Microsecond Isomer at the N=20 Island of Shape Inversion Observed at FRIB

Excited-state spectroscopy from the first experiment at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is reported. A 24(2)-μs isomer was observed with the FRIB Decay Station initiator (FDSi) through a cascade of 224- and 401-keV γ rays in coincidence with ^{32}Na nuclei. This is the only known microsecond isomer (1  μs≤T_{1/2}<1  ms) in the region. This nucleus is at the heart of the N=20 island of shape inversion and is at the crossroads of the spherical shell-model, deformed shell-model, and ab initio theories. It can be represented as the coupling of a proton hole and neutron particle to ^{32}Mg, ^{32}Mg+π^{-1}+ν^{+1}. This odd-odd coupling and isomer formation provides a sensitive measure of the underlying shape degrees of freedom of ^{32}Mg, where the onset of spherical-to-deformed shape inversion begins with a low-lying deformed 2^{+} state at 885 keV and a low-lying shape-coexisting 0_{2}^{+} state at 1058 keV. We suggest two possible explanations for the 625-keV isomer in ^{32}Na: a 6^{-} spherical shape isomer that decays by E2 or a 0^{+} deformed spin isomer that decays by M2. The present results and calculations are most consistent with the latter, indicating that the low-lying states are dominated by deformation.

Differentially Expressed Inflammatory Cell Death-Related Genes and the Serum Levels of IL-6 are Determinants for Severity of Coronaviruses Diseases-2019 (COVID-19)

Background

Inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, has been suggested to orchestrate the lymphocyte decrement among coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients. The main aim of this study was to examine the differences in the expression of key genes related to inflammatory cell death and their correlation with lymphopenia in the mild and severe types of COVID-19 patients.

Materials and Methods

Eighty-eight patients (36 to 60 years old) with mild (n = 44) and severe (n = 44) types of COVID-19 were enrolled. The expression of key genes related to apoptosis (FAS-associated death domain protein, FADD), pyroptosis (ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARD)), the adapter protein ASC binds directly to caspase-1 and is critical for caspase-1 activation in response to a broad range of stimuli), and necroptosis (mixed lineage kinase domain-like, MLKL) genes were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, and compared between the groups. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay.

Results

A major increase in the expression of FADD, ASC, and MLKL-related genes in the severe type of patients was compared to the mild type of patients. The serum levels of IL-6 similarly indicated a significant increase in the severe type of the patients. A significant negative correlation was detected between the three genes' expression and the levels of IL-6 with the lymphocyte counts in both types of COVID-19 patients.

Conclusion

Overall, the main regulated cell-death pathways are likely to be involved in lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients, and the expression levels of these genes could potentially predict the patients' outcome.

Human recombinant soluble PD1 can interference in T cells and Treg cells function in response to MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line

OBJECTIVES

PD1/PDL1 pathway targeting using antibodies shows immune related adverse events in patients with tumors. The masking of PD1 ligand by soluble human PD-1 (shPD-1) probably inhibits the PD1/PDL1 interaction between T cells and tumor cells. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to produce human recombinant PD-1-secreting cells and find out how soluble human PD-1 affects T lymphocyte function.

METHODS

An inducible construct of the human PD-1 secreting gene under hypoxia condition was synthesized. The construct was transfected into the MDA-MB-231 cell line. In six groups exhausted T lymphocytes were co-cultured with transfected or non-transfected MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The effect of shPD-1 on IFNγ production, Treg cell's function, CD107a expression, apoptosis, and proliferation was assessed by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively.

RESULTS

The results of this study showed that shPD-1 inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and enhances T lymphocyte responses through a significant increase in IFNγ production and CD107a expression. In addition, in the presence of shPD-1, the percentage of Treg cells decreased, while MDA-MB-231 cell apoptosis increased.

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that the human PD-1 secreting construct induced under hypoxia condition inhibits the interaction of PD-1/PD-L1 and enhances T lymphocyte responses in tumor environments and chronic infections.

Inhibition of mouse colon cancer growth following immunotherapy with a fraction of hydatid cyst fluid

BACKGROUND

Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of the tape worm Echinococcus granulosus which is located in human and livestock viscera. There are some scientific evidences indicating that parasitic infections induce antitumor activity against certain types of cancers. In this study, the effects of a fraction of hydatid cyst fluid on colon cancer tumor in BALB/c mice were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this experimental work six groups of mice were challenged with mouse colon cancer cells. 5 days later when the sign of tumor growth in mice was seen, group 1-4 were injected with hydatid cyst fluid, the 78 kDa fraction, live protoscolices and BCG respectively. Group five was injected with alum alone and the sixth group left intact without any injection. The size of the tumor was measured and compared in all groups. Then blood samples of mice were evaluated for serum cytokine levels.

RESULT

In mice injected with hydatid cyst antigens especially a fraction of hydatid cyst fluid, tumor size was smaller than the that of control groups and the difference of tumor size in cases and control groups was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study showed that injection of mice with a fraction of hydatid cyst fluid significantly inhibits the growth of mouse colon cancer and this inhibition may be related to effect of immune response to these antigens.

The role of unfolded protein response-associated miRNAs in immunogenic cell death amplification: A literature review and bioinformatics analysis

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of cellular death that is elicited in response to the specific types of anti-cancer therapies and enhances the anti-tumor immune responses by the combination of antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying tumor cells. There is a well-established interlink between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and ICD elicited by anti-cancer therapies. Most recent evidences support that unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated miRNAs can be key players in the ERS-induced ICD. Hence, in the present study, we conducted a literature review on the role of these miRNAs and associated molecular pathways that may regulate ICD. We first collected UPR-associated miRNAs that promote ERS-induced apoptosis and then focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) that promote ERS-induced apoptosis via PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway activation, as the main core for ICD and release of damage-associated molecular patterns. To better identify PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway-inducing miRNAs that can be used as potential therapeutic targets for improving ICD in cancer treatment, we did a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and network construction. Our results showed that "pathways in cancer", "MAPK signaling pathway", "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway", and "Cellular senescence", which correlate with UPR components and ERS induction, were among the significant signaling pathways related to the target genes of these miRNAs. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, which revealed the involvement of the PPI-extracted hub genes in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. In conclusion, we propose that these types of miRNAs can be considered as the potential cancer therapy options for better induction of ICD in combination with other ICD inducers.

Crossing N=28 Toward the Neutron Drip Line: First Measurement of Half-Lives at FRIB

New half-lives for exotic isotopes approaching the neutron drip-line in the vicinity of N∼28 for Z=12-15 were measured at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) with the FRIB decay station initiator. The first experimental results are compared to the latest quasiparticle random phase approximation and shell-model calculations. Overall, the measured half-lives are consistent with the available theoretical descriptions and suggest a well-developed region of deformation below ^{48}Ca in the N=28 isotones. The erosion of the Z=14 subshell closure in Si is experimentally confirmed at N=28, and a reduction in the ^{38}Mg half-life is observed as compared with its isotopic neighbors, which does not seem to be predicted well based on the decay energy and deformation trends. This highlights the need for both additional data in this very exotic region, and for more advanced theoretical efforts.

