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Brager AJ, Paul KN. Sleep is of the muscle, by the muscle, and for the muscle. Sleep 2023; 46:zsac283. [PMID: 37490494 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Plans, Futures, and Analysis, U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, Fort Bragg, NC, USA
| | - Ketema N Paul
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Brager AJ, Gordon JA, Rouska A, Moore B, Mysliwiec V. Circadian Advantages in Elite Athletes. Curr Sleep Medicine Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-022-00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Bush BJ, Donnay C, Andrews EJA, Lewis-Sanders D, Gray CL, Qiao Z, Brager AJ, Johnson H, Brewer HCS, Sood S, Saafir T, Benveniste M, Paul KN, Ehlen JC. Non-rapid eye movement sleep determines resilience to social stress. eLife 2022; 11:e80206. [PMID: 36149059 PMCID: PMC9586557 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience, the ability to overcome stressful conditions, is found in most mammals and varies significantly among individuals. A lack of resilience can lead to the development of neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, often within the same individual. Despite extensive research into the brain mechanisms causing maladaptive behavioral-responses to stress, it is not clear why some individuals exhibit resilience. To examine if sleep has a determinative role in maladaptive behavioral-response to social stress, we investigated individual variations in resilience using a social-defeat model for male mice. Our results reveal a direct, causal relationship between sleep amount and resilience-demonstrating that sleep increases after social-defeat stress only occur in resilient mice. Further, we found that within the prefrontal cortex, a regulator of maladaptive responses to stress, pre-existing differences in sleep regulation predict resilience. Overall, these results demonstrate that increased NREM sleep, mediated cortically, is an active response to social-defeat stress that plays a determinative role in promoting resilience. They also show that differences in resilience are strongly correlated with inter-individual variability in sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J Bush
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Caroline Donnay
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | | | | | - Cloe L Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Zhimei Qiao
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Hadiya Johnson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Hamadi CS Brewer
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Sahil Sood
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Talib Saafir
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Morris Benveniste
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Ketema N Paul
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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Brager AJ. Commentary Piece: Commanding fatigue management in the United States Army's fleet of commercial truck drivers. Sleep Health 2022; 8:261-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Skeiky L, Brager AJ, Satterfield BC, Petrovick M, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Ratcliffe RH, Van Dongen HPA, Hansen DA. TNFα G308A genotype, resilience to sleep deprivation, and the effect of caffeine on psychomotor vigilance performance in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1461-1464. [PMID: 32933332 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1821044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The TNFα G308A gene polymorphism has been reported to influence performance impairment during total sleep deprivation (TSD). We investigated this effect in a randomized, double-blind, crossover laboratory study of repeated exposure to 48 h TSD with caffeine administration at different doses. In a retrospective analysis, we replicated the finding that the A allele of TNFα G308A, found in 4 of 12 study participants, confers resilience to performance impairment during TSD. There was no evidence of an interaction of TNFα genotype with the beneficial effect of caffeine (200 or 300 mg) on performance during TSD, suggesting distinct underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Skeiky
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Allison J Brager
- Sleep Research Center, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Brieann C Satterfield
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Martha Petrovick
- Group 49 - Biological and Chemical Technologies, MIT Lincoln Labs, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Balkin
- Sleep Research Center, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Sleep Research Center, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ruthie H Ratcliffe
- Sleep Research Center, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Devon A Hansen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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6
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Brager AJ, Demiral S, Choynowski J, Kim J, Campbell B, Capaldi VF, Simonelli G, Hammer S. Earlier shift in race pacing can predict future performance during a single-effort ultramarathon under sleep deprivation. Sleep Sci 2020; 13:25-31. [PMID: 32670489 PMCID: PMC7347363 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20190132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective We constructed research camps at single-effort ultramarathons (50 and 100 miles) in order to study human endurance capabilities under extreme sleep loss and stress. It takes > 24h, on average, to run 100 miles on minimal sleep, allowing us to construct 24h human performance profiles (HPP). Methods We collected performance data plotted across time (race splits) and distance (dropout rates; n=257), self-reported sleep and training patterns (n=83), and endpoint data on cardiovascular fitness/adaptation to total sleep deprivation and extreme exercise/stress (n=127). Results In general, we found that self-reported napping was higher for 100-miler versus 50-miler runners and that ultra-endurance racing may possibly pre-select for early morning risers. We also compared HPPs between the first 50 miles completed by all runners in order to examine amplitude and acrophase differences in performance using a cosinor model. We showed that even though all runners slowed down over time, runners who completed a 100-miler ultramarathon had an earlier acrophase shift in race pace compared to non-finishers. Discussion We were able to identify time-dependent predictions on overall performance under minimal sleep, warranting the ultramarathon athlete as a unique demographic for future study of sleep and chronobiological relationships in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Behavioral Biology - Silver Spring - MD - United States
| | - Sukru Demiral
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Behavioral Biology - Silver Spring - MD - United States
| | - John Choynowski
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Behavioral Biology - Silver Spring - MD - United States
| | - Jess Kim
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Behavioral Biology - Silver Spring - MD - United States
| | - Bill Campbell
- Academy of Wilderness Medicine, Fellow - Knoxville - TN - United States
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Behavioral Biology - Silver Spring - MD - United States
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Behavioral Biology - Silver Spring - MD - United States.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hopital du Sacre- Coeur de Montreal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Ile-de-Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Steve Hammer
- Indian River State College, Biology - Fort Pierce - FL - United States
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7
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Skeiky L, Hansen DA, Satterfield BC, Petrovick M, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Ratcliffe RH, Brager AJ, Van Dongen H. 0274 Associations of TNFα Gene Polymorphism with Resilience to Sleep Deprivation and Caffeine Sensitivity. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Sleep deprivation degrades the fidelity of human brain information processing, leading to cognitive impairment. Carriers of the A allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism of the TNFα gene (G308A, rs1800629) have been found to be resilient to cognitive impairment due to sleep deprivation as compared to individuals homozygous for the G allele. Caffeine mitigates the cognitive impairment associated with sleep deprivation. We investigated whether the effects of caffeine and TNFα genotype interact.
