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Luo L, Molthoff J, Li Q, Liu Y, Luo S, Li N, Xuan S, Wang Y, Shen S, Bovy AG, Zhao J, Chen X. Identification of candidate genes associated with less-photosensitive anthocyanin phenotype using an EMS mutant ( pind) in eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.). Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1282661. [PMID: 38169942 PMCID: PMC10758619 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1282661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a highly nutritious and economically important vegetable crop. However, the fruit peel of eggplant often shows poor coloration owing to low-light intensity during cultivation, especially in the winter. The less-photosensitive varieties produce anthocyanin in low light or even dark conditions, making them valuable breeding materials. Nevertheless, genes responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis in less-photosensitive eggplant varieties are not characterized. In this study, an EMS mutant, named purple in the dark (pind), was used to identify the key genes responsible for less-photosensitive coloration. Under natural conditions, the peel color and anthocyanin content in pind fruits were similar to that of wildtype '14-345'. The bagged pind fruits were light purple, whereas those of '14-345' were white; and the anthocyanin content in the pind fruit peel was significantly higher than that in '14-345'. Genetic analysis revealed that the less-photosensitive trait was controlled by a single dominant gene. The candidate gene was mapped on chromosome 10 in the region 7.72 Mb to 11.71 Mb. Thirty-five differentially expressed genes, including 12 structural genes, such as CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT, and three transcription factors MYB113, GL3, and TTG2, were identified in pind using RNA-seq. Four candidate genes EGP21875 (myb domain protein 113), EGP21950 (unknown protein), EGP21953 (CAAX amino-terminal protease family protein), and EGP21961 (CAAX amino-terminal protease family protein) were identified as putative genes associated with less-photosensitive anthocyanin biosynthesis in pind. These findings may clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying less-photosensitive anthocyanin biosynthesis in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuxing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, International Joint R & D Center of Hebei Province in Modern Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Barchi L, Aprea G, Rabanus-Wallace MT, Toppino L, Alonso D, Portis E, Lanteri S, Gaccione L, Omondi E, van Zonneveld M, Schafleitner R, Ferrante P, Börner A, Stein N, Díez MJ, Lefebvre V, Salinier J, Boyaci HF, Finkers R, Brouwer M, Bovy AG, Rotino GL, Prohens J, Giuliano G. Analysis of >3400 worldwide eggplant accessions reveals two independent domestication events and multiple migration-diversification routes. Plant J 2023; 116:1667-1680. [PMID: 37682777 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is an important Solanaceous crop, widely cultivated and consumed in Asia, the Mediterranean basin, and Southeast Europe. Its domestication centers and migration and diversification routes are still a matter of debate. We report the largest georeferenced and genotyped collection to this date for eggplant and its wild relatives, consisting of 3499 accessions from seven worldwide genebanks, originating from 105 countries in five continents. The combination of genotypic and passport data points to the existence of at least two main centers of domestication, in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent, with limited genetic exchange between them. The wild and weedy eggplant ancestor S. insanum shows admixture with domesticated S. melongena, similar to what was described for other fruit-bearing Solanaceous crops such as tomato and pepper and their wild ancestors. After domestication, migration and admixture of eggplant populations from different regions have been less conspicuous with respect to tomato and pepper, thus better preserving 'local' phenotypic characteristics. The data allowed the identification of misclassified and putatively duplicated accessions, facilitating genebank management. All the genetic, phenotypic, and passport data have been deposited in the Open Access G2P-SOL database, and constitute an invaluable resource for understanding the domestication, migration and diversification of this cosmopolitan vegetable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Barchi
- DISAFA - Plant Genetics, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprea
- ENEA, Casaccia Res Ctr, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - M Timothy Rabanus-Wallace
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Laura Toppino
- CREA, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via Paullese 28, Montanaso Lombardo, LO 26836, Italy
| | - David Alonso
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Ezio Portis
- DISAFA - Plant Genetics, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- DISAFA - Plant Genetics, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - Luciana Gaccione
- DISAFA - Plant Genetics, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paola Ferrante
- ENEA, Casaccia Res Ctr, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, Seeland, OT Gatersleben, 06466, Germany
- Department of Crop Sciences, Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August-University, Von Siebold Str. 8, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Maria José Díez
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | | | - Jérémy Salinier
- INRAE, GAFL, Montfavet, F-84140, France
- CIRAD La Réunion et Mayotte, UMR PVBMT Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Hatice Filiz Boyaci
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
| | - Richard Finkers
- Wageningen University & Research WUR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- GenNovation B.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Brouwer
- Wageningen University & Research WUR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G Bovy
- Wageningen University & Research WUR, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Leonardo Rotino
- CREA, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Via Paullese 28, Montanaso Lombardo, LO 26836, Italy
| | - Jaime Prohens
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) aroma is determined by the interaction of volatile compounds (VOCs) released by the tomato fruits with receptors in the nose, leading to a sensorial impression, such as "sweet", "smoky", or "fruity" aroma. Of the more than 400 VOCs released by tomato fruits, 21 have been reported as main contributors to the perceived tomato aroma. These VOCs can be grouped in five clusters, according to their biosynthetic origins. In the last decades, a vast array of scientific studies has investigated the genetic component of tomato aroma in modern tomato cultivars and their relatives. In this paper we aim to collect, compare, integrate and summarize the available literature on flavour-related QTLs in tomato. Three hundred and 5ifty nine (359) QTLs associated with tomato fruit VOCs were physically mapped on the genome and investigated for the presence of potential candidate genes. This review makes it possible to (i) pinpoint potential donors described in literature for specific traits, (ii) highlight important QTL regions by combining information from different populations, and (iii) pinpoint potential candidate genes. This overview aims to be a valuable resource for researchers aiming to elucidate the genetics underlying tomato flavour and for breeders who aim to improve tomato aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martina
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Ezio Portis
- DISAFA, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (A.G.B.); Tel.: +39-011-6708807 (E.P.); +31-317-480762 (A.G.B.)
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Roohanitaziani R, de Maagd RA, Lammers M, Molthoff J, Meijer-Dekens F, van Kaauwen MPW, Finkers R, Tikunov Y, Visser RGF, Bovy AG. Exploration of a Resequenced Tomato Core Collection for Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation in Plant Growth and Fruit Quality Traits. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111278. [PMID: 33137951 PMCID: PMC7692805 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A tomato core collection consisting of 122 gene bank accessions, including landraces, old cultivars, and wild relatives, was explored for variation in several plant growth, yield and fruit quality traits. The resequenced accessions were also genotyped with respect to a number of mutations or variations in key genes known to underlie these traits. The yield-related traits fruit number and fruit weight were much higher in cultivated varieties when compared to wild accessions, while, in wild tomato accessions, Brix was higher than in cultivated varieties. Known mutations in fruit size and shape genes could well explain the fruit size variation, and fruit colour variation could be well explained by known mutations in key genes of the carotenoid and flavonoid pathway. The presence and phenotype of several plant architecture affecting mutations, such as self-pruning (sp), compound inflorescence (s), jointless-2 (j-2), and potato leaf (c) were also confirmed. This study provides valuable phenotypic information on important plant growth- and quality-related traits in this collection. The allelic distribution of known genes that underlie these traits provides insight into the role and importance of these genes in tomato domestication and breeding. This resource can be used to support (precision) breeding strategies for tomato crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raana Roohanitaziani
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (J.M.); (F.M.-D.); (M.P.W.v.K.); (R.F.); (Y.T.); (R.G.F.V.)