Diagnostic Value of Natural Killer Cells, CD56+ CD16+ Natural Killer Cells, NLRP3, and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Severe/Critical COVID-19: A Prospective Longitudinal Study According to the Severe/Critical COVID-19 Definitions

Innate immunity, as the first line of defense of our immune system, plays a crucial role in defending against SARS-CoV-2 infection and also its immunopathogenesis. We aim to investigate the immune status of natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and NLRP3 gene expression in COVID-19 patient blood samples. The immunophenotype of NK cell subsets and NKT cells was detected by flow cytometry and the expression of NLRP3 gene assessed by reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction in 44 COVID-19 patients and 20 healthy individuals. The percentage of most of NK cell subpopulation and NKT cells was significantly decreased in COVID-19 patients. The percentage of CD56dim CD16- NK cell subsets, and NLRP3 gene expression increased. The percentage of total NK cells, CD56+ CD16+ NK cells, and NLRP3 gene expression had acceptable sensitivity and specificity for assisting diagnosis of severe/critical COVID-19. O₂ saturation% and lactate dehydrogenase levels showed valuable diagnostic value to identify critical cases. The declined NK and NKT cells in COVID-19 patients and enhanced NLRP3 gene expression were associated with disease severity. Total NK cells, CD56+ CD16+ NK cells, and NLRP3 gene expression might be used as meaningful indicators for assisting diagnosis of severe/critical COVID-19.

The Role of Cobalamin on Interleukin 10, Osteopontin, and Related MicroRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Considering how vitamin B12 or cobalamin affects the immune system, especially inflammation and the formation of the myelin sheath, it appears as a complementary therapy for MS by affecting some signaling pathways. Recently diagnosed MS patients were divided into two groups (n=30). One group received interferon-beta (IFN-β or Avonex), and another received IFN-β+B12 for six months. Blood samples were taken before and after treatments.  Interleukin (IL)-10 and osteopontin (OPN) levels in the plasma were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, and the expression of microRNA (miR)-106a, miR-299a, and miR-146a by real-time PCR. IFN-β neither changed the IL-10 plasma levels nor miR106a and miR-299a expression, but it led to a remarkable decrease in OPN concentration and enhancement in let-7c and miR-146a expression. There was a significant decrease in IL-10, OPN plasma levels, miR-106a expression, and a substantial increase in let-7c and  miR-146a expression in IFN-β+B12, treated group. There was no correlation between IL-10 and OPN with related miRNAs in the two treatment groups. Our study indicated that B12 could be a complementary treatment in MS that may influence the disease improvement.

Spermatozoa Induce Maternal Mononuclear Cells for Production of Antibody with Cytotoxic Activity on Paternal Blood Mononuclear Cells

Objective

The maternal immune response to paternal antigens is induced at insemination. We believe that pregnancy protective alloantibodies, such as anti-paternal cytotoxic antibody (APCA), may be produced against the paternal antigens in the context of stimulated immunity at insemination and that they increase during pregnancy. APCA is necessary for pregnancy. It is directed towards paternal human leucocyte antigens (HLAs) and has cytotoxic activity against paternal leucocytes. The present study aims to determine whether APCA is produced by the maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in contact with the husband's spermatozoa and to evaluate the relation of APCA production with HLA class I and II expressions by spermatozoa in fertile couples.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional study included 30 fertile couples with at least one child. The maternal PBMCs were co-cultured with the husband's spermatozoa and the supernatant was assessed for the presence of IgG by ELISA. Cytotoxic activity of the supernatant on the husband's PBMCs was assessed by the complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay.

Results

IgG was produced in all co-cultures, and the mean level of supernatant IgG was 669 ng/ml. The cytotoxic activity of the supernatant was observed in all the supernatant obtained from the co-cultures. The mean percentage of APCA in supernatant was 73.93%.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that APCA may be a natural anti-sperm antibody (ASA), which can be produced during exposure to spermatozoa and may have some influence before pregnancy. Further research is required to determine the role of APCA before pregnancy.

The impact of neutrophil extracellular trap from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on the viability, CD11b expression and oxidative burst of healthy neutrophils

Background

NET (neutrophil extracellular trap) has been shown to directly influence inflammation; in SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), it is reportedly a plausible cause for the broken self-tolerance that contributes to this pathology. Meanwhile, the role of NET is not easily explicable, and there is a serious discrepancy in the role of NET in SLE pathology and generally inflammation; in particular, the interactions of neutrophils with NET have been rarely inspected. This study evaluates the effect of NET on neutrophils in the context of SLE. The neutrophils were incubated by the collected NET (from SLE patients and healthy controls) and their expression of an activation marker, viability and oxidative burst ability were measured.

Results

The level of cell mortality, CD11b expression and the oxidative burst capacity were elevated in NET-treated neutrophils. Also, the elevation caused by the SLE NET was higher than that produced by the healthy NET.

Conclusion

The decreased neutrophil viability was not due to the increase in apoptosis; rather, it was because of the augmentation of other inflammatory cell-death modes. The upregulation of CD11b implies that NET causes neutrophils to more actively contribute to inflammation. The increased oxidative burst capacity of neutrophils can play a double role in inflammation. Overall, the effects induced by NET on neutrophils help prolong inflammation; accordingly, the NET collected from SLE patients is stronger than the NET from healthy individuals.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00402-2.

Comparison of Expression Levels of miR-29b-3p and miR-326 in T Helper-1 and T Helper-17 Cells Isolated from Responsive and Non-responsive Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Interferon-beta

T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 Cells with distinct cytokine profiles including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) have a pivotal role in neuroinflammation and myelin destruction in the central nervous system (CNS) in MS. MicroRNA-29b (MiR-29b) and miR-326 contribute to regulating Th1 and Th17 differentiation and altered expression of the miRNAs could be associated with response to treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the percentage of Th1 and Th17 and determining the expression levels of miR-29b-3p and miR-326 in these lymphocyte subpopulations between responsive and non-responsive to interferon beta (IFN-β) therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients. The present study was performed on 40 RRMS patients following treatment with IFN-β. The percentage of Th1 cells and Th17 cells were determined by flow cytometry in responsive and non-responsive patients. The expression levels of miR-29b-3p and miR-326 were assessed in Th1 and Th17 cells by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to evaluate the plasma levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A. No significant difference was observed in the percentage of Th1 and Th17 cells as well as the expression levels of miR-29b-3p and miR-326 (in Th1 and Th17, respectively) in treated patients. Also, we did not find any significant difference in IFN-γ and IL-17A plasma concentration between responsive or non-responsive to IFN-β therapy in patients with RRMS. IFN-β may regulate other miRNAs in Th1 and Th17 cells than miR29b-3p and miR-326 in MS patients.

NOX1 Regulates Collective and Planktonic Cell Migration: Insights From Patients With Pediatric-Onset IBD and NOX1 Deficiency

BACKGROUND

Genetic defects of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) provide critical insights into molecular factors controlling intestinal homeostasis. NOX1 has been recently recognized as a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human colonic epithelial cells. Here we assessed the functional consequences of human NOX1 deficiency with respect to wound healing and epithelial migration by studying pediatric IBD patients presenting with a stop-gain mutation in NOX1.

