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Wang Y, Olson AP, Falconer C, Kelleher B, Mitchell I, Zhang H, Sridharan K, Engle JW, Couet A. Radionuclide tracing based in situ corrosion and mass transport monitoring of 316L stainless steel in a molten salt closed loop. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3106. [PMID: 38600068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the study, we report an in situ corrosion and mass transport monitoring method developed using a radionuclide tracing technique for the corrosion study of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) in a NaCl-MgCl2 eutectic molten salt natural circulation loop. This method involves cyclotron irradiation of a small tube section with 16 MeV protons, later welds at the hot leg of the molten salt flow loop, generating radionuclides 51Cr, 52Mn, and 56Co at the salt-alloy interface. By measuring the activity variations of these radionuclides at different sections along the loop, both the in situ monitoring of the corrosion attack depth of 316L SS and corrosion product transport and its precipitation in flowing NaCl-MgCl2 molten salt are achieved. While 316L SS is the focus of this study, the technique reported herein can be extended to other structural materials being used in a wide range of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Cody Falconer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- TerraPower, LLC, Bellevue, WA, 98008, USA
| | | | | | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kumar Sridharan
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Adrien Couet
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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2
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Kostelnik TI, Olson AP, Grundmane A, Ellison PA, Mynerich J, Chen S, Marinova A, Randhawa P, Karaivanov D, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barnhart TE, Orvig C, Ramogida CF, Hoehr C, Filosofov D, Engle JW, Radchenko V. Production and radiochemistry of antimony-120m: Efforts toward Auger electron therapy with 119Sb. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 122-123:108352. [PMID: 37390607 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted Meitner-Auger Therapy (TMAT) has potential for personalized treatment thanks to its subcellular dosimetric selectivity, which is distinct from the dosimetry of β- and α particle emission based Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT). To date, most clinical and preclinical TMAT studies have used commercially available radionuclides. These studies showed promising results despite using radionuclides with theoretically suboptimal photon to electron ratios, decay kinetics, and electron emission spectra. Studies using radionuclides whose decay characteristics are considered more optimal are therefore important for evaluation of the full potential of Meitner-Auger therapy; 119Sb is among the best such candidates. In the present work, we develop radiochemical purification of 120Sb from irradiated natural tin targets for TMAT studies with 119Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Aivija Grundmane
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Paul A Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Jenasee Mynerich
- Faculty of Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Shaohuang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Atanaska Marinova
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation
| | - Parmissa Randhawa
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Dimitar Karaivanov
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | - Cornelia Hoehr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, and Statistics, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Dmitry Filosofov
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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3
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Becker KV, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Bradshaw T, Hurley SA, Olson AP, Barrett KE, Batterton J, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Pirasteh A, Engle JW. Cyclotron production of 43Sc and 44gSc from enriched 42CaO, 43CaO, and 44CaO targets. Front Chem 2023; 11:1167783. [PMID: 37179772 PMCID: PMC10169720 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1167783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: 43Sc and 44gSc are both positron-emitting radioisotopes of scandium with suitable half-lives and favorable positron energies for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Irradiation of isotopically enriched calcium targets has higher cross sections compared to titanium targets and higher radionuclidic purity and cross sections than natural calcium targets for reaction routes possible on small cyclotrons capable of accelerating protons and deuterons. Methods: In this work, we investigate the following production routes via proton and deuteron bombardment on CaCO3 and CaO target materials: 42Ca(d,n)43Sc, 43Ca(p,n)43Sc, 43Ca(d,n)44gSc, 44Ca(p,n)44gSc, and 44Ca(p,2n)43Sc. Radiochemical isolation of the produced radioscandium was performed with extraction chromatography using branched DGA resin and apparent molar activity was measured with the chelator DOTA. The imaging performance of 43Sc and 44gSc was compared with 18F, 68Ga, and 64Cu on two clinical PET/CT scanners. Discussion: The results of this work demonstrate that proton and deuteron bombardment of isotopically enriched CaO targets produce high yield and high radionuclidic purity 43Sc and 44gSc. Laboratory capabilities, circumstances, and budgets are likely to dictate which reaction route and radioisotope of scandium is chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn V. Becker
