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Zanette D, Dundon W, Soffientini A, Sottani C, Marinelli F, Akeson A, Sarubbi E. Human IL-1 receptor antagonist from Escherichia coli: large-scale microbial growth and protein purification. J Biotechnol 1998; 64:187-96. [PMID: 9821675 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is a recently discovered cytokine which specifically inhibits IL-1 pro-inflammatory activities in various experimental conditions. In this work, the growth conditions of a recombinant E. coli strain which in laboratory studies expressed human IL-1ra mostly in insoluble form, have been optimized at the level of 6-1 bioreactors and then scaled up to a 50-1 process. As a result, a high amount (0.43 g l-1 of microbial culture) of soluble, active IL-1ra has been directly obtained in the large-scale cell lysate with no need for protein solubilization. Also, an efficient purification procedure has been developed for the soluble protein, based on cation exchange expanded bed adsorption directly followed by anion exchange chromatography. This process, which does not include any intermediate dialysis step or gradient elutions, can be easily scaled up to larger production volumes and is therefore well-suited for manufacturing. As a result of the overall optimization study, more than 12 g of pure IL-1ra have been obtained from a single 50-1 fermentation run, without any denaturation/renaturation process. The final product, whose identity and purity have been checked also by MALDI-TOF and ESI-MS, shows full biological activity both in cellular assays and in in vivo experiments with Cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zanette
- Lepetit Research Center, Gerenzano, VA, Italy
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2
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Schreuder H, Tardif C, Trump-Kallmeyer S, Soffientini A, Sarubbi E, Akeson A, Bowlin T, Yanofsky S, Barrett RW. A new cytokine-receptor binding mode revealed by the crystal structure of the IL-1 receptor with an antagonist. Nature 1997; 386:194-200. [PMID: 9062194 DOI: 10.1038/386194a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation, regardless of whether it is provoked by infection or by tissue damage, starts with the activation of macrophages which initiate a cascade of inflammatory responses by producing the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (ref. 1). Three naturally occurring ligands for the IL-1 receptor (IL1R) exist: the agonists IL-1alpha and IL-1beta and the IL-1-receptor antagonist IL1RA (ref. 2). IL-1 is the only cytokine for which a naturally occurring antagonist is known. Here we describe the crystal structure at 2.7 A resolution of the soluble extracellular part of type-I IL1R complexed with IL1RA. The receptor consists of three immunoglobulin-like domains. Domains 1 and 2 are tightly linked, but domain three is completely separate and connected by a flexible linker. Residues of all three domains contact the antagonist and include the five critical IL1RA residues which were identified by site-directed mutagenesis. A region that is important for biological function in IL-1beta, the 'receptor trigger site' is not in direct contact with the receptor in the IL1RA complex. Modelling studies suggest that this IL-1beta trigger site might induce a movement of domain 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schreuder
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Akeson A, Bohnke R, Schroeder K, Kastner P, Seligmann B, Robinson J. An ex vivo method for studying inflammation in cynomolgus monkeys: analysis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1996; 36:155-61. [PMID: 8959581 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(96)00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates have been used as models for testing the role of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in inflammatory diseases, including endotoxemia. The objective of this investigation was to develop a reproducible and rapid method for in vivo evaluation of IL-1 antagonists using cynomolgus monkeys. IL-1 alone can induce many of the symptoms of endotoxemia in monkeys including fever, loss of appetite, and lethargy, however, test animals are slow to recover and may become desensitized to IL-1. We have developed an ex vivo method using whole blood for analysis of IL-1 antagonists administered in vivo to the monkeys and report here results for the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1ra. In this procedure, animals are given an i.v. infusion of IL-1ra, and blood samples are taken preinfusion and during the infusion. The samples are incubated with or without IL-1 beta and the subsequent ex vivo induction of IL-6 determined. This allows analysis of the effects of in vivo pharmacodynamics on the efficacy of antagonists without exposing the test animals to IL-1. In this ex vivo protocol, each animal serves as its own control, eliminating from the assessment the large animal to animal variation observed with in vivo responses. By testing various doses, we estimate that 50% inhibition of IL-1 induced IL-6 can be achieved with an infusion of IL-1ra at 5 micrograms/kg/15 min. This method allows simple and efficient analysis of inhibitors and antagonists of IL-1 and, potentially, other effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Akeson
- Hoechst Marion Roussel, Department of Immunoinflammatory Research, Cincinnati, OH 45215, USA
