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Lee HJ, Bernau K, Harr TJ, Rosenkrans ZT, Kessler GA, Stott K, Oler AT, Rahar B, Zhu T, Medina-Guevara Y, Gupta N, Cho I, Gari MK, Burkel BM, Jeffery JJ, Weichmann AM, Tomasini-Johansson BR, Ponik SM, Engle JW, Hernandez R, Kwon GS, Sandbo N. [ 64Cu]Cu-PEG-FUD peptide for noninvasive and sensitive detection of murine pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj1444. [PMID: 38598637 PMCID: PMC11006221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease resulting in irreversible scarring within the lungs. However, the lack of biomarkers that enable real-time assessment of disease activity remains a challenge in providing efficient clinical decision-making and optimal patient care in IPF. Fibronectin (FN) is highly expressed in fibroblastic foci of the IPF lung where active extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition occurs. Functional upstream domain (FUD) tightly binds the N-terminal 70-kilodalton domain of FN that is crucial for FN assembly. In this study, we first demonstrate the capacity of PEGylated FUD (PEG-FUD) to target FN deposition in human IPF tissue ex vivo. We subsequently radiolabeled PEG-FUD with 64Cu and monitored its spatiotemporal biodistribution via μPET/CT imaging in mice using the bleomycin-induced model of pulmonary injury and fibrosis. We demonstrated [64Cu]Cu-PEG-FUD uptake 3 and 11 days following bleomycin treatment, suggesting that radiolabeled PEG-FUD holds promise as an imaging probe in aiding the assessment of fibrotic lung disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ksenija Bernau
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Thomas J. Harr
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Grace A. Kessler
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Kristen Stott
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Angie Tebon Oler
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Babita Rahar
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Terry Zhu
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Yadira Medina-Guevara
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nikesh Gupta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Inyoung Cho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Metti K. Gari
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Brian M. Burkel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Justin J. Jeffery
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ashley M. Weichmann
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bianca R. Tomasini-Johansson
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, 502 S. Rosa Rd., Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Glen S. Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nathan Sandbo
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Rosenkrans ZT, Hsu JC, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Cai W. Amplification of Cerenkov luminescence using semiconducting polymers for cancer theranostics. Adv Funct Mater 2023; 33:2302777. [PMID: 37942189 PMCID: PMC10629852 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202302777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy is limited by the ability of light to penetrate tissues. Due to this limitation, Cerenkov luminescence (CL) from radionuclides has recently been proposed as an alternative light source in a strategy referred to as Cerenkov radiation induced therapy (CRIT). Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) have ideal optical properties, such as large absorption cross-sections and broad absorbance, which can be utilized to harness the relatively weak CL produced by radionuclides. SPNs can be doped with photosensitizers and have nearly 100% energy transfer efficiency by multiple energy transfer mechanisms. Herein, we investigated an optimized photosensitizer doped SPN as a nanosystem to harness and amplify CL for cancer theranostics. We found that semiconducting polymers significantly amplified CL energy transfer efficiency. Bimodal PET and optical imaging studies showed high tumor uptake and retention of the optimized SPNs when administered intravenously or intratumorally. Lastly, we found that photosensitizer doped SPNs have excellent potential as a cancer theranostics nanosystem in an in vivo tumor therapy study. Our study shows that SPNs are ideally suited to harness and amplify CL for cancer theranostics, which may provide a significant advancement for CRIT that are unabated by tissue penetration limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Rosenkrans
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Highland Ave., K6/562, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Jessica C Hsu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Highland Ave., K6/562, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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3
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Lee HJ, Gari MK, Inman DR, Rosenkrans ZT, Burkel BM, Olson AP, Engle JW, Hernandez R, Ponik SM, Kwon GS. Multimodal imaging demonstrates enhanced tumor exposure of PEGylated FUD peptide in breast cancer. J Control Release 2022; 350:284-297. [PMID: 35995299 PMCID: PMC9841600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer, the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes remodeling and changes the tumor microenvironment to support tumor progression and metastasis. Fibronectin (FN) assembly is an important step in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment since the FN matrix precedes the deposition of various other ECM proteins, controls immune cell infiltration, and serves as a reservoir for cytokines and growth factors. Therefore, FN is an attractive target for breast cancer therapy and imaging. Functional Upstream Domain (FUD) is a 6-kDa peptide targeting the N-terminal 70-kDa domain of FN, which is critical for fibrillogenesis. FUD has previously been shown to function as an anti-fibrotic peptide both in vitro and in vivo. In this work, we conjugated the FUD peptide with 20-kDa of PEG (PEG-FUD) and demonstrated its improved tumor exposure compared to non-PEGylated FUD in a murine breast cancer model via multiple imaging modalities. Importantly, PEG-FUD peptide retained a nanomolar binding affinity for FN and maintained in vitro plasma stability for up to 48 h. Cy5-labeled PEG-FUD bound to exogenous or endogenous FN assembled by fibroblasts. The in vivo fluorescence imaging with Cy5-labeled FUD and FUD conjugates demonstrated that PEGylation of the FUD peptide enhanced blood exposure after subcutaneous (SC) injection and significantly increased accumulation of FUD peptide in 4T1 mammary tumors. Intravital microscopy confirmed that Cy5-labeled PEG-FUD deposited mostly in the extravascular region of the tumor microenvironment after SC administration. Lastly, positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging showed that 64Cu-labeled PEG-FUD preferentially accumulated in the 4T1 tumors with improved tumor uptake compared to 64Cu-labeled FUD (48 h: 1.35 ± 0.05 vs. 0.59 ± 0.03 %IA/g, P < 0.001) when injected intravenously (IV). The results indicate that PEG-FUD targets 4T1 breast cancer with enhanced tumor retention compared to non-PEGylated FUD, and biodistribution profiles of PEG-FUD after SC and IV injection may guide the optimization of PEG-FUD as a therapeutic and/or imaging agent for use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Metti K. Gari
