1
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Martyn C, Hayes BM, Lauko D, Midthun E, Castaneda G, Bosco-Lauth A, Salkeld DJ, Kistler A, Pollard KS, Chou S. Metatranscriptomic investigation of single Ixodes pacificus ticks reveals diverse microbes, viruses, and novel mRNA-like endogenous viral elements. mSystems 2024:e0032124. [PMID: 38742892 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00321-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ticks are increasingly important vectors of human and agricultural diseases. While many studies have focused on tick-borne bacteria, far less is known about tick-associated viruses and their roles in public health or tick physiology. To address this, we investigated patterns of bacterial and viral communities across two field populations of western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus). Through metatranscriptomic analysis of 100 individual ticks, we quantified taxon prevalence, abundance, and co-occurrence with other members of the tick microbiome. In addition to commonly found tick-associated microbes, we assembled 11 novel RNA virus genomes from Rhabdoviridae, Chuviridae, Picornaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Reoviridae, Solemovidiae, Narnaviridae and two highly divergent RNA virus genomes lacking sequence similarity to any known viral families. We experimentally verified the presence of these in I. pacificus ticks across several life stages. We also unexpectedly identified numerous virus-like transcripts that are likely encoded by tick genomic DNA, and which are distinct from known endogenous viral element-mediated immunity pathways in invertebrates. Taken together, our work reveals that I. pacificus ticks carry a greater diversity of viruses than previously appreciated, in some cases resulting in evolutionarily acquired virus-like transcripts. Our findings highlight how pervasive and intimate tick-virus interactions are, with major implications for both the fundamental biology and vectorial capacity of I. pacificus ticks. IMPORTANCE Ticks are increasingly important vectors of disease, particularly in the United States where expanding tick ranges and intrusion into previously wild areas has resulted in increasing human exposure to ticks. Emerging human pathogens have been identified in ticks at an increasing rate, and yet little is known about the full community of microbes circulating in various tick species, a crucial first step to understanding how they interact with each and their tick host, as well as their ability to cause disease in humans. We investigated the bacterial and viral communities of the Western blacklegged tick in California and found 11 previously uncharacterized viruses circulating in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calla Martyn
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science & Biotechnology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beth M Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- One Health Institute, Colorado State University-Fort Collins, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Domokos Lauko
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Edward Midthun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University-Fort Collins, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gloria Castaneda
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University-Fort Collins, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel J Salkeld
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University-Fort Collins, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science & Biotechnology, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Seemay Chou
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Horigan S, Kistler A, Ranaivoson HC, Andrianianina A, Andry S, Kettenburg G, Raharinosy V, Randriambolamanantsoa TH, Tato CM, Lacoste V, Heraud JM, Dussart P, Brook CE. Detection, characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of a near-whole genome sequence of a novel astrovirus in an endemic Malagasy fruit bat, Rousettus madagascariensis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.27.564436. [PMID: 37961349 PMCID: PMC10635015 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.564436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bats (order: Chiroptera ) are known to host a diverse range of viruses, some of which present a public health risk. Thorough viral surveillance is therefore essential to predict and potentially mitigate zoonotic spillover. Astroviruses (family: Astroviridae ) are an understudied group of viruses with a growing amount of indirect evidence for zoonotic transfer. Astroviruses have been detected in bats with significant prevalence and diversity, suggesting that bats may act as important astrovirus hosts. Most astrovirus surveillance in wild bat hosts has, to date, been restricted to single-gene PCR detection and concomitant Sanger sequencing; additionally, many bat species and many geographic regions have not yet been surveyed for astroviruses at all. Here, we use metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) to detect astroviruses in three species of Madagascar fruit bats, Eidolon dupreanum, Pteropus rufus, and Rousettus madagascariensis . We detect numerous partial sequences from all three species and one near-full length astrovirus sequence from Rousettus madagascariensis , which we use to characterize the evolutionary history of astroviruses both within bats and the broader mammalian clade, Mamastrovirus . Taken together, applications of mNGS implicate bats as important astrovirus hosts and demonstrate novel patterns of bat astrovirus evolutionary history, particularly in the Southwest Indian Ocean region.
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3
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Parikh VN, Ioannidis AG, Jimenez-Morales D, Gorzynski JE, De Jong HN, Liu X, Roque J, Cepeda-Espinoza VP, Osoegawa K, Hughes C, Sutton SC, Youlton N, Joshi R, Amar D, Tanigawa Y, Russo D, Wong J, Lauzon JT, Edelson J, Mas Montserrat D, Kwon Y, Rubinacci S, Delaneau O, Cappello L, Kim J, Shoura MJ, Raja AN, Watson N, Hammond N, Spiteri E, Mallempati KC, Montero-Martín G, Christle J, Kim J, Kirillova A, Seo K, Huang Y, Zhao C, Moreno-Grau S, Hershman SG, Dalton KP, Zhen J, Kamm J, Bhatt KD, Isakova A, Morri M, Ranganath T, Blish CA, Rogers AJ, Nadeau K, Yang S, Blomkalns A, O’Hara R, Neff NF, DeBoever C, Szalma S, Wheeler MT, Gates CM, Farh K, Schroth GP, Febbo P, deSouza F, Cornejo OE, Fernandez-Vina M, Kistler A, Palacios JA, Pinsky BA, Bustamante CD, Rivas MA, Ashley EA. Deconvoluting complex correlates of COVID-19 severity with a multi-omic pandemic tracking strategy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5107. [PMID: 36042219 PMCID: PMC9426371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has differentially impacted populations across race and ethnicity. A multi-omic approach represents a powerful tool to examine risk across multi-ancestry genomes. We leverage a pandemic tracking strategy in which we sequence viral and host genomes and transcriptomes from nasopharyngeal swabs of 1049 individuals (736 SARS-CoV-2 positive and 313 SARS-CoV-2 negative) and integrate them with digital phenotypes from electronic health records from a diverse catchment area in Northern California. Genome-wide association disaggregated by admixture mapping reveals novel COVID-19-severity-associated regions containing previously reported markers of neurologic, pulmonary and viral disease susceptibility. Phylodynamic tracking of consensus viral genomes reveals no association with disease severity or inferred ancestry. Summary data from multiomic investigation reveals metagenomic and HLA associations with severe COVID-19. The wealth of data available from residual nasopharyngeal swabs in combination with clinical data abstracted automatically at scale highlights a powerful strategy for pandemic tracking, and reveals distinct epidemiologic, genetic, and biological associations for those at the highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N. Parikh
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Alexander G. Ioannidis
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - David Jimenez-Morales
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - John E. Gorzynski
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Hannah N. De Jong
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Xiran Liu
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jonasel Roque
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Kazutoyo Osoegawa
- grid.490568.60000 0004 5997 482XHistocompatibility & Immunogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, USA
| | - Chris Hughes
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Shirley C. Sutton
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Nathan Youlton
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ruchi Joshi
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - David Amar
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yosuke Tanigawa
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Douglas Russo
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Justin Wong
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jessie T. Lauzon
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jacob Edelson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Daniel Mas Montserrat
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yongchan Kwon
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Simone Rubinacci
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Computational Biology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delaneau
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Computational Biology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Cappello
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jaehee Kim
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Massa J. Shoura
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Archana N. Raja
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Nathaniel Watson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Nathan Hammond
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Spiteri
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kalyan C. Mallempati
- grid.490568.60000 0004 5997 482XHistocompatibility & Immunogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, USA
| | - Gonzalo Montero-Martín
- grid.490568.60000 0004 5997 482XHistocompatibility & Immunogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, USA
| | - Jeffrey Christle
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jennifer Kim
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Anna Kirillova
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Kinya Seo
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yong Huang
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Chunli Zhao
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sonia Moreno-Grau
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Steven G. Hershman
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Karen P. Dalton
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jimmy Zhen
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- grid.499295.a0000 0004 9234 0175Chan Zuckerburg Biohub, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Karan D. Bhatt
- grid.499295.a0000 0004 9234 0175Chan Zuckerburg Biohub, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Alina Isakova
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Maurizio Morri
- grid.499295.a0000 0004 9234 0175Chan Zuckerburg Biohub, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Thanmayi Ranganath
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Angela J. Rogers
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kari Nadeau
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Samuel Yang
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Andra Blomkalns
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ruth O’Hara
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Norma F. Neff
- grid.499295.a0000 0004 9234 0175Chan Zuckerburg Biohub, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Sándor Szalma
- Takeda Development Center, Americas, Inc, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Matthew T. Wheeler
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Kyle Farh
- grid.185669.50000 0004 0507 3954Illumina, Inc, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Gary P. Schroth
- grid.185669.50000 0004 0507 3954Illumina, Inc, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Phil Febbo
- grid.185669.50000 0004 0507 3954Illumina, Inc, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Francis deSouza
- grid.185669.50000 0004 0507 3954Illumina, Inc, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Omar E. Cornejo
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Marcelo Fernandez-Vina
- grid.490568.60000 0004 5997 482XHistocompatibility & Immunogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- grid.499295.a0000 0004 9234 0175Chan Zuckerburg Biohub, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Julia A. Palacios
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Manuel A. Rivas
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
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4
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Hager KM, Gaona E, Kistler A, Ratnasiri K, Retallack H, Barretto M, Wheeler SS, Hoover CM, Haas-Stapleton EJ. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay to detect a genetic marker of pyrethroid resistance in Culex mosquitoes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0252498. [PMID: 35939507 PMCID: PMC9359573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control mosquitoes that transmit pathogens such as West Nile virus (WNV) to people. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the knockdown resistance locus (kdr) of the voltage gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene in Culex mosquitoes are associated with knockdown resistance to pyrethroids. RNAseq was used to sequence the coding region of Vgsc for Culex tarsalis Coquillett and Culex erythrothorax Dyar, two WNV vectors. The cDNA sequences were used to develop a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay that detects the L1014F kdr mutation in the Vgsc. Because this locus is conserved, the assay was used successfully in six Culex spp. The resulting Culex RTkdr assay was validated using quantitative PCR and sequencing of PCR products. The accuracy of the Culex RTkdr assay was 99%. The L1014F kdr mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance was more common among Cx. pipiens than other Culex spp. and was more prevalent in mosquitoes collected near farmland. The Culex RTkdr assay takes advantage of the RNA that vector control agencies routinely isolate to assess arbovirus prevalence in mosquitoes. We anticipate that public health and vector control agencies may employ the Culex RTkdr assay to define the geographic distribution of the L1014F kdr mutation in Culex species and improve the monitoring of insecticide resistance that will ultimately contribute to effective control of Culex mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M. Hager
- Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District, Hayward, CA, United States of America
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Erick Gaona
- Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District, Hayward, CA, United States of America
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kalani Ratnasiri
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Hanna Retallack
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Miguel Barretto
- Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District, Hayward, CA, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Wheeler
- Sacramento-Yolo County Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Hoover
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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5
