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Fox ZD, Jiang G, Ho KKY, Walker KA, Liu AP, Kunisaki SM. Fetal lung transcriptome patterns in an ex vivo compression model of diaphragmatic hernia. J Surg Res 2018; 231:411-420. [PMID: 30278961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to employ a novel ex vivo lung model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) to determine how a mechanical compression affects early pulmonary development. METHODS Day-15 whole fetal rat lungs (n = 6-12/group) from nitrofen-exposed and normal (vehicle only) dams were explanted and cultured ex vivo in compression microdevices (0.2 or 0.4 kPa) for 16 h to mimic physiologic compression forces that occur in CDH in vivo. Lungs were evaluated with significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Nitrofen-exposed lungs were hypoplastic and expressed lower levels of surfactant protein C at baseline. Although compression alone did not alter the α-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2) expression in normal lungs, nitrofen-exposed lungs had significantly increased ACTA2 transcripts (0.2 kPa: 2.04 ± 0.15; 0.4 kPa: 2.22 ± 0.11; both P < 0.001). Nitrofen-exposed lungs also showed further reductions in surfactant protein C expression at 0.2 and 0.4 kPa (0.53 ± 0.04, P < 0.01; 0.69 ± 0.23, P < 0.001; respectively). Whereas normal lungs exposed to 0.2 and 0.4 kPa showed significant increases in periostin (POSTN), a mechanical stress-response molecule (1.79 ± 0.10 and 2.12 ± 0.39, respectively; both P < 0.001), nitrofen-exposed lungs had a significant decrease in POSTN expression (0.4 kPa: 0.67 ± 0.15, P < 0.001), which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these pilot data in a model of CDH lung hypoplasia suggest a primary aberration in response to mechanical stress within the nitrofen lung, characterized by an upregulation of ACTA2 and a downregulation in SPFTC and POSTN. This ex vivo compression system may serve as a novel research platform to better understand the mechanobiology and complex regulation of matricellular dynamics during CDH fetal lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Fox
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Guihua Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenneth K Y Ho
- Mechanical Engineering, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kendal A Walker
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Allen P Liu
- Mechanical Engineering, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shaun M Kunisaki
- Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Chouridou E, Lambropoulou M, Koureta M, Balgouranidou I, Nena E, Simopoulou M, Papadopoulos N, Kortsaris A, Chatzaki E. A complete corticotropin releasing factor system localized in human fetal lung. Hormones (Athens) 2014; 13:229-43. [PMID: 24776623 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) system (neuropeptides CRF, Ucn I, II, III and binding sites CRFR1, CRFR2, CRF-BP) is responsible for stress regulation and the homeostasis of an organism. Herein we study the CRF system in human normal and pathological fetal lungs. DESIGN Lung tissues from 46 archival human fetuses were divided into Group A (normal), Group B (chromosomal abnormalities) and Group C (congenital disorders). Presence of elements of the CRF system was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and was correlated to pathology, lung developmental stage and clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for all antigens was found in both epithelial and mesenchymal lung cells of the bronchi and alveoli. Ucn I and CRFR1 were more frequently present in Group A. Ucns were more frequently localized at the pseudoglandular stage. There was a positive correlation between the presence of the CRF neuropeptides and between CRFR1 and CRF. Two fetuses with lung malformations showed low or no detectable presence of the CRF system. CONCLUSIONS We report the presence of a complete CRF system in human fetal lungs correlating its developmental stage and several pathologies. Our results are in agreement with findings in experimental animal models, implicating the CRF system in fetal lung development, its action being more significant in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efterpi Chouridou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Maria Koureta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Ioanna Balgouranidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Evangelia Nena
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Maria Simopoulou
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kapodistriako University of Athens; Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Alexandros Kortsaris
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis; Greece