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Tyler Bradshaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samuel A. Hurley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kendall E. Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeanine Batterton
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul A. Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ali Pirasteh
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Kostka L, Kotrchová L, Randárová E, Ferreira CA, Malátová I, Lee HJ, Olson AP, Engle JW, Kovář M, Cai W, Šírová M, Etrych T. Evaluation of linear versus star-like polymer anti-cancer nanomedicines in mouse models. J Control Release 2023; 353:549-562. [PMID: 36470330 PMCID: PMC9892306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are considered next generation therapeutics with advanced therapeutic properties and reduced side effects. Herein, we introduce tailored linear and star-like water-soluble nanosystems as stimuli-sensitive nanomedicines for the treatment of solid tumors or hematological malignancies. The polymer carrier and drug pharmacokinetics were independently evaluated to elucidate the relationship between the nanosystem structure and its distribution in the body. Positron emission tomography and optical imaging demonstrated enhanced tumor accumulation of the polymer carriers in 4T1-bearing mice with increased tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios. Additionally, there was a significant accumulation of doxorubicin bound to various polymer carriers in EL4 tumors, as well as excellent in vivo therapeutic activity in EL4 lymphoma and moderate efficacy in 4T1 breast carcinoma. The linear nanomedicine showed at least comparable pharmacologic properties to the star-like nanomedicines regarding doxorubicin transport. Therefore, if multiple parameters are considered such as its optimized structure and simple and reproducible synthesis, this polymer carrier system is the most promising for further preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Kostka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Department of Biomedical Polymers, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague 6 16206, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kotrchová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Department of Biomedical Polymers, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague 6 16206, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Randárová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Department of Biomedical Polymers, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague 6 16206, Czech Republic
| | - Carolina A Ferreira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Iva Malátová
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marek Kovář
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Milada Šírová
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Department of Biomedical Polymers, Heyrovského nám. 2, Prague 6 16206, Czech Republic.
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5
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Lee HJ, Gari MK, Inman DR, Rosenkrans ZT, Burkel BM, Olson AP, Engle JW, Hernandez R, Ponik SM, Kwon GS. Multimodal imaging demonstrates enhanced tumor exposure of PEGylated FUD peptide in breast cancer. J Control Release 2022; 350:284-297. [PMID: 35995299 PMCID: PMC9841600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer, the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes remodeling and changes the tumor microenvironment to support tumor progression and metastasis. Fibronectin (FN) assembly is an important step in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment since the FN matrix precedes the deposition of various other ECM proteins, controls immune cell infiltration, and serves as a reservoir for cytokines and growth factors. Therefore, FN is an attractive target for breast cancer therapy and imaging. Functional Upstream Domain (FUD) is a 6-kDa peptide targeting the N-terminal 70-kDa domain of FN, which is critical for fibrillogenesis. FUD has previously been shown to function as an anti-fibrotic peptide both in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we conjugated the FUD peptide with 20-kDa of PEG (PEG-FUD) and demonstrated its improved tumor exposure compared to non-PEGylated FUD in a murine breast cancer model via multiple imaging modalities. Importantly, PEG-FUD peptide retained a nanomolar binding affinity for FN and maintained in vitro plasma stability for up to 48 h. Cy5-labeled PEG-FUD bound to exogenous or endogenous FN assembled by fibroblasts. The in vivo fluorescence imaging with Cy5-labeled FUD and FUD conjugates demonstrated that PEGylation of the FUD peptide enhanced blood exposure after subcutaneous (SC) injection and significantly increased accumulation of FUD peptide in 4T1 mammary tumors. Intravital microscopy confirmed that Cy5-labeled PEG-FUD deposited mostly in the extravascular region of the tumor microenvironment after SC administration. Lastly, positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging showed that 64Cu-labeled PEG-FUD preferentially accumulated in the 4T1 tumors with improved tumor uptake compared to 64Cu-labeled FUD (48 h: 1.35 ± 0.05 vs. 0.59 ± 0.03 %IA/g, P < 0.001) when injected intravenously (IV). The results indicate that PEG-FUD targets 4T1 breast cancer with enhanced tumor retention compared to non-PEGylated FUD, and biodistribution profiles of PEG-FUD after SC and IV injection may guide the optimization of PEG-FUD as a therapeutic and/or imaging agent for use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Metti K. Gari
