital rooms, non-P. carinii-infected patients' hospital rooms, empty hospital rooms, offices at Indiana University, and other homes in different locations. DNA was extracted from cellulose-ester filters through which air samples had been filtered, and the P. carinii DNA was amplified by PCR with primers specific for the internal transcribed spacer regions of rRNA. P. carinii DNA was found in 17 of 30 air samples (57%) from the rooms of P. carinii-infected patients. It was also found in 6 of the 21 other hospital rooms sampled (29%) but was not found in any of the offices, storage areas, or control homes. Environmental sampling suggests that the airborne presence of P. carinii genetic material and infectious organisms is plausible. The organism was also detected in locations where P. carinii patients were not immediately proximate, such as the hospital rooms of non-P. carinii-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bartlett
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 45202-5120, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND An extrahuman reservoir of human pathogenic Pneumocystis carinii remains unknown. Host to host transmission has been described in animal studies and in cluster cases among immunodeficient patients. P carinii DNA has recently been detected in air filters from inpatient and outpatient rooms in departments of infectious diseases managing patients with P carinii pneumonia (PCP), suggesting the airborne route of transmission. Exposure of staff to P carinii may occur in hospital departments treating patients with PCP. METHODS Exposure to P carinii was detected by serological responses to human P carinii by ELISA, Western blotting, and indirect immunofluorescence in 64 hospital staff with and 79 staff without exposure to patients with PCP from Denmark and Sweden. DNA amplification of oropharyngeal washings was performed on 20 Danish staff with and 20 staff without exposure to patients with PCP. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the frequency or level of antibodies to P carinii between staff exposed and those unexposed to patients with PCP. None of the hospital staff had detectable P carinii DNA in oropharyngeal washings. CONCLUSIONS There is no difference in antibodies and no detectable P carinii DNA in oropharyngeal washings, which suggests that immunocompetent staff treating patients with PCP are not a potentially infectious source of P carinii for immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Compenhagen, Denmark
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Czerwionka-Szaflarska M, Pawłowska M, Szaflarska A, Swincow G, Szczepanik M. [Coexistence of Pneumocystis carinii infection with pertussis]. Wiad Lek 1995; 48:60-2. [PMID: 9638207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Czerwionka-Szaflarska
- Katedry i Kliniki Gastroenterologii i Chorób Dzieci Ak. Med. im. Ludwika Rydygiera, Bydgoszczy
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12
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Abstract
To observe the transmission patterns of karyotype of Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) by rat colonies, three strains of rats, Sprague-Dawley(SD), Wistar(W) and Fisher(F) from various animal vendors, were suppressed of their immunity by injection of methyl prednisolone. They were kept for 5 to 13 weeks in 3 different animal rooms, A, B, and C. The purified organisms were prepared in low melting point agarose gel by embedded lysis method for pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Field inversion gel electrophoresis showed 2 patterns of the karyotype of Pc. The rooms A and C contained SD rats from the source P, and also the room A was used for F and W rats. However, Pc from all of the SD and F rats in the room A showed same karyotypes, the pattern I. The SD rats from different vendors, M and S, were reared in the room B, and shared the same Pc karyotypes, the pattern II. The rats of W strain were from the vendor M, and immune-suppressed in the animal room A. Five weeks after the experiment, the Pc showed the karyotype pattern II but the pattern became mixed with the type I after 7 to 8 weeks. The findings revealed that the animals born and reared in the same animal quarter harbored Pc with same karyotypes. If the animals were kept under immune-suppression in the same room with heavily infected hosts, they could be infected by Pc from their neighbors. The present experimental findings suggest that Pc is transmitted among rats through the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Hong
- Department of Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Stringer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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Stringer JR, Edman JC, Cushion MT, Richards FF, Watanabe J. The fungal nature of Pneumocystis. J Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30 Suppl 1:271-8. [PMID: 1474452 PMCID: PMC7107652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Stringer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Ohio
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Sukura A, Lindberg LA, Soveri T, Guerrero O, Chinchilla M, Elvin K, Linder E. Establishment of Pneumocystis carinii infection in a rat population. Acta Vet Scand 1991; 32:135-7. [PMID: 1950847 PMCID: PMC8127879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Sukura
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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