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Guo H, Cajaiba MM, Borys D, Gutierrez MC, Yee H, Drut RM, Drut R, Askin F, Reyes-Múgica M, Greco MA. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, but not K-RAS mutations, is present in congenital cystic airway malformation/congenital pulmonary airway malformation. Hum Pathol 2007; 38:1772-8. [PMID: 17714760 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cystic airway malformation/congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CCAM/CPAM) of the lung is a rare but well-described malformative lesion of pulmonary parenchyma characterized by the abnormal maturation of airways along with an increase in terminal respiratory structures, resulting in cysts of variable sizes. Five types have been classified based on morphological analysis. Although the etiology of the lesion is still unclear, recent data suggest that bronchial atresia is a predisposing/associated anomaly. A described association between type 1 CCAM/CPAM and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma suggests that type 1 CCAM/CPAM may predispose to malignant transformation by as yet unidentified tumorigenic mechanisms. Here we studied epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and K-RAS oncogene, 2 biological markers closely associated with tumorigenesis and altered in many types of tumors, including lung carcinomas. For this purpose, we used immunohistochemistry and gene sequencing in paraffin-embedded tissue. Our results demonstrate expression of EGFR in types 1 and 3 CCAM/CPAM, with a distinctive distribution and intensity, compared with that of type 2. Of special interest, mucinous areas in 2 cases of type 1 CCAM/CPAM lacked EGFR expression, whereas adjacent epithelial cystic linings were strongly positive. This supports the hypothesis that mucinous differentiation in CCAM/CPAM, always present in cases with malignant transformation, could be related to other molecular pathways. The K-RAS gene was screened for mutations usually found in lung carcinomas; however, no mutations were present in any of the studied samples. These findings support the notion that EGFR may play an important role in the pathogenesis and phenotype of CCAM/CPAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Viemari JC, Roux JC, Tryba AK, Saywell V, Burnet H, Peña F, Zanella S, Bévengut M, Barthelemy-Requin M, Herzing LBK, Moncla A, Mancini J, Ramirez JM, Villard L, Hilaire G. Mecp2 deficiency disrupts norepinephrine and respiratory systems in mice. J Neurosci 2006; 25:11521-30. [PMID: 16354910 PMCID: PMC6726028 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4373-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome is a severe X-linked neurological disorder in which most patients have mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene and suffer from bioaminergic deficiencies and life-threatening breathing disturbances. We used in vivo plethysmography, in vitro electrophysiology, neuropharmacology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemistry to characterize the consequences of the MECP2 mutation on breathing in wild-type (wt) and Mecp2-deficient (Mecp2-/y) mice. At birth, Mecp2-/y mice showed normal breathing and a normal number of medullary neurons that express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH neurons). At approximately 1 month of age, most Mecp2-/y mice showed respiratory cycles of variable duration; meanwhile, their medulla contained a significantly reduced number of TH neurons and norepinephrine (NE) content, even in Mecp2-/y mice that showed a normal breathing pattern. Between 1 and 2 months of age, all unanesthetized Mecp2-/y mice showed breathing disturbances that worsened until fatal respiratory arrest at approximately 2 months of age. During their last week of life, Mecp2-/y mice had a slow and erratic breathing pattern with a highly variable cycle period and frequent apneas. In addition, their medulla had a drastically reduced number of TH neurons, NE content, and serotonin (5-HT) content. In vitro experiments using transverse brainstem slices of mice between 2 and 3 weeks of age revealed that the rhythm produced by the isolated respiratory network was irregular in Mecp2-/y mice but could be stabilized with exogenous NE. We hypothesize that breathing disturbances in Mecp2-/y mice, and probably Rett patients, originate in part from a deficiency in noradrenergic and serotonergic modulation of the medullary respiratory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Viemari
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Gallot D, Marceau G, Coste K, Hadden H, Robert-Gnansia E, Laurichesse H, Déchelotte PJ, Labbé A, Dastugue B, Lémery D, Sapin V. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a retinoid-signaling pathway disruption during lung development? