1
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Wang D, Jabile MJT, Lu J, Townsend LK, Valvano CM, Gautam J, Batchuluun B, Tsakiridis EE, Lally JS, Steinberg GR. Fatty Acids Increase GDF15 and Reduce Food Intake Through a GFRAL Signaling Axis. Diabetes 2024; 73:51-56. [PMID: 37847913 PMCID: PMC10784653 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the well-defined biological feedback loops controlling glucose, the mechanisms by which the body responds to changes in fatty acid availability are less clearly defined. Growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF15) suppresses the consumption of diets high in fat but is paradoxically increased in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Given this interrelationship, we investigated whether diets high in fat could directly increase GDF15 independently of obesity. We found that fatty acids increase GDF15 levels dose dependently, with the greatest response observed with linolenic acid. GDF15 mRNA expression was modestly increased in the gastrointestinal tract; however, kidney GDF15 mRNA was ∼1,000-fold higher and was increased by more than threefold, with subsequent RNAscope analysis showing elevated expression within the cortex and outer medulla. Treatment of wild-type mice with linolenic acid reduced food intake and body mass; however, this effect disappeared in mice lacking the GDF15 receptor GFRAL. An equal caloric load of glucose did not suppress food intake or reduce body mass in either wild-type or GFRAL-knockout mice. These data indicate that fatty acids such as linolenic acid increase GDF15 and suppress food intake through a mechanism requiring GFRAL. These data suggest that a primary physiological function of GDF15 may be as a fatty acid sensor designed to protect cells from fatty acid overload. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS The mechanisms by which the body responds to changes in fatty acid availability are less clearly defined. We investigated whether diets high in fat could directly increase growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF15) independently of obesity. Fatty acids increase GDF15 and reduce food intake through a GFRAL signaling axis. GDF15 is a sensor of fatty acids that may have important implications for explaining increased satiety after consumption of diets high in fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Joy Therese Jabile
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celina M. Valvano
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaya Gautam
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia E. Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S.V. Lally
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Day EA, Townsend LK, Rehal S, Batchuluun B, Wang D, Morrow MR, Lu R, Lundenberg L, Lu JH, Desjardins EM, Smith TK, Raphenya AR, McArthur AG, Fullerton MD, Steinberg GR. Macrophage AMPK β1 activation by PF-06409577 reduces the inflammatory response, cholesterol synthesis, and atherosclerosis in mice. iScience 2023; 26:108269. [PMID: 38026185 PMCID: PMC10654588 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is characterized by both chronic low-grade inflammation and dyslipidemia. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits cholesterol synthesis and dampens inflammation but whether pharmacological activation reduces atherosclerosis is equivocal. In the current study, we found that the orally bioavailable and highly selective activator of AMPKβ1 complexes, PF-06409577, reduced atherosclerosis in two mouse models in a myeloid-derived AMPKβ1 dependent manner, suggesting a critical role for macrophages. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), PF-06409577 dose dependently activated AMPK as indicated by increased phosphorylation of downstream substrates ULK1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which are important for autophagy and fatty acid oxidation/de novo lipogenesis, respectively. Treatment of BMDMs with PF-06409577 suppressed fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and transcripts related to the inflammatory response while increasing transcripts important for autophagy through AMPKβ1. These data indicate that pharmacologically targeting macrophage AMPKβ1 may be a promising strategy for reducing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Day
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia Rehal
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Marisa R. Morrow
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Lu
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Lucie Lundenberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Jessie H. Lu
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Eric M. Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler K.T. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amogelang R. Raphenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew G. McArthur
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan D. Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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3
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Desjardins EM, Wu J, Lavoie DCT, Ahmadi E, Townsend LK, Morrow MR, Wang D, Tsakiridis EE, Batchuluun B, Fayyazi R, Kwiecien JM, Tsakiridis T, Lally JSV, Paré G, Pinkosky SL, Steinberg GR. Combination of an ACLY inhibitor with a GLP-1R agonist exerts additive benefits on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis in mice. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101193. [PMID: 37729871 PMCID: PMC10518624 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased liver de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a hallmark of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A key enzyme controlling DNL upregulated in NASH is ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). In mice, inhibition of ACLY reduces liver steatosis, ballooning, and fibrosis and inhibits activation of hepatic stellate cells. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists lower body mass, insulin resistance, and steatosis without improving fibrosis. Here, we find that combining an inhibitor of liver ACLY, bempedoic acid, and the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide reduces liver steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, and hepatic fibrosis in a mouse model of NASH. Liver RNA analyses revealed additive downregulation of pathways that are predictive of NASH resolution, reductions in the expression of prognostically significant genes compared with clinical NASH samples, and a predicted gene signature profile that supports fibrosis resolution. These findings support further investigation of this combinatorial therapy to treat obesity, insulin resistance, hypercholesterolemia, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis in people with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jianhan Wu
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Declan C T Lavoie
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Elham Ahmadi
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Marisa R Morrow
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Evangelia E Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Russta Fayyazi
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jacek M Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - James S V Lally
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada.
