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Baldrick FR, McFadden K, Ibars M, Sung C, Moffatt T, Megarry K, Thomas K, Mitchell P, Wallace JMW, Pourshahidi LK, Ternan NG, Corona G, Spencer J, Yaqoob P, Hotchkiss S, Campbell R, Moreno-Rojas JM, Cuevas FJ, Pereira-Caro G, Rowland I, Gill CIR. Impact of a (poly)phenol-rich extract from the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum on DNA damage and antioxidant activity in an overweight or obese population: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:688-700. [PMID: 30321272 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic evidence suggests that a diet rich in (poly)phenols has beneficial effects on many chronic diseases. Brown seaweed is a rich source of (poly)phenols. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability and effect of a brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) (poly)phenol extract on DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in vivo. Design A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted in 80 participants aged 30-65 y with a body mass index (in kg/m2) ≥25. The participants consumed either a 400-mg capsule containing 100 mg seaweed (poly)phenol and 300 mg maltodextrin or a 400-mg maltodextrin placebo control capsule daily for an 8-wk period. Bioactivity was assessed with a panel of blood-based markers including lymphocyte DNA damage, plasma oxidant capacity, C-reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory cytokines. To explore the bioavailability of seaweed phenolics, an untargeted metabolomics analysis of urine and plasma samples after seaweed consumption was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results Consumption of the seaweed (poly)phenols resulted in a modest decrease in DNA damage but only in a subset of the total population who were obese. There were no significant changes in CRP, antioxidant status, or inflammatory cytokines. We identified phlorotannin metabolites that are considered potential biomarkers of seaweed consumption including pyrogallol/phloroglucinol-sulfate, hydroxytrifurahol A-glucuronide, dioxinodehydroeckol-glucuronide, diphlorethol sulfates, C-O-C dimer of phloroglucinol sulfate, and C-O-C dimer of phloroglucinol. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first comprehensive study investigating the bioactivity and bioavailability of seaweed (poly)phenolics in human participants. We identified several potential biomarkers of seaweed consumption. Intriguingly, the modest improvements in DNA damage were observed only in the obese subset of the total population. The subgroup analysis should be considered exploratory because it was not preplanned; therefore, it was not powered adequately. Elucidation of the biology underpinning this observation will require participant stratification according to weight in future studies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02295878.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina R Baldrick
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin McFadden
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ibars
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Sung
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Moffatt
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Megarry
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Thomas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mitchell
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M W Wallace
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel G Ternan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Corona
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Spencer
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Yaqoob
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hotchkiss
- CyberColloids Ltd., Carrigaline Industrial Estate, Carrigaline, Ireland
| | - Ross Campbell
- CyberColloids Ltd., Carrigaline Industrial Estate, Carrigaline, Ireland
| | | | | | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, IFAPA-Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ian Rowland
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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Gnanamani A, Sudha M, Deepa G, Sudha M, Deivanai K, Sadulla S. Haematological and biochemical effects of polyphenolics in animal models. Chemosphere 2008; 72:1321-1326. [PMID: 18511106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols of natural and synthetic origin are exploited in tanning sector to convert putrescible skin/hide to non-putrescible leather. However, only 30-40% of the inputs have been taken up for processing, the remaining is released as unspent. The existing conventional wastewater treatment systems are inefficient in removing or degrading these unspent polyphenols and thus detrimental to ecosystem. The present study demonstrates the evaluation of impact of both synthetic and natural polyphenols on biochemical and haematological properties of blood and serum in animal models. The results reveal that concentrations of polyphenols play a major role. At higher concentrations, irrespective of their nature, there was a marked change in the lipid profile (81% reduction), followed by insignificant change in glucose levels, RBC and WBC counts and other haematological parameters. At lower concentrations, no significant changes in the above said properties were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Gnanamani