METHODS

Functional characterization of the NOX1 variant included ROS generation, wound healing, 2-dimensional collective chemotactic migration, single-cell planktonic migration in heterologous cell lines, and RNA scope and immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded patient tissue samples.

RESULTS

Using exome sequencing, we identified a stop-gain mutation in NOX1 (c.160C>T, p.54R>*) in patients with pediatric-onset IBD. Our studies confirmed that loss-of-function of NOX1 causes abrogated ROS activity, but they also provided novel mechanistic insights into human NOX1 deficiency. Cells that were NOX1-mutant showed impaired wound healing and attenuated 2-dimensional collective chemotactic migration. High-resolution microscopy of the migrating cell edge revealed a reduced density of filopodial protrusions with altered focal adhesions in NOX1-deficient cells, accompanied by reduced phosphorylation of p190A. Assessment of single-cell planktonic migration toward an epidermal growth factor gradient showed that NOX1 deficiency is associated with altered migration dynamics with loss of directionality and altered cell-cell interactions.

CONCLUSIONS

Our studies on pediatric-onset IBD patients with a rare sequence variant in NOX1 highlight that human NOX1 is involved in regulating wound healing by altering epithelial cytoskeletal dynamics at the leading edge and directing cell migration.

Can the Decreased Expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen Class Ⅰ and Ⅱ by Spermatozoa Lead to Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion?

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE

Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is defined as an unknown cause of occurrence of three or more clinically detectable pregnancy losses before 20 weeks of gestation, but it occurs presumably as a result of the immune system dysfunctions. We supposed that the disruption of semen or spermatozoa might be responsible for the dysfunction of the immune system in women with URSA. Semen and spermatozoa (as antigens) induce female reproductive tract (FRT) immunity. This stimulated immunity is necessary for pregnancy occurrence. The disruption of semen or spermatozoa can be a result of altering a variety of surface molecules on spermatozoa, especially polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules or antigens. Despite the importance of HLA antigens in reproduction, to the best of our knowledge, no one has studied the relation of HLA expression between spermatozoa and URSA. Therefore, this paper aims to assess this relation.

METHODS

Semen samples were collected from 15 URSA couples and 20 normal couples. After purification of normal spermatozoa, the HLA class I and II expressions were evaluated by flow cytometry methods.

RESULTS

Results showed that the expression of both HLA class I and II by spermatozoa, in URSA couples, was significantly less than the control couples.

CONCLUSION

The decreased expression of polymorphic HLA class Ⅰ and Ⅱ by spermatozoa can be related to URSA occurrence.

Producing Soluble Human Programmed Cell Death Protein-1: A Natural Supporter for CD4+T Cell Cytotoxicity and Tumor Cells Apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway is one of the immune checkpoint pathways involved in the regulation of the immune responses and the suppression of anti-tumor defense. PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies improve immune responses such as cytotoxic activity of CD8+/CD4+T cells and increase mortality of tumor cells as well; however, their use is accompanied by adverse side effects.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to produce a native blocker of human PD-1/PD-L1, for developing T cells cytotoxicity and tumor cells apoptosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We designed and cloned soluble human PD-1-GFP-pcDNA3.1/hygro construct in Escherichia coli strain TOP10 cells and then transfected this construct into the HEK cells. The concentration of the secreted shPD-1 in the supernatant was measured and the supernatant was used for blocking PD-L1 on the MDA-MB-231 cells. The cytotoxicity of CD8+/CD4+T cells and the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, under the influence of shPD-1 in the co-culture of T cells with the MDA-MB-231 cells, were evaluated using flow cytometry technique.

RESULTS

The GFP expression in the transfected cells illustrated the successful designing, transfection, and production of shPD-1. Soluble human PD-1 concentration in the supernatant of the transfected HEK cells was significantly higher than the untransfected cells. In addition, shPD-1 significantly blocked PD-L1 on the MDA- MB-231 cells, improved the cytotoxicity of CD4+T cells, and increased the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells.

CONCLUSION

Overall, increased CD4+T cell cytotoxicity and tumor cells apoptosis under the influence of shPD-1, confirmed the effectiveness of shPD-1 as a natural blocker of PD-L1and as an augmenter of the anti-tumorimmune responses.

Frequent Novel Variations Within MSH2 and MLH1 Genes in a Subset of Iranian Families With Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer Shadi

Abstract- Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is the most frequent autosomal dominant predisposition for development of colorectal cancer (CRC) caused by germline defects in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Current study was aimed to find genetic variations in MSH2 and MLH1 genes and their correlation with the serum levels of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) in seven Iranian HNPCC families. Seven unrelated Iranian families including 11 HNPCC patients and 7 affected family members were selected. They were initially screened for mutations in exons 7 of MSH2 and exon 15 of MLH1 gene through polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Positive PCR results were further analyzed through exon sequencing. Serum CEA level was determined using the ELISA test. PCRSSCP was positive in 8 out of 18 patients (44%) for exons 7 of MSH2 gene, whereas two samples (11%) demonstrated to bear a mutation in exon 15 of the MLH1 gene. Sequencing analysis of both amplified exons in positive and negative samples have confirmed no mutation in negative samples while revealed 5 and 7 novel mutations in exons 7 and 15, respectively. The mean serum concentration of CEA had a significant difference between HNPCC patients and their healthy family members. Our results demonstrated that the PCR-SSCP method has high specificity and sensitivity in the first step of mutation screening of HNPCC families. High frequency of novel alterations found in the current assay may revise the mutation screening of MSH2 and MLH1 genes and abet further assessment of their frequency among individual HNPCC patients.

Fc Receptor-Like 1 as a Promising Target for Immunotherapeutic Interventions of B-Cell-Related Disorders

BACKGROUND

Human B-cell responses are regulated through synergy between a collection of activation and inhibitory receptors. Fc receptor-like (FCRL) molecules have recently been identified as co-receptors that are preferentially expressed in human B-cells, which may also play an important role in the regulation of human B-cell responses. FCRL1 is a member of the FCRL family molecules with 2 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in its cytoplasmic tail. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory roles of FCRL1 in human B-cell responses.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The regulatory potential of FCRL1 in human B-cell through knockdown of FCRL1 expression in the Ramos and Daudi Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines by using the retroviral-based short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) delivery method. The functional consequences of FCRL1 knockdown were assessed by measuring the proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bid, and Bax genes as well as phosphoinositide-3 kinase/-serine-threonine kinase AKT (PI3K/p-AKT) pathway in the BL cells, using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry analysis. The NF-κB activity was also measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

FCRL1 knockdown significantly decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptotic cell death in the BL cells. There was a significant reduction in the extent of the Bcl-2 gene expression in the treated BL cells compared with control cells. On the contrary, FCRL1 knockdown increased the expression levels of Bid and Bax genes in the treated BL cells when compared with control cells. In addition, the extent of the PI3K/p-AKT expression and phosphorylated-p65 NF-κB activity was significantly decreased in the treated BL cells compared with control cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that FCRL1 can play a key role in the activation of human B-cell responses and has the potential to serve as a target for immunotherapy of FCRL1 positive B-cell-related disorders.