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Mick E, Tsitsiklis A, Spottiswoode N, Caldera S, Serpa PH, Detweiler AM, Neff N, Pisco AO, Li LM, Retallack H, Ratnasiri K, Williamson KM, Soesanto V, Simões EAF, Smith C, Abuogi L, Kistler A, Wagner BD, DeRisi JL, Ambroggio L, Mourani PM, Langelier CR. Upper airway gene expression shows a more robust adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in children. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3937. [PMID: 35803954 PMCID: PMC9263813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately causes severe disease in older adults whereas disease burden in children is lower. To investigate whether differences in the upper airway immune response may contribute to this disparity, we compare nasopharyngeal gene expression in 83 children (<19-years-old; 38 with SARS-CoV-2, 11 with other respiratory viruses, 34 with no virus) and 154 older adults (>40-years-old; 45 with SARS-CoV-2, 28 with other respiratory viruses, 81 with no virus). Expression of interferon-stimulated genes is robustly activated in both children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the respective non-viral groups, with only subtle distinctions. Children, however, demonstrate markedly greater upregulation of pathways related to B cell and T cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine signaling, including response to TNF and production of IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-4. Cell type deconvolution confirms greater recruitment of B cells, and to a lesser degree macrophages, to the upper airway of children. Only children exhibit a decrease in proportions of ciliated cells, among the primary targets of SARS-CoV-2, upon infection. These findings demonstrate that children elicit a more robust innate and especially adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the upper airway that likely contributes to their protection from severe disease in the lower airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Mick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Tsitsiklis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Spottiswoode
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saharai Caldera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paula Hayakawa Serpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lucy M Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanna Retallack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kayla M Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Soesanto
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christiana Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lisa Abuogi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandie D Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lilliam Ambroggio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Charles R Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Jia X, Cao S, Lee AS, Manohar M, Sindher SB, Ahuja N, Artandi M, Blish CA, Blomkalns AL, Chang I, Collins WJ, Desai M, Din HN, Do E, Fernandes A, Geng LN, Rosenberg-Hasson Y, Mahoney MR, Glascock AL, Chan LY, Fong SY, Phelps M, Raeber O, Purington N, Röltgen K, Rogers AJ, Snow T, Wang TT, Solis D, Vaughan L, Verghese M, Maecker H, Wittman R, Puri R, Kistler A, Yang S, Boyd SD, Pinsky BA, Chinthrajah S, Nadeau KC. Anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels and pulmonary comorbid conditions are linked to post-COVID-19 syndrome. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156713. [PMID: 35801588 PMCID: PMC9310538 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDProlonged symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection are well documented. However, which factors influence development of long-term symptoms, how symptoms vary across ethnic groups, and whether long-term symptoms correlate with biomarkers are points that remain elusive.METHODSAdult SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription PCR-positive (RT-PCR-positive) patients were recruited at Stanford from March 2020 to February 2021. Study participants were seen for in-person visits at diagnosis and every 1-3 months for up to 1 year after diagnosis; they completed symptom surveys and underwent blood draws and nasal swab collections at each visit.RESULTSOur cohort (n = 617) ranged from asymptomatic to critical COVID-19 infections. In total, 40% of participants reported at least 1 symptom associated with COVID-19 six months after diagnosis. Median time from diagnosis to first resolution of all symptoms was 44 days; median time from diagnosis to sustained symptom resolution with no recurring symptoms for 1 month or longer was 214 days. Anti-nucleocapsid IgG level in the first week after positive RT-PCR test and history of lung disease were associated with time to sustained symptom resolution. COVID-19 disease severity, ethnicity, age, sex, and remdesivir use did not affect time to sustained symptom resolution.CONCLUSIONWe found that all disease severities had a similar risk of developing post-COVID-19 syndrome in an ethnically diverse population. Comorbid lung disease and lower levels of initial IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen were associated with longer symptom duration.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04373148.FUNDINGNIH UL1TR003142 CTSA grant, NIH U54CA260517 grant, NIEHS R21 ES03304901, Sean N Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Sunshine Foundation, Crown Foundation, and Parker Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Jia
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine
| | - Shu Cao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Alexandra S Lee
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Monali Manohar
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Sayantani B Sindher
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Neera Ahuja
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine
| | - Maja Artandi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Primary Care and Population Health Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andra L Blomkalns
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Iris Chang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - William J Collins
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hospital Medicine.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Manisha Desai
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research.,Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hena Naz Din
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Evan Do
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Andrea Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Linda N Geng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Primary Care and Population Health Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yael Rosenberg-Hasson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Megan Ruth Mahoney
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Primary Care and Population Health Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Lienna Y Chan
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sharon Y Fong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Maira Phelps
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Olivia Raeber
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | | | - Natasha Purington
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research.,Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Angela J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Theo Snow
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel Solis
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Laura Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Primary Care and Population Health Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle Verghese
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Holden Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Richard Wittman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Primary Care and Population Health Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rajan Puri
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Primary Care and Population Health Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samuel Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sharon Chinthrajah
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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7
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MacCannell T, Batson J, Bonin B, Astha KC, Quenelle R, Strong B, Lin W, Rudman SL, Dynerman D, Ayscue P, Han G, Kistler A, Villarino ME. Genomic Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Congregate Healthcare Facilities in Santa Clara County, California. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:829-835. [PMID: 34328176 PMCID: PMC8385848 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) cause significant morbidity and mortality. Mapping viral transmission within and between facilities by combining genomic sequencing with epidemiologic investigations enables targeting infection-control interventions. METHODS We conducted weekly surveillance of residents and staff in LTCFs in Santa Clara County, California, with ≥1 confirmed COVID-19 case between March and July 2020. Positive samples were referred for whole-genome sequencing. Epidemiological investigations and phylogenetic analyses of the largest outbreaks (>30 cases) were carried out in 6 LTCFs (Facilities A through F). RESULTS Among the 61 LTCFs in the county, 41 had ≥1 confirmed case during the study period, triggering weekly SARS-CoV-2 testing. The 6 largest outbreaks accounted for 60% of cases and 90% of deaths in LTCFs, although the bed capacity of these facilities represents only 11% of the LTCF beds in the county. Phylogenetic analysis of 196 whole-genome sequences recovered from those facilities showed that each outbreak was monophyletic, with staff and residents sharing a common viral lineage. Outbreak investigations revealed that infected staff members often worked at multiple facilities, and in 1 instance, a staff member infected while working in 1 facility was the likely index case in another. CONCLUSIONS We detected a pattern of rapid and sustained transmission after a single introduction of SARS-CoV-2 in 6 large LTCF outbreaks, with staff playing a key role in transmission within and between facilities. Infection control, testing, and occupational policies to reduce exposure and transmission risk for staff are essential components to keeping facility residents safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara MacCannell
- County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Joshua Batson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brandon Bonin
- County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA
| | - K C Astha
- County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Quenelle
- County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Betsy Strong
- County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Wen Lin
- County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Sarah L Rudman
- County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA
| | | | | | - George Han
- County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Kettenburg G, Kistler A, Ranaivoson HC, Ahyong V, Andrianiaina A, Andry S, DeRisi JL, Gentles A, Raharinosy V, Randriambolamanantsoa TH, Ravelomanantsoa NAF, Tato CM, Dussart P, Heraud JM, Brook CE. Full Genome Nobecovirus Sequences From Malagasy Fruit Bats Define a Unique Evolutionary History for This Coronavirus Clade. Front Public Health 2022; 10:786060. [PMID: 35223729 PMCID: PMC8873168 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.786060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoirs for both Alpha- and Betacoronaviruses and the hypothesized original hosts of five of seven known zoonotic coronaviruses. To date, the vast majority of bat coronavirus research has been concentrated in Asia, though coronaviruses are globally distributed; indeed, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2-related Betacoronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus have been identified circulating in Rhinolophid bats in both Africa and Europe, despite the relative dearth of surveillance in these regions. As part of a long-term study examining the dynamics of potentially zoonotic viruses in three species of endemic Madagascar fruit bat (Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis), we carried out metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS) on urine, throat, and fecal samples obtained from wild-caught individuals. We report detection of RNA derived from Betacoronavirus subgenus Nobecovirus in fecal samples from all three species and describe full genome sequences of novel Nobecoviruses in P. rufus and R. madagascariensis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the existence of five distinct Nobecovirus clades, one of which is defined by the highly divergent ancestral sequence reported here from P. rufus bats. Madagascar Nobecoviruses derived from P. rufus and R. madagascariensis demonstrate, respectively, Asian and African phylogeographic origins, mirroring those of their fruit bat hosts. Bootscan recombination analysis indicates significant selection has taken place in the spike, nucleocapsid, and NS7 accessory protein regions of the genome for viruses derived from both bat hosts. Madagascar offers a unique phylogeographic nexus of bats and viruses with both Asian and African phylogeographic origins, providing opportunities for unprecedented mixing of viral groups and, potentially, recombination. As fruit bats are handled and consumed widely across Madagascar for subsistence, understanding the landscape of potentially zoonotic coronavirus circulation is essential for mitigation of future zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenddolen Kettenburg
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hafaliana Christian Ranaivoson
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Vida Ahyong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Angelo Andrianiaina
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Santino Andry
- Department of Entomology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Anecia Gentles
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Cara E. Brook
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9
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Peng J, Liu J, Mann SA, Mitchell AM, Laurie MT, Sunshine S, Pilarowski G, Ayscue P, Kistler A, Vanaerschot M, Li LM, McGeever A, Chow ED, Marquez C, Nakamura R, Rubio L, Chamie G, Jones D, Jacobo J, Rojas S, Rojas S, Tulier-Laiwa V, Black D, Martinez J, Naso J, Schwab J, Petersen M, Havlir D, DeRisi J. Estimation of Secondary Household Attack Rates for Emergent Spike L452R Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants Detected by Genomic Surveillance at a Community-Based Testing Site in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:32-39. [PMID: 33788923 PMCID: PMC8083548 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequencing of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral genome from patient samples is an important epidemiological tool for monitoring and responding to the pandemic, including the emergence of new mutations in specific communities. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences were generated from positive samples collected, along with epidemiological metadata, at a walk-up, rapid testing site in the Mission District of San Francisco, California during 22 November to 1 December, 2020, and 10-29 January 2021. Secondary household attack rates and mean sample viral load were estimated and compared across observed variants. RESULTS A total of 12 124 tests were performed yielding 1099 positives. From these, 928 high-quality genomes were generated. Certain viral lineages bearing spike mutations, defined in part by L452R, S13I, and W152C, comprised 54.4% of the total sequences from January, compared to 15.7% in November. Household contacts exposed to the "California" or "West Coast" variants (B.1.427 and B.1.429) were at higher risk of infection compared to household contacts exposed to lineages lacking these variants (0.36 vs 0.29, risk ratio [RR] = 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-1.64). The reproductive number was estimated to be modestly higher than other lineages spreading in California during the second half of 2020. Viral loads were similar among persons infected with West Coast versus non-West Coast strains, as was the proportion of individuals with symptoms (60.9% vs 64.3%). CONCLUSIONS The increase in prevalence, relative household attack rates, and reproductive number are consistent with a modest transmissibility increase of the West Coast variants. Summary: We observed a growing prevalence and modestly elevated attack rate for "West Coast" severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants in a community testing setting in San Francisco during January 2021, suggesting its modestly higher transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peng
