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Qi J, Zhang S, Wang HL, Wang H, de Jesus Aceves Buendia J, Hoffman AF, Lupica CR, Seal RP, Morales M. A glutamatergic reward input from the dorsal raphe to ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5390. [PMID: 25388237 PMCID: PMC4231541 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe (DR) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) activates the fibres of the same reward pathway but the phenotype of this pathway and the direction of the reward-relevant fibres have not been determined. Here we report rewarding effects following activation of a DR-originating pathway consisting of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGluT3) containing neurons that form asymmetric synapses onto VTA dopamine neurons that project to nucleus accumbens. Optogenetic VTA activation of this projection elicits AMPA-mediated synaptic excitatory currents in VTA mesoaccumbens dopaminergic neurons and causes dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. Activation also reinforces instrumental behaviour and establishes conditioned place preferences. These findings indicate that the DR-VGluT3 pathway to VTA utilizes glutamate as a neurotransmitter and is a substrate linking the DR-one of the most sensitive reward sites in the brain--to VTA dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shiliang Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Huikun Wang
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Electrophysiology Research Section, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jose de Jesus Aceves Buendia
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander F. Hoffman
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Electrophysiology Research Section, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl R. Lupica
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Electrophysiology Research Section, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca P. Seal
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marisela Morales
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Soria FN, Pérez-Samartín A, Martin A, Gona KB, Llop J, Szczupak B, Chara JC, Matute C, Domercq M. Extrasynaptic glutamate release through cystine/glutamate antiporter contributes to ischemic damage. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3645-55. [PMID: 25036707 DOI: 10.1172/jci71886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain ischemia, an excessive release of glutamate triggers neuronal death through the overactivation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs); however, the underlying pathways that alter glutamate homeostasis and whether synaptic or extrasynaptic sites are responsible for excess glutamate remain controversial. Here, we monitored ischemia-gated currents in pyramidal cortical neurons in brain slices from rodents in response to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) as a real-time glutamate sensor to identify the source of glutamate release and determined the extent of neuronal damage. Blockade of excitatory amino acid transporters or vesicular glutamate release did not inhibit ischemia-gated currents or neuronal damage after OGD. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter dramatically attenuated ischemia-gated currents and cell death after OGD. Compared with control animals, mice lacking a functional cystine/glutamate antiporter exhibited reduced anoxic depolarization and neuronal death in response to OGD. Furthermore, glutamate released by the cystine/glutamate antiporter activated extrasynaptic, but not synaptic, NMDARs, and blockade of extrasynaptic NMDARs reduced ischemia-gated currents and cell damage after OGD. Finally, PET imaging showed increased cystine/glutamate antiporter function in ischemic rats. Altogether, these data suggest that cystine/glutamate antiporter function is increased in ischemia, contributing to elevated extracellular glutamate concentration, overactivation of extrasynaptic NMDARs, and ischemic neuronal death.
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Moriyama Y. [Recent progress on the transporter studies by the constitutive biochemistry: a switch to regulate chemical transmission identified]. Seikagaku 2011; 83:294-303. [PMID: 21626881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Guo ZL, Longhurst JC. Activation of reciprocal pathways between arcuate nucleus and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray during electroacupuncture: involvement of VGLUT3. Brain Res 2010; 1360:77-88. [PMID: 20836994 PMCID: PMC2962589 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) at the Jianshi-Neiguan acupoints (P5-P6, overlying the median nerve) attenuates sympathoexcitatory responses through activation of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Activation of the ARC or vlPAG respectively leads to neuronal excitation of the both nuclei during EA. However, direct projections between these two nuclei that could participate in central neural processing during EA have not been identified. The vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3) marks glutamatergic neurons. Thus, the present study evaluated direct neuronal projections between the ARC and vlPAG during EA, focusing on neurons containing VGLUT3. Seven to ten days after unilateral microinjection of a rodamine-conjugated microsphere retrograde tracer (100nl) into the vlPAG or ARC, rats were subjected to EA or served as a sham-operated control. Low frequency (2Hz) EA was performed bilaterally for 30min at the P5-P6 acupoints. Perikarya containing the microsphere tracer were found in the ARC and vlPAG of both groups. Compared to controls (needle placement without electrical stimulation), c-Fos immunoreactivity and neurons double-labeled with c-Fos, an immediate early gene and the tracer were increased significantly in the ARC and vlPAG of EA-treated rats (both