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - David R. Inman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Brian M. Burkel
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA,Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMRII, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Glen S. Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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Rosenkrans ZT, Massey CF, Bernau K, Ferreira CA, Jeffery JJ, Schulte JJ, Moore M, Valla F, Batterton JM, Drake CR, McMillan AB, Sandbo N, Pirasteh A, Hernandez R. [ 68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 PET for non-invasive detection of pulmonary fibrosis disease activity. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3705-3716. [PMID: 35556159 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lack of effective molecular biomarkers to monitor idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) activity or treatment response remains an unmet clinical need. Herein, we determined the utility of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor for positron emission tomography (FAPI PET) imaging in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin (1 U/kg) while intratracheal saline was administered to control mice. Subgroups from each cohort (n = 3-5) underwent dynamic 1 h PET/CT after intravenously injecting FAPI-46 radiolabeled with gallium-68 ([68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46) at 7 days and 14 days following disease induction. Animals were sacrificed following imaging for ex vivo gamma counting and histologic correlation. [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 uptake was quantified and reported as percent injected activity per cc (%IA/cc) or percent injected activity (%IA). Lung CT density in Hounsfield units (HU) was also correlated with histologic examinations of lung fibrosis. RESULTS CT only detected differences in the fibrotic response at 14 days post-bleomycin administration. [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 lung uptake was significantly higher in the bleomycin group than in control subjects at 7 days and 14 days. Significantly (P = 0.0012) increased [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 lung uptake in the bleomycin groups at 14 days (1.01 ± 0.12%IA/cc) vs. 7 days (0.33 ± 0.09%IA/cc) at 60 min post-injection of the tracer was observed. These findings were consistent with an increase in both fibrinogenesis and FAP expression as seen in histology. CONCLUSION CT was unable to assess disease activity in a murine model of IPF. Conversely, FAPI PET detected both the presence and activity of lung fibrogenesis, making it a promising tool for assessing early disease activity and evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in lung fibrosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 7137, WI, 53705, Madison, USA
| | - Christopher F Massey
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 7137, WI, 53705, Madison, USA
| | - Ksenija Bernau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Carolina A Ferreira
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 7137, WI, 53705, Madison, USA
| | - Justin J Jeffery
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jefree J Schulte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Jeanine M Batterton
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 7137, WI, 53705, Madison, USA
| | | | - Alan B McMillan
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 7137, WI, 53705, Madison, USA
| | - Nathan Sandbo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ali Pirasteh
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 7137, WI, 53705, Madison, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 2423, WI, 53705, Madison, USA.
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 7137, WI, 53705, Madison, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Room 2423, WI, 53705, Madison, USA.
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5
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Ferreira CA, Goel S, Ehlerding EB, Rosenkrans ZT, Jiang D, Sun T, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Engle JW, Ni D, Cai W. Ultrasmall Porous Silica Nanoparticles with Enhanced Pharmacokinetics for Cancer Theranostics. Nano Lett 2021; 21:4692-4699. [PMID: 34029471 PMCID: PMC8265214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Theranostic nanoparticles hold the potential to greatly improve cancer management by providing personalized medicine. Although many theranostic nanoconstructs have been successful in preclinical studies, clinical translation is still hampered by their limited targeting capability and lack of successful therapeutic efficacy. We report the use of novel ultrasmall porous silica nanoparticles (UPSN) with enhanced in vivo pharmacokinetics such as high target tissue accumulation (12% ID/g in the tumor) and evasion from the reticuloendothelial system (RES) organs. Herein, UPSN is conjugated with the isotopic pair 90/86Y, enabling both noninvasive imaging as well as internal radiotherapy. In vivo PET imaging demonstrates prolonged blood circulation and excellent tumor contrast with 86Y-DOTA-UPSN. Tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-liver uptake values were significantly high (12.4 ± 1.7 and 1.5 ± 0.5, respectively), unprecedented for inorganic nanomaterials. 90Y-DOTA-UPSN significantly inhibits tumor growth and increases overall survival, indicating the promise of UPSN for future clinical translation as a cancer theranostic agent.