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. de Maagd
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.d.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Michiel Lammers
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.d.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (J.M.); (F.M.-D.); (M.P.W.v.K.); (R.F.); (Y.T.); (R.G.F.V.)
| | - Fien Meijer-Dekens
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (J.M.); (F.M.-D.); (M.P.W.v.K.); (R.F.); (Y.T.); (R.G.F.V.)
| | - Martijn P. W. van Kaauwen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (J.M.); (F.M.-D.); (M.P.W.v.K.); (R.F.); (Y.T.); (R.G.F.V.)
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (J.M.); (F.M.-D.); (M.P.W.v.K.); (R.F.); (Y.T.); (R.G.F.V.)
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (J.M.); (F.M.-D.); (M.P.W.v.K.); (R.F.); (Y.T.); (R.G.F.V.)
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (J.M.); (F.M.-D.); (M.P.W.v.K.); (R.F.); (Y.T.); (R.G.F.V.)
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (J.M.); (F.M.-D.); (M.P.W.v.K.); (R.F.); (Y.T.); (R.G.F.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-317-480762
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Tikunov YM, Roohanitaziani R, Meijer‐Dekens F, Molthoff J, Paulo J, Finkers R, Capel I, Carvajal Moreno F, Maliepaard C, Nijenhuis‐de Vries M, Labrie CW, Verkerke W, van Heusden AW, van Eeuwijk F, Visser RGF, Bovy AG. The genetic and functional analysis of flavor in commercial tomato: the FLORAL4 gene underlies a QTL for floral aroma volatiles in tomato fruit. Plant J 2020; 103:1189-1204. [PMID: 32369642 PMCID: PMC7496274 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has become a popular model for genetic studies of fruit flavor in the last two decades. In this article we present a study of tomato fruit flavor, including an analysis of the genetic, metabolic and sensorial variation of a collection of contemporary commercial glasshouse tomato cultivars, followed by a validation of the associations found by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of representative biparental segregating populations. This led to the identification of the major sensorial and chemical components determining fruit flavor variation and detection of the underlying QTLs. The high representation of QTL haplotypes in the breeders' germplasm suggests that there is great potential for applying these QTLs in current breeding programs aimed at improving tomato flavor. A QTL on chromosome 4 was found to affect the levels of the phenylalanine-derived volatiles (PHEVs) 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane. Fruits of near-isogenic lines contrasting for this locus and in the composition of PHEVs significantly differed in the perception of fruity and rose-hip-like aroma. The PHEV locus was fine mapped, which allowed for the identification of FLORAL4 as a candidate gene for PHEV regulation. Using a gene-editing-based (CRISPR-CAS9) reverse-genetics approach, FLORAL4 was demonstrated to be the key factor in this QTL affecting PHEV accumulation in tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M. Tikunov
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Raana Roohanitaziani
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Fien Meijer‐Dekens
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Joao Paulo
- BiometrisWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Iris Capel
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Fatima Carvajal Moreno
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Chris Maliepaard
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Mariska Nijenhuis‐de Vries
- Food & Biobased ResearchWageningen University and ResearchBornse Weilanden 9Wageningen6708WGthe Netherlands
| | - Caroline W. Labrie
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University and ResearchViolierenweg 1Bleiswijk2665MVthe Netherlands
| | - Wouter Verkerke
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University and ResearchViolierenweg 1Bleiswijk2665MVthe Netherlands
| | - Adriaan W. van Heusden
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Fred van Eeuwijk
- BiometrisWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant BreedingWageningen University and ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
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Wang R, Lammers M, Tikunov Y, Bovy AG, Angenent GC, de Maagd RA. The rin, nor and Cnr spontaneous mutations inhibit tomato fruit ripening in additive and epistatic manners. Plant Sci 2020; 294:110436. [PMID: 32234221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruit ripening is regulated by transcription factors (TFs), their downstream effector genes, and the ethylene biosynthesis and signalling pathway. Spontaneous non-ripening mutants ripening inhibitor (rin), non-ripening (nor) and Colorless non-ripening (Cnr) correspond with mutations in or near the TF-encoding genes MADS-RIN, NAC-NOR and SPL-CNR, respectively. Here, we produced heterozygous single and double mutants of rin, nor and Cnr and evaluated their functions and genetic interactions in the same genetic background. We showed how these mutations interact at the level of phenotype, individual effector gene expression, and sensory and quality aspects, in a dose-dependent manner. Rin and nor have broadly similar quantitative effects on all aspects, demonstrating their additivity in fruit ripening regulation. We also found that the Cnr allele is epistatic to rin and nor and that its pleiotropic effects on fruit size and volatile production, in contrast to the well-known dominant effect on ripening, are incompletely dominant, or recessive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands; Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, the Netherlands
| | | | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, the Netherlands; Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, the Netherlands
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Paupière MJ, Tikunov YM, Firon N, de Vos RCH, Maliepaard C, Visser RGF, Bovy AG. The effect of isolation methods of tomato pollen on the results of metabolic profiling. Metabolomics 2019; 15:11. [PMID: 30830456 PMCID: PMC6326007 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful tool to detect hundreds of metabolites within a given tissue and to compare the metabolite composition of samples in a comprehensive manner. However, with regard to pollen research such comprehensive metabolomics approaches are yet not well developed. To enable isolation of pollen that is tightly enclosed within the anthers of the flower, such as immature pollen, the current pollen isolation protocols require the use of a watery solution. These protocols raise a number of concerns for their suitability in metabolomics analyses, in view of possible metabolic activities in the pollen and contamination with anther metabolites. OBJECTIVES We assessed the effect of different sample preparation procedures currently used for pollen isolation for their suitability to perform metabolomics of tomato pollen. METHODS Pollen were isolated using different methods and the metabolic profiles were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS Our results demonstrated that pollen isolation in a watery solution led to (i) rehydration of the pollen grains, inducing marked metabolic changes in flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and amino acids and thus resulting in a metabolite profile that did not reflect the one of mature dry pollen, (ii) hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose during subsequent metabolite extraction, unless the isolated and rehydrated pollen were lyophilized prior to extraction, and (iii) contamination with anther-specific metabolites, such as alkaloids, thus compromising the metabolic purity of the pollen fraction. CONCLUSION We conclude that the current practices used to isolate pollen are suboptimal for metabolomics analyses and provide recommendations on how to improve the pollen isolation protocol, in order to obtain the most reliable metabolic profile from pollen tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine J Paupière
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yury M Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nurit Firon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Maliepaard
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Paupière MJ, Müller F, Li H, Rieu I, Tikunov YM, Visser RGF, Bovy AG. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of tomato pollen development and heat stress response. Plant Reprod 2017; 30:81-94. [PMID: 28508929 PMCID: PMC5486769 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-017-0301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollen development metabolomics. Developing pollen is among the plant structures most sensitive to high temperatures, and a decrease in pollen viability is often associated with an alteration of metabolite content. Most of the metabolic studies of pollen have focused on a specific group of compounds, which limits the identification of physiologically important metabolites. To get a better insight into pollen development and the pollen heat stress response, we used a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform to detect secondary metabolites in pollen of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at three developmental stages under control conditions and after a short heat stress at 38 °C. Under control conditions, the young microspores accumulated a large amount of alkaloids and polyamines, whereas the mature pollen strongly accumulated flavonoids. The heat stress treatment led to accumulation of flavonoids in the microspore. The biological role of the detected metabolites is discussed. This study provides the first untargeted metabolomic analysis of developing pollen under a changing environment that can serve as reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine J Paupière
