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Cho M, Mahmoodi Z, Shetty P, Harrison LR, Arias Montecillo M, Perumal AS, Solana G, Nicolau DV, Nicolau DV. Protein Adsorption on Solid Surfaces: Data Mining, Database, Molecular Surface-Derived Properties, and Semiempirical Relationships. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38787331 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Protein adsorption on solid surfaces is a process relevant to biological, medical, industrial, and environmental applications. Despite this wide interest and advancement in measurement techniques, the complexity of protein adsorption has frustrated its accurate prediction. To address this challenge, here, data regarding protein adsorption reported in the last four decades was collected, checked for completeness and correctness, organized, and archived in an upgraded, freely accessible Biomolecular Adsorption Database, which is equivalent to a large-scale, ad hoc, crowd-sourced multifactorial experiment. The shape and physicochemical properties of the proteins present in the database were quantified on their molecular surfaces using an in-house program (ProMS) operating as an add-on to the PyMol software. Machine learning-based analysis indicated that protein adsorption on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces is modulated by different sets of operational, structural, and molecular surface-based physicochemical parameters. Separately, the adsorption data regarding four "benchmark" proteins, i.e., lysozyme, albumin, IgG, and fibrinogen, was processed by piecewise linear regression with the protein monolayer acting as breakpoint, using the linearization of the Langmuir isotherm formalism, resulting in semiempirical relationships predicting protein adsorption. These relationships, derived separately for hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, described well the protein concentration on the surface as a function of the protein concentration in solution, adsorbing surface contact angle, ionic strength, pH, and temperature of the carrying fluid, and the difference between pH and the isoelectric point of the protein. When applying the semiempirical relationships derived for benchmark proteins to two other "test" proteins with known PDB structure, i.e., β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, the errors of this extrapolation were found to be in a linear relationship with the dissimilarity between the benchmark and the test proteins. The work presented here can be used for the estimation of operational parameters modulating protein adsorption for various applications such as diagnostic devices, pharmaceuticals, biomaterials, or the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cho
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Zahra Mahmoodi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Prasad Shetty
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Lauren R Harrison
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Maru Arias Montecillo
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | | | - Gerardin Solana
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
| | - Dan V Nicolau
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Dan V Nicolau
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
- Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
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Mardanpour MM, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Mahmoodi Z, Baassiri K, Montiel-Rubies G, LeDez KM, Nicolau DV. Investigation of air bubble behaviour after gas embolism events induced in a microfluidic network mimicking microvasculature. Lab Chip 2024; 24:2518-2536. [PMID: 38623600 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Gas embolism is a medical condition that occurs when gas bubbles are present in veins or arteries, decreasing blood flow and potentially reducing oxygen delivery to vital organs, such as the brain. Although usually reported as rare, gas embolism can lead to severe neurological damage or death. However, presently, only limited understanding exists regarding the microscale processes leading to the formation, persistence, movement, and resolution of gas emboli, as modulated by microvasculature geometrical features and blood properties. Because gas embolism is initially a physico-chemical-only process, with biological responses starting later, the opportunity exists to fully study the genesis and evolution of gas emboli using in vitro microfluidic networks mimicking small regions of microvasculature. The microfluidics networks used in this study, which aim to mimic microvasculature geometry, comprise linear channels with T-, or Y-junction air inlets, with 20, 40, and 60 μm widths (arterial or venous), and a 30 μm width honeycombed network (arterial) with three bifurcation angles (30°, 60°, and 90°). Synthetic blood, equivalent to 46% haematocrit concentrations, and water were used to study the modulation of gas embolism-like events by liquid viscosity. Our study shows that (i) longer bubbles with lower velocity occur in narrower channels, e.g., with 20 μm width; (ii) the resistance of air bubbles to the flow increases with the higher haematocrit concentration; and lastly (iii) the propensity of gas embolism-like events in honeycomb architectures increases for more acute, e.g., 30°, bifurcation angles. A dimensionless analysis using Euler, Weber, and capillary numbers demarcated the conditions conducive to gas embolism. This work suggests that in vitro experimentation using microfluidic devices with microvascular tissue-like structures could assist medical guidelines and management in preventing and mitigating the effects of gas embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Mardanpour
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | | | - Zahra Mahmoodi
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Karine Baassiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Gala Montiel-Rubies
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 0E9, Canada.
| | - Kenneth M LeDez
- Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Dan V Nicolau
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 0E9, Canada.