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6
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Kang L, Li C, Rosenkrans ZT, Huo N, Chen Z, Ehlerding EB, Huo Y, Ferreira CA, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Wang R, Jiang D, Xu X, Cai W. CD38-Targeted Theranostics of Lymphoma with 89Zr/ 177Lu-Labeled Daratumumab. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2001879. [PMID: 34026426 PMCID: PMC8132161 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease with varying clinical manifestations and outcomes. Many subtypes of lymphoma, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma, are highly aggressive with dismal prognosis even after conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As such, exploring specific biomarkers for lymphoma is of high clinical significance. Herein, a potential marker, CD38, is investigated for differentiating lymphoma. A CD38-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb, daratumumab) is then radiolabeled with Zr-89 and Lu-177 for theranostic applications. As the diagnostic component, the Zr-89-labeled mAb is highly specific in delineating CD38-positive lymphoma via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, while the Lu-177-labeled mAb serves well as the therapeutic component to suppress tumor growth after a one-time administration. These results strongly suggest that CD38 is a lymphoma-specific marker and prove that 89Zr/177Lu-labeled daratumumab facilitates immunoPET imaging and radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma in preclinical models. Further clinical evaluation and translation of this CD38-targeted theranostics may be of significant help in lymphoma patient stratification and management.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/immunology
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacokinetics
- Lutetium/pharmacokinetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods
- Precision Medicine/methods
- Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics
- Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacokinetics
- Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Zirconium/pharmacokinetics
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijing100034China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Cuicui Li
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijing100034China
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Nan Huo
- Department of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijing100850China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijing100034China
| | - Emily B. Ehlerding
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijing100034China
| | - Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Rongfu Wang
- Department of Nuclear MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijing100034China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijing100850China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin – MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
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Rosenkrans ZT, Ferreira CA, Ni D, Cai W. Internally Responsive Nanomaterials for Activatable Multimodal Imaging of Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2000690. [PMID: 32691969 PMCID: PMC7855763 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in technology and nanomedicine have led to the development of nanoparticles that can be activated for multimodal imaging of cancer, where a stimulus induces a material modification that enhances image contrast. Multimodal imaging using nanomaterials with this capability can combine the advantages and overcome the limitations of any single imaging modality. When designed with stimuli-responsive abilities, the target-to-background ratio of multimodal imaging nanoprobes increases because specific stimuli in the tumor enhance the signal. Several aspects of the tumor microenvironment can be exploited as an internal stimulus response for multimodal imaging applications, such as the pH gradient, redox processes, overproduction of various enzymes, or combinations of these. In this review, design strategies are discussed and an overview of the recent developments of internally responsive multimodal nanomaterials is provided. Properly implementing this approach improves noninvasive cancer diagnosis and staging as well as provides a method to monitor drug delivery and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Carolina A Ferreira
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dalong Ni
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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8
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Abstract
Nanomedicine has benefited from recent advances in chemistry and biomedical engineering to produce nanoscale materials as theranostic agents. Well-designed nanomaterials may present optimal biological properties, influencing circulation, retention, and excretion for imaging and treatment of various diseases. As the understanding of nanomedicine pharmacokinetics expands continuously, efficient renal clearance of nanomedicines can significantly increase the signal-to-background ratio for precision diagnosis and lower potential toxicity for improved treatment. Studies on nanomaterial-kidney interactions have led to many novel findings on the underlying principles of nanomaterial renal clearance, targeting, and accumulation. In return, the optimized nanomedicines confer significant benefits to the detection and treatment of kidney dysfunction.In this Account, we present an overview of recent progress in the development of nanomaterials for kidney theranostics, aiming to speed up translation and expand possible applications. We start by introducing biological structures of the kidney and their influence on renal targeting, retention, and clearance. Several key factors regarding renal accumulation and excretion, including nanomaterial types, sizes, and shapes, surface charges, and chemical modifications, are identified and discussed. Next, we highlight our recent efforts investigating kidney-interacting nanomaterials and introduce representative nanomedicines for imaging and treatment of kidney diseases. Multiple renal-clearable and renal-accumulating nanomedicines were devised for kidney function imaging. By employing renal-clearable nanomedicines, including gold nanoparticles, porphyrin polymers, DNA frameworks, and polyoxometalate clusters, we were able to noninvasively evaluate split renal function in healthy and diseased mice. Further engineering of renal-accumulating nanosystems has shifted attention from renal diagnosis to precision kidney protection. Many biocompatible nanomedicines, such as DNA origami, selenium-doped carbon quantum dots, melanin nanoparticles, and black phosphorus have all played essential roles in diminishing excessive reactive oxygen species for kidney treatment and protection. Finally, we discuss the challenges and perspectives of nanomaterials for renal care, their future clinical translation, and how they may affect the current landscape of clinical practices. We believe that this Account updates our current understanding of nanomaterial-kidney interactions for further design and control of nanomedicines for specific kidney diagnosis and treatment. This timely Account will generate broad interest in integrating nanotechnology and nanomaterial-biological interaction for state-of-the-art theranostics of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Jiang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518060, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518060, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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9