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jamin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of California, Berkeley—University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sabrina A Mann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anthea M Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew T Laurie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sara Sunshine
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Genay Pilarowski
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Lucy M Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Eric D Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carina Marquez
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Nakamura
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Luis Rubio
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Chamie
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Diane Jones
- Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jon Jacobo
- Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Susy Rojas
- Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Douglas Black
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jamie Naso
- Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua Schwab
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Maya Petersen
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Diane Havlir
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - IDseq Team
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Redwood City, CaliforniaUSA
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10
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Deere JD, Carroll TD, Dutra J, Fritts L, Sammak RL, Yee JL, Olstad KJ, Reader JR, Kistler A, Kamm J, Di Germanio C, Shaan Lakshmanappa Y, Elizaldi SR, Roh JW, Simmons G, Watanabe J, Pollard RE, Usachenko J, Immareddy R, Schmidt BA, O’Connor SL, DeRisi J, Busch MP, Iyer SS, Van Rompay KKA, Hartigan-O’Connor DJ, Miller CJ. SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Rhesus Macaques Treated Early with Human COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0139721. [PMID: 34817208 PMCID: PMC8612156 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01397-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human clinical studies investigating use of convalescent plasma (CP) for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have produced conflicting results. Outcomes in these studies may vary at least partly due to different timing of CP administration relative to symptom onset. The mechanisms of action of CP include neutralizing antibodies but may extend beyond virus neutralization to include normalization of blood clotting and dampening of inflammation. Unresolved questions include the minimum therapeutic titer in the CP units or CP recipient as well as the optimal timing of administration. Here, we show that treatment of macaques with CP within 24 h of infection does not reduce viral shedding in nasal or lung secretions compared to controls and does not detectably improve any clinical endpoint. We also demonstrate that CP administration does not impact viral sequence diversity in vivo, although the selection of a viral sequence variant in both macaques receiving normal human plasma was suggestive of immune pressure. Our results suggest that CP, administered to medium titers, has limited efficacy, even when given very early after infection. Our findings also contribute information important for the continued development of the nonhuman primate model of COVID-19. These results should inform interpretation of clinical studies of CP in addition to providing insights useful for developing other passive immunotherapies and vaccine strategies. IMPORTANCE Antiviral treatment options for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain very limited. One treatment that was explored beginning early in the pandemic (and that is likely to be tested early in future pandemics) is plasma collected from people who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), known as convalescent plasma (CP). We tested if CP reduces viral shedding or disease in a nonhuman primate model. Our results demonstrate that administration of CP 1 day after SARS-CoV-2 infection had no significant impact on viral loads, clinical disease, or sequence diversity, although treatment with normal human plasma resulted in selection of a specific viral variant. Our results demonstrate that passive immunization with CP, even during early infection, provided no significant benefit in a nonhuman primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Deere
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Timothy D. Carroll
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joseph Dutra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Linda Fritts
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee Sammak
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - JoAnn L. Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katherine J. Olstad
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J. Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Sonny R. Elizaldi
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jamin W. Roh
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Watanabe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rachel E. Pollard
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jodie Usachenko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ramya Immareddy
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brian A. Schmidt
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dennis J. Hartigan-O’Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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11
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Tsitsiklis A, Zha BS, Byrne A, DeVoe C, Rackaityte E, Levan S, Sunshine S, Mick E, Ghale R, Love C, Tarashansky AJ, Pisco A, Albright J, Jauregui A, Sarma A, Neff N, Serpa PH, Deiss TJ, Kistler A, Carrillo S, Ansel KM, Leligdowicz A, Christenson S, Detweiler A, Jones NG, Wu B, Darmanis S, Lynch SV, DeRisi JL, Matthay MA, Hendrickson CM, Kangelaris KN, Krummel MF, Woodruff PG, Erle DJ, Rosenberg O, Calfee CS, Langelier CR. Impaired immune signaling and changes in the lung microbiome precede secondary bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19. medRxiv 2021:2021.03.23.21253487. [PMID: 33791731 PMCID: PMC8010763 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.23.21253487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), lead to worse clinical outcomes and increased mortality following viral respiratory infections including in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using a combination of tracheal aspirate bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing we assessed lower respiratory tract immune responses and microbiome dynamics in 23 COVID-19 patients, 10 of whom developed VAP, and eight critically ill uninfected controls. At a median of three days (range: 2-4 days) before VAP onset we observed a transcriptional signature of bacterial infection. At a median of 15 days prior to VAP onset (range: 8-38 days), we observed a striking impairment in immune signaling in COVID-19 patients who developed VAP. Longitudinal metatranscriptomic analysis revealed disruption of lung microbiome community composition in patients with VAP, providing a connection between dysregulated immune signaling and outgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. These findings suggest that COVID-19 patients who develop VAP have impaired antibacterial immune defense detectable weeks before secondary infection onset.
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12
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Mick E, Tsitsiklis A, Spottiswoode N, Caldera S, Serpa PH, Detweiler AM, Neff N, Pisco AO, Li LM, Retallack H, Ratnasiri K, Williamson KM, Soesanto V, Simões EAF, Kistler A, Wagner BD, DeRisi JL, Ambroggio L, Mourani PM, Langelier CR. Upper airway gene expression reveals a more robust innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in children compared with older adults. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-784784. [PMID: 34462739 PMCID: PMC8404906 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-784784/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately causes severe disease in older adults and only rarely in children. To investigate whether differences in the upper airway immune response could contribute to this disparity, we compared nasopharyngeal gene expression in 83 children (<19-years-old; 38 with SARS-CoV-2, 11 with other respiratory viruses, 34 with no virus) and 154 adults (>40-years-old; 45 with SARS-CoV-2, 28 with other respiratory viruses, 81 with no virus). Expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was robustly activated in both children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 compared to the respective non-viral groups, with only relatively subtle distinctions. Children, however, demonstrated markedly greater upregulation of pathways related to B cell and T cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine signaling, including TNF, IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-4 production. Cell type deconvolution confirmed greater recruitment of B cells, and to a lesser degree macrophages, to the upper airway of children. Only children exhibited a decrease in proportions of ciliated cells, the primary target of SARS-CoV-2, upon infection with the virus. These findings demonstrate that children elicit a more robust innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper airway that likely contributes to their protection from severe disease in the lower airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Mick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Tsitsiklis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Spottiswoode
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saharai Caldera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paula Hayakawa Serpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lucy M. Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanna Retallack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kayla M. Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Soesanto
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric A. F. Simões
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandie D. Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lilliam Ambroggio
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter M. Mourani
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charles R. Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Chamie G, Marquez C, Crawford E, Peng J, Petersen M, Schwab D, Schwab J, Martinez J, Jones D, Black D, Gandhi M, Kerkhoff AD, Jain V, Sergi F, Jacobo J, Rojas S, Tulier-Laiwa V, Gallardo-Brown T, Appa A, Chiu C, Rodgers M, Hackett J, Kistler A, Hao S, Kamm J, Dynerman D, Batson J, Greenhouse B, DeRisi J, Havlir DV. Community Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Disproportionately Affects the Latinx Population During Shelter-in-Place in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S127-S135. [PMID: 32821935 PMCID: PMC7499499 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is urgent need to understand the dynamics and risk factors driving ongoing SARS-CoV-2 transmission during shelter-in-place mandates. Methods We offered SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-PCR and antibody (Abbott ARCHITECT IgG) testing, regardless of symptoms, to all residents (≥4 years) and workers in a San Francisco census tract (population: 5,174) at outdoor, community-mobilized events over four days. We estimated SARS-CoV-2 point prevalence (PCR-positive) and cumulative incidence (antibody or PCR-positive) in the census tract and evaluated risk factors for recent (PCR-positive/antibody-negative) versus prior infection (antibody-positive/PCR-negative). SARS-CoV-2 genome recovery and phylogenetics were used to measure viral strain diversity, establish viral lineages present, and estimate number of introductions. Results We tested 3,953 persons: 40% Latinx; 41% White; 9% Asian/Pacific Islander; and 2% Black. Overall, 2.1% (83/3,871) tested PCR-positive: 95% were Latinx and 52% asymptomatic when tested. 1.7% of census tract residents and 6.0% of workers (non-census tract residents) were PCR-positive. Among 2,598 tract residents, estimated point prevalence of PCR-positives was 2.3% (95%CI: 1.2-3.8%): 3.9% (95%CI: 2.0-6.4%) among Latinx vs. 0.2% (95%CI: 0.0-0.4%) among non-Latinx persons. Estimated cumulative incidence among residents was 6.1% (95%CI: 4.0-8.6%). Prior infections were 67% Latinx, 16% White, and 17% other ethnicities. Among recent infections, 96% were Latinx. Risk factors for recent infection were Latinx ethnicity, inability to shelter-in-place and maintain income, frontline service work, unemployment, and household income &$50,000/year. Five SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic lineages were detected. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 infections from diverse lineages continued circulating among low-income, Latinx persons unable to work from home and maintain income during San Francisco’s shelter-in-place ordinance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Chamie
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carina Marquez
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emily Crawford
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James Peng
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maya Petersen
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniel Schwab
- College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Schwab
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jackie Martinez
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Diane Jones
- Unidos en Salud/United in Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Douglas Black
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew D Kerkhoff
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vivek Jain
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Francesco Sergi
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jon Jacobo
- Latino Task Force for COVID-19, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susana Rojas
- Latino Task Force for COVID-19, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Ayesha Appa
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Charles Chiu
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samantha Hao
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Joshua Batson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joe DeRisi
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Diane V Havlir
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Tsitsiklis A, Zha BS, Byrne A, Devoe C, Levan S, Rackaityte E, Sunshine S, Mick E, Ghale R, Jauregui A, Sarma A, Neff N, Serpa PH, Deiss TJ, Kistler A, Carrillo S, Ansel KM, Leligdowicz A, Christenson S, Jones N, Wu B, Darmanis S, Matthay MA, Lynch SV, DeRisi JL, Hendrickson CM, Kangelaris KN, Krummel MF, Woodruff PG, Erle DJ, Rosenberg O, Calfee CS, Langelier CR. Impaired immune signaling and changes in the lung microbiome precede secondary bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19. Res Sq 2021:rs.3.rs-380803. [PMID: 34013247 PMCID: PMC8132240 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-380803/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), lead to worse clinical outcomes and increased mortality following viral respiratory infections including in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using a combination of tracheal aspirate bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) we assessed lower respiratory tract immune responses and microbiome dynamics in 28 COVID-19 patients, 15 of whom developed VAP, and eight critically ill uninfected controls. Two days before VAP onset we observed a transcriptional signature of bacterial infection. Two weeks prior to VAP onset, following intubation, we observed a striking impairment in immune signaling in COVID-19 patients who developed VAP. Longitudinal metatranscriptomic analysis revealed disruption of lung microbiome community composition in patients with VAP, providing a connection between dysregulated immune signaling and outgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. These findings suggest that COVID-19 patients who develop VAP have impaired antibacterial immune defense detectable weeks before secondary infection onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsitsiklis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beth Shoshana Zha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Catherine Devoe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophia Levan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elze Rackaityte