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Kekic M, Hanson KL, Perumal AS, Solana G, Rajendran K, Dash S, Nicolau DV, Dobroiu S, Dos Remedios CG, Nicolau DV. Biosensing using antibody-modulated motility of actin filaments on myosin-coated surfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115879. [PMID: 38056344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Motor proteins, such as myosin and kinesin, are biological molecular motors involved in force generation and intracellular transport within living cells. The characteristics of molecular motors, i.e., their motility over long distances, their capacity of transporting cargoes, and their very efficient energy consumption, recommend them as potential operational elements of a new class of dynamic nano-devices, with potential applications in biosensing, analyte concentrators, and biocomputation. A possible design of a biosensor based on protein molecular motor comprises a surface with immobilized motors propelling cytoskeletal filaments, which are decorated with antibodies, presented as side-branches. Upon biomolecular recognition of these branches by secondary antibodies, the 'extensions' on the cytoskeletal filaments can achieve considerable lengths (longer than several diameters of the cytoskeletal filament carrier), thus geometrically impairing or halting motility. Because the filaments are several micrometers long, this sensing mechanism converts an event in the nanometer range, i.e., antibody-antigen sizes, into an event in the micrometer range: the visualization of the halting of motility of microns-long cytoskeletal filaments. Here we demonstrate the proof of concept of a sensing system comprising heavy-mero-myosin immobilized on surfaces propelling actin filaments decorated with actin antibodies, whose movement is halted upon the recognition with secondary anti-actin antibodies. Because antibodies to the actin-myosin system are involved in several rare diseases, the first possible application for such a device may be their prognosis and diagnosis. The results also provide insights into guidelines for designing highly sensitive and very fast biosensors powered by motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kekic
- Muscle Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kristi L Hanson
- BioNanoEngineering Labs, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | | | - Gerardin Solana
- BioNanoEngineering Labs, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Kavya Rajendran
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Shantoshini Dash
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Dan V Nicolau
- BioNanoEngineering Labs, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Serban Dobroiu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Cristobal G Dos Remedios
- Muscle Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Dan V Nicolau
- BioNanoEngineering Labs, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada.
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Dash S, Farnós O, Yang Z, Perumal AS, Chaves Fulber JP, Venereo-Sánchez A, Leclerc D, Kamen AA. A rapid procedure to generate stably transfected HEK293 suspension cells for recombinant protein manufacturing: Yield improvements, bioreactor production and downstream processing. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 210:106295. [PMID: 37201590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The human cell line HEK293 is one of the preferred choices for manufacturing therapeutic proteins and viral vectors for human applications. Despite its increased use, it is still considered in disadvantage in production aspects compared to cell lines such as the CHO cell line. We provide here a simple workflow for the rapid generation of stably transfected HEK293 cells expressing an engineered variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) carrying a coupling domain for linkage to VLPs through a bacterial transpeptidase-sortase (SrtA). To generate stable suspension cells expressing the RBD-SrtA, a single two plasmids transfection was performed, with hygromycin selection. The suspension HEK293 were grown in adherent conditions, with 20% FBS supplementation. These transfection conditions increased cell survival, allowing the selection of stable cell pools, which was otherwise not possible with standard procedures in suspension. Six pools were isolated, expanded and successfully re-adapted to suspension with a gradual increase of serum-free media and agitation. The complete process lasted four weeks. Stable expression with viability over 98% was verified for over two months in culture, with cell passages every 4-5 days. With process intensification, RBD-SrtA yields reached 6.4 μg/mL and 13.4 μg/mL in fed-batch and perfusion-like cultures, respectively. RBD-SrtA was further produced in fed-batch stirred tank 1L-bioreactors, reaching 10-fold higher yields than perfusion flasks. The trimeric antigen displayed the conformational structure and functionality expected. This work provides a series of steps for stable cell pool development using suspension HEK293 cells aimed at the scalable production of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantoshini Dash
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Omar Farnós
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Denis Leclerc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, 2705 boul. Laurier, Quebec City, PQ, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada.
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Dobroiu S, van Delft FCMJM, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Dash S, Aveyard J, van Zijl J, Snijder J, van den Heuvel E, van Berkum J, Blanchard MP, Favard C, Nicolau DV. Spatially Addressable Multiplex Biodetection by Calibrated Micro/Nanostructured Surfaces. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1882-1890. [PMID: 37099014 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
A challenge of any biosensing technology is the detection of very low concentrations of analytes. The fluorescence interference contrast (FLIC) technique improves the fluorescence-based sensitivity by selectively amplifying, or suppressing, the emission of a fluorophore-labeled biomolecule immobilized on a transparent layer placed on top of a mirror basal surface. The standing wave of the reflected emission light means that the height of the transparent layer operates as a surface-embedded optical filter for the fluorescence signal. FLIC extreme sensitivity to wavelength is also its main problem: small, e.g., 10 nm range, variations of the vertical position of the fluorophore can translate in unwanted suppression of the detection signal. Herein, we introduce the concept of quasi-circular lenticular microstructured domes operating as continuous-mode optical filters, generating fluorescent concentric rings, with diameters determined by the wavelengths of the fluorescence light, in turn modulated by FLIC. The critical component of the lenticular structures was the shallow sloping side wall, which allowed the simultaneous separation of fluorescent patterns for virtually any fluorophore wavelength. Purposefully designed microstructures with either stepwise or continuous-slope dome geometries were fabricated to modulate the intensity and the lateral position of a fluorescence signal. The simulation of FLIC effects induced by the lenticular microstructures was confirmed by the measurement of the fluorescence profile for three fluorescent dyes, as well as high-resolution fluorescence scanning using stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. The high sensitivity of the spatially addressable FLIC technology was further validated on a diagnostically important target, i.e., the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-Cov2 via the detection of RBD:anti-S1-antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serban Dobroiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Falco C M J M van Delft