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4
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Wang D, Townsend LK, DesOrmeaux GJ, Frangos SM, Batchuluun B, Dumont L, Kuhre RE, Ahmadi E, Hu S, Rebalka IA, Gautam J, Jabile MJT, Pileggi CA, Rehal S, Desjardins EM, Tsakiridis EE, Lally JSV, Juracic ES, Tupling AR, Gerstein HC, Paré G, Tsakiridis T, Harper ME, Hawke TJ, Speakman JR, Blondin DP, Holloway GP, Jørgensen SB, Steinberg GR. GDF15 promotes weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure in muscle. Nature 2023; 619:143-150. [PMID: 37380764 PMCID: PMC10322716 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction that promotes weight loss is an effective strategy for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and improving insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes1. Despite its effectiveness, in most individuals, weight loss is usually not maintained partly due to physiological adaptations that suppress energy expenditure, a process known as adaptive thermogenesis, the mechanistic underpinnings of which are unclear2,3. Treatment of rodents fed a high-fat diet with recombinant growth differentiating factor 15 (GDF15) reduces obesity and improves glycaemic control through glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-like (GFRAL)-dependent suppression of food intake4-7. Here we find that, in addition to suppressing appetite, GDF15 counteracts compensatory reductions in energy expenditure, eliciting greater weight loss and reductions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) compared to caloric restriction alone. This effect of GDF15 to maintain energy expenditure during calorie restriction requires a GFRAL-β-adrenergic-dependent signalling axis that increases fatty acid oxidation and calcium futile cycling in the skeletal muscle of mice. These data indicate that therapeutic targeting of the GDF15-GFRAL pathway may be useful for maintaining energy expenditure in skeletal muscle during caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geneviève J DesOrmeaux
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara M Frangos
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauralyne Dumont
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elham Ahmadi
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Irena A Rebalka
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaya Gautam
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Joy Therese Jabile
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal A Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Rehal
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evangelia E Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S V Lally
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Sara Juracic
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics (CCEAEG), Kunming, China
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastian Beck Jørgensen
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark
- Bio Innovation Hub Transformational Research Unit, Novo Nordisk, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Dagorn PG, Buchholz B, Kraus A, Batchuluun B, Bange H, Blockken L, Steinberg GR, Moller DE, Hallakou-Bozec S. A novel direct adenosine monophosphate kinase activator ameliorates disease progression in preclinical models of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int 2023; 103:917-929. [PMID: 36804411 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) mainly results from mutations in the PKD1 gene, which encodes polycystin 1. It is the most common inherited kidney disease and is characterized by a progressive bilateral increase in cyst number and size, often leading to kidney failure. The cellular energy sensor and regulator adenosine monophosphate stimulated protein kinase (AMPK) has been implicated as a promising new therapeutic target. To address this hypothesis, we determined the effects of a potent and selective clinical stage direct allosteric AMPK activator, PXL770, in canine and patient-derived 3D cyst models and an orthologous mouse model of ADPKD. PXL770 induced AMPK activation and dose-dependently reduced cyst growth in principal-like Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells stimulated with forskolin and kidney epithelial cells derived from patients with ADPKD stimulated with desmopressin. In an inducible, kidney epithelium-specific Pkd1 knockout mouse model, PXL770 produced kidney AMPK pathway engagement, prevented the onset of kidney failure (reducing blood urea by 47%), decreased cystic index by 26% and lowered the kidney weight to body weight ratio by 35% compared to untreated control Pkd1 knockout mice. These effects were accompanied by a reduction of markers of cell proliferation (-48%), macrophage infiltration (-53%) and tissue fibrosis (-37%). Thus, our results show the potential of direct allosteric AMPK activation in the treatment of ADPKD and support the further development of PXL770 for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjoern Buchholz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Kraus
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hester Bange
- Crown Bioscience Netherlands B.V., The Netherlands
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Abstract
Fatty acids are essential for survival, acting as bioenergetic substrates, structural components and signalling molecules. Given their vital role, cells have evolved mechanisms to generate fatty acids from alternative carbon sources, through a process known as de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Despite the importance of DNL, aberrant upregulation is associated with a wide variety of pathologies. Inhibiting core enzymes of DNL, including citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. Despite challenges related to efficacy, selectivity and safety, several new classes of synthetic DNL inhibitors have entered clinical-stage development and may become the foundation for a new class of therapeutics. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is vital for the maintenance of whole-body and cellular homeostasis, but aberrant upregulation of the pathway is associated with a broad range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and cancers. Here, Steinberg and colleagues provide an overview of the physiological and pathological roles of the core DNL enzymes and assess strategies and agents currently in development to therapeutically target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Gluais‐Dagorn P, Foretz M, Steinberg GR, Batchuluun B, Zawistowska‐Deniziak A, Lambooij JM, Guigas B, Carling D, Monternier P, Moller DE, Bolze S, Hallakou‐Bozec S. Direct AMPK Activation Corrects NASH in Rodents Through Metabolic Effects and Direct Action on Inflammation and Fibrogenesis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:101-119. [PMID: 34494384 PMCID: PMC8710801 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
