1
|
Flood L, Mintzes B, Chiu K, Dai Z, Karanges EA, Holman B. Australian Clinical Trial Authors' Declarations of Industry Ties. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:3196-3198. [PMID: 35257257 PMCID: PMC9485315 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorelie Flood
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Mintzes
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kellia Chiu
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhaoli Dai
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily A Karanges
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bennett Holman
- Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
- Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Erasmus
- Department of Philosophy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
- Institute for the Future of Knowledge, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bennett Holman
- Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
- University of Johannesburg Faculty of Humanities, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
There is now a general consensus amongst philosophers in the values in science literature that values necessarily play a role in core areas of scientific inquiry. We argue that attention should now be turned from debating the value-free ideal to delineating legitimate from illegitimate influences of values in science, a project we dub "The New Demarcation Problem." First, we review past attempts to demarcate the uses of values and propose a categorization of the strategies by where they seek to draw legitimacy from. Next, we propose a set of desiderata for what we take to be a satisfactory solution and present a case study where conflicting sets of values clearly impinge on science, but where the legitimacy of their influence is ambiguous. We use these desiderata and the case study to illustrate what we take to be the strengths and weaknesses of current strategies. To be clear, our goal is not to answer the question we pose, but to articulate a framework within which a solution can be judged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Holman
- Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The field of research policy has conducted extensive research on partnerships between industry and academics and concluded that such collaborations are generally beneficial. Such a view stands in stark contrast to the literature in the philosophy of science which almost wholly finds such collaborations corrosive to scientific inquiry. After reviewing the respective literatures, I propose explanations for these polarized views which support the claim that both disciplines have only a partial vantage point on the effects of industry-funded science. In closing, I outline how the research agendas of each discipline might remediate their respective shortcomings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Holman
- Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gabriel JM, Holman B. Clinical trials and the origins of pharmaceutical fraud: Parke, Davis & Company, virtue epistemology, and the history of the fundamental antagonism. Hist Sci 2020; 58:533-558. [PMID: 32713203 DOI: 10.1177/0073275320942435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes one possible origin point for fraudulent behavior within the American pharmaceutical industry. We argue that during the late nineteenth century therapeutic reformers sought to promote both laboratory science and increasingly systematized forms of clinical experiment as a new basis for therapeutic knowledge. This process was intertwined with a transformation in the ethical framework in which medical science took place, one in which monopoly status was replaced by clinical utility as the primary arbiter of pharmaceutical legitimacy. This new framework fundamentally altered the set of epistemic virtues-a phrase we draw from the philosophical field of virtue epistemology-considered necessary to conduct reliable scientific inquiry regarding drugs. In doing so, it also made possible new forms of fraud in which newly emergent epistemic virtues were violated. To make this argument, we focus on the efforts of Francis E. Stewart and George S. Davis of Parke, Davis & Company. Therapeutic reformers within the pharmaceutical industry, such as Stewart and Davis, were an important part of the broader normative and epistemic transformation we describe in that they sought to promote laboratory science and systematized clinical trials toward the twin goals of improving pharmaceutical science and promoting their own commercial interests. Yet, as we suggest, Parke, Davis & Company also serves as an example of a company that violated the very norms that Stewart and Davis helped introduce. We thus seek to describe one possible origin point for the widespread fraudulent practices that now characterize the pharmaceutical industry. We also seek to describe an origin point for why we conceptualize such practices as fraudulent in the first place.