- MiPlaza, Philips Research Europe, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Molecular Sense Ltd., Liverpool L36 8HT, U.K
| | | | - Shantoshini Dash
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Jenny Aveyard
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Jeroen van Zijl
- MiPlaza, Philips Research Europe, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Snijder
- MiPlaza, Philips Research Europe, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jurgen van Berkum
- MiPlaza, Philips Research Europe, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Pierre Blanchard
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, BioCampus, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34000 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Favard
- Membrane Domains and Viral Assembly, Montpellier Infectious Disease Research Institute, CNRS UMR9004, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Cedex Montpellier, France
| | - Dan V Nicolau
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C3, Canada
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6
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Janská P, Knejzlík Z, Perumal AS, Jurok R, Tokárová V, Nicolau DV, Štěpánek F, Kašpar O. Effect of physicochemical parameters on the stability and activity of garlic alliinase and its use for in-situ allicin synthesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248878. [PMID: 33740023 PMCID: PMC7978267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic is a well-known example of natural self-defence system consisting of an inactive substrate (alliin) and enzyme (alliinase) which, when combined, produce highly antimicrobial allicin. Increase of alliinase stability and its activity are of paramount importance in various applications relying on its use for in-situ synthesis of allicin or its analogues, e.g., pulmonary drug delivery, treatment of superficial injuries, or urease inhibitors in fertilizers. Here, we discuss the effect of temperature, pH, buffers, salts, and additives, i.e. antioxidants, chelating agents, reducing agents and cosolvents, on the stability and the activity of alliinase extracted from garlic. The effects of the storage temperature and relative humidity on the stability of lyophilized alliinase was demonstrated. A combination of the short half-life, high reactivity and non-specificity to particular proteins are reasons most bacteria cannot deal with allicin's mode of action and develop effective defence mechanism, which could be the key to sustainable drug design addressing serious problems with escalating emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Janská
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Knejzlík
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Radek Jurok
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viola Tokárová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dan V. Nicolau
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - František Štěpánek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kašpar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kim SH, Chelliah R, Ramakrishnan SR, Perumal AS, Bang WS, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Barathikannan K, Elahi F, Park E, Jo HY, Hwang SB, Oh DH. Review on Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596570. [PMID: 33614524 PMCID: PMC7890702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading global cause of bacterial colon infections in humans. Enteropathogens are subjected to several stress conditions in the host colon, food complexes, and the environment. Species of the genus Campylobacter, in collective interactions with certain enteropathogens, can manage and survive such stress conditions. The stress-adaptation mechanisms of Campylobacter spp. diverge from other enteropathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. enterica ser. Paratyphi, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, and species of the genera Klebsiella and Shigella. This review summarizes the different mechanisms of various stress-adaptive factors on the basis of species diversity in Campylobacter, including their response to various stress conditions that enhance their ability to survive on different types of food and in adverse environmental conditions. Understanding how these stress adaptation mechanisms in Campylobacter, and other enteric bacteria, are used to overcome various challenging environments facilitates the fight against resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter spp., and aids the development of novel therapeutics to control Campylobacter in both veterinary and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, South Korea.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan
- School of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Woo-Suk Bang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology and Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Momna Rubab
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Jo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Hwang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Perumal AS, Chelliah R, Datta S, Krishna J, Samuel MS, Ethiraj S, Park CR. Extracellular RNAs and Extracellular Vesicles: Inception, Current Explorations, and Future Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.13103/jfhs.2020.35.6.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Imanbekova M, Perumal AS, Kheireddine S, Nicolau DV, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Lensless, reflection-based dark-field microscopy (RDFM) on a CMOS chip. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11:4942-4959. [PMID: 33014592 PMCID: PMC7510856 DOI: 10.1364/boe.394615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present for the first time a lens-free, oblique illumination imaging platform for on-sensor dark- field microscopy and shadow-based 3D object measurements. It consists of an LED point source that illuminates a 5-megapixel, 1.4 µm pixel size, back-illuminated CMOS sensor at angles between 0° and 90°. Analytes (polystyrene beads, microorganisms, and cells) were placed and imaged directly onto the sensor. The spatial resolution of this imaging system is limited by the pixel size (∼1.4 µm) over the whole area of the sensor (3.6×2.73 mm). We demonstrated two imaging modalities: (i) shadow imaging for estimation of 3D object dimensions (on polystyrene beads and microorganisms) when the illumination angle is between 0° and 85°, and (ii) dark-field imaging, at >85° illumination angles. In dark-field mode, a 3-4 times drop in background intensity and contrast reversal similar to traditional dark-field imaging was observed, due to larger reflection intensities at those angles. With this modality, we were able to detect and analyze morphological features of bacteria and single-celled algae clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
- Equal contributions
| | | | - Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Dan V. Nicolau
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada