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara Sunshine
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eran Mick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajani Ghale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alejandra Jauregui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aartik Sarma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paula Hayakawa Serpa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Deiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sidney Carrillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K. Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Christenson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norman Jones
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bing Wu
- Genentech, Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan V. Lynch
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn M. Hendrickson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten N. Kangelaris
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Prescott G. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David J. Erle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oren Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles R. Langelier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Peng J, Mann SA, Mitchell AM, Liu J, Laurie MT, Sunshine S, Pilarowski G, Ayscue P, Kistler A, Vanaerschot M, Li LM, McGeever A, Chow ED, Team ID, Marquez C, Nakamura R, Rubio L, Chamie G, Jones D, Jacobo J, Rojas S, Rojas S, Tulier-Laiwa V, Black D, Martinez J, Naso J, Schwab J, Petersen M, Havlir D, DeRisi J. Estimation of secondary household attack rates for emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants detected by genomic surveillance at a community-based testing site in San Francisco. medRxiv 2021:2021.03.01.21252705. [PMID: 33688689 PMCID: PMC7941666 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.01.21252705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome from patient samples is an important epidemiological tool for monitoring and responding to the pandemic, including the emergence of new mutations in specific communities. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences were generated from positive samples collected, along with epidemiological metadata, at a walk-up, rapid testing site in the Mission District of San Francisco, California during November 22-December 2, 2020 and January 10-29, 2021. Secondary household attack rates and mean sample viral load were estimated and compared across observed variants. RESULTS A total of 12,124 tests were performed yielding 1,099 positives. From these, 811 high quality genomes were generated. Certain viral lineages bearing spike mutations, defined in part by L452R, S13I, and W152C, comprised 54.9% of the total sequences from January, compared to 15.7% in November. Household contacts exposed to "West Coast" variants were at higher risk of infection compared to household contacts exposed to lineages lacking these variants (0.357 vs 0.294, RR=1.29; 95% CI:1.01-1.64). The reproductive number was estimated to be modestly higher than other lineages spreading in California during the second half of 2020. Viral loads were similar among persons infected with West Coast versus non-West Coast strains, as was the proportion of individuals with symptoms (60.9% vs 64.1%). CONCLUSIONS The increase in prevalence, relative household attack rates, and reproductive number are consistent with a modest transmissibility increase of the West Coast variants; however, additional laboratory and epidemiological studies are required to better understand differences between these variants. SUMMARY We observed a growing prevalence and elevated attack rate for "West Coast" SARS-CoV-2 variants in a community testing setting in San Francisco during January 2021, suggesting its modestly higher transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peng
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sabrina A Mann
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anthea M Mitchell
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jamin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- University of California, Berkeley—University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew T. Laurie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Sunshine
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Genay Pilarowski
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Lucy M. Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Eric D. Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - IDseq Team
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Carina Marquez
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Nakamura
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Luis Rubio
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gabriel Chamie
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Diane Jones
- Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jon Jacobo
- Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Susy Rojas
- Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Douglas Black
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Jamie Naso
- Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joshua Schwab
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maya Petersen
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Diane Havlir
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joseph DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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16
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Fozouni P, Son S, Díaz de León Derby M, Knott GJ, Gray CN, D'Ambrosio MV, Zhao C, Switz NA, Kumar GR, Stephens SI, Boehm D, Tsou CL, Shu J, Bhuiya A, Armstrong M, Harris AR, Chen PY, Osterloh JM, Meyer-Franke A, Joehnk B, Walcott K, Sil A, Langelier C, Pollard KS, Crawford ED, Puschnik AS, Phelps M, Kistler A, DeRisi JL, Doudna JA, Fletcher DA, Ott M. Amplification-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 with CRISPR-Cas13a and mobile phone microscopy. Cell 2021; 184:323-333.e9. [PMID: 33306959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The December 2019 outbreak of a novel respiratory virus, SARS-CoV-2, has become an ongoing global pandemic due in part to the challenge of identifying symptomatic, asymptomatic, and pre-symptomatic carriers of the virus. CRISPR diagnostics can augment gold-standard PCR-based testing if they can be made rapid, portable, and accurate. Here, we report the development of an amplification-free CRISPR-Cas13a assay for direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 from nasal swab RNA that can be read with a mobile phone microscope. The assay achieved ∼100 copies/μL sensitivity in under 30 min of measurement time and accurately detected pre-extracted RNA from a set of positive clinical samples in under 5 min. We combined crRNAs targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA to improve sensitivity and specificity and directly quantified viral load using enzyme kinetics. Integrated with a reader device based on a mobile phone, this assay has the potential to enable rapid, low-cost, point-of-care screening for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Fozouni
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - María Díaz de León Derby
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gavin J Knott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Carley N Gray
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael V D'Ambrosio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Neil A Switz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - G Renuka Kumar
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stephanie I Stephens
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniela Boehm
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chia-Lin Tsou
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shu
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Abdul Bhuiya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maxim Armstrong
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew R Harris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Bastian Joehnk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Keith Walcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anita Sil
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Charles Langelier
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute of Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emily D Crawford
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Maira Phelps
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Fozouni P, Son S, Díaz de León Derby M, Knott GJ, Gray CN, D'Ambrosio MV, Zhao C, Switz NA, Kumar GR, Stephens SI, Boehm D, Tsou CL, Shu J, Bhuiya A, Armstrong M, Harris AR, Chen PY, Osterloh JM, Meyer-Franke A, Joehnk B, Walcott K, Sil A, Langelier C, Pollard KS, Crawford ED, Puschnik AS, Phelps M, Kistler A, DeRisi JL, Doudna JA, Fletcher DA, Ott M. Amplification-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 with CRISPR-Cas13a and mobile phone microscopy. Cell 2020; 184:323-333.e9. [PMID: 33306959 PMCID: PMC7834310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The December 2019 outbreak of a novel respiratory virus, SARS-CoV-2, has become an ongoing global pandemic due in part to the challenge of identifying symptomatic, asymptomatic, and pre-symptomatic carriers of the virus. CRISPR diagnostics can augment gold-standard PCR-based testing if they can be made rapid, portable, and accurate. Here, we report the development of an amplification-free CRISPR-Cas13a assay for direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 from nasal swab RNA that can be read with a mobile phone microscope. The assay achieved ∼100 copies/μL sensitivity in under 30 min of measurement time and accurately detected pre-extracted RNA from a set of positive clinical samples in under 5 min. We combined crRNAs targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA to improve sensitivity and specificity and directly quantified viral load using enzyme kinetics. Integrated with a reader device based on a mobile phone, this assay has the potential to enable rapid, low-cost, point-of-care screening for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Fozouni
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - María Díaz de León Derby
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gavin J Knott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Carley N Gray
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael V D'Ambrosio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Neil A Switz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - G Renuka Kumar
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stephanie I Stephens
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniela Boehm
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chia-Lin Tsou
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shu
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Abdul Bhuiya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maxim Armstrong
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew R Harris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Bastian Joehnk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Keith Walcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anita Sil
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Charles Langelier
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute of Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emily D Crawford
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Maira Phelps
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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18
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Mick E, Kamm J, Pisco AO, Ratnasiri K, Babik JM, Castañeda G, DeRisi JL, Detweiler AM, Hao SL, Kangelaris KN, Kumar GR, Li LM, Mann SA, Neff N, Prasad PA, Serpa PH, Shah SJ, Spottiswoode N, Tan M, Calfee CS, Christenson SA, Kistler A, Langelier C. Upper airway gene expression reveals suppressed immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 compared with other respiratory viruses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5854. [PMID: 33203890 PMCID: PMC7673985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by peak viral load in the upper airway prior to or at the time of symptom onset, an unusual feature that has enabled widespread transmission of the virus and precipitated a global pandemic. How SARS-CoV-2 is able to achieve high titer in the absence of symptoms remains unclear. Here, we examine the upper airway host transcriptional response in patients with COVID-19 (n = 93), other viral (n = 41) or non-viral (n = 100) acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs). Compared with other viral ARIs, COVID-19 is characterized by a pronounced interferon response but attenuated activation of other innate immune pathways, including toll-like receptor, interleukin and chemokine signaling. The IL-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways are markedly less responsive to SARS-CoV-2, commensurate with a signature of diminished neutrophil and macrophage recruitment. This pattern resembles previously described distinctions between symptomatic and asymptomatic viral infections and may partly explain the propensity for pre-symptomatic transmission in COVID-19. We further use machine learning to build 27-, 10- and 3-gene classifiers that differentiate COVID-19 from other ARIs with AUROCs of 0.981, 0.954 and 0.885, respectively. Classifier performance is stable across a wide range of viral load, suggesting utility in mitigating false positive or false negative results of direct SARS-CoV-2 tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Mick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer M Babik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucy M Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina A Mann
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priya A Prasad
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paula Hayakawa Serpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sachin J Shah
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Christenson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Crawford ED, Acosta I, Ahyong V, Anderson EC, Arevalo S, Asarnow D, Axelrod S, Ayscue P, Azimi CS, Azumaya CM, Bachl S, Bachmutsky I, Bhaduri A, Brown JB, Batson J, Behnert A, Boileau RM, Bollam SR, Bonny AR, Booth D, Borja MJB, Brown D, Buie B, Burnett CE, Byrnes LE, Cabral KA, Cabrera JP, Caldera S, Canales G, Castañeda GR, Chan AP, Chang CR, Charles-Orszag A, Cheung C, Chio U, Chow ED, Citron YR, Cohen A, Cohn LB, Chiu C, Cole MA, Conrad DN, Constantino A, Cote A, Crayton-Hall T, Darmanis S, Detweiler AM, Dial RL, Dong S, Duarte EM, Dynerman D, Egger R, Fanton A, Frumm SM, Fu BXH, Garcia VE, Garcia J, Gladkova C, Goldman M, Gomez-Sjoberg R, Gordon MG, Grove JCR, Gupta S, Haddjeri-Hopkins A, Hadley P, Haliburton J, Hao SL, Hartoularos G, Herrera N, Hilberg M, Ho KYE, Hoppe N, Hosseinzadeh S, Howard CJ, Hussmann JA, Hwang E, Ingebrigtsen D, Jackson JR, Jowhar ZM, Kain D, Kim JYS, Kistler A, Kreutzfeld O, Kulsuptrakul J, Kung AF, Langelier C, Laurie MT, Lee L, Leng K, Leon KE, Leonetti MD, Levan SR, Li S, Li AW, Liu J, Lubin HS, Lyden A, Mann J, Mann S, Margulis G, Marquez DM, Marsh BP, Martyn C, McCarthy EE, McGeever A, Merriman AF, Meyer LK, Miller S, Moore MK, Mowery CT, Mukhtar T, Mwakibete LL, Narez N, Neff NF, Osso LA, Oviedo D, Peng S, Phelps M, Phong K, Picard P, Pieper LM, Pincha N, Pisco AO, Pogson A, Pourmal S, Puccinelli RR, Puschnik AS, Rackaityte E, Raghavan P, Raghavan M, Reese J, Replogle JM, Retallack H, Reyes H, Rose D, Rosenberg MF, Sanchez-Guerrero E, Sattler SM, Savy L, See SK, Sellers KK, Serpa PH, Sheehy M, Sheu J, Silas S, Streithorst JA, Strickland J, Stryke D, Sunshine S, Suslow P, Sutanto R, Tamura S, Tan M, Tan J, Tang A, Tato CM, Taylor JC, Tenvooren I, Thompson EM, Thornborrow EC, Tse E, Tung T, Turner ML, Turner VS, Turnham RE, Turocy MJ, Vaidyanathan TV, Vainchtein ID, Vanaerschot M, Vazquez SE, Wandler AM, Wapniarski A, Webber JT, Weinberg ZY, Westbrook A, Wong AW, Wong E, Worthington G, Xie F, Xu A, Yamamoto T, Yang Y, Yarza F, Zaltsman Y, Zheng T, DeRisi JL. Rapid deployment of SARS-CoV-2 testing: The CLIAHUB. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008966. [PMID: 33112933 PMCID: PMC7592773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Crawford