Collapse
|
6
|
Holman B, DeVito NJ, Vassar M. Transparency and diversity in cystic fibrosis research. Lancet 2020; 396:601-602. [PMID: 32861303 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Holman
- Underwood International College Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicholas J DeVito
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Matt Vassar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bruner JP, Holman B. Self-correction in science: Meta-analysis, bias and social structure. Stud Hist Philos Sci 2019; 78:93-97. [PMID: 31818423 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Bruner
- Department of Theoretical Philosophy and Centre for Philosophy, Politics and Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bennett Holman
- Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
This article aims to describe the last 10 years of the collaborative scientific endeavors on polarization in particular and collective problem-solving in general by our multidisciplinary research team. We describe the team's disciplinary composition-social psychology, political science, social philosophy/epistemology, and complex systems science-highlighting the shared and unique skill sets of our group members and how each discipline contributes to studying polarization and collective problem-solving. With an eye to the literature on team dynamics, we describe team logistics and processes that we believe make our multidisciplinary team persistent and productive. We emphasize challenges and difficulties caused by disciplinary differences in terms of terminology, units/levels of analysis, methodology, and theoretical assumptions. We then explain how work disambiguating the concepts of polarization and developing an integrative theoretical and methodological framework with complex systems perspectives has helped us overcome these challenges. We summarize the major findings that our research has produced over the past decade, and describe our current research and future directions. Last, we discuss lessons we have learned, including difficulties in a "three models" project and how we addressed them, with suggestions for effective multidisciplinary team research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
9
|
Heneghan CJ, Aronson JK, Spencer E, Holman B, Mahtani KR, Perera R, Onakpoya I. Oral hormone pregnancy tests and the risks of congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2018; 7:1725. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral hormone pregnancy tests (HPTs), such as Primodos, containing ethinylestradiol and high doses of norethisterone, were given to over a million women from 1958 to 1978, when Primodos was withdrawn from the market because of concerns about possible teratogenicity. We aimed to study the association between maternal exposure to oral HPTs and congenital malformations. Methods: We have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies that included data from pregnant women and were exposed to oral HPTs within the estimated first three months of pregnancy, if compared with a relevant control group. We used random-effects meta-analysis and assessed the quality of each study using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for non-randomized studies. Results: We found 16 case control studies and 10 prospective cohort studies, together including 71 330 women, of whom 4209 were exposed to HPTs. Exposure to oral HPTs was associated with a 40% increased risk of all congenital malformations: pooled odds ratio (OR) = 1.40 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.66; P<0.0001; I2 = 0%). Exposure to HPTs was associated with an increased risk of congenital heart malformations: pooled OR = 1.89 (95% CI 1.32 to 2.72; P = 0.0006; I2=0%); nervous system malformations OR = 2.98 (95% CI 1.32 to 6.76; P = 0.0109 I2 = 78%); gastrointestinal malformations, OR = 4.50 (95% CI 0.63 to 32.20; P = 0.13; I2 = 54%); musculoskeletal malformations, OR = 2.24 (95% CI 1.23 to 4.08; P= 0.009; I2 = 0%); the VACTERL syndrome (Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiovascular anomalies, Tracheoesophageal fistula, Esophageal atresia, Renal anomalies, and Limb defects), OR = 7.47 (95% CI 2.92 to 19.07; P < 0.0001; I2 = 0%). Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that use of oral HPTs in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of congenital malformations.
Collapse
|
10
|
Heneghan C, Aronson JK, Spencer E, Holman B, Mahtani KR, Perera R, Onakpoya I. Oral hormone pregnancy tests and the risks of congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2018; 7:1725. [PMID: 30631442 PMCID: PMC6281024 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16758.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral hormone pregnancy tests (HPTs), such as Primodos, containing ethinylestradiol and high doses of norethisterone, were given to over a million women from 1958 to 1978, when Primodos was withdrawn from the market because of concerns about possible teratogenicity. We aimed to study the association between maternal exposure to oral HPTs and congenital malformations. Methods: We have performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies that included data from pregnant women and were exposed to oral HPTs within the estimated first three months of pregnancy, if compared with a relevant control group. We used random-effects meta-analysis and assessed the quality of each study using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for non-randomized studies. Results: We found 16 case control studies and 10 prospective cohort studies, together including 71 330 women, of whom 4,209 were exposed to HPTs. Exposure to oral HPTs was associated with a 40% increased risk of all congenital malformations: pooled odds ratio (OR) = 1.40 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.66; P<0.0001; I