- Microbiology Division, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Huber R, Ditfurth AV, Amann F, Güthlin C, Rostock M, Trittler R, Kümmerer K, Merfort I. Tormentil for active ulcerative colitis: an open-label, dose-escalating study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41:834-8. [PMID: 17881930 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e31804b2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tormentil extracts (TE) have antioxidative properties and are used as a complementary therapy for chronic inflammatory bowel disease. In individual patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) positive effects have been observed. GOALS To assess the safety, pharmacology, and clinical effects of different doses of TE in patients with active UC. STUDY Sixteen patients with active UC [clinical activity index (CAI) >/=5] received TE in escalating doses of 1200, 1800, 2400 and 3000 mg/d for 3 weeks each. Each treatment phase was followed by a 4-week washout phase. The outcome parameters were side effects, CAI, C-reactive protein, and tannin levels in patient sera. RESULTS Mild upper abdominal discomfort was experienced by 6 patients (38%), but did not require discontinuation of the medication. During therapy with 2400 mg TE per day, median CAI and C-reactive protein improved from 8 (6 to 10.75) and 8 (3 to 17.75) mg/L at baseline to 4.5 (1.75 to 6) and 3 (3 to 6) mg/L, respectively. During therapy, the CAI decreased in all patients, whereas it increased during the washout phase. Neither undegraded nor metabolized tannins could be detected by liquid-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in patient sera. CONCLUSIONS TE appeared safe up to 3000 mg/d. Tannins from TE are not systemically absorbed. The efficacy in patients with UC should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Huber
- Department for Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
This paper seeks to catalyse a reappraisal of the nature, fate and biological significance in humans of phenols, polyphenols and tannins (PPT) consumed in normal diets, and in particular questions the primacy of PPT radical-scavenging mechanisms for the supposed health benefits of diets rich in fruits and vegetables. PPT are classified by structure and function. Arguments are presented to show that cinnamates and derived polyphenols make significantly larger contributions to the total PPT intake than the flavonols and flavones upon which the vast majority of attention has been focussed previously. Daily intakes of total PPT may range from less than 100 mg to in excess of 2 g, and the critical importance of coffee and black tea as the major dietary sources is shown. Only some 5% of the dietary PPT is absorbed in the duodenum, and of this only some 5%, mainly flavanols, reaches the plasma unchanged, the balance being mammalian conjugates. Over 95% of the intake passes to the colon and is fermented by the gut microflora. A fraction of the resulting microbial metabolites is absorbed and appears in the plasma primarily as mammalian conjugates. Even following high intakes of PPT, the plasma metabolites collectively make a very small (less than 5%) and transient contribution to the total concentration of redox active substances in plasma. This explains the failure of most studies that sought to detect an increase in plasma antioxidant power after consuming a PPT-rich meal or supplement. The powerfully antioxidant PPT aglycones, much used in in vitro studies, do not reach the plasma. The redox potential of those unchanged PPT and PPT metabolites that reach the plasma enables them to scavenge damaging radicals, but the endogenous plasma antioxidants, especially ascorbate, are required for disposal of the resultant phenoxyl radicals. Black tea and coffee, the major sources of PPT, are poor sources of ascorbate. It is suggested that if diets rich in fruits and vegetables are health-promoting, and if these effects are due to PPT, then alternatives to radical-scavenging mechanisms must be sought. Evidence is presented to show that some mammalian metabolites of PPT may indeed be able to protect the vascular endothelium and that diets rich in PPT may in humans at normal dietary levels have the ability to protect against Type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome through effects on glucose absorption and associated hormones. Such effects are recommended for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Clifford
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Safety, School of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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Cerdá B, Llorach R, Cerón JJ, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA. Evaluation of the bioavailability and metabolism in the rat of punicalagin, an antioxidant polyphenol from pomegranate juice. Eur J Nutr 2003; 42:18-28. [PMID: 12594538 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-003-0396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Punicalagin is an antioxidant ellagitannin of pomegranate juice. This compound is responsible for the high antioxidant activity of this juice. Nothing is known about the bioavailability and metabolism of punicalagin or other food ellagitannins. The present work aims to evaluate the bioavailability and metabolism of punicalagin in the rat as an animal model. DESIGN Two groups of rats were studied. One fed with standard rat diet (n = 5) and another with the same diet plus 6 % punicalagin (n = 5). Samples of urine and faeces were taken during 37 days and plasma every week. The different metabolites were analysed by HPLC-MS-MS. RESULTS The daily intake of punicalagin ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 g. Values around 3-6 % the ingested punicalagin were excreted as identified metabolites in faeces and urine. In faeces, punicalagin is transformed to hydrolysis products and partly metabolites by the rat microflora to 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives. In plasma, punicalagin was detected at concentrations around 30 microg/mL, and glucuronides of methyl ether derivatives of ellagic acid were also detected. 6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives were also detected especially during the last few weeks of the experiment. In urine, the main metabolites observed were the 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives, as aglycones or glucuronides. CONCLUSION As only 3-6 % of the ingested punicalagin was detected as such or as metabolites in urine and faeces, the majority of this ellagitannin has to be converted to undetectable metabolites (i. e. CO(2)) or accumulated in non-analysed tissues, however with only traces of punicalagin metabolites being detected in liver or kidney. This is the first report on the absorption of an ellagitannin and its presence in plasma. In addition, the transformation of ellagic acid derivatives to 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives in the rat is also confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Cerdá
- Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P. O. Box 4195, Murcia 30080, Spain
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