Methods
In an 18-day, controlled, in-laboratory study, 12 healthy adults (age 27.4±6.9; 6 females) underwent three sessions of 48-hour total sleep deprivation (TSD), with each TSD session preceded and followed by three nights of baseline and/or recovery sleep (10 hours time in bed). In randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion, during each TSD session a specific dose of caffeine (0, 200, or 300 mg) was administered four times at 12-hour intervals. Vigilant attention was measured every 2 hours during each TSD session with a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), for which the log of the signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR) derived from the RT distribution was determined as a measure of the fidelity of information processing. Each subject’s TNFα genotype was assessed from a blood sample.
Results
Subjects homozygous for the TNFα G allele showed greater PVT impairment during sleep deprivation in the 0 mg caffeine (i.e., placebo) condition as compared to carriers of the A allele and as compared to the 200 and 300 mg caffeine conditions (mixed-effects ANOVA, genotype by dose interaction: F2,566=5.23, p=0.005). There was no appreciable caffeine-related difference in performance for carriers of the A allele, who were relatively resilient to TSD regardless of caffeine dose.
Conclusion
These results suggest non-additive, interacting effects of TNFα genotype and caffeine and a potentially shared mechanism of action with regard to the fidelity of information processing during sleep deprivation.
Support
This research was supported by ONR. AJB, TJB, VFC, RHR were supported by DoD MOMRP-USAMRDC. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not represent the official policy or position of the DoD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Skeiky
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - D A Hansen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
| | - B C Satterfield
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - M Petrovick
- Group 49 - Biological and Chemical Technologies, MIT Lincoln Laboratories, Lexington, MA
| | - T J Balkin
- Sleep Research Center, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - V F Capaldi
- Sleep Research Center, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - R H Ratcliffe
- Sleep Research Center, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - A J Brager
- Sleep Research Center, Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - H Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA
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Brager AJ, Hosamane N, Capaldi V, Simonelli G. 0385 Risk Assessment of Sleep Disorder Comorbidity Across Active Duty Army Installations from Military Medical Databases. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The impact of sleep disorders on active duty Soldiers’ medical readiness is clinically significant. Sleep disorders present high comorbidity with disease states directly impacting medical readiness, ranging from musculoskeletal injury (MSK-I), obesity, and drug dependence. The current study performed a risk assessment of sleep disorder comorbidity with MSK-I, obesity, and drug dependence across active duty United States Army installations.
Methods
Health incidences (percent active duty per installation) were queried from the Office of the Surgeon General Health of the Force (HoF) report, specifically for Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 (n = 471,000; 85.5% male, > 70% between 18 -34). Nonparametric ranked tests identified active duty Army installations at low risk (green; < 25% percentile relative to mean rank), moderate risk (amber; 25% - 50%), and high risk (red; > 75% percentile). Linear regressions determined extent of comorbidity of sleep disorders with MSK-I, obesity, and drug dependence (tobacco use and substance abuse).
Results
Mean rank comparisons for sleep disorders vs. injury index (p=0.499), obesity (p=0.306), tobacco use (p=0.378), and substance abuse (p=0.591) did not differ for each installation. Further, there was a high degree of co-morbidity for mean percentage of diagnosed sleep disorder with injury index (p<0.001; r2 = 0.517), obesity (p<0.001; r2 = 0.963), tobacco use (p<0.001; r2 = 0.928), and substance abuse (p<0.001; r2 = 0.968).
Conclusion
In general, large infantry and artillery training units located in the Southeastern United States were “in the red” for not meeting medical readiness standards. A few exceptions include Virginia-Maryland triangle, a heavily populated area. These data demonstrate strong geographical influences on health risk comorbidity in active duty Soldiers comparable to civilian sectors.
Support
Military Operational Medicine Research Program
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Brager
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - N Hosamane
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - V Capaldi
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - G Simonelli
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
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Alger SE, Brager AJ, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Simonelli G. Effect of cognitive load and emotional valence of distractors on performance during sleep extension and subsequent sleep deprivation. Sleep 2020; 43:5722315. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
The purpose of the present study was to assess the extent to which sleep extension followed by sleep deprivation impacts performance on an attentional task with varying cognitive and attentional demands that influence decisions.
Methods
Task performance was assessed at baseline, after 1 week of sleep extension, and after 40 h of total sleep deprivation.
Results
One week of sleep extension resulted in improved performance, particularly for high cognitive load decisions regardless of the emotional salience of attentional distractors. Those who extended sleep the most relative to their habitual sleep duration showed the greatest improvement in general performance during sleep extension. However, a higher percentage of time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) on the last night of the sleep extension phase was negatively correlated with performance on more difficult high cognitive load items, possibly reflecting a relatively higher level of residual sleep need. Sleep deprivation generally resulted in impaired performance, with a nonsignificant trend toward greater performance decrements in the presence of emotionally salient distractors. Performance overall, but specifically for high cognitive load decisions, during total sleep deprivation was negatively correlated with longer sleep and higher SWS percentage during subsequent recovery sleep.