2 = 0%). Exposure to HPTs was associated with an increased risk of congenital heart malformations: pooled OR = 1.89 (95% CI 1.32 to 2.72; P = 0.0006; I
2=0%); nervous system malformations OR = 2.98 (95% CI 1.32 to 6.76; P = 0.0109 I
2 = 78%); gastrointestinal malformations, OR = 4.50 (95% CI 0.63 to 32.20; P = 0.13; I
2 = 54%); musculoskeletal malformations, OR = 2.24 (95% CI 1.23 to 4.08; P= 0.009; I
2 = 0%); the VACTERL syndrome (Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiovascular anomalies, Tracheoesophageal fistula, Esophageal atresia, Renal anomalies, and Limb defects), OR = 7.47 (95% CI 2.92 to 19.07; P < 0.0001; I
2 = 0%). Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that use of oral HPTs in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of congenital malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Heneghan
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey K Aronson
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Spencer
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bennett Holman
- Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kamal R Mahtani
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rafael Perera
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Igho Onakpoya
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kilgannon AK, Holman B, Mawson AJ, Campbell M, Collins D, Hopkins D. Effect of Controlled Temperature-Time Variation during the Chilled Storage of Beef on Tenderness Characteristics. Meat and Muscle Biology 2018. [DOI: 10.22175/rmc2018.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
12
|
Holman B. Growth and Body Conformation Responses of Genetically Divergent Australian Sheep to Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Supplementation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.9734/ajea/2012/992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Holman B, Bryjová I, Jezíková A, Makovický P, Mokán M. [Chronic renal disease and gravidity--case study]. Vnitr Lek 2006; 52:640-4. [PMID: 16871770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Uremia, the result of renal failure, is a serious clinical problem. Rising azotemia during gravidity significantly increases perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study presents the case of 34 years old patient with 27-year medical history of diabetes mellitus type 1 with diabetic nephropathy and chronic renal insufficiency. The patient got pregnant in the stage of preterminal renal failure. During the first trimester, she showed hypertension and proteinuria. In her 25th week of pregnancy, she was hospitalized with progressive proteinuria, almost uncontrollable hypertension and increased azotemia. Intensive conservative therapy led to a slight decrease of azotemia and proteinuria levels which, however, remained high. In fact, we considered using elimination methods several times. Due to severe hypoxia of the foetus, the gravidity was terminated by section at 30 weeks. After the parturition, the newborn had to be resuscitated. In the first days, the newborn showed increased azotemia which decreased spontaneously after several days. In a month after the termination of gravidity, N-substances increased again and the patient was enrolled in the chronic dialysis programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Holman
- I. interná klinika Jesseniovej lekárskej fakulty UK a MFN, Martin, Slovenská republika.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Welt S, Miller C, Irwin J, Stripe L, Holman B, Lanning CC, Kostyal DA, Flesher WR. Her2/Neu expression in consecutive resected primary breast cancers in a community hospital. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.9669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Welt
- Guthrie Rsrch Inst, Sayre, PA; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY
| | - C. Miller
- Guthrie Rsrch Inst, Sayre, PA; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY
| | - J. Irwin
- Guthrie Rsrch Inst, Sayre, PA; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY
| | - L. Stripe
- Guthrie Rsrch Inst, Sayre, PA; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY
| | - B. Holman
- Guthrie Rsrch Inst, Sayre, PA; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY
| | - C. C. Lanning
- Guthrie Rsrch Inst, Sayre, PA; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY
| | - D. A. Kostyal
- Guthrie Rsrch Inst, Sayre, PA; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY
| | - W. R. Flesher
- Guthrie Rsrch Inst, Sayre, PA; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY; Corning Hosp, Corning, NY