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Müller
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanjing Li
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yury M Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Ballester AR, Tikunov Y, Molthoff J, Grandillo S, Viquez-Zamora M, de Vos R, de Maagd RA, van Heusden S, Bovy AG. Identification of Loci Affecting Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Tomato Fruit of a Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum chmielewskii Introgression Line Population. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1428. [PMID: 27733856 PMCID: PMC5040107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Semi-polar metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids are very important health-related compounds in tomato. As a first step to identify genes responsible for the synthesis of semi-polar metabolites, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence the semi-polar metabolite content in red-ripe tomato fruit were identified, by characterizing fruits of a population of introgression lines (ILs) derived from a cross between the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum and the wild species Solanum chmielewskii. By analyzing fruits of plants grown at two different locations, we were able to identify robust metabolite QTLs for changes in phenylpropanoid glycoconjugation on chromosome 9, for accumulation of flavonol glycosides on chromosome 5, and for alkaloids on chromosome 7. To further characterize the QTLs we used a combination of genome sequencing, transcriptomics and targeted metabolomics to identify candidate key genes underlying the observed metabolic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Silvana Grandillo
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of ItalyPortici, Italy
| | | | - Ric de Vos
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. de Maagd
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems GenomicsWageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Arnaud G. Bovy,
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10
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Paupière MJ, van Heusden AW, Bovy AG. The metabolic basis of pollen thermo-tolerance: perspectives for breeding. Metabolites 2014; 4:889-920. [PMID: 25271355 PMCID: PMC4279151 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop production is highly sensitive to elevated temperatures. A rise of a few degrees above the optimum growing temperature can lead to a dramatic yield loss. A predicted increase of 1-3 degrees in the twenty first century urges breeders to develop thermo-tolerant crops which are tolerant to high temperatures. Breeding for thermo-tolerance is a challenge due to the low heritability of this trait. A better understanding of heat stress tolerance and the development of reliable methods to phenotype thermo-tolerance are key factors for a successful breeding approach. Plant reproduction is the most temperature-sensitive process in the plant life cycle. More precisely, pollen quality is strongly affected by heat stress conditions. High temperature leads to a decrease of pollen viability which is directly correlated with a loss of fruit production. The reduction in pollen viability is associated with changes in the level and composition of several (groups of) metabolites, which play an important role in pollen development, for example by contributing to pollen nutrition or by providing protection to environmental stresses. This review aims to underline the importance of maintaining metabolite homeostasis during pollen development, in order to produce mature and fertile pollen under high temperature. The review will give an overview of the current state of the art on the role of various pollen metabolites in pollen homeostasis and thermo-tolerance. Their possible use as metabolic markers to assist breeding programs for plant thermo-tolerance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine J Paupière
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan W van Heusden
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Arnaud G Bovy
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University Plant Breeding, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands.
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11
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Abstract
The present review aims to synthesize our present knowledge about the mechanisms implied in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds in the ripe tomato fruit, which have a key role in tomato flavour. The difficulties in identifiying not only genes or genomic regions but also individual target compounds for plant breeding are addressed. Ample variability in the levels of almost any volatile compound exists, not only in the populations derived from interspecific crosses but also in heirloom varieties and even in commercial hybrids. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for all tomato aroma volatiles have been identified in collections derived from both intraspecific and interspecific crosses with different wild tomato species and they (i) fail to co-localize with structural genes in the volatile biosynthetic pathways and (ii) reveal very little coincidence in the genomic regions characterized, indicating that there is ample opportunity to reinforce the levels of the volatiles of interest. Some of the identified genes may be useful as markers or as biotechnological tools to enhance tomato aroma. Current knowledge about the major volatile biosynthetic pathways in the fruit is summarized. Finally, and based on recent reports, it is stressed that conjugation to other metabolites such as sugars seems to play a key role in the modulation of volatile release, at least in some metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica Valencia, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yury M Tikunov
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio J Monforte
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica Valencia, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arnaud G Bovy
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica Valencia, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Parapunova V, Busscher M, Busscher-Lange J, Lammers M, Karlova R, Bovy AG, Angenent GC, de Maagd RA. Identification, cloning and characterization of the tomato TCP transcription factor family. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:157. [PMID: 24903607 PMCID: PMC4070083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TCP proteins are plant-specific transcription factors, which are known to have a wide range of functions in different plant species such as in leaf development, flower symmetry, shoot branching, and senescence. Only a small number of TCP genes has been characterised from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Here we report several functional features of the members of the entire family present in the tomato genome. RESULTS We have identified 30 Solanum lycopersicum SlTCP genes, most of which have not been described before. Phylogenetic analysis clearly distinguishes two homology classes of the SlTCP transcription factor family - class I and class II. Class II differentiates in two subclasses, the CIN-TCP subclass and the CYC/TB1 subclass, involved in leaf development and axillary shoots formation, respectively. The expression patterns of all members were determined by quantitative PCR. Several SlTCP genes, like SlTCP12, SlTCP15 and SlTCP18 are preferentially expressed in the tomato fruit, suggesting a role during fruit development or ripening. These genes are regulated by RIN (RIPENING INHIBITOR), CNR (COLORLESS NON-RIPENING) and SlAP2a (APETALA2a) proteins, which are transcription factors with key roles in ripening. With a yeast one-hybrid assay we demonstrated that RIN binds the promoter fragments of SlTCP12, SlTCP15 and SlTCP18, and that CNR binds the SlTCP18 promoter. This data strongly suggests that these class I SlTCP proteins are involved in ripening. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SlTCPs bind the promoter fragments of members of their own family, indicating that they regulate each other. Additional yeast one-hybrid studies performed with Arabidopsis transcription factors revealed binding of the promoter fragments by proteins involved in the ethylene signal transduction pathway, contributing to the idea that these SlTCP genes are involved in the ripening process. Yeast two-hybrid data shows that SlTCP proteins can form homo and heterodimers, suggesting that they act together in order to form functional protein complexes and together regulate developmental processes in tomato. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive analysis we performed, like phylogenetic analysis, expression studies, identification of the upstream regulators and the dimerization specificity of the tomato TCP transcription factor family provides the basis for functional studies to reveal the role of this family in tomato development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Parapunova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen-UR, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Busscher