Conclusions
The present findings suggest two possibilities: those who performed relatively poorly during sleep deprivation were more vulnerable because (1) they utilized mental resources (i.e. accrued sleep debt) at a relatively faster rate during wakefulness, and/or (2) they failed to “pay down” pre-study sleep debt to the same extent as better-performing participants during the preceding sleep extension phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Alger
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Thomas J Balkin
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
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10
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Mantua J, Brager AJ, Alger SE, Adewale F, Skeiky L, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Simonelli G. Self-Reported Sleep Need, Subjective Resilience, and Cognitive Performance Following Sleep Loss and Recovery Sleep. Psychol Rep 2020; 124:210-226. [DOI: 10.1177/0033294119899896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Individuals vary in response to sleep loss: some individuals are “vulnerable” and demonstrate cognitive decrements following insufficient sleep, while others are “resistant” and maintain baseline cognitive capability. Physiological markers (e.g., genetic polymorphisms) have been identified that can predict relative vulnerability. However, a quick, cost-effective, and feasible subjective predictor tool has not been developed. The objective of the present study was to determine whether two factors—“subjective sleep need” and “subjective resilience”—predict cognitive performance following sleep deprivation. Methods Twenty-seven healthy, sleep-satiated young adults participated. These individuals were screened for sleep disorders, comorbidities, and erratic sleep schedules. Prior to 40 hours of in-laboratory total sleep deprivation, participants were questioned on their subjective sleep need and completed a validated resilience scale. During and after sleep deprivation, participants completed a 5-minute psychomotor vigilance test every 2 hours. Results Both subjective resilience and subjective sleep need individually failed to predict performance during sleep loss. However, these two measures interacted to predict performance. Individuals with low resilience and low sleep need had poorer cognitive performance during sleep loss. However, in individuals with medium or high resilience, psychomotor vigilance test performance was not predicted by subjective sleep need. Higher resilience may be protective against sleep loss-related neurobehavioral impairments in the context of subjective sleep need. Conclusions Following sleep loss (and recovery sleep), trait resilient individuals may outperform those with lower resiliency on real-world tasks that require continuous attention. Future studies should determine whether the present findings generalize to other, operationally relevant tasks and additional cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Mantua
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Allison J. Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sara E. Alger
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Folarin Adewale
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lillian Skeiky
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J. Balkin
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vincent F. Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Abstract
The military lifestyle often includes continuous operations whether in training or deployed environments. These stressful environments present unique challenges for service members attempting to achieve consolidated, restorative sleep. The significant mental and physical derangements caused by degraded metabolic, cardiovascular, skeletomuscular, and cognitive health often result from insufficient sleep and/or circadian misalignment. Insufficient sleep and resulting fatigue compromises personal safety, mission success, and even national security. In the long-term, chronic insufficient sleep and circadian rhythm disorders have been associated with other sleep disorders (e.g., insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and parasomnias). Other physiologic and psychologic diagnoses such as post-traumatic stress disorder, cardiovascular disease, and dementia have also been associated with chronic, insufficient sleep. Increased co-morbidity and mortality are compounded by traumatic brain injury resulting from blunt trauma, blast exposure, and highly physically demanding tasks under load. We present the current state of science in human and animal models specific to service members during- and post-military career. We focus on mission requirements of night shift work, sustained operations, and rapid re-entrainment to time zones. We then propose targeted pharmacological and non-pharmacological countermeasures to optimize performance that are mission- and symptom-specific. We recognize a critical gap in research involving service members, but provide tailored interventions for military health care providers based on the large body of research in health care and public service workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron H. Good
- 0000 0001 2151 958Xgrid.420282.ePhysical Scientist, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005 USA
| | - Allison J. Brager
- 0000 0001 0036 4726grid.420210.5Sleep Research Center, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Vincent F. Capaldi
- 0000 0001 0036 4726grid.420210.5Department of Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- 0000 0004 0467 8038grid.461685.8San Antonio Military Health System, Department of Sleep Medicine, JBSA, Lackland, TX 78234 USA
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12
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Burke TM, Lisman PJ, Maguire K, Skeiky L, Choynowski JJ, Capaldi VF, Wilder JN, Brager AJ, Dobrosielski DA. Examination of Sleep and Injury Among College Football Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:609-616. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Alger
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
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14
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Folgueira A, Simonelli G, Plano S, Tortello C, Cuiuli JM, Blanchard A, Patagua A, Brager AJ, Capaldi VF, Aubert AE, Barbarito M, Golombek DA, Vigo DE. Sleep, napping and alertness during an overwintering mission at Belgrano II Argentine Antarctic station. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10875. [PMID: 31350440 PMCID: PMC6659627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During Antarctic isolation personnel are exposed to extreme photoperiods. A frequent observation is a sleep onset phase delay during winter. It is not known if, as a result, daytime sleeping in the form of naps increases. We sought to assess sleep patterns - with focus on daytime sleeping - and alertness in a Latin American crew overwintering in Argentine Antarctic station Belgrano II. Measurements were collected in 13 males during March, May, July, September and November, and included actigraphy and psychomotor vigilance tasks. Sleep duration significantly decreased during winter. A total of eight participants took at least one weekly nap across all measurement points. During winter, the nap onset was delayed, its duration increased and its efficiency improved. We observed a significant effect of seasonality in the association of evening alertness with sleep onset. Our results replicate previous findings regarding sleep during overwintering in Antarctica, adding the description of the role of napping and the report of a possible modulatory effect of seasonality in the relation between sleep and alertness. Napping should be considered as an important factor in the scheduling of activities of multicultural crews that participate in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Folgueira
- Neurology Department, Central Military Hospital, Argentine Army, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Chronophysiology Lab, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Santiago Plano