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - David R. Inman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Brian M. Burkel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA,Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Glen S. Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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6
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Li S, Wang Y, Wu M, Younis MH, Olson AP, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Zhu X, Cai W. Spleen-Targeted Glabridin-Loaded Nanoparticles Regulate Polarization of Monocyte/Macrophage (M o /M φ ) for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2204976. [PMID: 35973230 PMCID: PMC9594991 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, the infiltration of monocyte/macrophages (Mo /Mφ ) into the ischemic penumbra causes inflammatory damage but also regulates tissue repair in the penumbra. The regulation and balance of Mo /Mφ polarization is considered as a potential therapeutic target for treating cerebral I-R injury. Herein, these findings demonstrate that glabridin (Gla)-loaded nanoparticles (i.e., NPGla -5k) can effectively inhibit M1-polarization and enhance M2-polarization of Mo /Mφ . Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging shows that NPGla -5k can selectively accumulate in the spleen following intravenous injection. Spleen-targeted Cy5-NPGla -5k can co-localize with peripheral macrophages in the penumbra at 24 h after tail-vein injection. Interestingly, NPGla -5k treatment can reduce inflammatory damage, protect dying neurons, and improve nervous system function. The protective effect of spleen-targeted NPGla -5k against cerebral I-R injury in mice encourages an exploration of their use for clinical treatment of patients with cerebral I-R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Miaojin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Muhsin H Younis
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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7
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Olson AP, Ma L, Feng Y, Najafi Khosroshahi F, Kelley SP, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barnhart TE, Hennkens HM, Ellison PA, Jurisson SS, Engle JW. A Third Generation Potentially Bifunctional Trithiol Chelate, Its nat,1XXSb(III) Complex, and Selective Chelation of Radioantimony ( 119Sb) from Its Sn Target. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15223-15232. [PMID: 34606252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the Meitner-Auger- and conversion-electron emitting radionuclide 119Sb remains unexplored because of the difficulty of incorporating it into biologically targeted compounds. To address this challenge, we report the development of 119Sb production from electroplated tin cyclotron targets and its complexation by a novel trithiol chelate. The chelation reaction occurs in harsh solvent conditions even in the presence of large quantities of tin, which are necessary for production on small, low energy (16 MeV) cyclotrons. The 119Sb-trithiol complex has high stability and can be purified by HPLC. The third generation trithiol chelate and the analogous stable natSb-trithiol compound were synthesized and characterized, including by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeli P Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Yutian Feng
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | | | - Steven P Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Heather M Hennkens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR), Columbia, Missouri 65203, United States
| | - Paul A Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Silvia S Jurisson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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8
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Barrett KE, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Happel S, Olson AP, Kutyreff CJ, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Engle JW. Characterization of actinide resin for separation of 51,52gMn from bulk target material. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 96-97:19-26. [PMID: 33725498 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report an extraction chromatography-based method via Actinide Resin for the isolation of radio-manganese from both natural chromium and isotopically enriched iron targets for cyclotron production of 52gMn and 51Mn. For the separation of 52gMn from natCr, a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 83.7 ± 8.4% was achieved. For 51Mn from 54Fe, a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 78 ± 11% was achieved. This automatable method efficiently isolates both radionuclides from accelerator target material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall E Barrett
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Steffen Happel
- TrisKem International, 3 Rue des Champs Géons ZAC de L'Éperon, 35170 Bruz, France
| | - Aeli P Olson
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Christopher J Kutyreff
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Paul A Ellison
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Physics, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53711, United States of America; University of Wisconsin, Department of Radiology, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, United States of America.