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Liu J, Siavash Moakhar R, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Roman HN, Mahshid S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. An AgNP-deposited commercial electrochemistry test strip as a platform for urea detection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9527. [PMID: 32533102 PMCID: PMC7293235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an inexpensive, portable platform for urea detection via electrochemistry by depositing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on a commercial glucose test strip. We modified this strip by first removing the enzymes from the surface, followed by electrodeposition of AgNPs on one channel (working electrode). The morphology of the modified test strip was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and its electrochemical performance was evaluated via Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). We evaluated the performance of the device for urea detection via measurements of the dependency of peak currents vs the analyte concentration and from the relationship between the peak current and the square root of the scan rates. The observed linear range is 1-8 mM (corresponding to the physiological range of urea concentration in human blood), and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.14 mM. The selectivity, reproducibility, reusability, and storage stability of the modified test strips are also reported. Additional tests were performed to validate the ability to measure urea in the presence of confounding factors such as spiked plasma and milk. The results demonstrate the potential of this simple and portable EC platform to be used in applications such as medical diagnosis and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | | | | | - Horia Nicolae Roman
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
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van Delft FCMJM, Ipolitti G, Nicolau DV, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Kašpar O, Kheireddine S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S, Nicolau DV. Correction to 'Something has to give: scaling combinatorial computing by biological agents exploring physical networks encoding NP-complete problems'. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20190051. [PMID: 31485320 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0034.].
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12
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Kheireddine S, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Smith ZJ, Nicolau DV, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Dual-phone illumination-imaging system for high resolution and large field of view multi-modal microscopy. Lab Chip 2019; 19:825-836. [PMID: 30698180 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00995c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present for the first time a system comprised of two mobile phones, one for illumination and the other for microscopy, as a portable, user-friendly, and cost-effective microscopy platform for a wide range of applications. Versatile and adaptive illumination is made with a Retina display of an Apple mobile phone device. The phone screen is used to project various illumination patterns onto the specimen being imaged, each corresponding to a different illumination mode, such as bright-field, dark-field, point illumination, Rheinberg illumination, and fluorescence microscopy. The second phone (a Nokia phone) is modified to record microscopic images about the sample. This imaging platform provides a high spatial resolution of at least 2 μm, a large field-of-view of 3.6 × 2.7 mm, and a working distance of 0.6 mm. We demonstrate the performance of this platform for the visualization of microorganisms within microfluidic devices to gather qualitative and quantitative information regarding microorganism morphology, dimension, count, and velocity/trajectories in the x-y plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada.
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13
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van Delft FCMJM, Ipolitti G, Nicolau DV, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Kašpar O, Kheireddine S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S, Nicolau DV. Something has to give: scaling combinatorial computing by biological agents exploring physical networks encoding NP-complete problems. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20180034. [PMID: 30443332 PMCID: PMC6227808 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
On-chip network-based computation, using biological agents, is a new hardware-embedded approach which attempts to find solutions to combinatorial problems, in principle, in a shorter time than the fast, but sequential electronic computers. This analytical review starts by describing the underlying mathematical principles, presents several types of combinatorial (including NP-complete) problems and shows current implementations of proof of principle developments. Taking the subset sum problem as example for in-depth analysis, the review presents various options of computing agents, and compares several possible operation 'run modes' of network-based computer systems. Given the brute force approach of network-based systems for solving a problem of input size C, 2C solutions must be visited. As this exponentially increasing workload needs to be distributed in space, time, and per computing agent, this review identifies the scaling-related key technological challenges in terms of chip fabrication, readout reliability and energy efficiency. The estimated computing time of massively parallel or combinatorially operating biological agents is then compared to that of electronic computers. Among future developments which could considerably improve network-based computing, labelling agents 'on the fly' and the readout of their travel history at network exits could offer promising avenues for finding hardware-embedded solutions to combinatorial problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Ipolitti
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0E9
| | - Dan V. Nicolau
- Molecular Sense Ltd, Liverpool L36 8HT, UK
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | | | - Ondřej Kašpar
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0E9
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0E9
| | | | - Dan V. Nicolau
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0E9
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14
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Jalali M, AbdelFatah T, Mahshid SS, Labib M, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Mahshid S. A Hierarchical 3D Nanostructured Microfluidic Device for Sensitive Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria. Small 2018; 14:e1801893. [PMID: 30048039 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Efficient capture and rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria from body fluids lead to early diagnostics of bacterial infections and significantly enhance the survival rate. We propose a universal nano/microfluidic device integrated with a 3D nanostructured detection platform for sensitive and quantifiable detection of pathogenic bacteria. Surface characterization of the nanostructured detection platform confirms a uniform distribution of hierarchical 3D nano-/microisland (NMI) structures with spatial orientation and nanorough protrusions. The hierarchical 3D NMI is the unique characteristic of the integrated device, which enables enhanced capture and quantifiable detection of bacteria via both a probe-free and immunoaffinity detection method. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate probe-free capture of pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) and immunocapture of methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Our device demonstrates a linear range between 50 and 104 CFU mL-1 , with average efficiency of 93% and 85% for probe-free detection of E. coli and immunoaffinity detection of MRSA, respectively. It is successfully demonstrated that the spatial orientation of 3D NMIs contributes in quantifiable detection of fluorescently labeled bacteria, while the nanorough protrusions contribute in probe-free capture of bacteria. The ease of fabrication, integration, and implementation can inspire future point-of-care devices based on nanomaterial interfaces for sensitive and high-throughput optical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Jalali