Decreased Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 Expression in Spermatozoa in Couples with Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (URSA)

Studies have shown that toll-like receptors (TLRs) play some important roles in reproductive processes such as ovulation, spermatogenesis, sperm capacitation, fertilization, and pregnancy to the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the expression and role of these molecules and their impairment in spermatozoa; accompanied by pregnancy complications such as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Therefore, this study investigates the alteration of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in spermatozoa in men whose spouse have unexplained RSA. Fifteen fertile couples and fifteen couples with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) were included in this study. The level of TLR2 and TLR4 expression in untreated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or PAM3CYS in treated spermatozoa were examined by flow cytometry. The results showed reduced expression of TLR4 in untreated spermatozoa and decreased LPS or PAM3CYS levels in treated spermatozoa in the URSA group compared to the control group. No significant differences were found in TLR2 expression of untreated spermatozoa in RSA and control groups. After the treatment of spermatozoa with LPS, the TLR2 expression was decreased in both groups. After the treatment of spermatozoa with PAM3CYS, the level of TLR2 expression was significantly increased in the URSA group; while no significant differences were shown in the control group in comparison to untreated spermatozoa. We have concluded that decreased TLR4 expression and a differently increased TLR2 expression in response to ligand treatment in spermatozoa is associated with URSA.

The expression of human leukocyte antigen by human ejaculated spermatozoa

Background

After coitus and insemination, an inflammatory response is evident in the female reproductive tract (FRT). Semen contains a variety of immune‐activating components that have a major role in the induction of an immune response in the FRT. One of the most important is (human leukocyte antigen) HLA molecules which are present in soluble form in seminal plasma and in membrane form on the surface of cells (such as epithelial and leukocytes) existing in semen. Nevertheless, there is considerable debate over the expression of HLA antigens by human spermatozoa. Considering the critical role of HLA molecules in reproduction and the induction of an immune response, it is very important to clearly define HLA expression by spermatozoa and the role of these molecules in sperm morphology, motility, and strength to fertilize an egg. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine HLA expression by ejaculated spermatozoa. The results of this study will facilitate the design of future studies.

Method

Semen samples were collected from 50 healthy men with normal semen status by masturbation after 2–3 days of sexual abstinence. After purification of normal spermatozoa, HLA class I & II expression was evaluated by quantitative real‐time PCR and flow cytometry methods.

Results

The results showed the expression of both HLA class I & class II by spermatozoa. The results also showed that the expression of HLA class Ⅱ was significantly more than HLA class Ⅰ.

Conclusion

Spermatozoa express both HLA class I & class II molecules.

The Upregulation of hsa-mir-181b-1 and Downregulation of Its Target CYLD in the Late-Stage of Tumor Progression of Breast Cancer

Some microRNAs are usually dysregulated in the cancers and influencing tumor behavior and progression. Hsa-miR-181b-1 and its target CYLD are involved in regulating the inflammatory pathways. This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of hsa-mir-181b-1 and CYLD in a cohort of breast tumor tissues and normal adjacent tissues to assess their association with breast cancer stages. A total number of 60 breast samples including cancerous and normal adjacent tissue specimens were collected. After pathological study, the expression of hsa-mir-181b-1 and CYLD were measured by qRT-PCR method. The hsa-mir-181b-1 expression level was significantly increased in breast tumor tissues compared to the controls. This increase was associated with the disease progression. Conversely, CYLD expression level was decreased in tumor samples compared to normal samples, significantly. ROC curve data added other prestigious information of hsa-mir-181b-1 and CYLD by defining cancer and healthy tissues with high specificity and sensitivity at a proposed cutoff point. Also, bioinformatic enrichment for the possible targets of mature sequence of "hsa-mir-181b-5p" was performed. Computational analysis showed the five most significant pathways including metabolic, cancer, calcium signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling and focal adhesion pathways which may be influenced by hsa-mir-181b-1. Thus, we suggested hsa-mir-181b-1 and CYLD might be involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and could be considered as two biomarkers for prediction, prognosis and diagnosis of the stages of the breast cancer.

Effect of hydatid cyst antigens on inhibition of melanoma cancer growth in mouse model

Cancer is the main cause of death in the developed countries. There are some scientific evidences indicating that parasitic infections induce antitumor activity against certain types of cancers. Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, which causes hydatidosis in human and livestock. We have already shown that vaccination of mice with hydatid cyst crude antigens and subsequently challenge them with cancer cells, causes inhibition of melanoma cancer growth. In this study, therapeutic effects of hydatid cyst antigens on C57/black mice that had already been challenged with melanoma tumor were investigated. In this experimental study, 6 groups of C57 black mice were subcutaneously inoculated with melanoma cancer cells (line B16F10) in PBS inside their chest site. After 2 weeks case groups were injected with hydatid cyst fluid, a fraction of cyst fluid, live protoscolices or BCG.  control groups were injected with alum alone and other control group was left intact without any intervention. The size of each tumor was measured in all mice. Blood samples were also taken to estimate Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels. Treatment of mice bearing melanoma cancer with hydatid cyst antigens resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and the difference between mean size of tumor in case and control groups was statistically significant. Also, according to our results mean level of measured cytokines between case and control groups was statistically different. Hydatid cyst antigens have anti-melanoma activities and this effect may be related to immune response to parasite antigens.

Evaluation of the effect of TIM-3 suppression by miR-498 and its effect on apoptosis and proliferation rate of HL-60 cell line

BACKGROUND

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a Cancer of hematopoietic stem cells with a rapid progression. TIM-3 is expressed on leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in most types of AML and might have a positive effect on maintenance of malignant phenotype. MicroRNAs play important roles in either cancer progression or suppression. In this study were evaluated, the inhibitory effect of miR-498 on TIM-3 expression and its impact on proliferation and survival of HL-60 cell line.

METHODS

Firstly, the probable inhibitory effect of miR-498 on TIM-3 expression was predicted. HL-60 cells were cultured and expression of TIM-3 was induced on the cells using phorbol miristate acetate. The cells were transfected with miR-498 and expression level of TIM-3 were measured using with q-RT-PCR and flow cytometry methods. In addition, the effect of suppression of TIM-3 expression in HL-60 cell line was analyzed with apoptosis and cell proliferation assays.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analyses predicted that miR-498 has high ability to silence TIM-3 gene expression. Our experiments confirmed that miR-498 was able to strongly silence TIM-3 expression (68% silencing) in HL-60 cell line (P < 0.002). Also, the cells with suppressed expression of TIM-3 had a lower proliferation and higher apoptosis rates.

CONCLUSION

Based on our results, the miR-498 can effectively suppress TIM-3 expression in the AML cell line. TIM-3 suppression, in turn, inhibits malignant cell proliferation and induces its apoptosis. Collectively, suppression of TIM-3 by miR-498 can be considered as a potential powerful way for treatment of AML.