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9
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Randhawa P, Olson AP, Chen S, Gower-Fry KL, Hoehr C, Engle JW, Ramogida CF, Radchenko V. Meitner-Auger Electron Emitters for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy: Mercury-197m/g and Antimony-119. Curr Radiopharm 2021; 14:394-419. [PMID: 33430758 PMCID: PMC8521447 DOI: 10.2174/1874471014999210111201630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted Radionuclide Therapies (TRTs) based on Auger emitting radionuclides have the potential to deliver extremely selective therapeutic payloads on the cellular level. However, to fully exploit this potential, suitable radionuclides need to be applied in combination with appropriate delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art production, purification, chelation and applications of two promising candidates for Targeted Auger Therapy, namely antimony- 119 (119Sb) and mercury-197 (197Hg). Both radionuclides have great potential to become efficient tools for TRT. We also highlight our current progress on the production of both radionuclides at TRIUMF and the University of Wisconsin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Medical Physics and Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shaohuang Chen
- Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Medical Physics and Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caterina F. Ramogida
- Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Chemistry, Science, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
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10
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Aluicio‐Sarduy E, Thiele NA, Martin KE, Vaughn BA, Devaraj J, Olson AP, Barnhart TE, Wilson JJ, Boros E, Engle JW. Frontispiece: Establishing Radiolanthanum Chemistry for Targeted Nuclear Medicine Applications. Chemistry 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202080663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Aluicio‐Sarduy
- Medical Physics DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison 1111 Highland Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Nikki A. Thiele
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyBaker LaboratoryCornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kirsten E. Martin
- Department of ChemistryStony Brook University 100 Nicolls Road Stony Brook NY 11790 USA
| | - Brett A. Vaughn
- Department of ChemistryStony Brook University 100 Nicolls Road Stony Brook NY 11790 USA
| | - Justin Devaraj
- Department of ChemistryStony Brook University 100 Nicolls Road Stony Brook NY 11790 USA
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Medical Physics DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison 1111 Highland Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Medical Physics DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison 1111 Highland Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyBaker LaboratoryCornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of ChemistryStony Brook University 100 Nicolls Road Stony Brook NY 11790 USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Medical Physics DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison 1111 Highland Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
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Vaughn BA, Ahn SH, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Devaraj J, Olson AP, Engle J, Boros E. Chelation with a twist: a bifunctional chelator to enable room temperature radiolabeling and targeted PET imaging with scandium-44. Chem Sci 2020; 11:333-342. [PMID: 32953004 PMCID: PMC7472660 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Scandium-44 has emerged as an attractive, novel PET radioisotope with ideal emission properties and half-life (t 1/2 = 3.97 h, E mean β+ = 632 keV) well matched to the pharmacokinetics of small molecules, peptides and small biologics. Conjugates of the current gold-standard chelator for 44Sc, 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), require heating to achieve radiochemical complexation, limiting application of this isotope in conjunction with temperature-sensitive biologics. To establish Sc(iii) isotopes as broadly applicable tools for nuclear medicine, development of alternative bifunctional chelators is required. To address this need, we characterized the Sc(iii)-chelation properties of the small-cavity triaza-macrocycle-based, picolinate-functionalized chelator H3mpatcn. Spectroscopic and radiochemical studies establish the [Sc(mpatcn)] complex as kinetically inert and appropriate for biological applications. A proof-of-concept bifunctional conjugate targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), picaga-DUPA, chelates 44Sc to form 44Sc(picaga)-DUPA at room temperature with an apparent molar activity of 60 MBq μmol-1 and formation of inert RRR-Λ and SSS-Δ-twist isomers. Sc(picaga)-DUPA exhibits a K i of 1.6 nM for PSMA, comparable to the 18F-based imaging probe DCFPyL (K i = 1.1 nM) currently in phase 3 clinical trials for imaging prostate cancer. Finally, we successfully employed 44Sc(picaga)-DUPA to image PSMA-expressing tumors in a preclinical mouse model, establishing the picaga bifunctional chelator as an optimal choice for the 44Sc PET nuclide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , 11790 , New York , USA .
| | - Shin Hye Ahn
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , 11790 , New York , USA .
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Medical Physics Department , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1111 Highland Avenue , Madison , 53705 , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Justin Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , 11790 , New York , USA .
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Medical Physics Department , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1111 Highland Avenue , Madison , 53705 , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Jonathan Engle
- Medical Physics Department , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1111 Highland Avenue , Madison , 53705 , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , 11790 , New York , USA .