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Yanofsky SD, Baldwin DN, Butler JH, Holden FR, Jacobs JW, Balasubramanian P, Chinn JP, Cwirla SE, Peters-Bhatt E, Whitehorn EA, Tate EH, Akeson A, Bowlin TL, Dower WJ, Barrett RW. High affinity type I interleukin 1 receptor antagonists discovered by screening recombinant peptide libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:7381-6. [PMID: 8693002 PMCID: PMC38993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.14.7381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two families of peptides that specifically bind the extracellular domain of the human type I interleukin I (IL-1) receptor were identified from recombinant peptide display libraries. Peptides from one of these families blocked binding of IL-lalpha to the type I IL-1 receptor with IC50 values of 45-140 microM. Affinity-selective screening of variants of these peptides produced ligands of much higher affinity (IC50 approximately 2 nM). These peptides block IL-1-driven responses in human and monkey cells; they do not bind the human type II IL-1 receptor or the murine type I IL-1 receptor. This is the first example (that we know of) of a high affinity peptide that binds to a cytokine receptor and acts as a cytokine antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Yanofsky
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Affymax Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Schreuder H, Tardif C, Soffientini A, Sarubbi E, Akeson A, Bowlin T, Yanofsky S, Barrett RW. Crystals of soluble interleukin-1 receptor complexed with its natural antagonist reveal a 1:1 receptor-ligand complex. FEBS Lett 1995; 373:39-40. [PMID: 7589429 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)01009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 is a cytokine involved in the acute phase response against infection and injury. We obtained crystals of a complex of soluble, recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor and recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, a naturally occurring antagonist. The crystals are suitable for X-ray analysis and diffract to 2.7 A resolution. Solvent content calculations indicate that the crystals contain one receptor and one antagonist molecule per asymmetric unit. Other receptor to antagonist ratios are highly unlikely. These results suggest that the interleukin-1 antagonist binds a single receptor molecule and does not cause receptor aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schreuder
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Strasbourg, France
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Schreuder HA, Rondeau JM, Tardif C, Soffientini A, Sarubbi E, Akeson A, Bowlin TL, Yanofsky S, Barrett RW. Refined crystal structure of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Presence of a disulfide link and a cis-proline. Eur J Biochem 1995; 227:838-47. [PMID: 7867645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) molecules are cytokines involved in the acute-phase response against infection and injury. Three naturally occurring IL-1 molecules are known, two agonists: IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, and one antagonist, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Although IL-1 action protects the organism by enhancing the response to pathogens, its overproduction can lead to pathology and has been implicated in disease states that include septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, graft versus host disease and certain leukemias. The crystal structure of IL-1ra has been solved at 0.21-nm resolution by molecular replacement using the IL-1 beta structure as a search model. The crystals contain two independent IL-1ra molecules which are very similar. IL-1ra has the same fold as IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. The fold consists of twelve beta-strands which form a six-stranded beta-barrel, closed on one side by three beta-hairpin loops. Cys69 and Cys116 are linked via a disulfide bond and Pro53 has been built in the cis-conformation. Comparison of the IL-1ra structure with the IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta structures present in the Protein Data Bank shows that a putative receptor interaction region, involving the N-terminus up to the beginning of strand beta 1 and the loops D and G, is very different in the three IL-1 molecules. Other putative interaction regions, as identified with mutagenesis studies, are structurally conserved and rigid, allowing precise and specific interactions with the IL-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Schreuder
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Strasbourg, France
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Susskind B, Shornick M, Peters M, Bowlin T, Akeson A, Mohanakumar T. IL-1 inhibitory activity in serum from liver transplant recipients. Hum Immunol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(92)90225-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tolf BR, Dahlbom R, Theorell H, Akeson A. Synthetic inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase. Pyrazoles containing an unsaturated hydrocarbon residue in the 4-position. Acta Chem Scand B 1982; 36:101-7. [PMID: 7044012 DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.36b-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrazoles containing an unsaturated hydrocarbon residue in the 4-position has been synthesized and tested for ability to inhibit the activity of the enzyme liver alcohol dehydrogenase. These compounds were found to be less active than the corresponding saturated analogues.