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel Lammers
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rumyana Karlova
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G Bovy
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen-UR, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud A de Maagd
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 619, 6700 AP Wageningen, the Netherlands
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13
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Eggink PM, Tikunov Y, Maliepaard C, Haanstra JPW, de Rooij H, Vogelaar A, Gutteling EW, Freymark G, Bovy AG, Visser RGF. Capturing flavors from Capsicum baccatum by introgression in sweet pepper. Theor Appl Genet 2014; 127:373-90. [PMID: 24185820 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical characterization in combination with genetic analyses in BC 2 S 1 plants and near-isogenic lines led to the detection and validation of C. baccatum loci affecting flavor, terpenoid content and Brix level. The species Capsicum baccatum includes the most common hot peppers of the Andean cuisine, known for their rich variation in flavors and aromas. So far the C. baccatum genetic variation remained merely concealed for Capsicum annuum breeding, due to post-fertilization genetic barriers encountered in interspecific hybridization. However, to exploit the potential flavor wealth of C. baccatum we combined interspecific crossing with embryo rescue, resulting in a multi-parent BC2S1 population. Volatile and non-volatile compounds plus some physical characters were measured in mature fruits, in combination with taste evaluation by a sensory panel. An enormous variation in biochemical composition and sensory attributes was found, with almost all traits showing transgression. A population-specific genetic linkage map was developed for QTL mapping. BC2S1 QTLs were validated in an experiment with near-isogenic lines, resulting in confirmed genetic effects for physical, biochemical and sensory traits. Three findings are described in more detail: (1) A small C. baccatum LG3 introgression caused an extraordinary effect on flavor, resulting in significantly higher scores for the attributes aroma, flowers, spices, celery and chives. In an attempt to identify the responsible biochemical compounds few consistently up- and down-regulated metabolites were detected. (2) Two introgressions (LG10.1 and LG1) had major effects on terpenoid content of mature fruits, affecting at least 15 different monoterpenes. (3) A second LG3 fragment resulted in a strong increase in Brix without negative effects on fruit size. The mapping strategy, the potential application of studied traits and perspectives for breeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Eggink
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V., P.O. Box 40, 2678 ZG, De Lier, The Netherlands,
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14
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Wahyuni Y, Stahl-Hermes V, Ballester AR, de Vos RCH, Voorrips RE, Maharijaya A, Molthoff J, Zamora MV, Sudarmonowati E, Arisi ACM, Bino RJ, Bovy AG. Genetic mapping of semi-polar metabolites in pepper fruits ( Capsicum sp.): towards unravelling the molecular regulation of flavonoid quantitative trait loci. Mol Breed 2014; 33:503-518. [PMID: 24532977 PMCID: PMC3918126 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-013-9967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted LCMS profiling of semi-polar metabolites followed by metabolite quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analysis was performed in ripe pepper fruits of 113 F2 plants derived from a cross between Capsicum annuum AC1979 (no. 19) and Capsicum chinense No. 4661 Selection (no. 18). The parental accessions were selected based on their variation in fruit morphological characteristics and fruit content of some target phytonutrients. Clear segregation of fruit colour and fruit metabolite profiles was observed in the F2 population. The F2 plants formed three clusters based on their metabolite profiles. Of the total of 542 metabolites, 52 could be annotated, including a range of flavonoids, such as flavone C-glycosides, flavonol O-glycosides and naringenin chalcone, as well as several phenylpropanoids, a capsaicin analogue, fatty acid derivatives and amino acid derivatives. Interval mapping revealed 279 mQTLs in total. Two mQTL hotspots were found on chromosome 9. These two chromosomal regions regulated the relative levels of 35 and 103 metabolites, respectively. Analysis also revealed an mQTL for a capsaicin analogue, located on chromosome 7. Confirmation of flavonoid mQTLs using a set of six flavonoid candidate gene markers and their corresponding expression data (expression QTLs) indicated the Ca-MYB12 transcription factor gene on chromosome 1 and the gene encoding flavone synthase (FS-2) on chromosome 6 as likely causative genes determining the variation in naringenin chalcone and flavone C-glycosides, respectively, in this population. The combination of large-scale metabolite profiling and QTL analysis provided valuable insight into the genomic regions and genes important for the production of (secondary) metabolites in pepper fruit. This will impact breeding strategies aimed at optimising the content of specific metabolites in pepper fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Wahyuni
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Research Centre for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16910 Indonesia
| | - Vanessa Stahl-Hermes
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Florianópolis, SC 88034-001 Brazil
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
| | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Awang Maharijaya
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Raya Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Enny Sudarmonowati
- Research Centre for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16910 Indonesia
| | - Ana Carolina Maisonnave Arisi
- Present Address: Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Florianópolis, SC 88034-001 Brazil
| | - Raoul J. Bino
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Tikunov YM, Molthoff J, de Vos RC, Beekwilder J, van Houwelingen A, van der Hooft JJ, Nijenhuis-de Vries M, Labrie CW, Verkerke W, van de Geest H, Viquez Zamora M, Presa S, Rambla JL, Granell A, Hall RD, Bovy AG. Non-smoky glycosyltransferase1 prevents the release of smoky aroma from tomato fruit. Plant Cell 2013; 25:3067-78. [PMID: 23956261 PMCID: PMC3784599 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid volatiles are responsible for the key tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) aroma attribute termed "smoky." Release of these volatiles from their glycosylated precursors, rather than their biosynthesis, is the major determinant of smoky aroma in cultivated tomato. using a combinatorial omics approach, we identified the non-smoky glycosyltransferase1 (NSGT1) gene. Expression of NSGT1 is induced during fruit ripening, and the encoded enzyme converts the cleavable diglycosides of the smoky-related phenylpropanoid volatiles into noncleavable triglycosides, thereby preventing their deglycosylation and release from tomato fruit upon tissue disruption. In an nsgt1/nsgt1 background, further glycosylation of phenylpropanoid volatile diglycosides does not occur, thereby enabling their cleavage and the release of corresponding volatiles. Using reverse genetics approaches, the NSGT1-mediated glycosylation was shown to be the molecular mechanism underlying the major quantitative trait locus for smoky aroma. Sensory trials with transgenic fruits, in which the inactive nsgt1 was complemented with the functional NSGT1, showed a significant and perceivable reduction in smoky aroma. NSGT1 may be used in a precision breeding strategy toward development of tomato fruits with distinct flavor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M. Tikunov
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to
| | - Jos Molthoff
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C.H. de Vos
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Wouter Verkerke
- Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Henri van de Geest