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12
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Aluicio-Sarduy E, Thiele NA, Martin KE, Vaughn BA, Devaraj J, Olson AP, Barnhart TE, Wilson JJ, Boros E, Engle JW. Establishing Radiolanthanum Chemistry for Targeted Nuclear Medicine Applications. Chemistry 2020; 26:1238-1242. [PMID: 31743504 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the first targeted nuclear medicine application of the lanthanum radionuclides 132/135 La. These isotopes represent a matched pair for diagnosis via the positron emissions of 132 La and therapy mediated by the Auger electron emissions of 135 La. We identify two effective chelators, known as DO3Apic and macropa, for these radionuclides. The 18-membered macrocycle, macropa, bound 132/135 La with better molar activity than DO3Apic under similar conditions. These chelators were conjugated to the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting agent DUPA to assess the use of radiolanthanum for in vivo imaging. The 132/135 La-labeled targeted constructs showed high uptake in tumor xenografts expressing PSMA. This study validates the use of these radioactive lanthanum isotopes for imaging applications and motivates future work to assess the therapeutic effects of the Auger electron emissions of 135 La.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Nikki A Thiele
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Kirsten E Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Brett A Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Justin Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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13
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Ellison PA, Olson AP, Barnhart TE, Hoffman SLV, Reilly SW, Makvandi M, Bartels JL, Murali D, DeJesus OT, Lapi SE, Bednarz B, Nickles RJ, Mach RH, Engle JW. Improved production of 76Br, 77Br and 80mBr via CoSe cyclotron targets and vertical dry distillation. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 80-81:32-36. [PMID: 31575457 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The radioisotopes of bromine are uniquely suitable radiolabels for small molecule theranostic radiopharmaceuticals but are of limited availability due to production challenges. Significantly improved methods were developed for the production and radiochemical isolation of clinical quality 76Br, 77Br, and 80mBr. The radiochemical quality of the radiobromine produced using these methods was tested through the synthesis of a novel 77Br-labeled inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a DNA damage response protein. METHODS 76Br, 77Br, and 80mBr were produced in high radionuclidic purity via the proton irradiation of novel isotopically-enriched Co76Se, Co77Se, and Co80Se intermetallic targets, respectively. Radiobromine was isolated through thermal chromatographic distillation in a vertical furnace assembly. The 77Br-labeled PARP inhibitor was synthesized via copper-mediated aryl boronic ester radiobromination. RESULTS Cyclotron production yields were 103 ± 10 MBq∙μA-1∙h-1 for 76Br, 88 ± 10 MBq∙μA-1∙h-1 for 80mBr at 16 MeV and 17 ± 1 MBq∙μA-1∙h-1 for 77Br at 13 MeV. Radiobromide isolation yields were 76 ± 11% in a small volume of aqueous solution. The synthesized 77Br-labeled PARP-1 inhibitor had a measured apparent molar activity up to 700 GBq/μmol at end of synthesis. CONCLUSIONS A novel selenium alloy target enabled clinical-scale production of 76Br, 77Br, and 80mBr with high apparent molar activities, which was used to for the production of a new 77Br-labeled inhibitor of PARP-1. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE New methods for the cyclotron production and isolation of radiobromine improved the production capacity of 77Br by a factor of three and 76Br by a factor of six compared with previous methods. IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Preclinical translational research of 77Br-based Auger electron radiotherapeutics, such as those targeting PARP-1, will require the production of GBq-scale 77Br, which necessitates next-generation, high-yielding, isotopically-enriched cyclotron targets, such as the novel intermetallic Co77Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Aeli P Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sabrina L V Hoffman
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean W Reilly
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mehran Makvandi
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bartels
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dhanabalan Murali
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Onofre T DeJesus
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bryan Bednarz
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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14