The Increase in Protein and Plasmid Yields of E. coli with Optimized Concentration of Ampicillin as Selection Marker

Background:Escherichia coli is still the common host for ing and heterologous protein expression. Various strategies have been employed to increase protein expression in E. coli, but, it seems that external factors such as selection marker concentration can drastically affect the yield of protein and plasmid. Objectives: Alterations of protein expression and plasmid yields of E. coli in different concentrations of ampicillin, as selection marker, will be determined. In order to improve heterologous expression, the system will be redesigned and optimized. Materials and Methods: The expression cassette of codon optimized EGFP for E. coli was synthesized in pUC57. The pUC57-GFP was transformed into E. coli Top10F'. The expression of GFP was verified by SDS-PAGE and flow cytometry after induction by IPTG (0.5 mM) and incubation with 0, 100, 200 and 300 μg.mL^-1 ampicillin. Plasmid copy numbers of samples were determined by Real-Time PCR on AMP gene using regression line of diluted standard curve. Results: GFP expressing clones formed fair green colonies on LB agar supplemented with 0.5 mM IPTG and showed fluorescence in FL1 filter of flow cytometry and an extra protein band on SDS-PAGE gel. The fluorescent intensity of GFP in 0, 100, 200 and 300 μg.mL^-1 ampicillin in medium were 549.83, 549.78, 1443.52, 684.87, and plasmid copy numbers were 6.07×10⁹ , 3.21×10⁹ , 2.32×10¹⁰ , 8.11×10⁸ , respectively. The plasmid yields were 55 ng.μL^-1, 69 ng.μL^-1, 164 ng.μL^-1 and 41 ng.μL^-1, respectively. Conclusion: Protein and plasmid yields of E. coli are variable in different concentrations of ampicillin and need to be optimized in newly designed expression systems. Protein and plasmid yield in the optimized concentration (200 μg.mL^-1) was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than other doses.

Design and analysis of a polarization modulator based on surface plasmons

In this paper, a polarization modulator is proposed, based on surface plasmons in a 1550 nm window. Following the generalized Snell's law, the meta-surface for converting an incident propagating wave to a surface wave is carefully designed with nearly 84% efficiency. Moreover, the coupling ratio for TE and TM polarization of the incident wave is calculated. Furthermore, the LiNbO₃ structure is used as a polarizer. Finally, the calculations are verified by employing the rigorous numerical finite-difference time-domain simulation method, and the results are found to be in excellent agreement. Our findings may help in the realization of compact plasmonic circuits.

Evaluation of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, and β1 Integrin in Patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Background:

The objective of this study is to indicate the role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), soluble uPAR (suPAR), and β1 integrin in tumor growth and invasion of lymph nodes from Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, 25 lymph nodes from HL patients were analyzed for the expression of β1 integrin and uPAR on mononuclear cells using two-color flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, the levels of suPAR in the serum samples of HL patients were measured and compared with 32 healthy controls.

Results:

Flowcytometry and immunohistochemical results indicated no significant association of uPAR expression with tumor size, different stages, or different histological subtypes of HL; however, an increased expression of β1 integrin was detected in the advanced stages of HL. Higher expression of β1 integrin was detected in nodular sclerosis compared to lymphocyte predominant. No significant difference was observed between the serum levels of suPAR in patients with different stages of HL and healthy controls. Moreover, the levels of suPAR were significantly higher in nodular sclerosis in comparison with other subtypes.

Conclusions:

This study showed that the levels of suPAR and β1 integrin varied between different histological subtypes of HL. Although uPAR may play only a minor role in the growth and metastasis of lymphoma, β1 integrin may be important in predicting prognosis and metastasis in HL.

The Effect of Licorice Protein Fractions on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Gastrointestinal Cancer Cell Lines

BACKGROUND

Several methods for the treatment of colon cancer have been introduced, but none of them are safe and effective. We planned to evaluate the inhibitory effect of protein extract of licorice root on HT-29 and CT26 cell lines proliferation and apoptosis.

METHODS

Protein extract of licorice root was prepared in phosphate-buffered solution, and SDS-PAGE was used to isolate its fractions. HT-29, CT-26, and HEK293 cell lines were treated with various concentrations of the fractions and full extract of licorice. Cytotoxicity of licorice at various concentrations was assessed using MTT assay. Flow cytometry analysis was applied to evaluate the apoptosis.

RESULTS

Our results demonstrated that the concentrations of 5 μg/mL from 25 to 33 kDa fraction and concentration of 8 μg/mL from 62 kDa fraction had a significant inhibitory effect on both cancerous cell lines (P < 0.05), with no significant effect on the noncancerous cell line. The concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL from full extracts significantly increased apoptosis in CT26 cells [35.52 ± 7.5 (P = 0.048*) and 47.72 ± 8 (P 0.026*), respectively], but not in HT29 and noncancerous cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Protein compounds of licorice showed anticancer properties and were able to induce apoptosis in both human colon cancer and mouse colon carcinoma cell lines.

Detection of vertical root fractures in intact and endodontically treated premolar teeth by designing a probabilistic neural network: an ex vivo study

OBJECTIVES

Detection of vertical root fractures (VRFs) in their initial stages is a crucial issue, which prevents the propagation of injury to the adjacent supporting structures. Designing a suitable neural network-based model could be a useful method to diagnose the VRFs. The aim of this study was to design a probabilistic neural network (PNN) to diagnose the VRFs in intact and endodontically treated teeth of periapical and CBCT radiographs. Also, we have compared the efficacy of these two imaging techniques in the detection of VRFs.

METHODS

A total of 240 radiographs of teeth (120 radiographs of teeth with no VRFs and 120 teeth with vertical fractures, with half of the teeth in each category treated endodontically and the remaining half intact, i.e. not endodontically treated) were used in 3 groups for training and testing of the neural network as follows: Group 1, 180/60; Group 2, 120/120; and Group 3, 60/180. First, Daubechies 3 wavelet was applied to acquire the image analysis coefficients on two planes; then Gabor filters were used to extract the image characteristics, which were used to educate the PNN. The designed neural network was able to diagnose and classify teeth with and without VRFs. In addition, in order to determine the best training and test sets in the network, the variance of the function of network changes was manipulated at a range of 0-1 and the results were assessed in terms of the parameters evaluated, including sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.

RESULTS

In the periapical radiographs, the maximum accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values in the three groups were 70.00, 97.78 and 67.7%, respectively. These values in the CBCT images were 96.6, 93.3 and 100%, respectively, at the variance change range of 0.1-0.65.

CONCLUSIONS

The designed neural network can be used as a proper model for the diagnosis of VRFs on CBCT images of endodontically treated and intact teeth; in this context, CBCT images are more effective than similar periapical radiographs. Limitations of this study are the use of sound one-rooted premolar teeth without carious lesions and dental fillings and not simulating the adjacent anatomic structures. Further in vitro work using a full-skull simulation for CBCT and skin/bone simulation is needed.

Expression of microRNA-370 in human breast cancer compare with normal samples

Background:

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of deaths from cancer in the woman. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs that are known critical player in carcinogenesis. The role of miR-370 in malignancies remains controversial because of its levels varying in different cancers according to its targets while the role of miR-370 in breast cancer has not been addressed so far. The aim of this study was to identify the expression pattern of miR-370 in human breast cancer tissue compared to adjacent healthy tissue.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-two fresh frozen tissues (normal and malignant) from patients with breast cancer were examined for miR-370 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method at 2013.

Results:

We observed up-regulation (six-fold higher) of miR-370 in breast cancer tissue compared with normal adjacent tissue. Tumor samples in stage III, invasive ductal type, larger tumor size, human epidermal growth-factor receptor 2+, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor−, P53 − status showed significantly increased expression in miR-370.