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Silvia Presa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Wahyuni Y, Ballester AR, Sudarmonowati E, Bino RJ, Bovy AG. Secondary metabolites of Capsicum species and their importance in the human diet. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:783-93. [PMID: 23477482 DOI: 10.1021/np300898z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The genus Capsicum (pepper) comprises a large number of wild and cultivated species. The plants are grown all over the world, primarily in tropical and subtropical countries. The fruits are an excellent source of health-related compounds, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotenoids (provitamin A), tocopherols (vitamin E), flavonoids, and capsaicinoids. Pepper fruits have been used for fresh and cooked consumption, as well as for medicinal purposes, such as treatment of asthma, coughs, sore throats, and toothache. Depending on its uses, there are several main characters important for product quality; pungency, bright attractive colors, highly concentrated extracts, and a small number of seeds are the main characters on which quality is based and priced. Herein, a general overview of biochemical composition, medical properties of these compounds, and characteristics of quality attributes of pepper fruits is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Wahyuni
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Gijsbers L, van Eekelen HDLM, de Haan LHJ, Swier JM, Heijink NL, Kloet SK, Man HY, Bovy AG, Keijer J, Aarts JMMJG, van der Burg B, Rietjens IMCM. Induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-mediated gene expression by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:3419-3427. [PMID: 23418723 DOI: 10.1021/jf304790a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since beneficial effects related to tomato consumption partially overlap with those related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation, our aim was to test extracts of tomato fruits and tomato components, including polyphenols and isoprenoids, for their capacity to activate PPARγ using the PPARγ2 CALUX reporter cell line. Thirty tomato compounds were tested; seven carotenoids and three polyphenols induced PPARγ2-mediated luciferase expression. Two extracts of tomato, one containing deglycosylated phenolic compounds and one containing isoprenoids, also induced PPARγ2-mediated expression at physiologically relevant concentrations. Furthermore, enzymatically hydrolyzed extracts of seven tomato varieties all induced PPARγ-mediated expression, with a 1.6-fold difference between the least potent and the most potent variety. The two most potent varieties had high flavonoid content, while the two least potent varieties had low flavonoid content. These data indicate that extracts of tomato are able to induce PPARγ-mediated gene expression in vitro and that some tomato varieties are more potent than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Gijsbers
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Karlova R, van Haarst JC, Maliepaard C, van de Geest H, Bovy AG, Lammers M, Angenent GC, de Maagd RA. Identification of microRNA targets in tomato fruit development using high-throughput sequencing and degradome analysis. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:1863-78. [PMID: 23487304 PMCID: PMC3638818 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in plant development through regulation of gene expression by mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. Despite the fact that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the model system for studying fleshy fruit development and ripening, only a few experimentally proven miRNA targets are known, and the role of miRNA action in these processes remains largely unknown. Here, by using parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE) for global identification of miRNA targets and comparing four different stages of tomato fruit development, a total of 119 target genes of miRNAs were identified. Of these, 106 appeared to be new targets. A large part of the identified targets (56) coded for transcription factors. Auxin response factors, as well as two known ripening regulators, colorless non-ripening (CNR) and APETALA2a (SlAP2a), with developmentally regulated degradation patterns were identified. The levels of the intact messenger of both CNR and AP2a are actively modulated during ripening, by miR156/157 and miR172, respectively. Additionally, two TAS3-mRNA loci were identified as targets of miR390. Other targets such as Argonaute 1 (AGO1), shown to be involved in miRNA biogenesis in other plant species, were identified, which suggests a feedback loop regulation of this process. In this study, it is shown that miRNA-guided cleavage of mRNAs is likely to play an important role in tomato fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumyana Karlova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- *Present address: Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. van Haarst
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Maliepaard
- Business Unit Biodiversity and Breeding, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri van de Geest
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Business Unit Biodiversity and Breeding, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Lammers
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Angenent
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- †To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Wahyuni Y, Ballester AR, Tikunov Y, de Vos RCH, Pelgrom KTB, Maharijaya A, Sudarmonowati E, Bino RJ, Bovy AG. Metabolomics and molecular marker analysis to explore pepper (Capsicum sp.) biodiversity. Metabolomics 2013; 9:130-144. [PMID: 23335867 PMCID: PMC3548101 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-012-0432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the metabolic diversity in ripe fruits of a collection of 32 diverse pepper (Capsicum sp.) accessions was obtained by measuring the composition of both semi-polar and volatile metabolites in fruit pericarp, using untargeted LC-MS and headspace GC-MS platforms, respectively. Accessions represented C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. baccatum species, which were selected based on variation in morphological characters, pungency and geographic origin. Genotypic analysis using AFLP markers confirmed the phylogenetic clustering of accessions according to Capsicum species and separated C. baccatum from the C. annuum-C. chinense-C. frutescens complex. Species-specific clustering was also observed when accessions were grouped based on their semi-polar metabolite profiles. In total 88 semi-polar metabolites could be putatively identified. A large proportion of these metabolites represented conjugates of the main pepper flavonoids (quercetin, apigenin and luteolin) decorated with different sugar groups at different positions along the aglycone. In addition, a large group of acyclic diterpenoid glycosides, called capsianosides, was found to be highly abundant in all C. annuum genotypes. In contrast to the variation in semi-polar metabolites, the variation in volatiles corresponded well to the differences in pungency between the accessions. This was particularly true for branched fatty acid esters present in pungent accessions, which may reflect the activity through the acyl branch of the metabolic pathway leading to capsaicinoids. In addition, large genetic variation was observed for many well-established pepper aroma compounds. These profiling data can be used in breeding programs aimed at improving metabolite-based quality traits such as flavour and health-related metabolites in pepper fruits. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-012-0432-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Wahyuni
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Research Centre for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16910 Indonesia
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia Spain
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Awang Maharijaya
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Raya Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Enny Sudarmonowati
- Research Centre for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16910 Indonesia
| | - Raoul J. Bino