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Kang L, Li C, Rosenkrans ZT, Engle JW, Wang R, Jiang D, Xu X, Cai W. Noninvasive Evaluation of CD20 Expression Using 64Cu-Labeled F(ab') 2 Fragments of Obinutuzumab in Lymphoma. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:372-378. [PMID: 32826320 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.246595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD20-overexpressed non-Hodgkin lymphoma typically indicates progressive malignancy. Obinutuzumab is a next-generation Food and Drug Administration-approved humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD20. Previous studies with 89Zr-labeled obinutuzumab have successfully imaged CD20 in vivo. However, delayed tumor uptake and increased radioactive exposure caused by long blood circulation limit its clinical translation. This study aimed to develop 64Cu-labeled F(ab')2 fragments of obinutuzumab for imaging CD20 in lymphoma xenograft tumor models. Methods: F(ab')2 fragments were produced from obinutuzumab using an IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) enzyme and purified with protein A beads. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography were performed to evaluate the products and their stability. F(ab')2 products were conjugated with p-SCN-Bn-NOTA (NOTA) for 64Cu radiolabeling. Western blotting was performed to screen the CD20 expression levels of lymphoma cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and confocal imaging were used to test the binding affinity in vitro. Serial PET imaging and biodistribution studies in subcutaneous lymphoma-bearing mice were performed using 64Cu-NOTA-F(ab')2-obinutuzumab or 64Cu-NOTA-F(ab')2-IgG. Results: F(ab')2-obinutuzumab and F(ab')2-IgG produced by the IdeS digestion system were confirmed with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. The radiochemical purity of 64Cu-labeled F(ab')2 fragments was no less than 98%, and the specific activity was 56.3 ± 7.9 MBq/mg (n = 6). Among the 5 lymphoma cell lines, Ramos showed the strongest expression of CD20, and CLL-155 showed the lowest, as confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and confocal imaging. PET imaging revealed rapid and sustained tumor uptake of 64Cu-NOTA-F(ab')2-obinutuzumab in Ramos tumor-bearing mice. The peak tumor uptake (9.08 ± 1.67 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue [%ID/g]) in the Ramos model was significantly higher than that in the CCL-155 model (2.78 ± 0.62 %ID/g) or the 64Cu-NOTA-F(ab')2-IgG control (1.93 ± 0.26 %ID/g, n = 4, P < 0.001). The tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios were 7.3 ± 1.6 and 21.9 ± 9.0, respectively, at 48 h after injection in the 64Cu-NOTA-F(ab')2-obinutuzumab group. Of the measured off-target organs, the kidneys showed the highest uptake. Ex vivo immunofluorescent staining verified the differential CD20 expression in the Ramos and CCL-155 tumor models. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 64Cu-NOTA-F(ab')2-obinutuzumab had a rapid and sustained tumor uptake in CD20-positive lymphoma with high contrast, which could enable noninvasive evaluation of CD20 levels in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Cuicui Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rongfu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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10
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Rosenkrans ZT, Sun T, Jiang D, Chen W, Barnhart TE, Zhang Z, Ferreira CA, Wang X, Engle JW, Huang P, Cai W. Selenium-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots Act as Broad-Spectrum Antioxidants for Acute Kidney Injury Management. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2000420. [PMID: 32596126 PMCID: PMC7312409 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The manifestation of acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with poor patient outcomes, with treatment options limited to hydration or renal replacement therapies. The onset of AKI is often associated with a surfeit of reactive oxygen species. Here, it is shown that selenium-doped carbon quantum dots (SeCQDs) have broad-spectrum antioxidant properties and prominent renal accumulation in both healthy and AKI mice. Due to these properties, SeCQDs treat or prevent two clinically relevant cases of AKI induced in murine models by either rhabdomyolysis or cisplatin using only 1 or 50 µg per mouse, respectively. The attenuation of AKI in both models is confirmed by blood serum measurements, kidney tissue staining, and relevant biomarkers. The therapeutic efficacy of SeCQDs exceeds amifostine, a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration that also acts by scavenging free radicals. The findings indicate that SeCQDs show great potential as a treatment option for AKI and possibly other ROS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Tuanwei Sun
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary TheranosticsSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary TheranosticsSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Weiyu Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary TheranosticsSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
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11
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Li X, Rosenkrans ZT, Wang J, Cai W. PET imaging of macrophages in cardiovascular diseases. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1491-1514. [PMID: 32509158 PMCID: PMC7270023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the leading cause of death in United States. While tremendous progress has been made for treating CVDs over the year, the high prevalence and substantial medical costs requires the necessity for novel methods for the early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of CVDs. Macrophages are a promising target due to its crucial role in the progress of CVDs (atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and inflammatory cardiomyopathies). Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive imaging technique with high sensitivity and provides quantitive functional information of the macrophages in CVDs. Although 18F-FDG can be taken up by active macrophages, the PET imaging tracer is non-specific and susceptible to blood glucose levels. Thus, developing more specific PET tracers will help us understand the role of macrophages in CVDs. Moreover, macrophage-targeted PET imaging will further improve the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and outcome prediction for patients with CVDs. In this review, we summarize various targets-based tracers for the PET imaging of macrophages in CVDs and highlight research gaps to advise future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI 53705, USA
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12