- Chronobiology Lab, National University of Quilmes (UNQ), Argentina and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Chronophysiology Lab, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Tortello
- Chronobiology Lab, National University of Quilmes (UNQ), Argentina and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Chronophysiology Lab, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Abel Blanchard
- Argentine Joint Antarctic Command, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - André E Aubert
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Diego A Golombek
- Chronobiology Lab, National University of Quilmes (UNQ), Argentina and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel E Vigo
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Chronophysiology Lab, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Devine JK, Burke TM, Skeiky L, Choynowski JJ, Quartana PJ, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Brager AJ, Simonelli G. Objective changes in activity levels following sleep extension as measured by wrist actigraphy. Sleep Med 2019; 60:173-177. [PMID: 31213393 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND It is widely established that insufficient sleep can lead to adverse health outcomes. Paradoxically, epidemiologic research suggests that individuals who report habitual nightly sleep greater than 9 h also are at risk for adverse health outcomes. Further, studies have shown that long sleepers have decreased activity levels, which may partially explain the relationship between long sleep duration and mortality. The influence of sleep extension (longer time in bed) on levels of daily activity has not yet been established. The current study examined whether a week of sleep extension altered activity levels within the subsequent daily waking active and sleep period in order to determine whether increased time in bed indeed is related to decreased activity levels. METHODS A total of 26 healthy volunteers wore wrist accelerometer devices (Actiwatch 2.0, Philips) in order to objectively measure sleep and activity for six days during their normal schedules and for six days during a sleep extension (10 h time in bed) intervention. RESULTS There were no significant or clinically-relevant differences in 24-h activity or activity during the active or sleep period between baseline and sleep extension conditions. There were no main or interaction effects of day and condition when daily activity counts were compared between baseline and sleep extension conditions for the 24 h period (Day: F(5, 21) = 1.92, p = 0.12; Condition: F(1,25) = 2.93, p = 0.09; Day by Condition: F(5,21) = 0.32, p = 0.83), Active Waking Period (Day: F(5,25) = 1.53, p = 0.18; Condition: F(1,25) = 0.26, p = 0.61; Day by Condition: F(5,21) = 0.55, p = 0.74) or Nightly Sleep (Day: F(5,21) = 0.86, p = 0.51; Condition: F(1,25) = 1.78, p = 0.19; Day by Condition: F(5,21) = 0.79, p = 0.56) periods. In contrast, there was a main effect of condition when examining sleep duration by day between conditions (Day: F(5,21) = 1.60, p = 0.16; Condition: F(1,25) = 167.31, p < 0.001; Day by Condition: F(5,21) = 2.31, p = 0.07), such that sleep duration was longer during the sleep extension condition. DISCUSSION Sleep duration increased during six days of a sleep extension protocol but activity levels remained similar to their baseline (normal) sleep schedule. The current findings suggest that extending time in bed alone does not alter waking activity counts in young healthy adults. The link between extended sleep and adverse health outcomes may be attributable to other phenotypic factors, or other biological correlates of extended sleep and poor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime K Devine
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tina M Burke
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lillian Skeiky
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Jake J Choynowski
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Phillip J Quartana
- Military Psychiatry Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Balkin
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Brager AJ, Tummings E, Zhou A, Ehlen JC, Paul K. 0032 Identification Of A Muscle Function Protein In Brain Through A Proteomic Screen In Identification Of A Muscle Function Protein In Brain Through A Proteomic Screen In Sleep-deprived Mice. Sleep 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz067.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - An Zhou
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ketema Paul
- University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Alger SE, Brager AJ, Andrews M, Prindle NE, Ratcliffe RH, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Simonelli G, Doty TJ. 0182 The Role of Sleep Extension and Deprivation in Processing Threat-Related Information. Sleep 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz067.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Alger
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael Andrews
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nora E Prindle
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Balkin
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Guido Simonelli
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tracy Jill Doty
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Mantua J, Bessey A, Sowden WJ, Chabuz R, Brager AJ, Capaldi VF, Simonelli G. A Review of Environmental Barriers to Obtaining Adequate Sleep in the Military Operational Context. Mil Med 2019; 184:e259-e266. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionSleep loss is ubiquitous in military settings, and it can be deleterious to cognitive, physiological, and operational functioning. This is especially true in the military operational context (e.g., training, garrison, combat) where continuous operations prevent adequate time for rest and recuperation. Furthermore, even when servicemembers do have opportunities for sleep, environmental disruptors in the military operational context make it difficult to obtain restorative sleep. Such environmental disruptors are potentially preventable or reversible, yet there is little public awareness of how to minimize or eliminate these sleep disruptors. Therefore, the goal of this review was to outline prominent environmental sleep disruptors, describe how they occur in the military operational context, and also discuss feasible strategies to mitigate these disruptors.Materials and MethodsWe discuss four factors – light, noise, temperature, and air pollution – that have previously been identified as prominent sleep disruptors in non-military settings. Additionally, we extracted publicly-available yearly temperature and pollution data, from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association and the Environmental Protection Agency, respectively, for major prominent military installations in the continental US in order to identify the sites at which servicemembers are at the greatest risk for environmental sleep disruptions.ResultsBased on previous literature, we concluded light and noise are the most easily mitigatable sleep-disrupting environmental factors. Air pollution and temperature, on the other hand, are more difficult to mitigate. We also propose that harsh/uncomfortable sleeping surface is a fifth critical, previously unexplored sleep disruptor in the military operational context. Furthermore, we identified several problematic military sites for air pollution for temperature. Specifically, each branch has major installations located in regions with extreme heat (especially the Army), and each branch has at least one major installation in a high air pollution region. These findings show that even when in training or garrison in the US, military servicemembers are at risk for having sleep disruption due to environmental factors.ConclusionsEnvironmental disruptors, such as light, noise, temperature, and air pollution, can negatively impact sleep in the military operational context. Simple, feasible steps can be taken to reduce sleep disruptions that are caused by light and noise. Yet there is a need for research and development on tools to mitigate air pollution, extreme temperatures, and inhospitable sleeping surfaces. Leadership at the discussed military bases and training facilities should focus on improving the sleep environment for individuals under their command. Such interventions could ultimately improve warfighter health, wellness, and operational performance, leading to greater warfighter readiness and lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Mantua