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Barrett KE, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Olson AP, Kutyreff CJ, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Nickles RJ, Engle JW. Radiochemical isolation method for the production of 52gMn from natCr for accelerator targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 146:99-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Olson AP, Spies KB, Browning AC, Soneral PAG, Lindquist NC. Chemically imaging bacteria with super-resolution SERS on ultra-thin silver substrates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9135. [PMID: 28831104 PMCID: PMC5567233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic hotspots generate a blinking Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) effect that can be processed using Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) algorithms for super-resolved imaging. Furthermore, by imaging through a diffraction grating, STORM algorithms can be modified to extract a full SERS spectrum, thereby capturing spectral as well as spatial content simultaneously. Here we demonstrate SERS and STORM combined in this way for super-resolved chemical imaging using an ultra-thin silver substrate. Images of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria taken with this technique show excellent agreement with scanning electron microscope images, high spatial resolution at <50 nm, and spectral SERS content that can be correlated to different regions. This may be used to identify unique chemical signatures of various cells. Finally, because we image through as-deposited, ultra-thin silver films, this technique requires no nanofabrication beyond a single deposition and looks at the cell samples from below. This allows direct imaging of the cell/substrate interface of thick specimens or imaging samples in turbid or opaque liquids since the optical path doesn’t pass through the sample. These results show promise that super-resolution chemical imaging may be used to differentiate chemical signatures from cells and could be applied to other biological structures of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeli P Olson
- Physics Department, Bethel University, St Paul, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Kelsey B Spies
- Biology Department, Bethel University, St Paul, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Anna C Browning
- Biology Department, Bethel University, St Paul, MN, 55112, USA
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Caroline PJ, Robin JB, Gindi JJ, Pickford MS, Olson AP, Schanzlin DJ. Microscopic and elemental analysis of deposits on extended wear soft contact lenses. CLAO J 1985; 11:311-6. [PMID: 3865744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Robinson T, Becker JA, Olson AP. Clinical comparison of high-speed rare-earth screen and par-speed screen for diagnostic efficacy and radiation dosage. Radiology 1982; 145:214-6. [PMID: 6821592 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.145.1.6821592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One hundred patients underwent excretory urography and a comparison was made of ten-minute, well-collimated images that were obtained with both par-speed and rare-earth screens, the latter being 6.5 times faster than the par-speed calcium tungstate screens. Radiation dose was greatly reduced with the rare-earth screens. There were fewer inferior examinations, even though fine detail was imaged poorly, and there was a slightly increased quantum mottle, which was only a minor problem at this low 65 kVp. Since quantum mottle increases with kVp, however, our results are not applicable to higher kVp examinations. Despite reduced detail and increased mottle, the overall image quality obtained with the rare-earth screen was superior to the image quality obtained with the par-speed screen.
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18
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Galin MA, Salamone JC, Olson AP, Tuberville AW. Chemical effects of alkali on polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981; 21:354-7. [PMID: 7251313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses were left in 10% NaOH or 10% KOH for various periods of time. Contact angles were unaltered and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis was unchanged. This concentration of alkali does not appear to chemically change the lens surface during the study period.
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19
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Martin EC, Olson AP, Steeg CN, Casarella WJ. Radiation exposure to the pediatric patient during cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Emphasis on the thyroid gland. Circulation 1981; 64:153-8. [PMID: 7237713 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.64.1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thermoluminescent dosimetry was used to measure the radiation exposure to the skin, thyroid and gonads in 50 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography using cine photofluorography. Average exposures were 17.1 R to the skin, 2.3 R to the thyroid and 0.1 R to the gonads. Fluoroscopy accounted for approximately 80% of the skin and thyroid exposure and cine photofluorography for 20-25%. Occasional primary-beam irradiation was the major contributor to gonad exposure. Internal scatter of the incident x-ray beam was primarily responsible for thyroid exposure, so that infants received relatively high exposures; one receiving 7.3 R. The thyroid was not frequently in the primary beam. The significance of high radiation exposure to the thyroid, and in particular its relationship to thyroid carcinoma, are discussed. The results are compared with other series in the literature and relative exposures of cine photofluorography and serial filming are contrasted.
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Abstract
Recently released radiocarbon dates for split-twig figurines from Marble Canyon, Arizona, are 4095 +/- 100 years ago; they substantiate previously determined dates of 3530 +/- 300 and 3100 +/- 110 years ago. A recently excavated site in Walnut Canyon, Arizona, extends the geographical range of the figurines. The dates of samples from this site are 3500 +/- 100 and 3880 +/- 90 years ago. It is hypothesized that the figurines were magicoreligious artifacts related to the Pinto complex of the Desert Culture.
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