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Eklund H, Samma JP, Wallén L, Brändén CI, Akeson A, Jones TA. Structure of a triclinic ternary complex of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase at 2.9 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1981; 146:561-87. [PMID: 7024556 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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10
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Coats RM, Conradi RA, Ley DA, Akeson A, Harada J, Lee SC, West CA. Letter: Enzymatic cyclization of (R,S)-14,15-oxidogeranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to 3alpha- and 3beta-hydroxykaurene. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:4659-61. [PMID: 180076 DOI: 10.1021/ja00431a060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Eklund H, Nordström B, Zeppezauer E, Söderlund G, Ohlsson I, Boiwe T, Söderberg BO, Tapia O, Brändén CI, Akeson A. Three-dimensional structure of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase at 2-4 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1976; 102:27-59. [PMID: 178875 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cronholm T, Larsén C, Jvövall J, Theorell H, Akeson A. Steroid oxidoreductase activity of alcohol dehydrogenases from horse, rat, and human liver. Acta Chem Scand B 1975; 29:571-6. [PMID: 170765 DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.29b-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase from horse (isoenzyme SS and ES, but not EE), rat and human liver were found to catalyze the NAD-dependent oxidation of 3beta-hydroxy groups in 5alpha- and 5beta-steroids of the C19, C21, and C24 series. The enzymes from horse and rat liver were more active on 5beta-than on 5alpha-steroids. This difference was most marked with the enzyme from rat liver, especially with 3beta-hydroxyandrostan-17-ones and 3beta-hydroxypregnan-20-ones as substrates. The Km of isoenzyme ES from horse liver was lower for 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-cholanoic acid (0.4 muM) than for 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-cholanoic acid (0.9 muM). 3alpha-Hydroxysteroids were not substrates for the enzymes from horse and rat liver. Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase had low affinity for 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha (and 5beta)-cholanoic acids, but oxidation could be clearly demonstrated by gas chromatographic analysis of the products.
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Andersson L, Jörnvall H, Akeson A, Mosbach K. Separation of isozymes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and purification of the enzyme by affinity chromatography on an immobilized AMP-analogue. Biochim Biophys Acta 1974; 364:1-8. [PMID: 4373066 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Dahlbom R, Tolf BR, Akeson A, Lundquist G, Theorell H. On the inhibitory power of some further pyrazole derivatives of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 57:549-53. [PMID: 4827822 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Brändén CI, Eklund H, Nordström B, Boiwe T, Söderlund G, Zeppezauer E, Ohlsson I, Akeson A. Structure of liver alcohol dehydrogenase at 2.9-angstrom resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:2439-42. [PMID: 4365379 PMCID: PMC433752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.8.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The conformation of the polypeptide chain in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1), as well as the binding sites for some inhibitor molecules, have been determined from x-ray crystallographic data to a resolution of 2.9 A. Each subunit of the dimeric molecule is organized into two parts unequal in size and separated by a wide and deep active-site cleft. The adenosine moiety of the coenzyme is bound within the smaller region. Interactions between these coenzyme-binding substructures define the subunit contact area of the molecule. The "catalytic" zinc atoms are bound at the bottom of the clefts about 20 A from the surface of the molecule. The coenzyme binding region has a main-chain conformation very similar to a corresponding region in lactate and malate dehydrogenase. It is suggested that this substructure is a general one for binding of nucleotides and, in particular, the coenzyme NAD(+).
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Lindman B, Zeppezauer M, Akeson A. Subunit interaction in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase: 35 Cl nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1972; 257:173-7. [PMID: 4333299 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(72)90267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Koepke JA, Akeson A, Pietruszko R. Denaturation of horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase in urea studies by gel filtration and electrophoresis. Enzyme 1972; 13:177-87. [PMID: 4650385 DOI: 10.1159/000459659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Theorell H, Akeson A, Liszka-Kopeć B, de Zalenski C. Equilibrium and rate constants for the reaction between NADH and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenases "EE," "ES," and "SS". Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 139:241-7. [PMID: 4319462 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pietruszko R, Ringold HJ, Li TK, Vallee BL, Akeson A, Theorell H. Structure and function relationships in isoenzymes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Nature 1969; 221:440-3. [PMID: 5784422 DOI: 10.1038/221440a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ljunggren JG, Akeson A. Solubilization, isolation and identification of a peroxidase from the microsomal fraction of beef thyroid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 127:346-53. [PMID: 4972341 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Taniguchi S, Theorell H, Akeson A. Dissociation constants of the binary complex of homogeneous horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and nicotiniumamide adenine dinucleotide. Acta Chem Scand 1967; 21:1903-20. [PMID: 4295554 DOI: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.21-1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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