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alexxa Bessey
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Walter J Sowden
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Richard Chabuz
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Mantua J, Grillakis A, Mahfouz SH, Taylor MR, Brager AJ, Yarnell AM, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Simonelli G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of sleep architecture and chronic traumatic brain injury. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 41:61-77. [PMID: 29452727 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep quality appears to be altered by traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, whether persistent post-injury changes in sleep architecture are present is unknown and relatively unexplored. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the extent to which chronic TBI (>6 months since injury) is characterized by changes to sleep architecture. We also explored the relationship between sleep architecture and TBI severity. In the fourteen included studies, sleep was assessed with at least one night of polysomnography in both chronic TBI participants and controls. Statistical analyses, performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, revealed that chronic TBI is characterized by relatively increased slow wave sleep (SWS). A meta-regression showed moderate-severe TBI is associated with elevated SWS, reduced stage 2, and reduced sleep efficiency. In contrast, mild TBI was not associated with any significant alteration of sleep architecture. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that increased SWS after moderate-severe TBI reflects post-injury cortical reorganization and restructuring. Suggestions for future research are discussed, including adoption of common data elements in future studies to facilitate cross-study comparability, reliability, and replicability, thereby increasing the likelihood that meaningful sleep (and other) biomarkers of TBI will be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Mantua
- Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Antigone Grillakis
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sanaa H Mahfouz
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Maura R Taylor
- Medical Research Directorate-West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Angela M Yarnell
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Balkin
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vincent F Capaldi
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Guido Simonelli
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Alger SE, Prindle N, Brager AJ, Doty TJ, Ratcliffe RH, Ephrem D, Yarnell AM, Balkin TJ, Capaldi VF, Simonelli G. 0114 Effects of Sleep Extension and Deprivation on Performance Using a Cognitively Demanding Emotional Task. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S E Alger
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - N Prindle
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - A J Brager
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - T J Doty
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - R H Ratcliffe
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - D Ephrem
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - A M Yarnell
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - T J Balkin
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - V F Capaldi
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - G Simonelli
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
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Ehlen JC, Brager AJ, Baggs J, Pinckney L, Gray CL, DeBruyne JP, Esser KA, Takahashi JS, Paul KN. Bmal1 function in skeletal muscle regulates sleep. eLife 2017; 6:e26557. [PMID: 28726633 PMCID: PMC5574702 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss can severely impair the ability to perform, yet the ability to recover from sleep loss is not well understood. Sleep regulatory processes are assumed to lie exclusively within the brain mainly due to the strong behavioral manifestations of sleep. Whole-body knockout of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 in mice affects several aspects of sleep, however, the cells/tissues responsible are unknown. We found that restoring Bmal1 expression in the brains of Bmal1-knockout mice did not rescue Bmal1-dependent sleep phenotypes. Surprisingly, most sleep-amount, but not sleep-timing, phenotypes could be reproduced or rescued by knocking out or restoring BMAL1 exclusively in skeletal muscle, respectively. We also found that overexpression of skeletal-muscle Bmal1 reduced the recovery response to sleep loss. Together, these findings demonstrate that Bmal1 expression in skeletal muscle is both necessary and sufficient to regulate total sleep amount and reveal that critical components of normal sleep regulation occur in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Ehlen
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Allison J Brager
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Julie Baggs
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Lennisha Pinckney
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Cloe L Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Jason P DeBruyne
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Myology Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Ketema N Paul
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Brager AJ, Heemstra L, Bhambra R, Ehlen JC, Esser KA, Paul KN, Novak CM. Homeostatic effects of exercise and sleep on metabolic processes in mice with an overexpressed skeletal muscle clock. Biochimie 2017; 132:161-165. [PMID: 27916643 PMCID: PMC5191931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain and muscle-ARNT-like factor (Bmal1/BMAL1) is an essential transcriptional/translational factor of circadian clocks. Loss of function of Bmal1/BMAL1 is highly disruptive to physiological and behavioral processes. In light of these previous findings, we examined if transgenic overexpression of Bmal1/BMAL1 in skeletal muscle could alter metabolic processes. First, we characterized in vivo and ex vivo metabolic phenotypes of muscle overexpressed mice (male and female) compared to wild-type littermates (WT). Second, we examined in vivo and ex vivo metabolic processes in the presence of positive and negative homeostatic challenges: high-intensity treadmill running (positive) and acute sleep deprivation (negative). In vivo measures of metabolic processes included body composition, respiratory exchange ratio (RER; VCO2/VO2), energy expenditure, total activity counts, and food intake collected from small animal indirect calorimetry. Ex vivo measure of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle was determined from radioassays. RER was lower for muscle overexpressed females compared to female WTs. There were no genotype-dependent differences in metabolic phenotypes for males. With homeostatic challenges, muscle overexpressed mice had lower energy expenditure after high-intensity treadmill running. Acute sleep deprivation reduced insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle in overexpressed male mice, but not male WTs. The present study contributes to a body of evidence showing pleiotropic, non-circadian, and homeostatic effects of altered Bmal1/BMAL1 expression on metabolic processes, demonstrating a critical need to further investigate the broad and complex actions of Bmal1/BMAL1 on physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
| | - Lydia Heemstra
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Raman Bhambra