No approved therapies are available for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of cell metabolism; its activation has been suggested as a therapeutic approach to NASH. Here we aimed to fully characterize the potential for direct AMPK activation in preclinical models and to determine mechanisms that could contribute to efficacy for this disease. A novel small-molecule direct AMPK activator, PXL770, was used. Enzyme activity was measured with recombinant complexes. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) was quantitated in vivo and in mouse and human primary hepatocytes. Metabolic efficacy was assessed in ob/ob and high-fat diet-fed mice. Liver histology, biochemical measures, and immune cell profiling were assessed in diet-induced NASH mice. Direct effects on inflammation and fibrogenesis were assessed using primary mouse and human hepatic stellate cells, mouse adipose tissue explants, and human immune cells. PXL770 directly activated AMPK in vitro and reduced DNL in primary hepatocytes. In rodent models with metabolic syndrome, PXL770 improved glycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. In mice with NASH, PXL770 reduced hepatic steatosis, ballooning, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. PXL770 exhibited direct inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of primary hepatic stellate cells. Conclusion: In rodent models, direct activation of AMPK is sufficient to produce improvements in all core components of NASH and to ameliorate related hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Novel properties of direct AMPK activation were also unveiled: improved insulin resistance and direct suppression of inflammation and fibrogenesis. Given effects also documented in human cells (reduced DNL, suppression of inflammation and stellate cell activation), these studies support the potential for direct AMPK activation to effectively treat patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de ParisInstitut CochinCNRSINSERMParisFrance
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research and Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress GroupMedical Research CouncilLondon Institute of Medical SciencesHammersmith HospitalImperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
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8
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Zhang SY, Li RJW, Lim YM, Batchuluun B, Liu H, Waise TMZ, Lam TKT. FXR in the dorsal vagal complex is sufficient and necessary for upper small intestinal microbiome-mediated changes of TCDCA to alter insulin action in rats. Gut 2021; 70:1675-1683. [PMID: 33087489 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conjugated bile acids are metabolised by upper small intestinal microbiota, and serum levels of taurine-conjugated bile acids are elevated and correlated with insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes. However, whether changes in taurine-conjugated bile acids are necessary for small intestinal microbiome to alter insulin action remain unknown. DESIGN We evaluated circulating and specifically brain insulin action using the pancreatic-euglycaemic clamps in high-fat (HF) versus chow fed rats with or without upper small intestinal healthy microbiome transplant. Chemical and molecular gain/loss-of-function experiments targeting specific taurine-conjugated bile acid-induced changes of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in the brain were performed in parallel. RESULTS We found that short-term HF feeding increased the levels of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA, an FXR ligand) in the upper small intestine, ileum, plasma and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the brain. Transplantation of upper small intestinal healthy microbiome into the upper small intestine of HF rats not only reversed the rise of TCDCA in all reported tissues but also enhanced the ability of either circulating hyperinsulinaemia or DVC insulin action to lower glucose production. Further, DVC infusion of TCDCA or FXR agonist negated the enhancement of insulin action, while genetic knockdown or chemical inhibition of FXR in the DVC of HF rats reversed insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that FXR in the DVC is sufficient and necessary for upper small intestinal microbiome-mediated changes of TCDCA to alter insulin action in rats, and highlight a previously unappreciated TCDCA-FXR axis linking gut microbiome and host insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosa J W Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Huiying Liu
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - T M Zaved Waise
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Bastin G, Luu L, Batchuluun B, Mighiu A, Beadman S, Zhang H, He C, Al Rijjal D, Wheeler MB, Heximer SP. RGS4-Deficiency Alters Intracellular Calcium and PKA-Mediated Control of Insulin Secretion in Glucose-Stimulated Beta Islets. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081008. [PMID: 34440212 PMCID: PMC8391461 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of diverse G-protein signaling pathways have been shown to regulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Accordingly, regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins have also been implicated in coordinating this process. One such protein, RGS4, is reported to show both positive and negative effects on insulin secretion from β-cells depending on the physiologic context under which it was studied. We here use an RGS4-deficient mouse model to characterize previously unknown G-protein signaling pathways that are regulated by RGS4 during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic islets. Our data show that loss of RGS4 results in a marked deficiency in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during both phase I and phase II of insulin release in intact mice and isolated islets. These deficiencies are associated with lower cAMP/PKA activity and a loss of normal calcium surge (phase I) and oscillatory (phase II) kinetics behavior in the RGS4-deficient β-cells, suggesting RGS4 may be important for regulation of both Gαi and Gαq signaling control during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Together, these studies add to the known list of G-protein coupled signaling events that are controlled by RGS4 during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and highlight the importance of maintaining normal levels of RGS4 function in healthy pancreatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bastin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-658-469-334
| | - Lemieux Luu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Alexandra Mighiu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Stephanie Beadman
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Hangjung Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Changhao He
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Michael B. Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
| | - Scott P. Heximer
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.B.); (H.Z.); (C.H.); (D.A.R.); (M.B.W.); (S.P.H.)