Conclusion:

Together, miR-370 may acts as an onco-miRNA, and it may have a novel role in breast cancer. Detection of miR-370 and its targets could be helpful as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target.

A Novel Thresholding Based Algorithm for Detection of Vertical Root Fracture in Nonendodontically Treated Premolar Teeth

In this paper, an efficient algorithm is proposed for detection of vertical root fractures (VRFs) in periapical (PA), and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs of nonendodontically treated premolar teeth. PA and CBCT images are divided into some sub-categories based on the fracture space between the two fragments as small, medium, and large for PAs and large for CBCTs. These graphics are first denoised using the combination of block matching 3-D filtering, and principle component analysis model. Then, we proposed an adaptive thresholding algorithm based on the modified Wellner model to segment the fracture and canal. Finally, VRFs are identified with a high accuracy through applying continuous wavelet transform on the segmented radiographs and choosing the most optimal value for sub-images based on the lowest interclass variance. Performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated utilizing the different tested criteria. Results illustrate that the range of specificity deviations for PA and CBCT radiographs are 99.69 ± 0.22 and 99.02 ± 0.77, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity changes from 61.90 to 77.39 in the case of PA and from 79.54 to 100 in the case of CBCT. Based on our statistical evaluation, the CBCT imaging has the better performance in comparison with PA ones, so this technique could be a useful tool for clinical applications in determining the VRFs.

A short review on structure and role of cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase 4 as a treatment tool

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known as a super-family of enzymes which catalyze the metabolism of the intracellular cyclic nucleotides, cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and cyclic-3',5'-guanosine monophosphate that are expressed in a variety of cell types that can exert various functions based on their cells distribution. The PDE4 family has been the focus of vast research efforts over recent years because this family is considered as a prime target for therapeutic intervention in a number of inflammatory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, and it should be used and researched by pharmacists. This is because the major isoform of PDE that regulates inflammatory cell activity is the cAMP-specific PDE, PDE4. This review discusses the relationship between PDE4 and its inhibitor drugs based on structures, cells distribution, and pharmacological properties of PDE4 which can be informative for all pharmacy specialists.

Nanoscale Biosensor Based on Silicon Photonic Cavity for Home Healthcare Diagnostic Application

In this paper, a new ultra-compact optical biosensor based on photonic crystal (phc) resonant cavity is proposed. This sensor has ability to work in chemical optical processes for the determination and analysis of liquid material. Here, we used an optical filter based on two-dimensional phc resonant cavity on a silicon layer and an active area is created in center of cavity. According to results, with increasing the refractive index of cavity, resonant wavelengths shift so that this phenomenon provides the ability to measure the properties of materials. This novel designed biosensor has more advantage to operate in the biochemical process for example sensing protein and DNA molecule refractive index. This nanoscale biosensor has quality factor higher than 1.5 × 104 and it is suitable to be used in the home healthcare diagnostic applications.

Positive and Negative Regulation of Th17 Cell Differentiation: Evaluating The Impact of RORC2

OBJECTIVE

Th17 cells are known to be involved in some types of inflammations and autoimmune disorders. RORC2 is the key transcription factor coordinating Th17 cell differentiation. Thus, blocking RORC2 may be useful in suppressing Th17-dependent inflammatory processes. The aim was to silence RORC2 by specific siRNAs in naïve T cells differentiating to Th17. Time-dependent expression of RORC2 as well as IL-17 and IL-23R were considered before and after RORC2 silencing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this experimental study, naïve CD4(+)T cells were isolated from human cord blood samples. Cytokines TGFß plus IL-6 and IL-23 were used to polarize the naïve T cells to Th17 cells in X-VIVO 15 serum free medium. A mixture of three siRNAs specific for RORC2 was applied for blocking its expression. RORC2, IL-17 and IL-23R mRNA and protein levels were measured using qRT-PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry techniques. Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analyses.

RESULTS

Significant correlations were obtained in time-dependent analysis of IL-17 and IL-23R expression in relation with RORC2 (R=0.87 and 0.89 respectively, p<0.05). Silencing of RORC2 was accompanied with almost complete suppression of IL-17 (99.3%; p<0.05) and significant decrease in IL-23R gene expression (77.2%, p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that RORC2 is the main and the primary trigger for upregulation of IL-17 and IL-23R genes in human Th17 cell differentiation. Moreover, we show that day 3 could be considered as the key day in the Th17 differentiation process.

CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, and CXCR3 expression in peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocytes in gastric cancer patients

Background:

CD4+(TH1, and TH2) cell groups in the point of view of chemokine receptor expression were considered in blood of stomach cancer patients.

Materials and Methods:

The percentage of blood CD4+ T cells expressing chemokine receptors (before and after gastrectomy) was determined by flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, USA) using the following chemokine receptor antibodies: anti-CCR5, anti-CXCR3, anti-CCR3 and anti-CCR4.

Results:

The means of CD4⁺ CCR5⁺ expressing cells was 1.23% ± 0.90, 0.83% ± 0.34 and 1.34% ± 0.74 in control, pre- and post-operation groups, respectively. CD4⁺ CXCR3⁺ expressing cells were 19.09% ± 8.4, 16.95% ± 5.71 and 25.08% ± 9.31, respectively. Similar pattern was seen for CD4⁺ CCR3⁺ and CD4⁺ CCR4⁺ expressing cells. Pearson correlation analysis shows no relationship between CCR3 and CCR4 expressions on TCD4 cells (r = 0.211, P = 0.126). The complex expression TH1 (CD4⁺ CXCR3⁺ CCR5⁺) receptors determined 1.14% ± 0.54 for control group, 0.86% ± 0.49 for pre-T and 1.57% ± 0.67 for post-T group. Moreover, the TH2 (CD4⁺ CCR3⁺ CCR4⁺) expression was 1.60% ± 1.05 for control group, 1.57% ± 0.83 for pre-T and 1.27% ± 0.66 for post-treatment group. Pearson correlation analysis shows that only the CCR3 and CCR5 expression was statistically correlated (r = 0.321, P = 0.018).

Conclusion:

Due to low expression of CCR5 in TH1 and CCR3 in TH2 cells, it seems that utility of these is extremely limited for clinical evaluation, but not scientific purpose. Moreover, considering the CXCR3 for TH1 cells and CCR4 expression for TH2 cells, due to considerable expression, may be practical.

RORC2 gene silencing in human Th17 cells by siRNA: design and evaluation of highly efficient siRNA

BACKGROUND

RNA interference-based gene silencing has recently been applied as an efficient tool for functional gene analysis. RORC2 is the key transcription factor orchestrating Th17 cells differentiation, the cells that are known as the pathogenic elements in various autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to design efficient siRNAs specific for RORC2 and to evaluate different criteria affecting their functionality.

METHODS

Three siRNA duplexes specific for RORC2 mRNA were designed. Th17 cells were produced from IL-6 and IL-1 treated cord blood CD4(+) T cells. The T cells were transfected with three different designed siRNAs against RORC2 and the expression of RORC2 gene was measured using quantitative real time PCR.