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Irene Acosta
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vida Ahyong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erika C. Anderson
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shaun Arevalo
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Asarnow
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shannon Axelrod
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Ayscue
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Camillia S. Azimi
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Caleigh M. Azumaya
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Bachl
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Iris Bachmutsky
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Bancroft Brown
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua Batson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Astrid Behnert
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan M. Boileau
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Saumya R. Bollam
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alain R. Bonny
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Booth
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - David Brown
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan Buie
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra E. Burnett
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Byrnes
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katelyn A. Cabral
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joana P. Cabrera
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Saharai Caldera
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Infectious Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Canales
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Agnes Protacio Chan
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Chang
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur Charles-Orszag
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carly Cheung
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Unseng Chio
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Chow
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Y. Rose Citron
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Allison Cohen
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lillian B. Cohn
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Experimental Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Chiu
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mitchel A. Cole
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Conrad
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Constantino
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Cote
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Spyros Darmanis
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Rebekah L. Dial
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shen Dong
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elias M. Duarte
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Dynerman
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Egger
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alison Fanton
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey M. Frumm
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Becky Xu Hua Fu
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Valentina E. Garcia
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Garcia
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Gladkova
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Miriam Goldman
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - M. Grace Gordon
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James C. R. Grove
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shweta Gupta
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexis Haddjeri-Hopkins
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pierce Hadley
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Haliburton
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Hao
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - George Hartoularos
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nadia Herrera
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa Hilberg
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kit Ying E. Ho
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Hoppe
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Conor J. Howard
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Hussmann
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Hwang
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle Ingebrigtsen
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Julia R. Jackson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ziad M. Jowhar
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle Kain
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Y. S. Kim
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Oriana Kreutzfeld
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew F. Kung
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Langelier
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Infectious Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Laurie
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lena Lee
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kun Leng
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristoffer E. Leon
- Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Manuel D. Leonetti
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sophia R. Levan
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sam Li
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aileen W. Li
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jamin Liu
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Heidi S. Lubin
- eSix Development, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Lyden
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Mann
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Mann
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gorica Margulis
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Diana M. Marquez
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan P. Marsh
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Calla Martyn
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. McCarthy
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron McGeever
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Lauren K. Meyer
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steve Miller
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Megan K. Moore
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cody T. Mowery
- Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tanzila Mukhtar
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Noelle Narez
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Norma F. Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Osso
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Diter Oviedo
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Suping Peng
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maira Phelps
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kiet Phong
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Picard
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lindsey M. Pieper
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Neha Pincha
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Angela Pogson
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sergei Pourmal
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Elze Rackaityte
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Preethi Raghavan
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Madhura Raghavan
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Reese
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Replogle
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hanna Retallack
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Reyes
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Donald Rose
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marci F. Rosenberg
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Sydney M. Sattler
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Savy
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie K. See
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristin K. Sellers
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paula Hayakawa Serpa
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Infectious Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maureen Sheehy
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Sheu
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sukrit Silas
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Streithorst
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jack Strickland
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Doug Stryke
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Sunshine
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Suslow
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Renaldo Sutanto
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Serena Tamura
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Tan
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jiongyi Tan
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alice Tang
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cristina M. Tato
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jack C. Taylor
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Iliana Tenvooren
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Thompson
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Edward C. Thornborrow
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Tse
- Joint Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Tony Tung
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marc L. Turner
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Victoria S. Turner
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rigney E. Turnham
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary J. Turocy
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Trisha V. Vaidyanathan
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ilia D. Vainchtein
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Manu Vanaerschot
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Vazquez
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anica M. Wandler
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anne Wapniarski
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James T. Webber
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zara Y. Weinberg
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Westbrook
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Allison W. Wong
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Wong
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gajus Worthington
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fang Xie
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Xu
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Terrina Yamamoto
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Yang
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fauna Yarza
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yefim Zaltsman
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tina Zheng
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Shah SJ, Barish PN, Prasad PA, Kistler A, Neff N, Kamm J, Li LM, Chiu CY, Babik JM, Fang MC, Abe-Jones Y, Alipanah N, Alvarez FN, Botvinnik OB, Castaneda G, Dadasovich RM, Davis J, Deng X, DeRisi JL, Detweiler AM, Federman S, Haliburton J, Hao S, Kerkhoff AD, Kumar GR, Malcolm KB, Mann SA, Martinez S, Mary RK, Mick E, Mwakibete L, Najafi N, Peluso MJ, Phelps M, Pisco AO, Ratnasiri K, Rubio LA, Sellas A, Sherwood KD, Sheu J, Spottiswoode N, Tan M, Yu G, Kangelaris KN, Langelier C. Clinical features, diagnostics, and outcomes of patients presenting with acute respiratory illness: A retrospective cohort study of patients with and without COVID-19. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 27:100518. [PMID: 32864588 PMCID: PMC7447618 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most data on the clinical presentation, diagnostics, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 have been presented as case series without comparison to patients with other acute respiratory illnesses. METHODS We examined emergency department patients between February 3 and March 31, 2020 with an acute respiratory illness who were tested for SARS-CoV-2. We determined COVID-19 status by PCR and metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS). We compared clinical presentation, diagnostics, treatment, and outcomes. FINDINGS Among 316 patients, 33 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; 31 without COVID-19 tested positive for another respiratory virus. Among patients with additional viral testing (27/33), no SARS-CoV-2 co-infections were identified. Compared to those who tested negative, patients with COVID-19 reported longer symptoms duration (median 7d vs. 3d, p < 0.001). Patients with COVID-19 were more often hospitalized (79% vs. 56%, p = 0.014). When hospitalized, patients with COVID-19 had longer hospitalizations (median 10.7d vs. 4.7d, p < 0.001) and more often developed ARDS (23% vs. 3%, p < 0.001). Most comorbidities, medications, symptoms, vital signs, laboratories, treatments, and outcomes did not differ by COVID-19 status. INTERPRETATION While we found differences in clinical features of COVID-19 compared to other acute respiratory illnesses, there was significant overlap in presentation and comorbidities. Patients with COVID-19 were more likely to be admitted to the hospital, have longer hospitalizations and develop ARDS, and were unlikely to have co-existent viral infections. FUNDING National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin J. Shah
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter N. Barish
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priya A. Prasad
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucy M. Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Babik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C. Fang
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yumiko Abe-Jones
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Narges Alipanah
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rand M. Dadasovich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xianding Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Scot Federman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew D. Kerkhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine B. Malcolm
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina A. Mann
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Martinez
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rupa K. Mary
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eran Mick
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nader Najafi
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Peluso
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Kalani Ratnasiri
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Luis A. Rubio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna Sellas
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyla D. Sherwood
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Guixia Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Gorzynski JE, De Jong HN, Amar D, Hughes CR, Ioannidis A, Bierman R, Liu D, Tanigawa Y, Kistler A, Kamm J, Kim J, Cappello L, Neff NF, Rubinacci S, Delaneau O, Shoura MJ, Seo K, Kirillova A, Raja A, Sutton S, Huang C, Sahoo MK, Mallempati KC, Montero-Martin G, Osoegawa K, Jimenez-Morales D, Watson N, Hammond N, Joshi R, Fernandez-Vina M, Christle JW, Wheeler MT, Febbo P, Farh K, Schroth G, Desouza F, Palacios J, Salzman J, Pinsky BA, Rivas MA, Bustamante CD, Ashley EA, Parikh VN. High-throughput SARS-CoV-2 and host genome sequencing from single nasopharyngeal swabs. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32766602 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.27.20163147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During COVID19 and other viral pandemics, rapid generation of host and pathogen genomic data is critical to tracking infection and informing therapies. There is an urgent need for efficient approaches to this data generation at scale. We have developed a scalable, high throughput approach to generate high fidelity low pass whole genome and HLA sequencing, viral genomes, and representation of human transcriptome from single nasopharyngeal swabs of COVID19 patients.