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
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10
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Li RJW, Batchuluun B, Zhang SY, Abraham MA, Wang B, Lim YM, Yue JTY, Lam TKT. Nutrient infusion in the dorsal vagal complex controls hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in rats. iScience 2021; 24:102366. [PMID: 33870148 PMCID: PMC8044434 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis is emerging, but whether the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) senses nutrients and regulates hepatic nutrient metabolism remains unclear. Here, we found in rats DVC oleic acid infusion suppressed hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-TG), which was disrupted by inhibiting DVC long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase that in parallel disturbed lipid homeostasis during intravenous lipid infusion. DVC glucose infusion elevated local glucose levels similarly as intravenous glucose infusion and suppressed hepatic glucose production. This was independent of lactate metabolism as inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase failed to disrupt glucose sensing and neither could DVC lactate infusion recapitulate glucose effect. DVC oleic acid and glucose infusion failed to lower VLDL-TG secretion and glucose production in high-fat fed rats, while inhibiting DVC farnesoid X receptor enhanced oleic acid but not glucose sensing. Thus, an impairment of DVC nutrient sensing may lead to the disruption of lipid and glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. DVC oleic acid infusion lowers hepatic secretion of VLDL-TG in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of ACSL in the DVC negates lipid sensing DVC glucose infusion lowers hepatic glucose production in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of FXR in the DVC enhances oleic acid but not glucose sensing in HF rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mona A Abraham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Beini Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica T Y Yue
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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11
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Khan SR, Mohan H, Liu Y, Batchuluun B, Gohil H, Al Rijjal D, Manialawy Y, Cox BJ, Gunderson EP, Wheeler MB. The discovery of novel predictive biomarkers and early-stage pathophysiology for the transition from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:687-703. [PMID: 30645667 PMCID: PMC7237273 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects up to 20% of pregnancies, and almost half of the women affected progress to type 2 diabetes later in life, making GDM the most significant risk factor for the development of future type 2 diabetes. An accurate prediction of future type 2 diabetes risk in the early postpartum period after GDM would allow for timely interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. In addition, new targets for interventions may be revealed by understanding the underlying pathophysiology of the transition from GDM to type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study is to identify both a predictive signature and early-stage pathophysiology of the transition from GDM to type 2 diabetes. METHODS We used a well-characterised prospective cohort of women with a history of GDM pregnancy, all of whom were enrolled at 6-9 weeks postpartum (baseline), were confirmed not to have diabetes via 2 h 75 g OGTT and tested anually for type 2 diabetes on an ongoing basis (2 years of follow-up). A large-scale targeted lipidomic study was implemented to analyse ~1100 lipid metabolites in baseline plasma samples using a nested pair-matched case-control design, with 55 incident cases matched to 85 non-case control participants. The relationships between the concentrations of baseline plasma lipids and respective follow-up status (either type 2 diabetes or no type 2 diabetes) were employed to discover both a predictive signature and the underlying pathophysiology of the transition from GDM to type 2 diabetes. In addition, the underlying pathophysiology was examined in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Machine learning optimisation in a decision tree format revealed a seven-lipid metabolite type 2 diabetes predictive signature with a discriminating power (AUC) of 0.92 (87% sensitivity, 93% specificity and 91% accuracy). The signature was highly robust as it includes 45-fold cross-validation under a high confidence threshold (1.0) and binary output, which together minimise the chance of data overfitting and bias selection. Concurrent analysis of differentially expressed lipid metabolite pathways uncovered the upregulation of α-linolenic/linoleic acid metabolism (false discovery rate [FDR] 0.002) and fatty acid biosynthesis (FDR 0.005) and the downregulation of sphingolipid metabolism (FDR 0.009) as being strongly associated with the risk of developing future type 2 diabetes. Focusing specifically on sphingolipids, the downregulation of sphingolipid metabolism using the pharmacological inhibitors fumonisin B1 (FB1) and myriocin in mouse islets and Min6 K8 cells (a pancreatic beta-cell like cell line) significantly impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but had no significant impact on whole-body glucose homeostasis or insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We reveal a novel predictive signature and associate reduced sphingolipids with the pathophysiology of transition from GDM to type 2 diabetes. Attenuating sphingolipid metabolism in islets impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur R Khan
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haneesha Mohan
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Himaben Gohil
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yousef Manialawy
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian J Cox
- Reproduction and Development Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3360, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Erica P Gunderson
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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12