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Tamer AbdelFatah
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Sahar Sadat Mahshid
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
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15
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Vishwakarma RK, Cao AM, Morichaud Z, Perumal AS, Margeat E, Brodolin K. Single-molecule analysis reveals the mechanism of transcription activation in M. tuberculosis. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao5498. [PMID: 29806016 PMCID: PMC5966222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The σ subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) controls recognition of the -10 and -35 promoter elements during transcription initiation. Free σ adopts a "closed," or inactive, conformation incompatible with promoter binding. The conventional two-state model of σ activation proposes that binding to core RNAP induces formation of an "open," active, σ conformation, which is optimal for promoter recognition. Using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer, we demonstrate that vegetative-type σ subunits exist in open and closed states even after binding to the RNAP core. As an extreme case, RNAP from Mycobacterium tuberculosis preferentially retains σ in the closed conformation, which is converted to the open conformation only upon binding by the activator protein RbpA and interaction with promoter DNA. These findings reveal that the conformational dynamics of the σ subunit in the RNAP holoenzyme is a target for regulation by transcription factors and plays a critical role in promoter recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kishore Vishwakarma
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Marinette Cao
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zakia Morichaud
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Margeat
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Konstantin Brodolin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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16
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Hu Y, Morichaud Z, Perumal AS, Roquet-Baneres F, Brodolin K. Mycobacterium RbpA cooperates with the stress-response σB subunit of RNA polymerase in promoter DNA unwinding. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:10399-408. [PMID: 25122744 PMCID: PMC4176334 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RbpA, a transcriptional activator that is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis replication and survival during antibiotic treatment, binds to RNA polymerase (RNAP) in the absence of promoter DNA. It has been hypothesized that RbpA stimulates housekeeping gene expression by promoting assembly of the σA subunit with core RNAP. Here, using a purified in vitro transcription system of M. tuberculosis, we show that RbpA functions in a promoter-dependent manner as a companion of RNAP essential for promoter DNA unwinding and formation of the catalytically active open promoter complex (RPo). Screening for RbpA activity using a full panel of the M. tuberculosis σ subunits demonstrated that RbpA targets σA and stress-response σB, but not the alternative σ subunits from the groups 3 and 4. In contrast to σA, the σB subunit activity displayed stringent dependency upon RbpA. These results suggest that RbpA-dependent control of RPo formation provides a mechanism for tuning gene expression during the switch between different physiological states, and in the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Hu
- CNRS UMR 5236 - UM1 - UM2, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogénes et Biothechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Zakia Morichaud
- CNRS UMR 5236 - UM1 - UM2, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogénes et Biothechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Ayyappasamy Sudalaiyadum Perumal
- CNRS UMR 5236 - UM1 - UM2, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogénes et Biothechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Françoise Roquet-Baneres
- CNRS UMR 5236 - UM1 - UM2, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogénes et Biothechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Konstantin Brodolin
- CNRS UMR 5236 - UM1 - UM2, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogénes et Biothechnologies pour la Santé (CPBS), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Balasubramaniam B, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Jayaraman J, Mani J, Ramanujam P. Comparative analysis for the production of fatty acid alkyl esterase using whole cell biocatalyst and purified enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae on waste cooking oil (sunflower oil). Waste Manag 2012; 32:1539-47. [PMID: 22537973 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The petroleum fuel is nearing the line of extinction. Recent research and technology have provided promising outcomes to rely on biodiesel as the alternative and conventional source of fuel. The use of renewable source - vegetable oil constitutes the main stream of research. In this preliminary study, Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) was used as the substrate for biodiesel production. Lipase enzyme producing fungi Rhizopus oryzae 262 and commercially available pure lipase enzyme were used for comparative study in the production of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters (FAAE). The whole cell (RO 262) and pure lipase enzyme (PE) were immobilized using calcium alginate beads. Calcium alginate was prepared by optimizing with different molar ratios of calcium chloride and different per cent sodium alginate. Entrapment immobilization was done for whole cell biocatalyst (WCB). PE was also immobilized by entrapment for the transesterification reaction. Seven different solvents - methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, iso-propanol, iso-butanol and iso-amyl alcohol were used as the acyl acceptors. The reaction parameters like temperature (30°C), molar ratio (1:3 - oil:solvent), reaction time (24 h), and amount of enzyme (10% mass ratio to oil) were also optimized for methanol alone. The same parameters were adopted for the other acyl acceptors too. Among the different acyl acceptors - methanol, whose reaction parameters were optimized showed maximum conversion of triglycerides to FAAE-94% with PE and 84% with WCB. On the whole, PE showed better catalytic converting ability with all the acyl acceptor compared to WCB. Gas chromatography analysis (GC) was done to determine the fatty acid composition of WCO (sunflower oil) and FAAE production with different acyl acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathiraja Balasubramaniam
- Anna Bioresearch Foundation, Department of Biotechnology, Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai 606 603, India.