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Ferreira CA, Ehlerding EB, Rosenkrans ZT, Jiang D, Sun T, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Engle JW, Ni D, Cai W. 86/90Y-Labeled Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Tissue Factor for Pancreatic Cancer Theranostics. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1697-1705. [PMID: 32202792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is highly aggressive, with a median survival time of less than 6 months and a 5-year overall survival rate of around 7%. The poor prognosis of PaCa is largely due to its advanced stage at diagnosis and the lack of efficient therapeutic options. Thus, the development of an efficient, multifunctional PaCa theranostic system is urgently needed. Overexpression of tissue factor (TF) has been associated with increased tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in many malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. Herein, we propose the use of a TF-targeted monoclonal antibody (ALT836) conjugated with the pair 86/90Y as a theranostic agent against pancreatic cancer. For methods, serial PET imaging with 86Y-DTPA-ALT836 was conducted to map the biodistribution the tracer in BXPC-3 tumor-bearing mice. 90Y-DTPA-ALT836 was employed as a therapeutic agent that also allowed tumor burden monitoring through Cherenkov luminescence imaging. The results were that the uptake of 86Y-DTPA-ALT836 in BXPC-3 xenograft tumors was high and increased over time up to 48 h postinjection (p.i.), corroborated through ex vivo biodistribution studies and further confirmed by Cherenkov luminescence Imaging. In therapeutic studies, 90Y-DTPA-ALT836 was found to slow tumor growth relative to the control groups and had significantly smaller (p < 0.05) tumor volumes 1 day p.i. Histological analysis of ex vivo tissues revealed significant damage to the treated tumors. The conclusion is that the use of the 86/90Y theranostic pair allows PET imaging with excellent tumor-to-background contrast and treatment of TF-expressing pancreatic tumors with promising therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Ferreira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Tuanwei Sun
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dalong Ni
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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13
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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14
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Rosenkrans ZT, Cai W. Total-Body PET Imaging for up to 30 Days After Injection of 89Zr-Labeled Antibodies. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:451-452. [PMID: 31806778 PMCID: PMC7067521 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.236166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and .,Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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15
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Yu B, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Barnhart TE, Wei H, Ferreira CA, Lan X, Engle JW, He Q, Yu F, Cai W. A "Missile-Detonation" Strategy to Precisely Supply and Efficiently Amplify Cerenkov Radiation Energy for Cancer Theranostics. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1904894. [PMID: 31709622 PMCID: PMC6928399 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov radiation (CR) from radionuclides can act as a built-in light source for cancer theranostics, opening a new horizon in biomedical applications. However, considerably low tumor-targeting efficiency of existing radionuclides and radionuclide-based nanomedicines limits the efficacy of CR-induced theranostics (CRIT). It remains a challenge to precisely and efficiently supply CR energy to the tumor site. Here, a "missile-detonation" strategy is reported, in which a high dose of p-SCN-Bn-deferoxamine-porphyrin-PEG nanocomplex (Df-PPN) is first adminstered as a CR energy receiver/missile to passively target to tumor, and then a low dose of the 89 Zr-labeled Df-PPN is administrated as a CR energy donor/detonator, which can be visualized and quantified by Cerenkov energy transfer imaging, positron-emission tomography, and fluorescence imaging. Based on homologous properties, the colocalization of Df-PPN and 89 Zr-Df-PPN in the tumor site is maximized and efficient CR energy transfer is enabled, which maximizes the tumor-targeted CRIT efficacy in an optimal spatiotemporal setting while also reducing adverse off-target effects from CRIT. This precise and efficient CRIT strategy causes significant tumor vascular damage and inhibited tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Hao Wei
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Carolina A Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Qianjun He
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Faquan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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16
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Sun T, Jiang D, Rosenkrans ZT, Ehlerding EB, Ni D, Qi C, Kutyreff CJ, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Huang P, Cai W. A Melanin-Based Natural Antioxidant Defense Nanosystem for Theranostic Application in Acute Kidney Injury. Adv Funct Mater 2019; 29:10.1002/adfm.201904833. [PMID: 32055240 PMCID: PMC7017599 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201904833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently associated with oxidative stress and causes high mortality annually in clinics. Nanotechnology-mediated antioxidative therapy is emerging as a novel strategy for the treatment of AKI. Herein, a novel biomedical use of the endogenous biopolymer melanin as a theranostic natural antioxidant defense nanoplatform for AKI is reported. In this study, ultrasmall Mn2+-chelated melanin (MMP) nanoparticles are easily prepared via a simple coordination and self-assembly strategy, and further incorporated with polyethylene glycol (MMPP). In vitro experiments reveal the ability of MMPP nanoparticles to scavenge multiple toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppress ROS-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, in vivo results from a murine AKI model demonstrate preferential renal uptake of MMPP nanoparticles and a subsequent robust antioxidative response with negligible side effects according to positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) bimodal imaging and treatment assessment. These results indicate that the effectiveness of MMPP nanoparticles for treating AKI suggests the potential efficacy of melanin as a natural theranostic antioxidant nanoplatform for AKI, as well as other ROS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuanwei Sun
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Chao Qi
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Christopher J Kutyreff
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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17
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Abstract