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22
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Saha S, Malaker R, Sajib MSI, Hasanuzzaman M, Rahman H, Ahmed ZB, Islam MS, Islam M, Hooda Y, Ahyong V, Vanaerschot M, Batson J, Hao S, Kamm J, Kistler A, Tato CM, DeRisi JL, Saha SK. Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Isolate from Bangladesh. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:e00568-20. [PMID: 32527780 PMCID: PMC7291105 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00568-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) isolate obtained from a nasopharyngeal swab from a patient with COVID-19 in Bangladesh is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Roly Malaker
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yogesh Hooda
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vida Ahyong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Joshua Batson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samantha Hao
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samir K Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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23
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Mick E, Kamm J, Pisco AO, Ratnasiri K, Babik JM, Calfee CS, Castañeda G, DeRisi JL, Detweiler AM, Hao S, Kangelaris KN, Kumar GR, Li LM, Mann SA, Neff N, Prasad PA, Serpa PH, Shah SJ, Spottiswoode N, Tan M, Christenson SA, Kistler A, Langelier C. Upper airway gene expression differentiates COVID-19 from other acute respiratory illnesses and reveals suppression of innate immune responses by SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv 2020:2020.05.18.20105171. [PMID: 32511476 PMCID: PMC7273244 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.18.20105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We studied the host transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 by performing metagenomic sequencing of upper airway samples in 238 patients with COVID-19, other viral or non-viral acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs). Compared to other viral ARIs, COVID-19 was characterized by a diminished innate immune response, with reduced expression of genes involved in toll-like receptor and interleukin signaling, chemokine binding, neutrophil degranulation and interactions with lymphoid cells. Patients with COVID-19 also exhibited significantly reduced proportions of neutrophils and macrophages, and increased proportions of goblet, dendritic and B-cells, compared to other viral ARIs. Using machine learning, we built 26-, 10- and 3-gene classifiers that differentiated COVID-19 from other acute respiratory illnesses with AUCs of 0.980, 0.950 and 0.871, respectively. Classifier performance was stable at low viral loads, suggesting utility in settings where direct detection of viral nucleic acid may be unsuccessful. Taken together, our results illuminate unique aspects of the host transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to other respiratory viruses and demonstrate the feasibility of COVID-19 diagnostics based on patient gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Mick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer M. Babik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucy M. Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina A. Mann
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priya A. Prasad
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paula Hayakawa Serpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sachin J. Shah
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie A. Christenson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Shah SJ, Barish PN, Prasad PA, Kistler A, Neff N, Kamm J, Li LM, Chiu CY, Babik JM, Fang MC, Kangelaris KN, Langelier C. Clinical features, diagnostics, and outcomes of patients presenting with acute respiratory illness: a comparison of patients with and without COVID-19. medRxiv 2020:2020.05.02.20082461. [PMID: 32511488 PMCID: PMC7273256 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.02.20082461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data on the clinical presentation, diagnostics, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 have largely been presented as case series. Few studies have compared these clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 to other acute respiratory illnesses. METHODS We examined all patients presenting to an emergency department in San Francisco, California between February 3 and March 31, 2020 with an acute respiratory illness who were tested for SARS-CoV-2. We determined COVID-19 status by PCR and metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS). We compared demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory results including viral diagnostics using PCR and mNGS. Among those hospitalized, we determined differences in treatment (antibiotics, antivirals, respiratory support) and outcomes (ICU admission, ICU interventions, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac injury). FINDINGS In a cohort of 316 patients, 33 (10%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; 31 patients, all without COVID-19, tested positive for another respiratory virus (16%). Among patients with additional viral testing, no co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 were identified by PCR or mNGS. Patients with COVID-19 reported longer symptoms duration (median 7 vs. 3 days), and were more likely to report fever (82% vs. 44%), fatigue (85% vs. 50%), and myalgias (61% vs 27%); p<0.001 for all comparisons. Lymphopenia (55% vs 34%, p=0.018) and bilateral opacities on initial chest radiograph (55% vs. 24%, p=0.001) were more common in patients with COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 were more often hospitalized (79% vs. 56%, p=0.014). Of 186 hospitalized patients, patients with COVID-19 had longer hospitalizations (median 10.7d vs. 4.7d, p<0.001) and were more likely to develop ARDS (23% vs. 3%, p<0.001). Most comorbidities, home medications, signs and symptoms, vital signs, laboratory results, treatment, and outcomes did not differ by COVID-19 status. INTERPRETATION While we found differences in clinical features of COVID-19 compared to other acute respiratory illnesses, there was significant overlap in presentation and comorbidities. Patients with COVID-19 were more likely to be admitted to the hospital, have longer hospitalizations and develop ARDS, and were unlikely to have co-existent viral infections. These findings enhance understanding of the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in comparison to other acute respiratory illnesses. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin J. Shah
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter N. Barish
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priya A. Prasad
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Kamm
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucy M. Li
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Babik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C. Fang
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Abstract
Narnaviruses have been described as positive-sense RNA viruses with a remarkably simple genome of ~3 kb, encoding only a highly conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Many narnaviruses, however, are 'ambigrammatic' and harbour an additional uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) covering almost the entire length of the reverse complement strand. No function has been described for this ORF, yet the absence of stops is conserved across diverse narnaviruses, and in every case the codons in the reverse ORF and the RdRp are aligned. The >3 kb ORF overlap on opposite strands, unprecedented among RNA viruses, motivates an exploration of the constraints imposed or alleviated by the codon alignment. Here, we show that only when the codon frames are aligned can all stop codons be eliminated from the reverse strand by synonymous single-nucleotide substitutions in the RdRp gene, suggesting a mechanism for de novo gene creation within a strongly conserved amino-acid sequence. It will be fascinating to explore what implications this coding strategy has for other aspects of narnavirus biology. Beyond narnaviruses, our rapidly expanding catalogue of viral diversity may yet reveal additional examples of this broadly-extensible principle for ambigrammatic-sequence development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Greg Huber
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Amy Kistler
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Hanna Retallack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Wilkinson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, England
| | - David Yllanes
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Abstract
Achalasia is a serious disorder in which the movement of food and liquids through the esophagus is impaired. It is currently thought to be caused by an inflammatory process that destroys neurons in myenteric ganglia, which affect peristalsis in the esophagus. The factor(s) that precipitate this inflammatory process are unknown; possibilities include environmental agents (such as microbes or toxins) and/or cell-mediated autoimmune reactivity. Recently, infection with a newly described bornavirus has been strongly linked to a disease of exotic birds that displays many striking similarities to achalasia. These findings demonstrate that viruses can induce achalasia-like pathophysiology and have renewed interest in the search for infectious agents in this enigmatic human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Ganem
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Kistler A, Mariauzouls C, Link H, von Berlepsch K. Does Fragrance Exposure Affect Autonomic Responses or Salivary IgA and Cortisol Levels? Complement Med Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1159/000210345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kistler A, Mariauzouls C, Kuhr C, Simmen D, Maranta C, Stratil J, Müller N, Wall M, Suter B. Acute Sympathetic Responses Elicited by Acupuncture Are Pain-Related and Non-Specific. Complement Med Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1159/000210242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Athos EA, Levinson B, Kistler A, Zemansky J, Bostrom A, Freimer N, Gitschier J. Dichotomy and perceptual distortions in absolute pitch ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14795-800. [PMID: 17724340 PMCID: PMC1959403 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703868104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Absolute pitch (AP) is the rare ability to identify the pitch of a tone without the aid of a reference tone. Understanding both the nature and genesis of AP can provide insights into neuroplasticity in the auditory system. We explored factors that may influence the accuracy of pitch perception in AP subjects both during the development of the trait and in later age. We used a Web-based survey and a pitch-labeling test to collect perceptual data from 2,213 individuals, 981 (44%) of whom proved to have extraordinary pitch-naming ability. The bimodal distribution in pitch-naming ability signifies AP as a distinct perceptual trait, with possible implications for its genetic basis. The wealth of these data has allowed us to uncover unsuspected note-naming irregularities suggestive of a "perceptual magnet" centered at the note "A." In addition, we document a gradual decline in pitch-naming accuracy with age, characterized by a perceptual shift in the "sharp" direction. These findings speak both to the process of acquisition of AP and to its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Alexandra Athos
- *Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics and
| | - Barbara Levinson
- *Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics and
| | - Amy Kistler
- *Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics and
| | - Jason Zemansky
- *Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics and
| | - Alan Bostrom
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Nelson Freimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jane Gitschier
- *Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, HSE901, Box 0794, San Francisco, CA 94143-0794. E-mail:
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30