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - J Christopher Ehlen
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ketema N Paul
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Colleen M Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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Brager AJ, Mistovich RJ. Game Times and Higher Winning Percentages of West Coast Teams of the National Football League Correspond With Reduced Prevalence of Regular Season Injury. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:462-467. [PMID: 27893483 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brager, AJ and Mistovich, RJ. Game times and higher winning percentages of west coast teams of the National Football League correspond with reduced prevalence of regular season injury. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 462-467, 2017-West coast teams of the National Football League are more statistically likely to win home night games against east coast opponents. The alignment of game times with daily rhythms of alertness is thought to contribute to this advantage. This study aims to determine whether rates of turnovers and injuries during the regular season, putative measures of mental and physical fatigue, impact winning percentages. Regular season schedules and rates of turnovers for each of the 32 teams were obtained from Pro-Football-Reference. We developed our own metric of injury risk for each position obtained from depth charts and regular season schedules. This metric compared cumulative weeks on injury reserve with cumulative time zone travel. West coast teams traveled 4 times as often as east coast teams. However, teams traveling eastward won twice as many games. There was no relationship between the extent and direction of travel and number of turnovers. Losing teams had more turnovers. The offensive and defensive lines in Central Time (CT) were placed on injury reserve 4 times as often as offensive and defensive lines in Pacific Time (PT). Injury prevalence in CT vs. PT was most prominent midseason. Plotting midseason game time relative to biological time revealed that PT teams play games closer to endogenous peaks in alertness, whereas CT teams play games closer to endogenous troughs in alertness. Overall, closer alignment of game time with the endogenous "alerting" signal may protect west coast teams from fatigue-related injuries and suggests for modified strength and conditioning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- 1Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; and 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Brager AJ, Yang T, Ehlen JC, Simon RP, Meller R, Paul KN. Sleep Is Critical for Remote Preconditioning-Induced Neuroprotection. Sleep 2016; 39:2033-2040. [PMID: 27568798 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Episodes of brief limb ischemia (remote preconditioning) in mice induce tolerance to modeled ischemic stroke (focal brain ischemia). Since stroke outcomes are in part dependent on sleep-wake history, we sought to determine if sleep is critical for the neuroprotective effect of limb ischemia. METHODS EEG/EMG recording electrodes were implanted in mice. After a 24 h baseline recording, limb ischemia was induced by tightening an elastic band around the left quadriceps for 10 minutes followed by 10 minutes of release for two cycles. Two days following remote preconditioning, a second 24 h EEG/EMG recording was completed and was immediately followed by a 60-minute suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (modeled ischemic stroke). This experiment was then repeated in a model of circadian and sleep abnormalities (Bmal1 knockout [KO] mice sleep 2 h more than wild-type littermates). Brain infarction was determined by vital dye staining, and sleep was assessed by trained identification of EEG/EMG recordings. RESULTS Two days after limb ischemia, wild-type mice slept an additional 2.4 h. This additional sleep was primarily comprised of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep during the middle of the light-phase (i.e., naps). Repeating the experiment but preventing increases in sleep after limb ischemia abolished tolerance to ischemic stroke. In Bmal1 knockout mice, remote preconditioning did not increase daily sleep nor provide tolerance to subsequent focal ischemia. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that sleep induced by remote preconditioning is both sufficient and necessary for its neuroprotective effects on stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders Program, Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA.,Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Tao Yang
- Translational Programs in Stroke, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - J Christopher Ehlen
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders Program, Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Roger P Simon
- Translational Programs in Stroke, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Robert Meller
- Translational Programs in Stroke, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA
| | - Ketema N Paul
- Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disorders Program, Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta GA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Ehlen JC, Jefferson F, Brager AJ, Benveniste M, Paul KN. Period-amplitude analysis reveals wake-dependent changes in the electroencephalogram during sleep deprivation. Sleep 2013; 36:1723-35. [PMID: 24179307 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Electroencephalographic slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep results from the synchronous oscillation of cortical neurons and is the standard measurement of sleep homeostasis. SWA is not a direct measure of sleep pressure accumulation, but rather a measure of the NREM-sleep response to accumulated sleep pressure. Currently, no practical standard for the direct measurement of sleep pressure accumulation exists. Recently, it was demonstrated that rat cortical neurons undergo oscillations during wake that are similar to the cortical oscillations responsible for SWA. Furthermore, these oscillations increase in number as time awake increases. Here we hypothesize that period-amplitude analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG), which treats the EEG as a series of discrete waves, can measure these cortical oscillations, and thus, is a measure of sleep-pressure accumulation during extended wake. DESIGN Mice were sleep deprived for 24 h by confinement to a slowly rotating wheel in order to assess wake-dependent changes in EEG wave incidence. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Continuous period-amplitude analysis of the waking EEG across 24 h of sleep deprivation revealed that the incidence of 2 to 6 Hz waves increased exponentially over the deprivation period. This increase in wave incidence appeared to occur in two phases with exponential time constants of approximately 0.12 h and 3 h. Further analysis revealed that the changes in wave incidence were significantly correlated with two established markers of sleep pressure, SWA and NREM sleep latency. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that wave incidence is an effective method of measuring sleep homeostasis in the waking EEG that provides better temporal resolution than spectral power analysis.