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Schaart JG, Dubos C, Romero De La Fuente I, van Houwelingen AMML, de Vos RCH, Jonker HH, Xu W, Routaboul JM, Lepiniec L, Bovy AG. Identification and characterization of MYB-bHLH-WD40 regulatory complexes controlling proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruits. New Phytol 2013; 197:454-467. [PMID: 23157553 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruits contain high concentrations of flavonoids. In unripe strawberries, the flavonoids are mainly represented by proanthocyanidins (PAs), while in ripe fruits the red-coloured anthocyanins also accumulate. Most of the structural genes leading to PA biosynthesis in strawberry have been characterized, but no information is available on their transcriptional regulation. In Arabidopsis thaliana the expression of the PA biosynthetic genes is specifically induced by a ternary protein complex, composed of AtTT2 (AtMYB123), AtTT8 (AtbHLH042) and AtTTG1 (WD40-repeat protein). A strategy combining yeast-two-hybrid screening and agglomerative hierarchical clustering of transcriptomic and metabolomic data was undertaken to identify strawberry PA regulators. Among the candidate genes isolated, four were similar to AtTT2, AtTT8 and AtTTG1 (FaMYB9/FaMYB11, FabHLH3 and FaTTG1, respectively) and two encode putative negative regulators (FaMYB5 and FabHLH3∆). Interestingly, FaMYB9/FaMYB11, FabHLH3 and FaTTG1 were found to complement the tt2-1, tt8-3 and ttg1-1 transparent testa mutants, respectively. In addition, they interacted in yeast and activated the Arabidopsis BANYULS (anthocyanidin reductase) gene promoter when coexpressed in Physcomitrella patens protoplasts. Taken together, these results demonstrated that FaMYB9/FaMYB11, FabHLH3 and FaTTG1 are the respective functional homologues of AtTT2, AtTT8 and AtTTG1, providing new tools for modifying PA content and strawberry fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Schaart
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Dubos
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Irene Romero De La Fuente
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adèle M M L van Houwelingen
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry H Jonker
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wenjia Xu
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marc Routaboul
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud G Bovy
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Gijsbers L, van Eekelen HD, Nguyen TH, de Haan LH, van der Burg B, Aarts JM, Rietjens IM, Bovy AG. Induction of electrophile-responsive element (EpRE)-mediated gene expression by tomato extracts in vitro. Food Chem 2012; 135:1166-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bemer M, Karlova R, Ballester AR, Tikunov YM, Bovy AG, Wolters-Arts M, Rossetto PDB, Angenent GC, de Maagd RA. The tomato FRUITFULL homologs TDR4/FUL1 and MBP7/FUL2 regulate ethylene-independent aspects of fruit ripening. Plant Cell 2012; 24:4437-51. [PMID: 23136376 PMCID: PMC3531844 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains two close homologs of the Arabidopsis thaliana MADS domain transcription factor FRUITFULL (FUL), FUL1 (previously called TDR4) and FUL2 (previously MBP7). Both proteins interact with the ripening regulator RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN) and are expressed during fruit ripening. To elucidate their function in tomato, we characterized single and double FUL1 and FUL2 knockdown lines. Whereas the single lines only showed very mild alterations in fruit pigmentation, the double silenced lines exhibited an orange-ripe fruit phenotype due to highly reduced lycopene levels, suggesting that FUL1 and FUL2 have a redundant function in fruit ripening. More detailed analyses of the phenotype, transcriptome, and metabolome of the fruits silenced for both FUL1 and FUL2 suggest that the genes are involved in cell wall modification, the production of cuticle components and volatiles, and glutamic acid (Glu) accumulation. Glu is responsible for the characteristic umami taste of the present-day cultivated tomato fruit. In contrast with previously identified ripening regulators, FUL1 and FUL2 do not regulate ethylene biosynthesis but influence ripening in an ethylene-independent manner. Our data combined with those of others suggest that FUL1/2 and TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 regulate different subsets of the known RIN targets, probably in a protein complex with the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Bemer
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rumyana Karlova
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Rosa Ballester
- Business Unit Biodiversity and Breeding, Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yury M. Tikunov
- Business Unit Biodiversity and Breeding, Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Business Unit Biodiversity and Breeding, Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Wolters-Arts
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerco C. Angenent
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to ruud.
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23
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Gady ALF, Vriezen WH, Van de Wal MHBJ, Huang P, Bovy AG, Visser RGF, Bachem CWB. Induced point mutations in the phytoene synthase 1 gene cause differences in carotenoid content during tomato fruit ripening. Mol Breed 2012; 29:801-812. [PMID: 22408384 PMCID: PMC3285762 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-011-9591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In tomato, carotenoids are important with regard to major breeding traits such as fruit colour and human health. The enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY1) directs metabolic flux towards carotenoid synthesis. Through TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes), we have identified two point mutations in the Psy1 gene. The first mutation is a knockout allele (W180*) and the second mutation leads to an amino acid substitution (P192L). Plants carrying the Psy1 knockout allele show fruit with a yellow flesh colour similar to the r, r mutant, with no further change in colour during ripening. In the line with P192L substitution, fruit remain yellow until 3 days post-breaker and eventually turn red. Metabolite profiling verified the absence of carotenoids in the W180* line and thereby confirms that PSY1 is the only enzyme introducing substrate into the carotenoid pathway in ripening fruit. More subtle effects on carotenoid accumulation were observed in the P192L line with a delay in lycopene and β-carotene accumulation clearly linked to a very slow synthesis of phytoene. The observation of lutein degradation with ripening in both lines showed that lutein and its precursors are still synthesised in ripening fruit. Gene expression analysis of key genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis revealed that expression levels of genes in the pathway are not feedback-regulated by low levels or absence of carotenoid compounds. Furthermore, protein secondary structure modelling indicated that the P192L mutation affects PSY1 activity through misfolding, leading to the low phytoene accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine L. F. Gady
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen-UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. Vriezen
- Nunhems Netherlands BV, P.O. Box 4005, 6080 AA Haelen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pingping Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen-UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen-UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud G. Bovy
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen-UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen-UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian W. B. Bachem
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen-UR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ballester AR, Lafuente MT, Forment J, Gadea J, De Vos RCH, Bovy AG, González-Candelas L. Transcriptomic profiling of citrus fruit peel tissues reveals fundamental effects of phenylpropanoids and ethylene on induced resistance. Mol Plant Pathol 2011; 12:879-97. [PMID: 21726388 PMCID: PMC6640524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium spp. are the major postharvest pathogens of citrus fruit in Mediterranean climatic regions. The induction of natural resistance constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to avoid the environmental contamination and health problems caused by chemical fungicides. To understand the bases of the induction of resistance in citrus fruit against Penicillium digitatum, we have used a 12k citrus cDNA microarray to study transcriptional changes in the outer and inner parts of the peel (flavedo and albedo, respectively) of elicited fruits. The elicitor treatment led to an over-representation of biological processes associated with secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoids and cellular amino acid biosynthesis and methionine metabolism, and the down-regulation of genes related to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among phenylpropanoids, we detected the over-expression of a large subset of genes important for the synthesis of flavonoids, coumarins and lignin, especially in the internal tissue. Furthermore, these genes and those of ethylene biosynthesis showed the highest induction. The involvement of both phenylpropanoid and ethylene pathways was confirmed by examining changes in gene expression and ethylene production in elicited citrus fruit. Therefore, global results indicate that secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoids, and ethylene play important roles in the induction of resistance in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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25