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Khan SR, Mohan H, Liu Y, Batchuluun B, Gohil H, Al Rijjal D, Manialawy Y, Cox BJ, Gunderson EP, Wheeler MB. Correction to: The discovery of novel predictive biomarkers and early-stage pathophysiology for the transition from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:730-731. [PMID: 30734838 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Unfortunately, the graph in Fig. 5f became misaligned during typesetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur R Khan
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haneesha Mohan
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Himaben Gohil
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yousef Manialawy
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian J Cox
- Reproduction and Development Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3360, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Erica P Gunderson
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Endocrine and Diabetes Platform, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Advanced Diagnostics, Metabolism, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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13
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Mohan H, Brandt SL, Kim JH, Wong F, Lai M, Prentice KJ, Al Rijjal D, Magomedova L, Batchuluun B, Burdett E, Bhattacharjee A, Cummins CL, Belsham DD, Cox B, Liu Y, Wheeler MB. 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) prevents high fat diet-induced insulin resistance via maintenance of hepatic lipid homeostasis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:61-72. [PMID: 30062833 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplements, available by prescription, are common in the treatment of dyslipidaemia in humans. Recent studies show that 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), a metabolite formed from fish oil supplementation, was able to prevent and reverse high fat diet (HFD)-induced fatty liver in mice. In the present study, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for CMPF's hepatic lipid-lowering effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD1 male mice were i.p. injected with CMPF (dosage, 6 mg/kg) for 7 days, followed by 5 weeks of a 60% HFD to induce a fatty liver phenotype. Metabolic parameters, liver morphology, lipid content, protein expression and microarray analysis were assessed. We also utilized primary hepatocytes, an in vitro model, to further investigate the direct effects of CMPF on hepatic lipid utilization and biosynthesis. RESULTS CMPF-treated mice display enhanced hepatic lipid clearance while hepatic lipid storage is prevented, thereby protecting against liver lipid accumulation and development of HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Mechanistically, as CMPF enters the liver, it acts as an allosteric acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor, which directly induces both fatty acid oxidation and hepatic production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). A feed-back loop is initiated by CMPF, which exists between ACC inhibition, fatty acid oxidation and production of FGF21. As a consequence, an adaptive decrease in Insig2/SREBP-1c/FAS protein expression results in priming of the liver to prevent a HFD-induced fatty liver phenotype. CONCLUSION CMPF is a potential driver of hepatic lipid metabolism, preventing diet-induced hepatic lipid deposition and insulin resistance in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sydney L Brandt
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ja Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frances Wong
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mi Lai
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Elena Burdett
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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14
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Untereiner A, Abdo S, Bhattacharjee A, Gohil H, Pourasgari F, Ibeh N, Lai M, Batchuluun B, Wong A, Khuu N, Liu Y, Al Rijjal D, Winegarden N, Virtanen C, Orser BA, Cabrera O, Varga G, Rocheleau J, Dai FF, Wheeler MB. GABA promotes β-cell proliferation, but does not overcome impaired glucose homeostasis associated with diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2018; 33:3968-3984. [PMID: 30509117 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801397r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration has been shown to increase β-cell mass, leading to a reversal of type 1 diabetes in mice. Whether GABA has any effect on β cells of healthy and prediabetic/glucose-intolerant obese mice remains unknown. In the present study, we show that oral GABA administration ( ad libitum) to mice indeed increased pancreatic β-cell mass, which led to a modest enhancement in insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. However, GABA treatment did not further increase insulin-positive islet area in high fat diet-fed mice and was unable to prevent or reverse glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, whether in vivo or in vitro, GABA treatment increased β-cell proliferation. In vitro, the effect was shown to be mediated via the GABAA receptor. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that GABA preferentially up-regulated pathways linked to β-cell proliferation and simultaneously down-regulated those networks required for other processes, including insulin biosynthesis and metabolism. Interestingly, single-cell differential expression analysis revealed GABA treatment gave rise to a distinct subpopulation of β cells with a unique transcriptional signature, including urocortin 3 ( ucn3), wnt4, and hepacam2. Taken together, this study provides new mechanistic insight into the proliferative nature of GABA but suggests that β-cell compensation associated with prediabetes overlaps with, and negates, its proliferative effects.-Untereiner, A., Abdo, S., Bhattacharjee, A., Gohil, H., Pourasgari, F., Ibeh, N., Lai, M., Batchuluun, B., Wong, A., Khuu, N., Liu, Y., Al Rijjal, D., Winegarden, N., Virtanen, C., Orser, B. A., Cabrera, O., Varga, G., Rocheleau, J., Dai, F. F., Wheeler, M. B. GABA promotes β-cell proliferation, but does not overcome impaired glucose homeostasis associated with diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Untereiner
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaaban Abdo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alpana Bhattacharjee
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Himaben Gohil