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Holman B, Jezíková A, Funiaková M, Galajda P, Makovický P, Mokán M. [Glomerulonephritides, histology forms, way of treatment and therapeutic effect in our patients]. Vnitr Lek 2004; 50:434-7. [PMID: 15346636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Authors present a group of patients in the article who were monitored at a nephrology outpatient department of the University Hospital in Martin between years 1997 and 2001 for nephritic or nephrotic syndrome. Indications, contraindications and ways of histology examinations of kidneys in their department are discussed in the beginning of the work. Than prevalence of individual types of glomerulonephritides as well as way and length of therapy based on histology picture are discussed in the monitored group of patients. In the end results of therapeutic response are presented. Among other things, authors came to a conclusion that it is the least possible to manage the disease when histology results show sclerotisation of glomerules and in cases of frequent relapses in prolipherative forms of glomerulonephritides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Holman
- I. interná klinika Jesseniovej lekárskej fakulty UK a Martinskej fakultnej nemocnice, Martin, Slovenská republika
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Funiaková M, Funiaková S, Jezíková A, Holman B, Mokán M, Funiak S. [Causes of hospitalization in patients on chronic hemodialysis]. Vnitr Lek 2004; 50:213-7. [PMID: 15125372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patients taking dialysis regularly form a group with higher morbidity and mortality compared with common population. The risk factors of the hospitalization in future in these patients are supposed to be: older age, history of cardiovascular disease, comorbidity, vascular access other than arterio-venous fistula, certain types of nephropathy and serum albumin level < 30 g/l. The number of patients in chronic dialysis treatment in Slovakia rises. Therefore we have performed a retrospective study. It's aim was to evaluate the main reasons and risk factors of hospitalizations in chronic haemodialysis patients in Turciansky region. METHODS 80 patients undergoing regular haemodialysis treatment in 2 dialysis centres during 24 months were included. Following data were collected: age, gender, comorbidity, type of nephropathy, residual diuresis, some data connected with dialysis treatment, laboratory parametres and body mass index. RESULTS During the given period of time 66 per cent of the patients of our sample required hospitalization. The main reasons of their hospitalization were complications of vascular access (13%), surgery (12%), the sepsis (9%) and serious bleeding (9%). Hospitalized patients showed significantly lower BMI and residual diuresis compared with non-hospitalized ones. They also suffered from greater amount of other diseases. As for gender prevailed men and patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, thrombosis and peptic ulcer. There was no connection between morbidity and age, type of vascular access and laboratory parameters observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Funiaková
- I. interná klinika Jesseniovej lekárskej fakulty UK, Martin, Slovenská republika
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kubisz P, Stasko J, Ivanková J, Holman B, Jeziková A, Galajda P. TAFI and diabetic nephropathy. J Thromb Haemost 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2003.tb04439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Graves S, Holman B, Felder RA. Modular robotic workcell for coagulation analysis. Clin Chem 2000; 46:772-7. [PMID: 10794776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total laboratory automation (TLA) has been shown to increase laboratory efficiency and quality. However, modular automation is smaller, requires less initial capital, and requires less planning than TLA. We engineered and performed clinical trials on a modular robotic preanalytical workcell for coagulation analysis. METHODS Timing studies were used to quantify the efficiency of the manual processes and to identify areas in the processing of coagulation specimens where bottlenecks and long waiting periods were encountered. We then designed our modular robotic system to eliminate these bottlenecks. Our robotic modular workcell was engineered to allow a choice of specimen introduction manually, by conveyor, or by mobile robot. Additional timing studies were performed during clinical trials of the robotic system. RESULTS Prior to automation, the time required for preanalytical processing time was 18-107 min; after automation, it was 45-50 min. Additional improvements in workcell efficiency could be realized when high quality, prelabeled specimens were introduced into the system. CONCLUSION Compared with manual methods, modular automation provides more predictable variation in specimen processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Graves