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Wahyuni Y, Ballester AR, Sudarmonowati E, Bino RJ, Bovy AG. Metabolite biodiversity in pepper (Capsicum) fruits of thirty-two diverse accessions: variation in health-related compounds and implications for breeding. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:1358-70. [PMID: 21514607 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study on morphology and biochemical compounds of 32 Capsicum spp. accessions has been performed. Accessions represented four pepper species, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum chinense and Capsicum baccatum which were selected by their variation in morphological characters such as fruit color, pungency and origin. Major metabolites in fruits of pepper, carotenoids, capsaicinoids (pungency), flavonoid glycosides, and vitamins C and E were analyzed and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that composition and level of metabolites in fruits varied greatly between accessions and was independent of species and geographical location. Fruit color was determined by the accumulation of specific carotenoids leading to salmon, yellow, orange, red and brown colored fruits. Levels of both O- and C-glycosides of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin varied strongly between accessions. All non-pungent accessions were devoid of capsaicins, whereas capsaicinoid levels ranged from 0.07 up to 80 mg/100g fr. wt. in fruit pericarp. In general, pungent accessions accumulated the highest capsaicinoid levels in placenta plus seed tissue compared to pericarp. The non-pungent capsaicinoid analogs, capsiates, could be detected at low levels in some pungent accessions. All accessions accumulated high levels of vitamin C, up to 200 mg/100g fr. wt. The highest vitamin E concentration found was 16 mg/100g fr. wt. Based on these metabolic data, five accessions were selected for further metabolic and molecular analysis, in order to isolate key genes involved in the production of these compounds and to assist future breeding programs aimed at optimizing the levels of health-related compounds in pepper fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Wahyuni
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Hanssen IM, Peter van Esse H, Ballester AR, Hogewoning SW, Parra NO, Paeleman A, Lievens B, Bovy AG, Thomma BP. Differential tomato transcriptomic responses induced by pepino mosaic virus isolates with differential aggressiveness. Plant Physiol 2011; 156:301-18. [PMID: 21427280 PMCID: PMC3091055 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.173906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a highly infectious potexvirus and a major disease of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) crops worldwide. Damage and economic losses caused by PepMV vary greatly and can be attributed to differential symptomatology caused by different PepMV isolates. Here, we used a custom-designed Affymetrix tomato GeneChip array with probe sets to interrogate over 22,000 tomato transcripts to study transcriptional changes in response to inoculation of tomato seedlings with a mild and an aggressive PepMV isolate that share 99.4% nucleotide sequence identity. The two isolates induced a different transcriptomic response, despite accumulating to similar viral titers. PepMV inoculation resulted in repression of photosynthesis. In addition, defense responses were stronger upon inoculation with the aggressive isolate, in both cases mediated by salicylic acid signaling rather than by jasmonate signaling. Our results furthermore show that PepMV differentially regulates the RNA silencing pathway, suggesting a role for a PepMV-encoded silencing suppressor. Finally, perturbation of pigment biosynthesis, as shown by differential regulation of the flavonoid and lycopene biosynthesis pathways, was monitored. Metabolite analyses on mature fruits of PepMV-infected tomato plants, which showed typical fruit marbling, revealed a decrease in carotenoids, likely responsible for the marbled phenotype, and an increase in alkaloids and phenylpropanoids that are associated with pathogen defense in the yellow sectors of the fruit.
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27
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Tikunov YM, de Vos RCH, González Paramás AMX, Hall RD, Bovy AG. A role for differential glycoconjugation in the emission of phenylpropanoid volatiles from tomato fruit discovered using a metabolic data fusion approach. Plant Physiol 2010; 152:55-70. [PMID: 19889876 PMCID: PMC2799346 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.146670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A role for differential glycoconjugation in the emission of phenylpropanoid volatiles from ripening tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) upon fruit tissue disruption has been discovered in this study. Application of a multiinstrumental analytical platform for metabolic profiling of fruits from a diverse collection of tomato cultivars revealed that emission of three discriminatory phenylpropanoid volatiles, namely methyl salicylate, guaiacol, and eugenol, took place upon disruption of fruit tissue through cleavage of the corresponding glycoconjugates, identified putatively as hexose-pentosides. However, in certain genotypes, phenylpropanoid volatile emission was arrested due to the corresponding hexose-pentoside precursors having been converted into glycoconjugate species of a higher complexity: dihexose-pentosides and malonyl-dihexose-pentosides. This glycoside conversion was established to occur in tomato fruit during the later phases of fruit ripening and has consequently led to the inability of red fruits of these genotypes to emit key phenylpropanoid volatiles upon fruit tissue disruption. This principle of volatile emission regulation can pave the way to new strategies for controlling tomato fruit flavor and taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M Tikunov
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Carbone F, Preuss A, De Vos RCH, D'Amico E, Perrotta G, Bovy AG, Martens S, Rosati C. Developmental, genetic and environmental factors affect the expression of flavonoid genes, enzymes and metabolites in strawberry fruits. Plant Cell Environ 2009; 32:1117-31. [PMID: 19422609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of internal (genetic and developmental) and external (environmental) factors on levels of flavonoid gene transcripts, enzyme activity and metabolites was studied in fruit of six cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) genotypes grown at two Italian locations. Gene expression and enzyme activity showed development- and genotype-associated patterns, revealing gene coordination. Analysis clarified the regulation mechanism of the hydroxylation status of the B-ring of the major flavonoid pools and pointed out examples of genotype-specific post-transcriptional regulation mechanisms and key steps of pathway regulation in strawberry fruits. Metabolite profiles were strongly affected by development and genotype. Flavan-3-ols, their proanthocyanidin (PA) derivatives and anthocyanins were the most abundant metabolites. Flavonol levels and PA-associated traits (epicatechin/catechin ratio and mean degree of polymerization) showed significant environmental effects. Multivariate and correlation analyses determined the relationships among genes, enzymes and metabolites. The combined molecular and biochemical information elucidated more in depth the role of genetic and environmental factors on flavonoid metabolism during strawberry fruit development, highlighting the major impact of developmental processes, and revealing genotype-dependent differences and environmental effects on PA-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Carbone
- ENEA, Trisaia Research Center, Department of Genetics and Genomics, 75026 Rotondella (MT), Italy
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29
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Kovács K, Fray RG, Tikunov Y, Graham N, Bradley G, Seymour GB, Bovy AG, Grierson D. Effect of tomato pleiotropic ripening mutations on flavour volatile biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 2009; 70:1003-8. [PMID: 19539963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ripening is a tightly controlled and developmentally regulated process involving networks of genes, and metabolites that result in dramatic changes in fruit colour, texture and flavour. Molecular and genetic analysis in tomato has revealed a series of regulatory genes involved in fruit development and ripening, including MADS box and SPB box transcription factors and genes involved in ethylene synthesis, signalling and response. Volatile metabolites represent a significant part of the plant metabolome, playing an important role in plant signalling, defence strategies and probably in regulatory mechanisms. They also play an important role in fruit quality. In order to acquire a better insight into the biochemical and genetic control of flavour compound generation and links between these metabolites and the central regulators of ripening, five pleiotropic mutant tomato lines were subjected to volatile metabolite profiling in comparison with wild-type Ailsa Craig. One hundred and seventeen volatile compounds were identified and quantified using SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction) headspace extraction followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and the data were subjected to multivariate comparative analysis. We find that the different mutants each produce distinct volatile profiles during ripening. Through principal component analysis the volatiles most dramatically affected are those derived from fatty-acids. The results are consistent with the suggestion that specific isoforms of lipoxygenase located in the plastids and the enzymes that provide precursors and downstream metabolites play a key role in determining volatile composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kovács