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Neke Ibeh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mi Lai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anthony Wong
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Khuu
- Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Winegarden
- Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl Virtanen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beverley A Orser
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Over Cabrera
- Diabetes and Complications Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gabor Varga
- Diabetes and Complications Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jonathan Rocheleau
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feihan F Dai
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Batchuluun B, Al Rijjal D, Prentice KJ, Eversley JA, Burdett E, Mohan H, Bhattacharjee A, Gunderson EP, Liu Y, Wheeler MB. Elevated Medium-Chain Acylcarnitines Are Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Early Progression to Type 2 Diabetes and Induce Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction. Diabetes 2018; 67:885-897. [PMID: 29436377 PMCID: PMC5910003 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Specific circulating metabolites have emerged as important risk factors for the development of diabetes. The acylcarnitines (acylCs) are a family of metabolites known to be elevated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and linked to peripheral insulin resistance. However, the effect of acylCs on pancreatic β-cell function is not well understood. Here, we profiled circulating acylCs in two diabetes cohorts: 1) women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 2) women with recent GDM who later developed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), new-onset T2D, or returned to normoglycemia within a 2-year follow-up period. We observed a specific elevation in serum medium-chain (M)-acylCs, particularly hexanoyl- and octanoylcarnitine, among women with GDM and individuals with T2D without alteration in long-chain acylCs. Mice treated with M-acylCs exhibited glucose intolerance, attributed to impaired insulin secretion. Murine and human islets exposed to elevated levels of M-acylCs developed defects in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and this was directly linked to reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity and subsequent ability to couple glucose metabolism to insulin secretion. In conclusion, our study reveals that an elevation in circulating M-acylCs is associated with GDM and early stages of T2D onset and that this elevation directly impairs β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judith A Eversley
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Burdett
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Erica P Gunderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Nagy E, Liu Y, Prentice KJ, Sloop KW, Sanders PE, Batchuluun B, Hammond CD, Wheeler MB, Durham TB. Synthesis and Characterization of Urofuranoic Acids: In Vivo Metabolism of 2-(2-Carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic Acid (CMPF) and Effects on in Vitro Insulin Secretion. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1860-1875. [PMID: 28171722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CMPF (2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid) is a metabolite that circulates at high concentrations in type 2 and gestational diabetes patients. Further, human clinical studies suggest it might have a causal role in these diseases. CMPF inhibits insulin secretion in mouse and human islets in vitro and in vivo in rodents. However, the metabolic fate of CMPF and the relationship of structure to effects on insulin secretion have not been significantly studied. The syntheses of CMPF and analogues are described. These include isotopically labeled molecules. Study of these materials in vivo has led to the first observation of a metabolite of CMPF. In addition, a wide range of CMPF analogues have been prepared and characterized in insulin secretion assays using both mouse and human islets. Several molecules that influence insulin secretion in vitro were identified. The molecules described should serve as interesting probes to further study the biology of CMPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Nagy
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Phillip E Sanders
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Craig D Hammond
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Timothy B Durham
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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17
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Massumi M, Pourasgari F, Nalla A, Batchuluun B, Nagy K, Neely E, Gull R, Nagy A, Wheeler MB. An Abbreviated Protocol for In Vitro Generation of Functional Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Beta-Like Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164457. [PMID: 27755557 PMCID: PMC5068782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to yield glucose-responsive pancreatic beta-cells from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro will facilitate the development of the cell replacement therapies for the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Here, through the sequential in vitro targeting of selected signaling pathways, we have developed an abbreviated five-stage protocol (25–30 days) to generate human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Beta-like Cells (ES-DBCs). We showed that Geltrex, as an extracellular matrix, could support the generation of ES-DBCs more efficiently than that of the previously described culture systems. The activation of FGF and Retinoic Acid along with the inhibition of BMP, SHH and TGF-beta led to the generation of 75% NKX6.1+/NGN3+ Endocrine Progenitors. The inhibition of Notch and tyrosine kinase receptor AXL, and the treatment with Exendin-4 and T3 in the final stage resulted in 35% mono-hormonal insulin positive cells, 1% insulin and glucagon positive cells and 30% insulin and NKX6.1 co-expressing cells. Functionally, ES-DBCs were responsive to high glucose in static incubation and perifusion studies, and could secrete insulin in response to successive glucose stimulations. Mitochondrial metabolic flux analyses using Seahorse demonstrated that the ES-DBCs could efficiently metabolize glucose and generate intracellular signals to trigger insulin secretion. In conclusion, targeting selected signaling pathways for 25–30 days was sufficient to generate ES-DBCs in vitro. The ability of ES-DBCs to secrete insulin in response to glucose renders them a promising model for the in vitro screening of drugs, small molecules or genes that may have potential to influence beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Massumi