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Kistler A, Avila PC, Rouskin S, Wang D, Ward T, Yagi S, Schnurr D, Ganem D, DeRisi JL, Boushey HA. Pan-viral screening of respiratory tract infections in adults with and without asthma reveals unexpected human coronavirus and human rhinovirus diversity. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:817-25. [PMID: 17703411 PMCID: PMC7109683 DOI: 10.1086/520816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Between 50% and 80% of asthma exacerbations are associated with viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs), yet the influence of viral pathogen diversity on asthma outcomes is poorly understood because of the limited scope and throughput of conventional viral detection methods. Methods. We investigated the capability of the Virochip, a DNA microarray—based viral detection platform, to characterize viral diversity in RTIs in adults with and without asthma. Results. The Virochip detected viruses in a higher proportion of samples (65%) than did culture isolation (17%) while exhibiting high concordance (98%) with and comparable sensitivity (97%) and specificity (98%) to pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction. A similar spectrum of viruses was identified in the RTIs of each patient subgroup; however, unexpected diversity among human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and human rhinoviruses (HRVs) was revealed. All but one of the HCoVs corresponded to the newly recognized HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 viruses, and >20 different serotypes of HRVs were detected, including a set of 5 divergent isolates that formed a distinct genetic subgroup. Conclusions. The Virochip can detect both known and novel variants of viral pathogens present in RTIs. Given the diversity detected here, larger-scale studies will be necessary to determine whether particular substrains of viruses confer an elevated risk of asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Kistler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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31
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Huyer G, Kistler A, Nouvet FJ, George CM, Boyle ML, Michaelis S. Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-factor mutants reveal residues critical for processing, activity, and export. Eukaryot Cell 2006; 5:1560-70. [PMID: 16963638 PMCID: PMC1563590 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00161-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pheromone a-factor provides a paradigm for understanding the biogenesis of prenylated fungal pheromones. The biogenesis of a-factor involves multiple steps: (i) C-terminal CAAX modification (where C is cysteine, A is aliphatic, and X is any residue) which includes prenylation, proteolysis, and carboxymethylation (by Ram1p/Ram2p, Ste24p or Rce1p, and Ste14p, respectively); (ii) N-terminal processing, involving two sequential proteolytic cleavages (by Ste24p and Axl1p); and (iii) nonclassical export (by Ste6p). Once exported, mature a-factor interacts with the Ste3p receptor on MATalpha cells to stimulate mating. The a-factor biogenesis machinery is well defined, as is the CAAX motif that directs C-terminal modification; however, very little is known about the sequence determinants within a-factor required for N-terminal processing, activity, and export. Here we generated a large collection of a-factor mutants and identified residues critical for the N-terminal processing steps mediated by Ste24p and Axl1p. We also identified mutants that fail to support mating but do not affect biogenesis or export, suggesting a defective interaction with the Ste3p receptor. Mutants significantly impaired in export were also found, providing evidence that the Ste6p transporter recognizes sequence determinants as well as CAAX modifications. We also performed a phenotypic analysis of the entire set of isogenic a-factor biogenesis machinery mutants, which revealed information about the dependency of biogenesis steps upon one another, and demonstrated that export by Ste6p requires the completion of all processing events. Overall, this comprehensive analysis will provide a useful framework for the study of other fungal pheromones, as well as prenylated metazoan proteins involved in development and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Huyer
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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32
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L'Etoile ND, Coburn CM, Eastham J, Kistler A, Gallegos G, Bargmann CI. The cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 regulates olfactory adaptation in C. elegans. Neuron 2002; 36:1079-89. [PMID: 12495623 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged odor exposure causes a specific, reversible adaptation of olfactory responses. A genetic screen for negative regulators of olfaction uncovered mutations in the cGMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 that disrupt olfactory adaptation in C. elegans. G protein-coupled olfactory receptors within the AWC olfactory neuron signal through cGMP and a cGMP-gated channel. The cGMP-dependent kinase functions in AWC neurons during odor exposure to direct adaptation to AWC-sensed odors, suggesting that adaptation is a cell intrinsic process initiated by cGMP. A predicted phosphorylation site on the beta subunit of the cGMP-gated channel is required for adaptation after short odor exposure, suggesting that phosphorylation of signaling molecules generates adaptation at early time points. A predicted nuclear localization signal within EGL-4 is required for adaptation after longer odor exposure, suggesting that nuclear translocation of EGL-4 triggers late forms of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle D L'Etoile
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Programs in Developmental Biology, Neuroscience, and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, The University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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33
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Kistler A, Liechti H, Pichard L, Wolz E, Oesterhelt G, Hayes A, Maurel P. Metabolism and CYP-inducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2002; 75:665-75. [PMID: 11876499 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-001-0287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations in the rat have shown that the non-provitamin A carotenoid astaxanthin is metabolized into 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-ionone and 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone and, in addition, is a potent CYP1A gene inducer. Here we investigated the metabolism of this compound as well as its capacity to induce CYP genes in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Free metabolites of 14C-astaxanthin produced in this cellular model were purified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses as 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-ionol and 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-ionone. In addition, deconjugation of polar compounds by glusulase and further analyses with HPLC and GC-MS revealed four radiolabeled metabolites including: 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-ionol, 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-ionone, and their reduced forms, 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-beta-ionol and 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone. The same four metabolites were identified in human plasma from two volunteers who had orally taken 100 mg astaxanthin 24 h before blood collection. In cultured hepatocytes, astaxanthin was a significant inducer of the major cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP3A4 as well as of CYP2B6, but not of other CYPs, including those from CYP1A and CYP2C families. The lack of autoinduction of astaxanthin metabolism in human hepatocytes suggests that neither CYP3A4 nor CYP2B6 contribute to the formation of metabolites. We conclude that metabolism of astaxanthin and its CYP-inducing capacity are different in humans and in rats. The novel methodology used in our studies could be extended to evaluating the role of metabolites of more important carotenoids such as beta-carotene in differentiation and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kistler
- Vitamins and Fine Chemicals, Human Nutrition and Health, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
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34
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Abstract
The urinary metabolic pattern after administration of the radiolabeled non-provitamin A carotenoid canthaxanthin was investigated in rats. In the rather complex HPLC urinary metabolic pattern a fraction was found which was conjugated. Deconjugation of the polar conjugates with glusulase, purification of the metabolite with HPLC and identification with GC-MS and NMR revealed that it was 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone. This structure was confirmed by comparisons with HPLC retention times, UV/VIS- and NMR-spectroscopy and GC-MS of the synthesized compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bausch
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Wolz E, Liechti H, Notter B, Oesterhelt G, Kistler A. Characterization of metabolites of astaxanthin in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 1999; 27:456-62. [PMID: 10101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of the nonprovitamin A carotenoid astaxanthin was investigated in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. In a time course study based on HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, one main metabolite, (rac)-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-ionone, was found. This metabolite was conjugated mainly into glucuronides, as demonstrated by glusulase treatment of the conjugates under sulfatase-inhibiting conditions. Within 24 h more than 50% astaxanthin was metabolized and conjugated. Deconjugation of the polar conjugates with glusulase and analyses with HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified two metabolites, (rac)-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-ionone and its reduced form (rac)-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone, indicating that the former was reduced in the conjugated form. We confirmed that the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin induces xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver in vivo. However, there were no differences in the metabolism of astaxanthin in cultured hepatocytes from rats that were pretreated with astaxanthin and, thus, with induced cytochrome P-450 systems compared with control hepatocytes. Neither liver microsomes from astaxanthin-pretreated nor control rats metabolized astaxanthin. These results indicated that the cytochrome P-450 enzymes were not involved in the metabolism of astaxanthin in rat hepatocytes. We conclude that astaxanthin was metabolized in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes into (rac)-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-beta-ionone and its reduced form (rac)-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone independent of the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes induced by astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wolz
- Vitamins and Fine Chemicals, Human Nutrition and Health, F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
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36
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Suter B, Kistler A. [Demonstration of the effective of acupuncture on the autonomic nervous system by examination of the microcirculation]. Forsch Komplementarmed 1999; 6 Suppl 1:32-4. [PMID: 10077714 DOI: 10.1159/000057128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study served to compare the effect of needling at true acupuncture points with that of needling at non-acupuncture points. Various parameters were used to quantify the results such as measurement of the peripheral blood circulation in finger tips and the nasal mucous membrane, measurement of the skin temperature at various sites of the body by means of infrared thermography or contact thermometry, testing of skin conductance, or recording of heart frequency and respiration. These are all indicators of the functional state of the autonomic nervous system. This model experiment was performed on healthy volunteers and showed identical, transient, quick reflex responses of the sympathetic nervous system after true acupuncture as well as after needling at non-acupuncture points. These reactions are related to pain and do not allow to draw any conclusions on the specificity of the points that were needled. The aim of this project was not to make a statement about the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture. It was meant to be a model allowing the study of some basic regulatory mechanisms which are fundamental for most treatments in complementary medicine.