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18
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Makar TK, Nedergaard M, Preuss A, Gelbard AS, Perumal AS, Cooper AJ. Vitamin E, ascorbate, glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and enzymes of glutathione metabolism in cultures of chick astrocytes and neurons: evidence that astrocytes play an important role in antioxidative processes in the brain. J Neurochem 1994; 62:45-53. [PMID: 7903354 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62010045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
GSH, GSSG, vitamin E, and ascorbate were measured in 14-day cultures of chick astrocytes and neurons and compared with levels in the forebrains of chick embryos of comparable age. Activities of enzymes involved in GSH metabolism were also measured. These included gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, GSH synthetase, gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, glutathione transferase (GST), GSH peroxidase, and GSSG reductase. The concentration of lipid-soluble vitamin E in the cultured neurons was found to be comparable with that in the forebrain. On the other hand, the concentration of vitamin E in the astrocytes was significantly greater in the cultured astrocytes than in the neurons, suggesting that the astrocytes are able to accumulate exogenous vitamin E more extensively than neurons. The concentrations of major fatty acids were higher in the cell membranes of cultured neurons than those in the astrocytes. Ascorbate was not detected in cultured cells although the chick forebrains contained appreciable levels of this antioxidant. GSH, total glutathione (i.e., GSH and GSSG), and GST activity were much higher in cultured astrocytes than in neurons. gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase activity was higher in the cultured astrocytes than in the cultured neurons. GSH reductase and GSH peroxidase activities were roughly comparable in cultured astrocytes and neurons. The high levels of GSH and GST in cultured astrocytes appears to reflect the situation in vivo. The data suggest that astrocytes are resistant to reactive oxygen species (and potentially toxic xenobiotics) and may play a protective role in the brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Makar
- Department of Biochemistry, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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19
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Perumal AS, Gopal VB, Tordzro WK, Cooper TB, Cadet JL. Vitamin E attenuates the toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on free radical scavenging systems in rat brain. Brain Res Bull 1992; 29:699-701. [PMID: 1422867 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90142-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rats were divided into the following four groups namely (a) sham-operated control, (b) 6-OHDA-treated, (c) sham-operated vitamin E-fed and (d) Vitamin E-fed treated with 6-OHDA. Total glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in brainstem (BS), striatum (ST), hippocampus, frontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens (N. Acc.). GSH and SOD levels were significantly decreased in all regions of 6-OHDA-treated rats compared to controls. Feeding of vitamin E resulted in a significant reduction of GSH in ST and N. Acc. but caused increases in SOD in BS, ST, and N. Acc. Pretreatment of rats with vitamin E caused significant attenuation of the effects of 6-OHDA on GSH and SOD in most of the brain regions. These results show that vitamin E can spare the scavenging systems from the injurious effects of 6-OHDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Perumal
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032
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20
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Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in different regions of the brains of control and IDPN-treated rats. IDPN treatment resulted in significant increase of SOD activity in the cerebellum. Other regions, except frontal cortex, exhibited a slight decrease. While there was no significant difference in GSH-Px activity in all regions compared to controls, CAT activity was slightly increased in the cerebellum. These results give credence to the notion that free radical damage to certain areas of the brain such as isodendric core of the brainstem may play a role in the development of movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Perumal
- Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY 10032
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cadet
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
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Perumal AS, Tordzro WK, Katz M, Jackson-Lewis V, Cooper TB, Fahn S, Cadet JL. Regional effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on free radical scavengers in rat brain. Brain Res 1989; 504:139-41. [PMID: 2513085 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in the caudate-putamen (CPu), the hippocampus (HIP), and the brainstem (BS) of the brains of control animals and of rats treated with one intracerebroventricular infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Injection of 6-OHDA resulted in significant decreases in the activity of SOD in the CPu, the BS, and in the HIP. There were decreases in catalase in the CPu and in the BS, but not in the HIP. GSH was reduced in the CPu and the BS but not changed in the HIP. There were small decreases in the activity of GSH-Px only in the BS. These changes may be secondary to the production of free radicals after the infusion of 6-OHDA in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Perumal
- Neurological Institute, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