P<0.01). Moreover, some neurons were triple-labeled with c-Fos, the retrograde tracer and VGLUT3 in the two nuclei following EA stimulation (P<0.01, both nuclei). These results suggest that direct reciprocal projections between the ARC and vlPAG are available to participate in prolonged modulation by EA of sympathetic activity and that VGLUT3-containing neurons are an important neuronal phenotype involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ling Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine,Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Moriyama Y. [Vesicular transporters for purinergic and aspartergic chemical transduction identified]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2009; 54:148-155. [PMID: 19205350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Omote H, Moriyama Y. [Localization mechanism of vesicular neurotransmitter transporters]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2008; 53:2220-2224. [PMID: 21038612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Ruel J, Emery S, Nouvian R, Bersot T, Amilhon B, Van Rybroek JM, Rebillard G, Lenoir M, Eybalin M, Delprat B, Sivakumaran TA, Giros B, El Mestikawy S, Moser T, Smith RJ, Lesperance MM, Puel JL. Impairment of SLC17A8 encoding vesicular glutamate transporter-3, VGLUT3, underlies nonsyndromic deafness DFNA25 and inner hair cell dysfunction in null mice. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:278-92. [PMID: 18674745 PMCID: PMC2495073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant sensorineural hearing loss is genetically heterogeneous, with a phenotype closely resembling presbycusis, the most common sensory defect associated with aging in humans. We have identified SLC17A8, which encodes the vesicular glutamate transporter-3 (VGLUT3), as the gene responsible for DFNA25, an autosomal-dominant form of progressive, high-frequency nonsyndromic deafness. In two unrelated families, a heterozygous missense mutation, c.632C-->T (p.A211V), was found to segregate with DFNA25 deafness and was not present in 267 controls. Linkage-disequilibrium analysis suggested that the families have a distant common ancestor. The A211 residue is conserved in VGLUT3 across species and in all human VGLUT subtypes (VGLUT1-3), suggesting an important functional role. In the cochlea, VGLUT3 accumulates glutamate in the synaptic vesicles of the sensory inner hair cells (IHCs) before releasing it onto receptors of auditory-nerve terminals. Null mice with a targeted deletion of Slc17a8 exon 2 lacked auditory-nerve responses to acoustic stimuli, although auditory brainstem responses could be elicited by electrical stimuli, and robust otoacoustic emissions were recorded. Ca(2+)-triggered synaptic-vesicle turnover was normal in IHCs of Slc17a8 null mice when probed by membrane capacitance measurements at 2 weeks of age. Later, the number of afferent synapses, spiral ganglion neurons, and lateral efferent endings below sensory IHCs declined. Ribbon synapses remaining by 3 months of age had a normal ultrastructural appearance. We conclude that deafness in Slc17a8-deficient mice is due to a specific defect of vesicular glutamate uptake and release and that VGLUT3 is essential for auditory coding at the IHC synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Ruel
- Inserm U 583, Institut des Neurosciences, Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34091 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah Emery
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5241, USA
| | - Régis Nouvian
- InnerEarLab, Department of Otolaryngology and Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University of Goettingen Medical School, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Tiphaine Bersot
- Inserm U 583, Institut des Neurosciences, Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34091 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jana M. Van Rybroek
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Guy Rebillard
- Inserm U 583, Institut des Neurosciences, Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34091 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Lenoir
- Inserm U 583, Institut des Neurosciences, Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34091 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Eybalin
- Inserm U 583, Institut des Neurosciences, Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34091 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Delprat
- Inserm U 583, Institut des Neurosciences, Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34091 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Theru A. Sivakumaran
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5241, USA
| | - Bruno Giros
- Inserm U 513, 9 Quai Saint Bernard, 75252 Paris, France
| | | | - Tobias Moser
- InnerEarLab, Department of Otolaryngology and Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University of Goettingen Medical School, Goettingen 37075, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Goettingen, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Richard J.H. Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marci M. Lesperance
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5241, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- Inserm U 583, Institut des Neurosciences, Hôpital Saint Eloi, 34091 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier 1, 34091 Montpellier, France
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Omote H, Juge N. [Molecular mechanism of vesicular glutamate transporter]. Seikagaku 2007; 79:956-960. [PMID: 18027574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Omote