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37
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Kistler A, Mariauzouls C, Wyler F, Bircher AJ, Wyler-Harper J. Autonomic responses to suggestions for cold and warmth in hypnosis. Complement Med Res 1999; 6:10-4. [PMID: 10213875 DOI: 10.1159/000021188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate whether suggestions for cold or warmth during hypnosis affect fingertip skin temperature. Hypnosis without specific suggestions for cold or warmth ('neutral hypnosis') caused a drop in respiration frequency, however, pulse rate, fingertip skin temperature, and electrodermal activity were not affected. The cold and warmth suggestions decreased and increased fingertip skin temperature, respectively. Compared with the neutral trance phase, the other three autonomic variables measured were also affected by suggestions for cold. However, there was no association between the changes in autonomic variables induced by suggestions and hypnotizability scores measured by the 'Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale for Adults'. Fingertip skin temperature was mostly affected when the images used for the cold and warmth suggestions during hypnosis included experiences of physical temperature and psychological stress or relaxation, indicating that the psychological content of the imagery amplified the autonomic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kistler
- Bäriswil, Kantonsspital Basel, Schweiz
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38
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Kistler A, Lappin DW, Coward RA. Therapeutic dilemma: crescentic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type 1 in a patient on antituberculous therapy with rifampicin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14:243-4. [PMID: 10052525 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/14.1.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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39
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Abstract
Changes of acral skin blood flow are a commonly used indicator for sympathetic reflex responses to various stimuli. The goal of the present study was to determine whether decreases in fingertip temperature are indicative for sympathetic induced changes in microcirculation. Infrared thermography demonstrated that various stimuli triggering the sympathetic nervous system induced decreases in cutaneous microcirculation, most prominently in fingertip skin. Various such stimuli induced almost immediate temporary vasoconstriction, measured by laser Doppler flux and photoplethysmography. With a lag phase of approximately 15 s, reduced microcirculation was also reflected by a transient decrease in fingertip temperature. Vasoconstrictions were easily demonstrable by fingertip temperature when the starting fingertip temperature was above 32 degrees C and vasoconstriction lasted at least 5 s. Temperature measurement offers the advantages of ease and simplicity of performance and analysis, compared with the more complex analyses of flux and pulse volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kistler
- Soft Medicine Project, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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40
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Moazed D, Kistler A, Axelrod A, Rine J, Johnson AD. Silent information regulator protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a SIR2/SIR4 complex and evidence for a regulatory domain in SIR4 that inhibits its interaction with SIR3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:2186-91. [PMID: 9122169 PMCID: PMC20062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4 silent information regulator proteins are involved in the assembly of silent chromatin domains in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a series of biochemical experiments, we have studied protein-protein interactions involving these proteins. We found that yeast extracts contained a SIR2/SIR4 complex that was associated with little or no SIR3. However, truncations of the N-terminal two-thirds of the SIR4 protein allowed it to efficiently associate with SIR3, suggesting that the N-terminal domain of SIR4 inhibited its interaction with SIR3. We propose that the SIR3 and SIR4 proteins interact only during the assembly of the SIR protein complex at the silencer and that an early step in assembly unmasks the SIR4 protein to allow its association with SIR3. To test whether the interactions observed in yeast extracts were direct, we tested these SIR-SIR interactions using bacterially expressed SIR proteins. We observed direct interactions between SIR4 and SIR2, SIR4 and SIR3, SIR2 and SIR3, SIR2 and SIR2, and SIR4 and SIR4, indicating that the associations observed in yeast extracts were direct.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moazed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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41
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Kistler A, Huber M, Suter B, Mariauzouls C, Simmen D. A probe holder for precise intranasal microcirculation measurements. Rhinology 1996; 34:83-5. [PMID: 8876068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A probe holder for long-term measurements of intranasal microcirculation by laser Doppler flowmetry is described. It is adjustable to any physiognomy and allows precise intranasal probe insertion. It is based on a commercially-available shooting-spectacles frame and might also be useful for other measurements such as intranasal temperature, humidity and pO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kistler
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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42
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Pittenger MF, Kistler A, Helfman DM. Alternatively spliced exons of the beta tropomyosin gene exhibit different affinities for F-actin and effects with nonmuscle caldesmon. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 10):3253-65. [PMID: 7593286 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.10.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat beta-tropomyosin (TM) gene expresses two isoforms via alternative RNA splicing, namely skeletal muscle beta-TM and fibroblast TM-1. The latter is also expressed in smooth muscle where it corresponds to smooth muscle beta-TM. Skeletal muscle beta-TM contains exons 7 and 10, whereas exons 6 and 11 are used in fibroblasts and smooth muscle. In order to study the properties of the alternatively spliced proteins, recombinant TMs derived from bacterial and insect cell expression systems were produced, including the normal beta gene products, fibroblast TM-1 and beta skeletal muscle TM, two carboxy-terminal chimeric TMs, TM-6/10 and TM-7/11, as well as a carboxyl-truncated version of each, TM-6Cla and TM-7Cla. The purified TM isoforms were used in actin filament association studies. The apparent TM association constants (Ka) were taken as the free concentration at half saturation and were found to be 6 microM for beta Sk TM, 8.5 for TM-6/10, 25 microM for TM-1, and 30 microM for TM-7/11 at an F-actin concentration of 42 microM. For the truncated TMs, the values determined were higher still but the binding was not carried out to full saturation. Isoforms were also produced using the baculovirus-insect cell system which produces proteins with an acetylated amino terminus as is normally found in vivo. This modification significantly enhanced the F-actin association of TM-1 but not the beta skeletal TM or the other isoforms. Fibroblast TM-2 or TM-3, both products of the alpha gene, enhanced the affinity of TM-1 for F-actin, demonstrating different isoforms can act cooperatively on binding to actin. This effect was not detected with the other expressed beta gene products. The presence of 83 kDa nonmuscle caldesmon was found to enhance the binding of TM-1 for F-actin. This effect was dependent on the presence of both exons 6 and 11, as caldesmon had little effect on the other beta gene products. Collectively these results demonstrate TMs differ in their affinity for F-actin, which can be altered by other TMs or actin-binding proteins. The beta tropomyosin isoforms were fluorescently-tagged and microinjected into cultured cells to study their in vivo localization where it was found that each of the full-length TMs bound to microfilaments but, at the light microscopy level, the isoforms were not differentially localized in these fibroblasts.
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Abstract
Some physicians use the electrical conductance of the skin, particularly at the acupuncture points, for diagnostic purposes. This paper deals with the quantification of the skin conductance at some acupuncture points under well defined conditions using the electrode materials gold, graphite, silver and brass. The observed current response appeared to be best described by two exponentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Comunetti
- Pharma Clinical Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Edelmann A, Galli B, Hennes U, Kistler A, Kuhn H, Mettler F. Prolactin lowering activity of the retinoid Ro 14-9706 affecting lactation and pup survival. Arch Toxicol 1994; 68:385-93. [PMID: 7916562 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The arotinoid Ro 14-9706, though devoid of any teratogenic potential, was found to reduce dose dependently the survival of pups when their mothers were treated with toxic doses during days 6-15 of gestation. The increased mortality was primarily seen during early lactation. When pups derived from treated mothers were nursed by control foster mothers unexposed to the drug, their survival was significantly improved indicating that the increased mortality was not solely due to fetal drug exposure. When pups derived from untreated mothers were fostered by dams that were exposed to the arotinoid during pregnancy, a significant pup mortality (p < 0.01) was observed, suggesting that the nursing behaviour of lactating dams was seriously affected. This impairment could be linked to a prolactin-suppressive activity of the arotinoid during lactation which was also seen during pregnancy. Other pituitary hormones, however, were not affected by the compound. Although the drug induced pronounced structural alterations in mitochondria of adrenocortical cells, visualized by light microscopy as extended vacuolization in the zona fasciculata and reticularis, this pathological finding did not translate into functional impairment of steroidogenesis. Thus, the arotinoid Ro 14-9706 exhibits in rats a prolactin-suppressive activity which affects lactation and subsequently pup survival. This particular endocrinological interference is a new phenomenon and uncommon for retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Edelmann
- Pharma Division, Preclinical Research, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Dean M, Allikmets R, Gerrard B, Stewart C, Kistler A, Shafer B, Michaelis S, Strathern J. Mapping and sequencing of two yeast genes belonging to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily. Yeast 1994; 10:377-83. [PMID: 7912468 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters share significant sequence identity within their ATP-binding domains. Degenerate oligonucleotides based on highly conserved portions of the ATP-binding domain genes were used to clone portions of two members of the ABC gene superfamily from Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA. These genes were designated MDL1 and MDL2 (for multidrug resistance-like). Each MDL gene is predicted to encode a single set of transmembrane domains and a single ATP-binding domain, thus the MDL gene products are 'half-molecule' ABC proteins. The two genes were mapped to precise regions on chromosomes XII and XVI and show a considerable similarity to the mammalian P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance (MDR) and peptide transporter (TAP) genes. Preliminary analysis of null mutants constructed by gene replacement has indicated that the MDL genes are not essential for viability of yeast. The sequences have been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession Numbers L16958 (Locus YSCBCSA) and L16959 (Locus YSCBCSB).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dean
- Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702-1201
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Abstract
Structural modifications of the arotinoid molecule RO 13-7410 led to a difference in the teratogenic potencies of more than five orders of magnitude in mice in vivo and in micromass cultures of rat embryonic limb bud cells (Kistler et al. 1990). Five of these retinoids were selected and tested in rat whole embryo culture to determine the suitability of this in vitro test system for the identification of potentially non-teratogenic derivatives among this class of chemicals. The highest concentrations of the compounds with no effects (NOAEL) on general conceptus growth, on differentiation and on the frequency of dysmorphogenic embryos in vitro were compared with the lowest effective teratogenic doses in vivo (LOAEL) or with the concentrations leading to 50% inhibition of limb bud cell differentiation (IC50) in vitro. NOAEL's for the parameters of conceptus development ranged from 10(-5) micrograms/ml (0.03 nM) to 10 micrograms/ml (28.7 microM) for the compounds tested. These correlated very well with LOAEL and IC50 (R greater than 0.95). The types of dysmorphogenesis in vitro were those typical for retinoids, and for the most part resembled the malformations found in vivo. We conclude that the whole embryo culture system is a useful tool for the preliminary testing of retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bechter
- Drug Safety Assessment, Sandoz Pharma Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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Michaelis S, Chen P, Berkower C, Sapperstein S, Kistler A. Biogenesis of yeast a-factor involves prenylation, methylation and a novel export mechanism. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1992; 61:115-7. [PMID: 1580613 DOI: 10.1007/bf00580617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Michaelis
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Schönfeld HJ, Pöschl B, Wessner B, Kistler A. Altered differentiation of limb bud cells by transforming growth factors-beta isolated from bone matrix and from platelets. Bone Miner 1991; 13:171-89. [PMID: 1650618 DOI: 10.1016/0169-6009(91)90067-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A crude extract of demineralized bone matrix caused an altered differentiation of limb bud cells which was seen within 5 days in culture. Using this bioassay system we purified two factors to homogeneity and found that according to their N-terminal sequences they corresponded to TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 isolated from platelets. Biochemical analyses and biological studies (molecular mass determination, inactivation by reducing agents and proteases, antibody neutralization, competitive binding to TGF-beta receptors and influence on protein expression) provided additional evidence that the two proteins isolated from demineralized bone matrix were apparently identical to TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2. Proteoglycan content, alkaline phosphatase activity and response of the cells to PTH stimulated adenylate cyclase were quantitatively changed by the factors. Culturing limb bud cells on polycarbonate membranes resulted in a rapid and extensive growth and differentiation of the cells to palpable tissue pieces. Relative to controls distinct cell and tissue morphology was observed macroscopically and in histological sections of these tissue pieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Schönfeld
- Central Research Unit, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basle, Switzerland
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Tsuchiya T, Bürgin H, Tsuchiya M, Winternitz P, Kistler A. Embryolethality of new herbicides is not detected by the micromass teratogen tests. Arch Toxicol 1991; 65:145-9. [PMID: 2059155 DOI: 10.1007/bf02034942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New herbicidal compounds (11 pyrimidine-diones, 3 benzoates and 1 sulfonamide) were found to be embryolethal but not teratogenic in rats. The range of the embryolethal dose varied from 0.2 to greater than 200 mg/kg. This broad range enabled us to validate whether proposed in vitro teratogen tests can detect the embryolethality of these herbicides. The IC50 values (inhibition concentration 50%) for both differentiation and proliferation of midbrain and limb bud cells of rat embryos were determined and found to be above 50 micrograms/ml in all cases, confirming that the herbicides were not teratogenic. No correlation, however, was observed between the embryolethality in vivo and the activities in these cells. In order to test whether the potential to cause embryolethality could be predicted and detected as a general cytotoxic effect, the inhibition of colony forming ability in V79 cells was determined. The results indicated that cytotoxicity in V79 cells may be useful for preliminary testing of the embryolethal effect of herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Kistler A, Wessner B. Extensive growth and differentiation of limb bud cells grown on polycarbonate membranes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1991; 27:1-5. [PMID: 2013549 DOI: 10.1007/bf02630887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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