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Heintz R, Richardson MA, Perumal AS, Casey DE. Lack of platelet monoamine oxidase activity in Cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons). Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 1989; 93:421-3. [PMID: 2572397 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(89)90257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Recent evidence suggests that monoamine oxidase (MAO) plays an important role modulating the extrapyramidal syndromes produced by neuroleptic drugs in both human and nonhuman primates. 2. To evaluate the possibility of using peripheral blood platelet MAO-B levels as indices of central nervous system MAO-B effects, we measured platelet MAO-B levels in Cebus monkeys that were previously tested with neuroleptics (N = 36) or drug naive (N = 6). 3. No platelet MAO-B was consistently detectable in these blood samples. 4. Thus platelet measures of MAO-B do not reliably reflect brain MAO-B function in nonhuman primates and do not offer a useful model for studying blood-brain MAO-B relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Heintz
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland
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Kahn JP, Perumal AS, Gully RJ, Smith TM, Cooper TB, Klein DF. Correlation of type A behaviour with adrenergic receptor density: implications for coronary artery disease pathogenesis. Lancet 1987; 2:937-9. [PMID: 2889863 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 17 healthy young men who had a parent with documented early coronary disease, ratings of type A behaviour correlated with upregulated lymphocyte beta 2 receptor density and inversely with the ratio of platelet alpha 2 to lymphocyte beta 2 receptor density ratio. This indicates a correlation of type A behaviour with receptor-based determinations of increased peripheral alpha-adrenergic balance, consistent with increased coronary arterial vasoconstriction, perhaps leading to coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
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Abstract
Mice were treated with bupropion Compound II (major metabolite of bupropion) or desmethylimpramine (DMI) twice a day intraperitoneally for either 1 or 3 weeks. The binding of dihydroalprenolol and spiroperidol in the frontal cortex and limbic forebrain areas were analyzed. There was a significant reduction in beta-receptors in the frontal cortex induced by DMI at both times examined. Bupropion showed a significant reduction of beta-receptor in the frontal cortex by 3 weeks. Though propiophenone did not have any significant effect on beta-receptors in the frontal cortex, it down-regulated beta-receptors in the limbic forebrain area significantly by 1 and 3 weeks. There was no significant effect of buropion or propiophenone on the binding of spiroperidol either in the cortex (S2 receptor) or in the limbic forebrain (dopaminergic). These results show that bupropion may exert part of its clinical effect through its metabolite propiophenone.
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Suckow RF, Smith TM, Perumal AS, Cooper TB. Pharmacokinetics of bupropion and metabolites in plasma and brain of rats, mice, and guinea pigs. Drug Metab Dispos 1986; 14:692-7. [PMID: 2877828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that bupropion, a novel non-tricyclic antidepressant, is metabolized differently in certain species of animals. To further define the disposition of bupropion, a study was done involving three species, the rat, mouse, and guinea pig, as animal models to evaluate bupropion metabolism. The pharmacokinetic profiles of bupropion and its major basic metabolites, BW 306U and BW A494U, were determined following the ip administration of 40 mg/kg bupropion to these animals. Pharmacokinetic profiles of the parent drug and metabolites from plasma and brain samples were obtained using a liquid chromatographic procedure. Further investigation of the reduced bupropion metabolite BW A494U was carried out by the ip administration of this metabolite to these animals and assaying the plasma and brain samples 90 min after dosing. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic data revealed that the rat quickly metabolized bupropion, but no basic metabolites accumulated. The mouse metabolized bupropion predominantly to BW 306U, whereas the guinea pig converted bupropion to reduced bupropion (BW A494U) as well as BW 306U. Brain/plasma ratios of bupropion among these animals did not vary significantly. However, both metabolites showed dramatic differences in their brain/plasma ratios among these species. When reduced bupropion (BW A494U) was injected, almost 3% of the plasma concentration of BW A494U was determined to be bupropion in the rat. Lesser amounts were converted in the mouse and guinea pig. Therefore, we have demonstrated that distinct differences exist in the metabolism of bupropion in various species of animals. The guinea pig, when compared to the rat or mouse, appears to constitute a model that most closely resembles that of human bupropion metabolism.
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Abstract
After 21 days of twice daily i.p. injections of bupropion (10 mg/kg), B.W.306U (10 mg/kg) or saline, 5 rat brain regions were removed for [3H]flunitrazepam binding assay. Scatchard analysis of the binding data revealed no change in the Bmax in any brain regions in drug-treated rats compared to controls. There was, however, a significant change in the Kd value in the limbic forebrain of B.W.306U-treated rats.
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Perumal AS, Smith TM, Suckow RF, Cooper TB. Effect of plasma from patients containing bupropion and its metabolites on the uptake of norepinephrine. Neuropharmacology 1986; 25:199-202. [PMID: 3084990 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(86)90041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of norepinephrine into cortical punches from the brain of the rat was studied in the presence of buffer and plasma from patients containing bupropion and its metabolites. Even though bupropion and its metabolite (compound II) were equipotent in inhibiting the uptake of NE in buffer, compound II was twice as active as bupropion in the presence of human plasma. When the inhibition of uptake of NE in the presence of plasma, obtained from patients on bupropion on steady-state, was correlated with levels of bupropion and its metabolites (II, III, IV) a highly significant correlation was seen in the presence of compound II. Since this compound accumulated in plasma from patients 20-100 times that of the parent compound, the mode of action of bupropion may in part be due to the effect of this compound on the uptake of NE.