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Brager AJ, Ehlen JC, Castanon-Cervantes O, Natarajan D, Delisser P, Davidson AJ, Paul KN. Sleep loss and the inflammatory response in mice under chronic environmental circadian disruption. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63752. [PMID: 23696854 PMCID: PMC3656961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work and trans-time zone travel lead to insufficient sleep and numerous pathologies. Here, we examined sleep/wake dynamics during chronic exposure to environmental circadian disruption (ECD), and if chronic partial sleep loss associated with ECD influences the induction of shift-related inflammatory disorder. Sleep and wakefulness were telemetrically recorded across three months of ECD, in which the dark-phase of a light-dark cycle was advanced weekly by 6 h. A three month regimen of ECD caused a temporary reorganization of sleep (NREM and REM) and wake processes across each week, resulting in an approximately 10% net loss of sleep each week relative to baseline levels. A separate group of mice were subjected to ECD or a regimen of imposed wakefulness (IW) aimed to mimic sleep amounts under ECD for one month. Fos-immunoreactivity (IR) was quantified in sleep-wake regulatory areas: the nucleus accumbens (NAc), basal forebrain (BF), and medial preoptic area (MnPO). To assess the inflammatory response, trunk blood was treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequent release of IL-6 was measured. Fos-IR was greatest in the NAc, BF, and MnPO of mice subjected to IW. The inflammatory response to LPS was elevated in mice subjected to ECD, but not mice subjected to IW. Thus, the net sleep loss that occurs under ECD is not associated with a pathological immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Brager
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Ehlen
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oscar Castanon-Cervantes
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Divya Natarajan
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patrick Delisser
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alec J. Davidson
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ketema N. Paul
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Brager AJ, Hammer SB. Impact of wheel running on chronic ethanol intake in aged Syrian hamsters. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:418-23. [PMID: 23022151 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol dependence in aging populations is seen as a public health concern, most recently because of the significant proportion of heavy drinking among "Baby Boomers." Basic animal research on the effects of aging on physiological and behavioral regulation of ethanol (EtOH) intake is sparse, since most of this research is limited to younger models of alcoholism. Here, EtOH drinking and preference were measured in groups of aged Syrian hamsters. Further, because voluntary exercise (wheel-running) is a rewarding substitute for EtOH in young adult hamsters, the potential for such reward substitution was also assessed. METHODS Aged (24 month-old) male hamsters were subjected to a three-stage regimen of free-choice EtOH (20% v/v) or water and unlocked or locked running wheels to investigate the modulatory effects of voluntary wheel running on EtOH intake and preference. Levels of fluid intake and activity were recorded daily across 60 days of experimentation. RESULTS Prior to wheel running, levels of EtOH intake were significantly less than levels of water intake, resulting in a low preference for EtOH (30%). Hamsters with access to an unlocked running wheel had decreased EtOH intake and preference compared with hamsters with access to a locked running wheel. These group differences in EtOH intake and preference were sustained for up to 10 days after running wheels were re-locked. DISCUSSION These results extend upon those of our previous work in young adult hamsters, indicating that aging dampens EtOH intake and preference. Voluntary wheel running further limited EtOH intake, suggesting that exercise could offer a practical approach for managing late-life alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
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Abstract
The PER2 clock gene modulates ethanol consumption, such that mutant mice not expressing functional mPer2 have altered circadian behavior that promotes higher ethanol intake and preference. Experiments were undertaken to characterize circadian-related behavioral effects of mPer2 deletion on ethanol intake and to explore how acamprosate (used to reduce alcohol dependence) alters diurnal patterns of ethanol intake. Male mPer2 mutant and WT (wild-type) mice were entrained to a 12:12 h light-dark (12L:12D) photocycle, and their locomotor and drinking activities were recorded. Circadian locomotor measurements confirmed that mPer2 mutants had an advanced onset of nocturnal activity of about 2 h relative to WTs, and an increased duration of nocturnal activity (p < .01). Also, mPer2 mutants preferred and consumed more ethanol and had more daily ethanol drinking episodes vs. WTs. Measurements of systemic ethanol using subcutaneous microdialysis confirmed the advanced rise in ethanol intake in the mPer2 mutants, with 24-h averages being ∼60 vs. ∼25 mM for WTs (p < .01). A 6-day regimen of single intraperitoneal (i.p.) acamprosate injections (300 mg/kg) at zeitgeber time (ZT) 10 did not alter the earlier onset of nocturnal ethanol drinking in the mPer2 mutants, but reduced the overall amplitude of drinking and preference (both p < .01). Acamprosate also reduced these parameters in WTs. These results suggest that elevated ethanol intake in mPer2 mutants may be a partial consequence of an earlier nighttime activity onset and increase in nocturnal drinking activity. The suppressive action of acamprosate on ethanol intake is not due to an altered diurnal pattern of drinking, but rather a decrease in the number of daily drinking bouts and amount of drinking per bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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Glass JD, Brager AJ, Stowie AC, Prosser RA. Cocaine modulates pathways for photic and nonphotic entrainment of the mammalian SCN circadian clock. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R740-50. [PMID: 22218419 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00602.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse is highly disruptive to circadian physiological and behavioral rhythms. The present study was undertaken to determine whether such effects are manifest through actions on critical photic and nonphotic regulatory pathways in the master circadian clock of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Impairment of SCN photic signaling by systemic (intraperitoneal) cocaine injection was evidenced by strong (60%) attenuation of light-induced phase-delay shifts of circadian locomotor activity during the early night. A nonphotic action of cocaine was apparent from its induction of 1-h circadian phase-advance shifts at midday. The serotonin receptor antagonist, metergoline, blocked shifting by 80%, implicating a serotonergic mechanism. Reverse microdialysis perfusion of the SCN with cocaine at midday induced 3.7 h phase-advance shifts. Control perfusions with lidocaine and artificial cerebrospinal fluid had little shifting effect. In complementary in vitro experiments, photic-like phase-delay shifts of the SCN circadian neuronal activity rhythm induced by glutamate application to the SCN were completely blocked by cocaine. Cocaine treatment of SCN slices alone at subjective midday, but not the subjective night, induced 3-h phase-advance shifts. Lidocaine had no shifting effect. Cocaine-induced phase shifts were completely blocked by metergoline, but not by the dopamine receptor antagonist, fluphenazine. Finally, pretreatment of SCN slices for 2 h with a low concentration of serotonin agonist (to block subsequent serotonergic phase resetting) abolished cocaine-induced phase shifts at subjective midday. These results reveal multiple effects of cocaine on adult circadian clock regulation that are registered within the SCN and involve enhanced serotonergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Glass