RESULTS

Different levels of RORC2 down regulation were observed in the presence of each of the designed siRNAs. Efficient siRNA with 91.1% silencing activity met the majority of the established bioinformatics criteria while the one with 46.6% silencing activity had more deviations from these criteria.

CONCLUSION

The more bioinformatics criteria are considered, the more functionality were observed for silencing RORC2. However, the importance of the type of criteria per se should not be neglected. Although all recommended criteria are important for designing siRNA but their value is not the same.

CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg and its ICOS⁺ subsets in patients with myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disorder with chronic inflammatory conditions in which immune cells play a significant role in its pathogenic process. Regulatory T cells (Treg), as a part of immune system, are involved in controlling auto-immune and inflammatory diseases. Tregs have been shown to play an atheroprotective role and may also promote plaque stabilization.

OBJECTIVE

To assess if inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) expression on one subtype of Treg cells with high suppressive potential correlates with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

METHODS

Patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and/or stable angina (SA), diagnosed as atherosclerosis by angiography, and a group of individuals with normal coronary angiography (NCA) were recruited for the present study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were prepared and the expression of ICOS, Foxp3 and CD4 molecules was tested by flowcytometry.

RESULTS

The percentage of CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells was reduced in MI group compared to NCA and SA groups (p<0.005). Evaluation of the two Treg subsets according to ICOS expression showed a decreased ICOS+/ICOS- Treg ratio in MI and SA groups compared to NCA individuals (p=0.002 and p=0.048, respectively).

CONCLUSION

The present data indicate that Tregs and its ICOS+ subsets are decreased in patients with MI or SA, suggesting a potential role for Treg in atherosclerosis progression or onset of acute coronary syndrome.

The Effects of Isoproterenol and Propranolol on Cytokine Profile Secretion by Cultured Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes Derived from Colorectal Cancer Patients

OBJECTIVE

Anti-tumor immunity and cytokine profiles have important roles in the development of cancer. Norepinephrine (NE) release due to sympathetic activation leads to a Th2 deviation via the beta-2 adrenergic receptor Beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β-2AR) and could increase cancer progression. This study intends to determine the effects of isoproterenol (ISO; beta-agonist) and propranolol (PRO; beta-antagonist) on the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17. Cytokine levels have been examined in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The β-2AR expression on lymphocyte subsets was also assessed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this experimental study, TILs were isolated from fresh CRC tissue and patient PBMCs were obtained just prior to surgery. The cells were cultured in medium for 72 hours. Concomitantly, cells were stimulated with 10 µg/ml phytohemagglutinin (PHA) alone or in the presence of either 1 µmol/L of PRO or 1 µmol/L ISO. The concentration of cytokines in the supernatants was measured by ELISA. Three-color flow cytometry was used to determine the expression of β-2AR on the lymphocyte subsets. Statistical analyses were performed via paired or independent t-test.

RESULTS

Levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 were elevated after PHA-stimulation of PBMCs and TILs. However, the elevation of IFN-γ and IL-17 production by TILs in response to PHA was significantly lower than PBMCs. In the presence of ISO, the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio reduced in all groups, but this reduction was very low in TILs. Interestingly, the effects of PRO on cytokine production were, at least partially, comparable to those of ISO. Depressed levels of β-2AR expression were demonstrated on CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IL-17+ lymphocytes in patients' PBMCs and TILs.

CONCLUSION

This study has demonstrated the effects of ISO and PRO on cytokine production by TILs and determined β-2AR expression on these cells. ISO failed to induce a shift toward the expected Th2 cytokine profile in CRC patients' TILs, which might be due to the downregulation of β-2AR expression on TILs. Additionally, in this study, PRO induced a shift to a Th2 profile in PBMCs.

Optimization of human Th17 cell differentiation in vitro: evaluating different polarizing factors

Regarding discrepancies that exist among different studies which have tried to clarify critical factors in human Th17 cell differentiation, the aim of this study was to identify the best condition for human Th17 differentiation and to clarify the possible role of TGF-β in differentiation of these cells. Naïve CD4(+) T cells were isolated from cord blood samples and cultured either in X-VIVO 15 serum-free medium or RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS. Purified cells were treated with different combinations of polarizing cytokines (TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23 and IL-21) followed by analysis of the expression of characteristic genes and their relevant cytokines by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA method, respectively. Our data indicate that a combination of TGF-β plus IL-6 and IL-23 cytokines in X-VIVO 15 serum-free medium could be applied as the best condition for developing human Th17 cells in compare with other studied cytokine treatments. It is shown that TGF-β could be considered as a positive regulator for human Th17 cell differentiation only if applied in average concentrations. Interestingly, polarizing treatments in absence of TGF-β, induced double-secreting Th17 cells which co-express IL-17 and IFN-γ whereas polarization in presence of TGF-β-induced single-secreting (only IL-17 expressing) Th17 cells.

Fractional excretion of magnesium (FEMg), a marker for tubular dysfunction in children with clinically recovered ischemic acute tubular necrosis

Among the different etiologies of acute renal failure (ARF), acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is one of the most common causes. There is no consensus on the duration of follow-up needed among these patients and also on choosing a reliable screening test to recognize early signs of chronic kidney injury that may ensue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and biochemical findings in children with a history of clinically recovered ischemic ATN, to detect the patients who may be at risk of ensuing chronic kidney disease. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 20 children between six months and 10 years of age, admitted at St. Al Zahra Hospital and Amin Children's Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, with a past history of ischemic ATN. Eighteen patients were evaluated between 12 and 24 months, and two patients were evaluated at 30 months. The second sample of urine while still fasting was used for assessing urinary sodium, creatinine and magnesium. The mean ages for study and control groups were 3.4 ± 1.3 years and 4.5 ± 1.1 years, respectively. Glomerular filtration rate, urinary magnesium, fractional excretion of magnesium (FEMg), urinary sodium and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) were significantly higher in the study group compared to those in the control group. No significant differences were demonstrated in systolic and diastolic blood pressures between the two groups. Since FEMg can reflect tubular function for both the ability of tubules for reabsorption of the filtered magnesium and for retaining the intracellular magnesium, FEMg can be used as a marker to detect early stages of chronic renal injury. However, further studies with larger number of cases are needed to evaluate the sensitivity of this test.

Expression of chemokine receptors on Th1/Th2 CD4+ lymphocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Th1 cells preferentially express CXCR3, CCR5 and CCR6, while CCR3 and CCR4 are predominantly expressed by Th2 cell subsets. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a Th1 cell-dependant chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, and immunomudolatory cytokines could alter the chemokine expression pattern of these lymphocyte subsets.

OBJECTIVE

This study was performed to measure chemokine receptor expression on CD4 T cells for evaluation of Th1/Th2 dominantly in IFN-β treated patients.

METHODS

Flowcytometry was used to detect chemokine receptor expression on CD4 T cell population in PBMCs obtained from MS and healthy control groups. Twenty six MS patients participated in this study before and after IFN-β therapy and the same number of healthy individuals were included.