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Abstract
The effect of repeated administration of thyroxine on beta-adrenergic receptor binding was studied in several brain regions in the rat using [3H]dihydroalprenolol as a ligand. Thyroxine treatment resulted in an increased density of beta-adrenergic receptors in the cerebral cortex while a decreased binding was found in subcortical tissue representing the thalamus, striatum and parts of the limbic system. There was no change in binding in the cerebellum or in the brainstem. The results indicate that thyroxine may regulate beta-adrenergic receptors in certain brain areas.
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Walters AS, Côté LJ, Perumal AS, Kremzner LT. The effect of polyamines on tyrosine hydroxylase and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. Neurochem Res 1982; 7:977-85. [PMID: 6128687 DOI: 10.1007/bf00965137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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32
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Baron M, Perumal AS, Levitt M, Cannova G. Platelet monoamine oxidase in schizophrenia with beta-phenylethylamine and benzylamine as substrates. Biol Psychiatry 1982; 17:479-83. [PMID: 7082713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Perumal AS, Barkai AI. Beta-adrenergic receptor binding in different regions of rat brain after various intensities of electroshock: relationship to postictal EEG. J Neurosci Res 1982; 7:289-96. [PMID: 6290680 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490070306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Relationships among different intensities of electroshock treatment (EST), EEG-recordable primary after discharge (PAD), and beta-adrenergic binding in various brain regions were investigated in adult rats. Different intensities of EST (1-2, 6-8, 20-30 mamp) were applied through ear-clip electrodes for 7 consecutive days. A sigmoidal relationship was observed between the PAD and the applied current-intensity. 3H-dihydroalprenolol (DHA) was used as a ligand to evaluate beta-adrenergic receptor binding in membrane preparation of the following brain regions: Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and "midregion"-which consisted of the remainder tissue including thalamus, striatum, and midbrain. A significant decrease (28%) in binding was observed in cortex tissue after EST of 6-8 mamp but no changes were observed after either 1-2 mamp or 20-30 mamp. In "midregion," a significant increase (40%) in binding was observed after EST with the subconvulsive intensity (1-2 mamp) whereas no changes were seen at higher intensities. The results suggest that in cortex, the function relating beta-adrenergic binding to current intensities may not be monotonic. The increase in binding seen in the "midregion" after subconvulsive EST may not be associated with changes related to the clinical efficacy of EST.
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Kolber AR, Perumal AS, Goldstein MN, Moore BW. Drug-induced differentiation of a rat glioma in vitro: II. the expression of S-100, a glial specific protein and steroid sulfatase. Brain Res 1978; 143:513-20. [PMID: 647375 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amethopterin and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) were used to induce morphological changes in cloned rat glioma (C6). The expression of S-100 protein, an acidic protein localized in glial cells, and steroid sulfatase, an ubiquitously distributed enzyme found in high concentration in glial cells, were followed during cell growth, from subculture to well into the stationary phase of control and drug-treated cultures. Amethopterin and BUdR differed in their effects on glioma morphology and in the expression of the biochemical parameters. Amethopterin coordinately stimualted both the production of S-100 protein and steroid sulfatase activity when cell division was inhibited during early logarithmic growth phase. BUdR stimulated steroid sulfatase activity but repressed production of S-100 protein. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanism of regulation of the differentiated state of tumor cells.
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Perumal AS, Mahadik SP, Rapport MM. Mechanism of interaction of myelin basic protein and S-100 protein: metal binding and fluorescence studies. J Neurochem 1976; 27:173-7. [PMID: 60466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb01560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Perumal AS. Nuclear protein kinase of brain: effect of S-100 protein. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1976; 13:489-96. [PMID: 180574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The non-histone chromosomal protein fraction isolated from purified brain nuclei possesses protein kinase activity. 93% of this activity is lost by heating at 80 degrees C for 5 min. cAMP does not affect the reaction, but cGMP is inhibitory. In the presence of S-100, an acidic brain-specific protein, phosphate incorporation is enhanced 3 to 4 fold. Bovine serum albumin has no effect whereas histone inhibits activity.
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McMorris FA, Kolber AR, Moore BW, Perumal AS. Expression of the neuron-specific protein, 14-3-2, and steroid sulfatase in neuroblastoma cell hybrids. J Cell Physiol 1974; 84:473-80. [PMID: 4474185 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040840315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Perumal AS, Cama HR. The role of 5,6-monoepoxyretinoic acid in the activation of ATP: sulphate adenylytransferase. Indian J Biochem 1967; 4:152-5. [PMID: 4233802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Perumal AS, Samy TS, Lakshmanan MR, Jungalwala FB, Rao PB. Biosynthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in relation to vitamins A and K. Biochim Biophys Acta 1966; 124:95-100. [PMID: 4226080 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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