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Regan MR, Huang YH, Kim YS, Dykes-Hoberg MI, Jin L, Watkins AM, Bergles DE, Rothstein JD. Variations in promoter activity reveal a differential expression and physiology of glutamate transporters by glia in the developing and mature CNS. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6607-19. [PMID: 17581948 PMCID: PMC6672708 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0790-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate transporters regulate excitatory neurotransmission and prevent glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in the CNS. To better study the cellular and temporal dynamics of the expression of these transporters, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome promoter Discosoma red [glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST)] and green fluorescent protein [glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1)] reporter transgenic mice. Analysis of these mice revealed a differential activation of the transporter promoters not previously appreciated. GLT-1 promoter activity in the adult CNS is almost completely restricted to astrocytes, often and unexpectedly in a nonoverlapping pattern with GLAST. Spinal cord GLT-1 promoter reporter, protein density, and physiology were 10-fold lower than in brain, suggesting a possible mechanism for regional sensitivity seen in disease. The GLAST promoter is active in both radial glia and many astrocytes in the developing CNS but is downregulated in most astrocytes as the mice mature. In the adult CNS, the highest GLAST promoter activity was observed in radial glia, such as those located in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus. The continued expression of GLAST by these neural progenitors raises the possibility that GLAST may have an unanticipated role in regulating their behavior. In addition, GLAST promoter activation was observed in oligodendrocytes in white matter throughout many (e.g., spinal cord and corpus callosum), but not all (e.g., cerebellum), CNS fiber tracts. Overall, these studies of GLT-1 and GLAST promoter activity, protein expression, and glutamate uptake revealed a close correlation between transgenic reporter signals and uptake capacity, indicating that these mice provide the means to monitor the expression and regulation of glutamate transporters in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanhua H. Huang
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Yu Shin Kim
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | | | | | | | - Dwight E. Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- Department of Neurology and
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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Geisler S, Derst C, Veh RW, Zahm DS. Glutamatergic afferents of the ventral tegmental area in the rat. J Neurosci 2007; 27:5730-43. [PMID: 17522317 PMCID: PMC3202987 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0012-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic inputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), thought crucial to the capacity of the VTA to detect and signal stimulus salience, have been reported to arise in but a few structures. However, the afferent system of the VTA comprises very abundant neurons within a large formation extending from the prefrontal cortex to the caudal brainstem. Neurons in nearly all parts of this continuum may be glutamatergic and equivalently important to VTA function. Thus, we sought to identify the full range of glutamatergic inputs to the VTA by combining retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-bound gold after injections into the VTA with nonisotopic in situ hybridization of the vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) 1, 2, and 3. We found glutamatergic neurons innervating the VTA in almost all structures projecting there and that a majority of these are subcortical and VGLUT2 mRNA positive. The tremendous convergence of glutamatergic afferents from many brain areas in the VTA suggests that (1) the function of the VTA requires integration of manifold and diverse bits of information and (2) the activity of the VTA reflects the ongoing activities of various combinations of its afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Geisler
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, and
| | - Christian Derst
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité Universtiätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger W. Veh
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité Universtiätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel S. Zahm
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, and
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Abstract
Glutamate has been identified as the main transmitter of primary afferent neurons. This was established based on biochemical, electrophysiological, and immunohistochemical data from studies on glutamatergic receptors and their agonists/antagonists. The availability of specific antibodies directed against glutamate and, more recently, vesicular glutamate transporters corroborated this and led to significant new discoveries. In particular, peripheral endings of various classes of afferents contain vesicular glutamate transporters, suggesting vesicular storage in and exocytotic release of glutamate from peripheral afferent endings. This suggests that autocrine mechanisms regulate sensory transduction processes. However, glutamate release from peripheral sensory terminals could also enable afferent neurons to influence various cells associated with them. This may be particularly relevant for vagal intraganglionic laminar endings, which could represent glutamatergic sensor-effector components of intramural reflex arcs in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, morphological analysis of the relationships of putative glutamatergic primary afferents with associated tissues may direct forthcoming studies on their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Raab
- Institut für Anatomie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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