RESULTS

The percentage of lymphocytes was 41.28% ± 10.30% 2 in the blood of MS group compared with 36.88% ± 5.51% in the control group (p=0.017). The CD4+CXCR3+ cells were 18.86% ± 8.46% in healthy group, 30.78% ± 9.8% in pre-treated MS patients and 21.06% ± 9.23% in post-treated group (p<0.001). The CD4+CCR4+ cell subsets were 27.35% ± 10.15% in healthy group; 28.17% ± 8.9% in pre-treated group and 34.20% ± 8.96% in the post-IFN-β treatment group. The subset of CD4+CCR4+ was found to be dominant after IFN-β therapy in comparison with the control group (p<0.001). CD4+CCR5+ percentage was 1.24% ± 0.92% in the healthy people, 1.23% ± 0.71% in the MS patients and 0.76% ± 0.49% in post-treatment status (p=0.003). CD4+CCR3+ cell subsets were 0.62% ± 0.67% in control group, 0.28% ± 0.26% in the MS patients (p=0.022) and 0.39% ± 0.54% in IFN-β treated patients (p=0.334). An association was found for CXCR3 expression in pre- and post-treatment status (r=0.840, p<0.001) as well as for CCR4+ expression (r=0.712, p<0.001) in the same groups. The Th1 response was dominant in pre-treatment states, and then it shifted to a Th2 dominant state after IFN-β treatment.

CONCLUSION

We suggest that the chemokine receptor expression of Th1/Th2 cell subsets could be used for monitoring and the evaluation of the MS disease status.

Expression of an innate immune element (mouse hepcidin-1) in baculovirus expression system and the comparison of its function with synthetic human hepcidin-25

Hepcidin is an innate immune element which decreases the iron absorption from diet and iron releasing from macrophage cell. In contrast to the chemical iron chelators, there has been limited effort applied to the specific use of hepcidin as a new drug for decreasing the iron overload. Hepcidin is produced in different biological systems. For instance, E-coli is used for human hepcidin expression, however, post-translational modification is impaired. We have used a simple baculovirus expression system (BES) to improve the hepcidin folding and activity. Hepcidin Messenger Ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was isolated from mouse liver cells and its complementary Deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) was produced and amplified. PFastBac HTB vector was used for recombinant bacmid production. Recombinant baculovirus was produced using SF-9 cell line. The mouse hepcidin-1 protein was expressed in a large quantity and functional tests were performed for this recombinant peptide. The yield of hepcidin in BES was 20 μg/mL and anti-histidine (anti-His) tag antibody was used for the confirmation of hepcidin on western blot nitrocellulose paper. Functional tests showed that mouse hepcidin accumulates iron in the macrophage cell line J774A.1 up to 63%. In addition, our data showed that the mouse hepcidin-1 has less toxicity compared to the synthetic human hepcidin-25 (p = 0.000).

The expression of Th1- and Th2-related chemokine receptors in women with recurrent miscarriage: the impact of lymphocyte immunotherapy

PROBLEM

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses prior to the 20th week of gestation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of T helper (Th)1- and Th2-related chemokine receptors on CD4(+) T helper and CD8(+) T cytotoxic (Tc) cells in RM and control subjects. The effects of lymphocyte immunotherapy on the balance of Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 chemokine receptors were further evaluated in RM women.

METHOD OF STUDY

The expression of Th1-related (CCR5 and CXCR3) and Th2-related (CCR3 and CCR4) chemokine receptors on CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells from RM women were analyzed and compared with controls using flow cytometry. The expression of chemokine receptors in RM women was also compared before and after lymphocyte immunotherapy.

RESULTS

The ratios of Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 chemokine receptors were higher in RM women compared to controls. The ratio of Th1/Th2 chemokine receptors was decreased in RM women after immunotherapy, while no significant change was identified in the Tc1/Tc2 after immunotherapy.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates the Th1 dominant immune responses in circulation of RM women compared to controls. Moreover, lymphocyte immunotherapy might influence pregnancy outcome via a shift in the balance of the Th1/Th2 chemokine receptors.

The assessment of feto-maternal hemorrhage in an artificial model using anti-D and anti-fetal hemoglobin antibody by flow cytometry

BACKGROUND

When fetal red cells enter the maternal circulation from placenta, an event would be happened that is described as feto-maternal hemorrhage (FMH). This life-threatening condition could be detected by using RBC antigens (surface antigens and intracellular antigens). Therefore, the measurement of fetal RBC in an artificial model would be useful to calculate FMH and consequently the dosage of Rhogam for prophylaxis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate FMH in an artificial mixture model.

METHODS

A series of 40 artificial specimens were prepared consisting of Rh(D) negative adult blood (non-immunized) spiked with varying amounts of Rh(D) positive cord blood from mothers between 20-30 years old in Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Monoclonal anti-D and anti-HbF (fetal hemoglobin) were used for detection of fetal RBC in artificial mixture sample modeling.

RESULTS

This study showed that the percentage of fetal cells in artificial sample for anti-D antigen is in ranges of 0.28%-0.32% for a 0.25% dilution mixture, and 1.3%-2.05% for the mixture with dilution 2%. In addition, the ranges of data for anti-HbF staining was obtained 0.2%-0.34% for the 0.25% dilution sample, and the ranges of 1.04-1.8% for the 2% dilution. The regression analysis indicated that the correlation of anti-D assessment with expected standard method was r2 = 0.9672 and anti-HbF assessment was r2 = 0.8842.

CONCLUSION

Although both molecule targets could be used for detection of fetal RBC, in this model, anti-D staining was more accurate than anti-HbF staining. However, since anti-D can not be utilized for low-density or weak phenotype and other incompatibility, the anti-HbF labeling could be used for all FMH.

A study on stress, depression and NK cytotoxic potential in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion

It has been recognized that acute and chronic stress has an impact on the immune system. Acute stress may have a stimulating effect on the immune system, while in the case of chronic stress specially depression, the immune system could be down-regulated. However, an association between depression and a higher number of circulating white blood cells with increased activity has been reported. Elevation in immune cell numbers and alteration in cytokine profiles are documented for women suffering sporadic spontaneous abortion with a high stress score. In spite of these contradictory results and to make a new approach in immunological (NK activity) as well as psychological parameters (stress/depression) in women suffering from recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) the present study was planned. Forty-five women with a history of RSA and a matched control group were participated in this study. A questionnaire for life events known as life change units (LCU) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) outlines were used and the socio-psychological events were recorded after visiting and interview. Fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken as a source of NK activity and K562 cell line were used as NK sensitive target. The experiments were performed and the cells were analyzed with a flow-cytometer. The stress and the depression scores were determined 245+/-83.6 and 27.6+/-8.8 for women with RSA and 224+/-79.6 and 19.4+/-7.1 for non-RSA group respectively. There was an association between life stress scores and depression scores with r=0.65 and P=0.000 for RSA women. A correlation with r =-0.34 and P = 0.02 was found between depression scores and NK cytotoxicity. The Pearson correlation test showed a lack of relationship between high stress score and NK activity with the r=0.011 and P=0.95, but r=-0.30 and P=0.072 was obtained for high depression scores and NK cytotoxicity. Therefore, it could be suggested that in the case of women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion, modulation for immunological parameters (i.e immunotherapy) concurrently with managing psychological aspects (stress/depression) could be modified for the benefit of the patients.