Aptamers are a class of oligonucleotides with high binding affinity and specificity with their targets. Additionally, aptamers are nontoxic, very thermally stable, and able to reversibly undergo denaturation and have a small size. Cancer-related aptamers can be used for tumor-targeted drug delivery, such as to deliver diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides to target cancers. We describe the process for preparing a 64Cu-labeled modified A10 aptamer to target prostate cancer by conjugating and radiolabeling. The modified A10 aptamer was conjugated with p-SCN-Bn-NOTA as the chelator. Following this, the aptamer can be radiolabeled with the 64Cu radioisotope. NOTA was selected as the chelator of choice due to its commercial availability and widely demonstrated in vivo stability with the 64Cu radioisotope. Using this system, prostate cancer could potentially be targeted for noninvasive imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). Closely following this protocol allows many aptamers to be successfully radiolabeled to accurately and quantitatively trace their distribution in vivo for a wide range of medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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18
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Li S, Jiang D, Ehlerding EB, Rosenkrans ZT, Engle JW, Wang Y, Liu H, Ni D, Cai W. Intrathecal Administration of Nanoclusters for Protecting Neurons against Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. ACS Nano 2019; 13:13382-13389. [PMID: 31603304 PMCID: PMC6881527 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Antioxidants with high brain accumulation are highly desired to help prevent cerebral I/R injury. Herein, intrathecal injection of polyoxometalate (POM) nanoclusters as nano-antioxidants with preferential brain uptake were applied for neuronal protection in cerebral I/R injury. Using powerful positron emission tomography imaging, the uptake of nano-antioxidants in the brain was non-invasively and real-timely monitored. Our results demonstrated that POM nanoclusters rapidly reached the ischemic penumbra after intrathecal injection and effectively scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) for inhibiting oxidative stress. The infarct size was reduced, and neurological function was restored in cerebral I/R injury rat models. As a proof-of-concept, the intrathecal injection of nano-antioxidants is an excellent therapeutic strategy to ameliorate cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City 330006, China
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Emily B. Ehlerding
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City 330006, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Interdisciplinary Innovation Institute of Medicine and Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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19
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Wei W, Jiang D, Rosenkrans ZT, Barnhart TE, Engle JW, Luo Q, Cai W. HER2-targeted multimodal imaging of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2413-2427. [PMID: 31815043 PMCID: PMC6895447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is very challenging due to its dedifferentiation and aggressiveness. We aim to develop HER2-targeted multimodal imaging approaches and assess the diagnostic efficacies of these molecular imaging probes in preclinical ATC models. Flow cytometry was used to detect HER2 expression status in thyroid cancer cell lines. We then developed a HER2-specific immunoPET imaging probe 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab by radiolabeling a HER-2 specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) pertuzumab with 89Zr (t1/2=78.4 h) and a fluorescent imaging probe IRDye 800CW-pertuzumab. The diagnostic efficacies of the probes were assessed in subcutaneous and orthotopic ATC models, followed by ex vivo biodistribution profile and immunofluorescence staining studies. HER2 was highly expressed on the surface of all the four primary thyroid cancer cell lines examined, which included two ATC cell lines (i.e., 8505C and THJ-16T). PET imaging with 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab clearly visualized all the subcutaneous ATCs with a peak tumor uptake of 20.23±6.44 %ID/g (n=3), whereas the highest tumor uptake of the nonspecific probe 89Zr-Df-IgG in subcutaneous ATC models was 6.30±0.95 %ID/g (n=3). More importantly, 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab PET imaging strategy readily delineated all the orthotopic ATCs with a peak tumor uptake of 24.93±8.53 %ID/g (n=3). We also suggested that Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) using 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and fluorescence imaging using IRDye 800CW-pertuzumab are useful tools for image-guided removal of ATCs. We demonstrate that HER2 is a promising biomarker for ATC, and multimodal imaging using 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and IRDye 800CW-pertuzumab is useful for identifying HER2-postive ATCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Quanyong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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20
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Chen W, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cao T, Cai W. Smart H 2S-Triggered/Therapeutic System (SHTS)-Based Nanomedicine. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1901724. [PMID: 31763153 PMCID: PMC6864508 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is of vital importance in several biological and physical processes. The significance of H2S-specific detection and monitoring is emphasized by its elevated levels in various diseases such as cancer. Nanotechnology enhances the performance of chemical sensing nanoprobes due to the enhanced efficiency and sensitivity. Recently, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to developing novel smart H2S-triggered/therapeutic system (SHTS) nanoplatforms for H2S-activated sensing, imaging, and therapy. Herein, the latest SHTS-based nanomaterials are summarized and discussed in detail. In addition, therapeutic strategies mediated by endogenous H2S as a trigger or exogenous H2S delivery are also included. A comprehensive understanding of the current status of SHTS-based strategies will greatly facilitate innovation in this field. Lastly, the challenges and key issues related to the design and development of SHTS-based nanomaterials (e.g., morphology, surface modification, therapeutic strategies, appropriate application, and selection of nanomaterials) are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Tianye Cao
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53705USA
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21