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State Univ., Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence is associated with impaired circadian rhythms and sleep. Ethanol administration disrupts circadian clock phase-resetting, suggesting a mode for the disruptive effect of alcohol dependence on the circadian timing system. In this study, we extend previous work in C57BL/6J mice to: (i) characterize the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) pharmacokinetics of acute systemic ethanol administration, (ii) explore the effects of acute ethanol on photic and nonphotic phase-resetting, and (iii) determine if the SCN is a direct target for photic effects. METHODS First, microdialysis was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 3 doses of ethanol (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg) in the mouse SCN circadian clock. Second, the effects of acute i.p. ethanol administration on photic phase delays and serotonergic ([+]8-OH-DPAT-induced) phase advances of the circadian activity rhythm were assessed. Third, the effects of reverse-microdialysis ethanol perfusion of the SCN on photic phase-resetting were characterized. RESULTS Peak ethanol levels from the 3 doses of ethanol in the SCN occurred within 20 to 40 minutes postinjection with half-lives for clearance ranging from 0.6 to 1.8 hours. Systemic ethanol treatment dose-dependently attenuated photic and serotonergic phase-resetting. This treatment also did not affect basal SCN neuronal activity as assessed by Fos expression. Intra-SCN perfusion with ethanol markedly reduced photic phase delays. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that acute ethanol attenuates photic phase-delay shifts and serotonergic phase-advance shifts in the mouse. This dual effect could disrupt photic and nonphotic entrainment mechanisms governing circadian clock timing. It is also significant that the SCN clock is a direct target for disruptive effects of ethanol on photic shifting. Such actions by ethanol could underlie the disruptive effects of alcohol abuse on behavioral, physiological, and endocrine rhythms associated with alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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Hammer SB, Ruby CL, Brager AJ, Prosser RA, Glass JD. Environmental modulation of alcohol intake in hamsters: effects of wheel running and constant light exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:1651-8. [PMID: 20569242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse leads to marked disruptions of circadian rhythms, and these disturbances in themselves can increase the drive to drink. Circadian clock timing is regulated by light, as well as by nonphotic influences such as food, social interactions, and wheel running. We previously reported that alcohol markedly disrupts photic and nonphotic modes of circadian rhythm regulation in Syrian hamsters. As an extension of this work, we characterize the hedonic interrelationship between wheel running and ethanol (EtOH) intake and the effects of environmental circadian disruption (long-term exposure to constant light [LL]) on the drive to drink. METHODS First, we tested the effect of wheel running on chronic free-choice consumption of a 20% (v/v) EtOH solution and water. Second, the effect of this alcohol drinking on wheel running in alcohol-naive animals was investigated. Third, we assessed the influence of LL, known to suppress locomotor activity and cause circadian rhythm disruption, on EtOH consumption and wheel-running behavior. RESULTS Inhibitory effects of wheel running on EtOH intake and vice versa were observed. Exposure to LL, while not affecting EtOH intake, induced rhythm splitting in 75% of the animals. Notably, the splitting phenotype was associated with lower levels of EtOH consumption and preference prior to, and throughout, the period of LL exposure. CONCLUSIONS These results are evidence that exercise may offer an efficacious clinical approach to reducing EtOH intake. Also, predisposition for light-induced (or other) forms of circadian disruption may modulate the drive to drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Hammer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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Brager AJ, Ruby CL, Prosser RA, Glass JD. Chronic ethanol disrupts circadian photic entrainment and daily locomotor activity in the mouse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:1266-73. [PMID: 20477766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol abuse is associated with disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep. Ethanol administration impairs circadian clock phase-resetting, suggesting a mode for the disruptive effect of alcohol abuse on circadian timing. Here, we extend previous studies to explore the effects of chronic forced ethanol on photic phase-resetting, photic entrainment, and daily locomotor activity patterns in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS First, microdialysis was used to characterize the circadian patterns of ethanol uptake in the suprachiasmatic (SCN) circadian clock and correlate this with systemic ethanol levels and episodic drinking of 10 or 15% ethanol. Second, the effects of chronic forced ethanol drinking and withdrawal on photic phase-delays of the circadian activity rhythm were assessed. Third, the effects of chronic ethanol drinking on entrainment to a weak photic zeitgeber (1 minute of 25 lux intensity light per day) were assessed. This method was used to minimize any masking actions of light that could mask ethanol effects on clock entrainment. RESULTS Peak ethanol levels in the SCN and periphery occurred during the dark phase and coincided with the time when light normally induces phase-delays in mice. These delays were dose-dependently inhibited by chronic ethanol and its withdrawal. Chronic ethanol did not impede re-entrainment to a shifted light cycle but affected entrainment under the weak photic zeitgeber and disrupted the daily pattern of locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that chronic ethanol consumption and withdrawal markedly impair circadian clock photic phase-resetting. Ethanol also disturbs the temporal structure of nighttime locomotor activity and photic entrainment. Collectively, these results suggest a direct action of ethanol on the SCN clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Brager
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
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Ruby CL, Brager AJ, DePaul MA, Prosser RA, Glass JD. Chronic ethanol attenuates circadian photic phase resetting and alters nocturnal activity patterns in the hamster. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R729-37. [PMID: 19553498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00268.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol (EtOH) administration impairs circadian clock phase resetting, suggesting a mode for the disruptive effect of alcohol abuse on human circadian rhythms. Here, we extend this research by characterizing the chronobiological effects of chronic alcohol consumption. First, daily profiles of EtOH were measured in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and subcutaneously using microdialysis in hamsters drinking EtOH. In both cases, EtOH peaked near lights-off and declined throughout the dark-phase to low day-time levels. Drinking bouts preceded EtOH peaks by approximately 20 min. Second, hamsters chronically drinking EtOH received a light pulse during the late dark phase [Zeitgeber time (ZT) 18.5] to induce photic phase advances. Water controls had shifts of 1.2 +/- 0.2 h, whereas those drinking 10% and 20% EtOH had much reduced shifts (0.5 +/- 0.1 and 0.3 +/- 0.1 h, respectively; P < 0.001 vs. controls). Third, incremental decreases in light intensity (270 lux to 0.5 lux) were used to explore chronic EtOH effects on photic entrainment and rhythm stability. Activity onset was unaffected by 20% EtOH at all light intensities. Conversely, the 24-h pattern of activity bouts was disrupted by EtOH under all light intensities. Finally, replacement of chronic EtOH with water was used to examine withdrawal effects. Water controls had photic phase advances of 1.1 +/- 0.3 h, while hamsters deprived of EtOH for 2-3 days showed enhanced shifts (2.1 +/- 0.3 h; P < 0.05 vs. controls). Thus, in chronically drinking hamsters, brain EtOH levels are sufficient to inhibit photic phase resetting and disrupt circadian activity. Chronic EtOH did not impair photic entrainment; however, its replacement with water potentiated photic phase resetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ruby
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Kent State Univ., Kent, OH 44242, USA
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