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 73:523-31. [PMID: 15981190 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) usually occurs sporadically. The prognosis remains poor, with a 50% perinatal mortality rate. Most deaths result from hypoxemia due to lung hypoplasia and abnormal development of pulmonary vasculature that results in persistent pulmonary hypertension. Our current understanding of the pathogenesis of CDH is based on an assumption linking herniation of abdominal viscera into the thorax with compression of the developing lung. Pulmonary hypoplasia, however, can also result from reduced distension of the developing lung secondary to impaired fetal breathing movements. Moreover, a nitrofen-induced CDH model shows that lung hypoplasia precedes the diaphragmatic defect, leading to a "dual-hit hypothesis." Recent data reveal the role of a retinoid-signaling pathway disruption in the pathogenesis of CDH. We describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of human CDH, the metabolic and molecular aspects of the retinoid-signaling pathway, and the implications of retinoids in the development of the diaphragm and the lung. Finally, we highlight the existing links between CDH and disruption of the retinoid-signaling pathway, which may suggest an eventual use of retinoids in the treatment of CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gallot
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Maternité Hôtel-Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Abstract
Mice gene targeted for ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1; Abca1−/−) have been shown to have low-serum high-density lipoprotein and abnormal lung morphology. We examined alterations in the structure and function of lungs from −/− mice (DBA1/J). Electron microscopy of the diseased mouse lung revealed areas of focal disease confirming previous results ( 47 ). Lipid analysis of the lung tissue of −/− mice showed a 1.2- and 1.4-fold elevation in total phospholipid (PL) and saturated phosphatidylcholine, respectively, and a marked 50% enrichment in total cholesterol content predominately due to a 17.5-fold increase in cholesteryl ester compared with wild type (WT). Lung surfactant in the −/− mice was characterized by alveolar proteinosis (161%), a slight increase in total PL (124%), and a marked increase in free cholesterol (155%) compared with WT. Alveolar macrophages were enriched in cholesterol (4.8-fold) due to elevations in free cholesterol (2.4-fold) and in cholesteryl ester (14.8-fold) compared with WT macrophages. More PL mass was cleared from the alveolar space of −/− mice lungs, measured using intratracheal installation of3H-PL liposomes. Compared with WT mice, the Abca1−/−mice demonstrated respiratory distress with rapid, shallow breathing. Thus the lungs of mice lacking ABCA1 protein demonstrated abnormal morphology and physiology, with alveolar proteinosis and cholesterol enrichment of tissue, surfactant, and macrophages. The results indicate that the activity of ABCA1 is important for the maintenance of normal lung lipid composition, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Bates
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, 1 John Morgan Bldg., 3620 Hamilton Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Unemoto K, Sakai M, Shima H, Guarino N, Puri P. Increased expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the lung of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Pediatr Surg Int 2003; 19:365-70. [PMID: 12759764 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-003-1012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, increased expression of inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, has been reported in both humans and animal models with CDH and the decreased TNF-alpha expression in CDH lung after antenatal dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 are induced by several inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha. The aim of this study was to investigate pulmonary ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in CDH lung in rats and to determine the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid. CDH model was induced in pregnant rats following administration of nitrofen on day 9.5 of gestation. In control animals, the same dose of olive oil was given without nitrofen. Dex (0.25 mg/kg) was given on day 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation. RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the relative amount of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA expression. Fluorescein immunohistochemistry using anti-ICAM-1 and anti-VCAM-1 antibody was performed using light and confocal microscopy. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA expression and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 immunoreactivity were markedly increased in CDH lung compared to controls. Dex downregulated the expression of both adhesion molecules in the hypoplastic lung. Increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA expression in hypoplastic lungs would suggest that the increased local synthesis of pulmonary adhesion molecules may induce respiratory distress in CDH. Decreased expression of adhesion molecules in CDH lungs after Dex treatment suggests that antenatal glucocorticoids therapy may improve pulmonary immaturity and associated respiratory distress in nitrofen-induced CDH lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Unemoto
- Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, University College Dublin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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