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Li S, Jiang D, Rosenkrans ZT, Barnhart TE, Ehlerding EB, Ni D, Engle JW, Cai W. Aptamer-Conjugated Framework Nucleic Acids for the Repair of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Nano Lett 2019; 19:7334-7341. [PMID: 31518140 PMCID: PMC6876547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapy for protecting dying neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a substantial challenge in the treatment of ischemic strokes. Oxidative stress coupled with excessive inflammation is the main culprit for brain IRI that results in neuronal damage and disability. Specifically, complement component 5a (C5a) exacerbates the vicious cycle between oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Herein, we propose that a framework nucleic acid (FNA) conjugated with anti-C5a aptamers (aC5a) can selectively reduce C5a-mediated neurotoxicity and effectively alleviate oxidative stress in the brain. Intrathecal injection of the aC5a-conjugated FNA (aC5a-FNA) was applied for the treatment of rats with ischemic strokes. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed to investigate the accumulation of aC5a-FNA in the penumbra and its therapeutic efficacy. Results demonstrated that aC5a-FNA could rapidly penetrate different brain regions after brain IRI. Furthermore, aC5a-FNA effectively protected neurons from brain IRI, as verified by serum tests, tissue staining, biomarker detection, and functional assessment. The protective effect of aC5a-FNA against cerebral IRI in living animals may pave the way for the translation of FNA from bench to bedside and broaden the horizon of FNA in the field of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330006, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Emily B. Ehlerding
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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22
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Ni D, Wei H, Chen W, Bao Q, Rosenkrans ZT, Barnhart TE, Ferreira CA, Wang Y, Yao H, Sun T, Jiang D, Li S, Cao T, Liu Z, Engle JW, Hu P, Lan X, Cai W. Ceria Nanoparticles Meet Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: The Perfect Imperfection. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1902956. [PMID: 31418951 PMCID: PMC6773480 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS, e.g., liver, spleen) is often treated as a "blackbox" by nanoresearchers in translating nanomedicines. Often, most of the injected nanomaterials are sequestered by the MPS, preventing their delivery to the desired disease areas. Here, this imperfection is exploited by applying nano-antioxidants with preferential liver uptake to directly prevent hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), which is a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related disease. Ceria nanoparticles (NPs) are selected as a representative nano-antioxidant and the detailed mechanism of preventing IRI is investigated. It is found that ceria NPs effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of hepatic IRI by scavenging ROS, inhibiting activation of Kupffer cells and monocyte/macrophage cells. The released pro-inflammatory cytokines are then significantly reduced and the recruitment and infiltration of neutrophils are minimized, which suppress subsequent inflammatory reaction involved in the liver. The protective effect of nano-antioxidants against hepatic IRI in living animals and the revealed mechanism herein suggests their future use for the treatment of hepatic IRI in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Hao Wei
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Weiyu Chen
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Qunqun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Carolina A Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yanpu Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Heliang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Tuanwei Sun
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Shiyong Li
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Tianye Cao
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Zhaofei Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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Abstract
Radio-nanomedicine, or the use of radiolabeled nanoparticles in nuclear medicine, has attracted much attention in the last few decades. Since the discovery of Cerenkov radiation and its employment in Cerenkov luminescence imaging, the combination of nanomaterials and Cerenkov radiation emitters has been revolutionizing the way nanomaterials are perceived in the field: from simple inert carriers of radioactivity to activatable nanomaterials for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the types of nanomaterials that have been used to interact with Cerenkov radiation and the gamma and beta scintillation of radionuclides, as well as on their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Abstract
Nanozymes are nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes. By effectively mimicking catalytic sites of natural enzymes or harboring multivalent elements for reactions, nanozyme systems have successfully served as direct surrogates of traditional enzymes for catalysis. With the rapid development and ever-deepening understanding of nanotechnology, nanozymes offer higher catalytic stability, ease of modification and lower manufacturing cost than protein enzymes. Additionally, nanozymes possess inherent nanomaterial properties, providing not only a simple substitute of enzymes but also a multimodal platform interfacing complex biologic environments. Recent extensive research has focused on designing various nanozyme systems that are responsive to one or multiple substrates by tailored means. Catalytic activities of nanozymes can be regulated by pH, H2O2 and glutathione concentrations and levels of oxygenation in different microenvironments. Moreover, nanozymes can be remotely-controlled via different stimuli, including a magnetic field, light, ultrasound, and heat. Collectively, these factors can be adjusted to maximize the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacies of different diseases in biomedical settings. Therefore, by integrating the catalytic property and inherent nanomaterial nature of nanozyme systems, we anticipate that stimuli-responsive nanozymes will open up new horizons for diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Jiang
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA. and Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Medical Physics, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
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26
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Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process that is critical for sequestering and degrading proteins, damaged or aged organelles, and for maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. Despite its dichotomous role in health and diseases, autophagy usually promotes growth and progression of advanced cancers. In this context, clinical trials using chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as autophagy inhibitors have suggested that autophagy inhibition is a promising approach for treating advanced malignancies and/or overcoming drug resistance of small molecule therapeutics (i.e., chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapy). Efficient delivery of autophagy inhibitors may further enhance the therapeutic effect, reduce systemic toxicity, and prevent drug resistance. As such, nanocarriers-based drug delivery systems have several distinct advantages over free autophagy inhibitors that include increased circulation of the drugs, reduced off-target systemic toxicity, increased drug delivery efficiency, and increased solubility and stability of the encapsulated drugs. With their versatile drug encapsulation and surface-functionalization capabilities, nanocarriers can be engineered to deliver autophagy inhibitors to tumor sites in a context-specific and/or tissue-specific manner. This review focuses on the role of nanomaterials utilizing autophagy inhibitors for cancer therapy, with a focus on their applications in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United State