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Farzaneh Pourasgari
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amarnadh Nalla
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristina Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Neely
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rida Gull
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Liu Y, Prentice KJ, Eversley JA, Hu C, Batchuluun B, Leavey K, Hansen JB, Wei DW, Cox B, Dai FF, Jia W, Wheeler MB. Rapid Elevation in CMPF May Act As a Tipping Point in Diabetes Development. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2889-900. [PMID: 26997281 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes, a state of mild glucose intolerance, can persist for years before a sudden decline in beta cell function and rapid deterioration to overt diabetes. The mechanism underlying this tipping point of beta cell dysfunction remains unknown. Here, the furan fatty acid metabolite CMPF was evaluated in a prospective cohort. Those who developed overt diabetes had a significant increase in CMPF over time, whereas prediabetics maintained chronically elevated levels, even up to 5 years before diagnosis. To evaluate the effect of increasing CMPF on diabetes progression, we used obese, insulin-resistant models of prediabetes. CMPF accelerated diabetes development by inducing metabolic remodeling, resulting in preferential utilization of fatty acids over glucose. This was associated with diminished glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, increased ROS formation, and accumulation of proinsulin, all characteristics of human diabetes. Thus, an increase in CMPF may represent the tipping point in diabetes development by accelerating beta cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Judith A Eversley
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Katherine Leavey
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3360, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jakob B Hansen
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David W Wei
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3360, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Feihan F Dai
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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19
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Dai FF, Bhattacharjee A, Liu Y, Batchuluun B, Zhang M, Wang XS, Huang X, Luu L, Zhu D, Gaisano H, Wheeler MB. A Novel GLP1 Receptor Interacting Protein ATP6ap2 Regulates Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Beta Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25045-61. [PMID: 26272612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP1 activates its receptor, GLP1R, to enhance insulin secretion. The activation and transduction of GLP1R requires complex interactions with a host of accessory proteins, most of which remain largely unknown. In this study, we used membrane-based split ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid assays to identify novel GLP1R interactors in both mouse and human islets. Among these, ATP6ap2 (ATPase H(+)-transporting lysosomal accessory protein 2) was identified in both mouse and human islet screens. ATP6ap2 was shown to be abundant in islets including both alpha and beta cells. When GLP1R and ATP6ap2 were co-expressed in beta cells, GLP1R was shown to directly interact with ATP6ap2, as assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. In INS-1 cells, overexpression of ATP6ap2 did not affect insulin secretion; however, siRNA knockdown decreased both glucose-stimulated and GLP1-induced insulin secretion. Decreases in GLP1-induced insulin secretion were accompanied by attenuated GLP1 stimulated cAMP accumulation. Because ATP6ap2 is a subunit required for V-ATPase assembly of insulin granules, it has been reported to be involved in granule acidification. In accordance with this, we observed impaired insulin granule acidification upon ATP6ap2 knockdown but paradoxically increased proinsulin secretion. Importantly, as a GLP1R interactor, ATP6ap2 was required for GLP1-induced Ca(2+) influx, in part explaining decreased insulin secretion in ATP6ap2 knockdown cells. Taken together, our findings identify a group of proteins that interact with the GLP1R. We further show that one interactor, ATP6ap2, plays a novel dual role in beta cells, modulating both GLP1R signaling and insulin processing to affect insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihan F Dai
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alpana Bhattacharjee
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ming Zhang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xinye Serena Wang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xinyi Huang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lemieux Luu
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dan Zhu
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Herbert Gaisano
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- From the Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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20