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Butelli E, Titta L, Giorgio M, Mock HP, Matros A, Peterek S, Schijlen EGWM, Hall RD, Bovy AG, Luo J, Martin C. Enrichment of tomato fruit with health-promoting anthocyanins by expression of select transcription factors. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:1301-8. [PMID: 18953354 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Almeida JRM, D'Amico E, Preuss A, Carbone F, de Vos CHR, Deiml B, Mourgues F, Perrotta G, Fischer TC, Bovy AG, Martens S, Rosati C. Characterization of major enzymes and genes involved in flavonoid and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis during fruit development in strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa). Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:61-71. [PMID: 17573033 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins was studied in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria xananassa) by combining biochemical and molecular approaches. Chemical analyses showed that ripe strawberries accumulate high amounts of pelargonidin-derived anthocyanins, and a larger pool of 3',4'-hydroxylated proanthocyanidins. Activities and properties of major recombinant enzymes were demonstrated by means of in vitro assays, with special emphasis on specificity for the biologically relevant 4'- and 3',4'-hydroxylated compounds. Only leucoanthocyanidin reductase showed a strict specificity for the 3',4'-hydroxylated leucocyanidin, while other enzymes accepted either hydroxylated substrate with different relative activity rates. The structure of late flavonoid pathway genes, leading to the synthesis of major compounds in ripe fruits, was elucidated. Complex developmental and spatial expression patterns were shown for phenylpropanoid and flavonoid genes in fruits throughout ripening as well as in leaves, petals and roots. Presented results elucidate key steps in the biosynthesis of strawberry flavonoid end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R M Almeida
- ENEA, Trisaia Research Center, Department of Genetics and Genomics, S.S.106, km 419+500, 75026 Rotondella, MT, Italy
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Schijlen EGWM, de Vos CHR, Martens S, Jonker HH, Rosin FM, Molthoff JW, Tikunov YM, Angenent GC, van Tunen AJ, Bovy AG. RNA interference silencing of chalcone synthase, the first step in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, leads to parthenocarpic tomato fruits. Plant Physiol 2007; 144:1520-30. [PMID: 17478633 PMCID: PMC1914118 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Parthenocarpy, the formation of seedless fruits in the absence of functional fertilization, is a desirable trait for several important crop plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Seedless fruits can be of great value for consumers, the processing industry, and breeding companies. In this article, we propose a novel strategy to obtain parthenocarpic tomatoes by down-regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression of chalcone synthase (CHS), the first gene in the flavonoid pathway. In CHS RNAi plants, total flavonoid levels, transcript levels of both Chs1 and Chs2, as well as CHS enzyme activity were reduced by up to a few percent of the corresponding wild-type values. Surprisingly, all strong Chs-silenced tomato lines developed parthenocarpic fruits. Although a relation between flavonoids and parthenocarpic fruit development has never been described, it is well known that flavonoids are essential for pollen development and pollen tube growth and, hence, play an essential role in plant reproduction. The observed parthenocarpic fruit development appeared to be pollination dependent, and Chs RNAi fruits displayed impaired pollen tube growth. Our results lead to novel insight in the mechanisms underlying parthenocarpic fruit development. The potential of this technology for applications in plant breeding and biotechnology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio G W M Schijlen
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Tikunov Y, Lommen A, de Vos CHR, Verhoeven HA, Bino RJ, Hall RD, Bovy AG. A novel approach for nontargeted data analysis for metabolomics. Large-scale profiling of tomato fruit volatiles. Plant Physiol 2005; 139:1125-37. [PMID: 16286451 PMCID: PMC1283752 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.068130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To take full advantage of the power of functional genomics technologies and in particular those for metabolomics, both the analytical approach and the strategy chosen for data analysis need to be as unbiased and comprehensive as possible. Existing approaches to analyze metabolomic data still do not allow a fast and unbiased comparative analysis of the metabolic composition of the hundreds of genotypes that are often the target of modern investigations. We have now developed a novel strategy to analyze such metabolomic data. This approach consists of (1) full mass spectral alignment of gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) metabolic profiles using the MetAlign software package, (2) followed by multivariate comparative analysis of metabolic phenotypes at the level of individual molecular fragments, and (3) multivariate mass spectral reconstruction, a method allowing metabolite discrimination, recognition, and identification. This approach has allowed a fast and unbiased comparative multivariate analysis of the volatile metabolite composition of ripe fruits of 94 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes, based on intensity patterns of >20,000 individual molecular fragments throughout 198 GC-MS datasets. Variation in metabolite composition, both between- and within-fruit types, was found and the discriminative metabolites were revealed. In the entire genotype set, a total of 322 different compounds could be distinguished using multivariate mass spectral reconstruction. A hierarchical cluster analysis of these metabolites resulted in clustering of structurally related metabolites derived from the same biochemical precursors. The approach chosen will further enhance the comprehensiveness of GC-MS-based metabolomics approaches and will therefore prove a useful addition to nontargeted functional genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Tikunov
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Schijlen EGWM, Ric de Vos CH, van Tunen AJ, Bovy AG. Modification of flavonoid biosynthesis in crop plants. Phytochemistry 2004; 65:2631-48. [PMID: 15464151 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids comprise the most common group of polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites. In plants, flavonoids play an important role in biological processes. Beside their function as pigments in flowers and fruits, to attract pollinators and seed dispersers, flavonoids are involved in UV-scavenging, fertility and disease resistance. Since they are present in a wide range of fruits and vegetables, flavonoids form an integral part of the human diet. Currently there is broad interest in the effects of dietary polyphenols on human health. In addition to the potent antioxidant activity of many of these compounds in vitro, an inverse correlation between the intake of certain polyphenols and the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and other age related diseases has been observed in epidemiological studies. The potential nutritional effects of these molecules make them an attractive target for genetic engineering strategies aimed at producing plants with increased nutritional value. This review describes the current knowledge of the molecular regulation of the flavonoid pathway and the state of the art with respect to metabolic engineering of this pathway in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio G W M Schijlen
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Plants form the basis of the human food chain. Characteristics of plants are therefore crucial to the quantity and quality of human food. In this review, it is discussed how technological developments in the area of plant genomics and plant genetics help to mobilise the potential of plants to improve the quality of life of the rapidly growing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M van der Meer
- Plant Research International BV, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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