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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27
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are essential for normal physiological processes and play important roles in cell signaling, immunity, and tissue homeostasis. However, excess radical species are implicated in the development and augmented pathogenesis of various diseases. Several antioxidants may restore the chemical balance, but their use is limited by disappointing results of clinical trials. Nanoparticles are an attractive therapeutic alternative because they can change the biodistribution profile of antioxidants, and possess intrinsic ability to scavenge RONS. Herein, we review the types of RONS, how they are implicated in several diseases, and the types of nanoparticles with inherent antioxidant capability, their mechanisms of action, and their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalong Ni
- Address correspondence to Dalong Ni, ; Weibo Cai,
| | | | - Weibo Cai
- Address correspondence to Dalong Ni, ; Weibo Cai,
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28
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Kang L, Jiang D, England CG, Barnhart TE, Yu B, Rosenkrans ZT, Wang R, Engle JW, Xu X, Huang P, Cai W. ImmunoPET imaging of CD38 in murine lymphoma models using 89Zr-labeled daratumumab. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:1372-1381. [PMID: 29450576 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-3941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD38 is considered a potential biomarker for multiple myeloma (MM) and has shown a strong link with chronic lymphocytic leukemia due to high and uniform expression on plasma cells. In vivo evaluation of CD38 expression may provide useful information about lesion detection and prognosis of treatment in MM. In this study, immunoPET imaging with 89Zr-labeled daratumumab was used for differentiation of CD38 expression in murine lymphoma models to provide a potential non-invasive method for monitoring CD38 in the clinic. METHODS Daratumumab was radiolabeled with 89Zr (t1/2 = 78.4 h) via conjugation with desferrioxamine (Df). After Western blot (WB) was used to screen CD38 expression in five lymphoma cell lines, flow cytometry and cellular binding assays were performed to test the binding ability of labeled or conjugated daratumumab with CD38 in vitro. PET imaging and biodistribution studies were performed to evaluate CD38 expression after injection of 89Zr-Df-daratumumab. 89Zr-Df-IgG was also evaluated as a non-specific control group in the Ramos model. Finally, CD38 expression in tumor tissues was verified by histological analysis. RESULTS Using WB screening, the Ramos cell line was found to express the highest level of CD38 while the HBL-1 cell line had the lowest expression. Df-conjugated and 89Zr-labeled daratumumab displayed similar high binding affinities with Ramos cells. PET imaging of 89Zr-Df-daratumumab showed a high tumor uptake of up to 26.6 ± 8.0 %ID/g for Ramos at 120 h post-injection, and only up to 6.6 ± 2.9 %ID/g for HBL-1 (n = 4). Additionally, 89Zr-Df-IgG demonstrated a low tumor uptake in the Ramos model (only 4.3 ± 0.8 %ID/g at 120 h post-injection). Ex vivo biodistribution studies showed similar trends with imaging results. Immunofluorescence staining of tumor tissues verified higher CD38 expression of Ramos than that of HBL-1. CONCLUSIONS The role of 89Zr-Df-daratumumab was investigated for evaluating CD38 expression in lymphoma models non-invasively and was found to be to a promising imaging agent of CD38-positive hematological diseases such as MM in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Christopher G England
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | | | - Rongfu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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29
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Yu B, Wei H, He Q, Ferreira CA, Kutyreff CJ, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cheng L, Yu F, Engle JW, Lan X, Cai W. Efficient Uptake of 177 Lu-Porphyrin-PEG Nanocomplexes by Tumor Mitochondria for Multimodal-Imaging-Guided Combination Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:218-222. [PMID: 29092090 PMCID: PMC5745268 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The benefits to intracellular drug delivery from nanomedicine have been limited by biological barriers and to some extent by targeting capability. We investigated a size-controlled, dual tumor-mitochondria-targeted theranostic nanoplatform (Porphyrin-PEG Nanocomplexes, PPNs). The maximum tumor accumulation (15.6 %ID g-1 , 72 h p.i.) and ideal tumor-to-muscle ratio (16.6, 72 h p.i.) was achieved using an optimized PPN particle size of approximately 10 nm, as measured by using PET imaging tracing. The stable coordination of PPNs with 177 Lu enables the integration of fluorescence imaging (FL) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and internal radiotherapy (RT). Furthermore, the efficient tumor and mitochondrial uptake of 177 Lu-PPNs greatly enhanced the efficacies of RT and/or PDT. This work developed a facile approach for the fabrication of tumor-targeted multi-modal nanotheranostic agents, which enables precision and radionuclide-based combination tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Qianjun He
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Carolina A Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Christopher J Kutyreff
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Faquan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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30
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Yu B, Wei H, He Q, Ferreira CA, Kutyreff CJ, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cheng L, Yu F, Engle JW, Lan X, Cai W. Efficient Uptake of 177
Lu-Porphyrin-PEG Nanocomplexes by Tumor Mitochondria for Multimodal-Imaging-Guided Combination Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging; School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53705 USA
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy; Wuhan Institute of Technology; Wuhan 430205 China
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Qianjun He
- National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging; School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53705 USA
| | | | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53705 USA
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM); Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Faquan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy; Wuhan Institute of Technology; Wuhan 430205 China
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53705 USA
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53705 USA
- School of Pharmacy; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI 53705 USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center; Madison WI 53705 USA
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