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Liu Y, Batchuluun B, Ho L, Zhu D, Prentice KJ, Bhattacharjee A, Zhang M, Pourasgari F, Hardy AB, Taylor KM, Gaisano H, Dai FF, Wheeler MB. Characterization of Zinc Influx Transporters (ZIPs) in Pancreatic β Cells: ROLES IN REGULATING CYTOSOLIC ZINC HOMEOSTASIS AND INSULIN SECRETION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18757-69. [PMID: 25969539 PMCID: PMC4513131 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays an essential role in the regulation of pancreatic β cell function, affecting important processes including insulin biosynthesis, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and cell viability. Mutations in the zinc efflux transport protein ZnT8 have been linked with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, further supporting an important role for zinc in glucose homeostasis. However, very little is known about how cytosolic zinc is controlled by zinc influx transporters (ZIPs). In this study, we examined the β cell and islet ZIP transcriptome and show consistent high expression of ZIP6 (Slc39a6) and ZIP7 (Slc39a7) genes across human and mouse islets and MIN6 β cells. Modulation of ZIP6 and ZIP7 expression significantly altered cytosolic zinc influx in pancreatic β cells, indicating an important role for ZIP6 and ZIP7 in regulating cellular zinc homeostasis. Functionally, this dysregulated cytosolic zinc homeostasis led to impaired insulin secretion. In parallel studies, we identified both ZIP6 and ZIP7 as potential interacting proteins with GLP-1R by a membrane yeast two-hybrid assay. Knock-down of ZIP6 but not ZIP7 in MIN6 β cells impaired the protective effects of GLP-1 on fatty acid-induced cell apoptosis, possibly via reduced activation of the p-ERK pathway. Therefore, our data suggest that ZIP6 and ZIP7 function as two important zinc influx transporters to regulate cytosolic zinc concentrations and insulin secretion in β cells. In particular, ZIP6 is also capable of directly interacting with GLP-1R to facilitate the protective effect of GLP-1 on β cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Louisa Ho
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Dan Zhu
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Alpana Bhattacharjee
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Ming Zhang
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Farzaneh Pourasgari
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Alexandre B Hardy
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- the Breast Cancer Molecular Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VIIth Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Gaisano
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Feihan F Dai
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
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21
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Batchuluun B, Matsumata T, Batchuluun B, Erdenebileg N, Tsagaantsooj G, Boldbaatar K, Khasag A. Serum ferritin level is higher in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes and people without diabetes, aged over 55 years. Diabet Med 2014; 31:419-24. [PMID: 24151864 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes mellitus has been increasing in Mongolia. There is also growing concern about the relationship between iron stores and the severity of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate serum ferritin level among Mongolian individuals with and without diabetes. METHODS Of 254 participants, a total of 99 previously diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes and the same numbers of subjects without diabetes were enrolled and invited to a physical examination (BMI, central obesity, blood pressure) and fasting blood tests (fasting blood glucose, HbA1c , serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase). RESULTS Serum ferritin was higher in the patients with type 2 diabetes compared with the control group without diabetes, with a significant difference in the female groups (341.6 ± 67.2 and 159.1 ± 36.8 ng/ml respectively, P = 0.019). Of the patients with type 2 diabetes, 43.4% had hyperferritinaemia, and 21.2% of the individuals without diabetes had hyperferritinaemia. In the group with type 2 diabetes, serum ferritin level was significantly higher in the group of women whose HbA1c was ≥ 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) compared with the other group of women whose HbA1c was < 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) (562.1 ± 122.1 and 220.5 ± 78.7 ng/ml respectively, P = 0.025). We also found that the subjects without diabetes, aged over 55 years, are at risk of increased serum ferritin. CONCLUSION Poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes and people without diabetes of over 55 years of age are likely to be at a higher risk of developing hyperferritinaemia. Thus, regular assessments of serum ferritin might be important for those who are at risk of hyperferritnaemia for prevention and an early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Batchuluun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Fujii M, Inoguchi T, Batchuluun B, Sugiyama N, Kobayashi K, Sonoda N, Takayanagi R. CTLA-4Ig immunotherapy of obesity-induced insulin resistance by manipulation of macrophage polarization in adipose tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:103-9. [PMID: 23872146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that obesity alters the metabolic and endocrine function of adipose tissue and, together with accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages, contributes to insulin resistance. Although numerous studies have reported that shifting the polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2 can alleviate adipose tissue inflammation, manipulation of macrophage polarization has not been considered as a specific therapy. Here, we determined whether cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4IgG1 (CTLA-4Ig) can ameliorate insulin resistance by induction of macrophages from proinflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 polarization in the adipose tissues of high fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice. CTLA4-Ig treatment prevented insulin resistance by changing gene expression to M2 polarization, which increased the levels of arginase 1. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis confirmed the alteration of polarization from CD11c (M1)- to CD206 (M2)-positive cells. Concomitantly, CTLA-4Ig treatment resulted in weight reductions of epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissues, which may be closely related to overexpression of apoptosis inhibitors in macrophages. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels decreased significantly. In contrast, CCAAT enhancer binding protein α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and adiponectin expression increased significantly in subcutaneous adipose tissue. This novel mechanism of CTLA-4lg immunotherapy may lead to an ideal anti-obesity/inflammation/insulin resistance agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Fujii
- Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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