- Medical Automation Research Center, Box 800168, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Laboratory automation systems (LAS) have been installed in over 22 sites across North America providing automation of many preanalytical and analytical tasks in clinical laboratories. Only a few laboratories have automated the analysis of citrated whole blood for the diagnosis of hemostasis disorders. The analysis of coagulation factors in citrated blood requires a large amount of labor in order to provide rapid turnaround; thus automation of this analytical process is attractive. Therefore, we have created an automated coagulation workstation using a systematic approach to automation design and engineering. First, we used discrete event simulation to calculate potential throughput and to identify possible bottlenecks for the proposed coagulation workcell. We then created a three-dimensional animated computer model of the workstation to simplify workstation design. Finally, we constructed a prototype workcell using a mobile robot, an articulated robotic arm, and a coagulation analytical system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Graves
- Medical Automation Research Center, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Boddé HE, Holman B, Spies F, Weerheim A, Kempenaar J, Mommaas M, Ponec M. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of in vitro reconstructed human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95:108-16. [PMID: 2195119 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12874082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidermis has been reconstructed in vitro by seeding human keratinocytes on a human dermal substrate in an air-exposed culture. The end product has been examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of thin sections, light microscopy, and lipid analysis using thin-layer chromatography. Light microscopic observation of hematoxylin-eosin stained, paraffin embedded cross-sections of the cell culture revealed a strong resemblance to its intact human counterpart, especially with respect to the morphologic organization in basal, spinous, granular, and horny layers. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy and TEM of thin sections generally confirmed the observed resemblances and additionally suggested the presence of lamellar bodies in the stratum granulosum, and of lamellar (lipid) structures between the corneocytes. However, some imperfections were also observed, including some anomalous lipid structures in the intercellular space. Lipid analyses in conjunction with essential fatty acid enrichment studies suggested that the structural anomalies observed in the cultured system may be caused by a lack of linoleyl-ceramides resulting from "immobilization" of linoleyl moieties in the form of triglycerides and phospholipids. In its present form, the air-exposed cell culture already looks very promising as a model for studies of, e.g., skin differentiation disorders such as psoriasis or ichthyosis, studies of the percutaneous penetration and intra(epi)dermal biotransformation of drugs, and skin toxicity screenings. It is furthermore expected that the aforementioned imperfections in the air-exposed cell culture should be avoidable by changing culture conditions such as the relative humidity and the pH, the composition of the medium, or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H E Boddé
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Medical Faculty, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Johnson CW, Barth RF, Adams D, Holman B, Price JE, Sautins I. Phenotypic diversity of murine B16 melanoma detected by anti-B16 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res 1987; 47:1111-7. [PMID: 2433032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), produced against the murine B16 melanoma, has been used to characterize its phenotypic diversity. Six MoAbs that did not bind to primary cultures of kidney, brain or liver, spleen cells, thymocytes, 3T3 fibroblasts, melanin, or transferrin receptors were selected for further evaluation. Five MoAbs, which recognized surface antigens expressed on parental B16 cells and the B16-F1, B16-F10, B16-F10 FLR, and B16-BL6 sublines, did not appear to cross-react with each other, suggesting that they identified antigenically distinct epitopes. Four MoAbs, designated as IB16-2, IB16-4, IB16-8, and IB16-10, recognized B16 surface antigens that were variably expressed over short periods of time. This variable expression was independent of the cell cycle and was characteristic of four B16 sublines. Two of these MoAbs, both of the IgG2b isotype, fixed rabbit and guinea pig complement and were cytolytic in the presence of rabbit complement. One MoAb, designated IB16-6, recognized a surface antigen consistently expressed on greater than 90% of cells of both the parental tumor and the sublines. This MoAb bound to several murine and one human melanoma cell line, but not to other histopathological types of tumors or normal tissues. The cellular antigen that this antibody recognized was not detected in the cytoplasm, did not modulate in the presence of IB16-6, and was sensitive to trypsin, pronase, alcohols, acetone, and detergents, thereby suggesting that it was a protein. Our data are among the first that directly show the extent of phenotypic diversity of the B16 melanoma and sublines that have been derived from it.
Collapse
|
22
|
Holman B, Wennink HJ. [Emancipation of the chronic psychiatric patient]. Tijdschr Ziekenverpl 1986; 39:68-73. [PMID: 3633673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
23
|
Holman B, Wöstman M. [Towards a support method for sheltered forms of living]. Tijdschr Ziekenverpl 1984; 37:414-8. [PMID: 6567393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
24
|
Abstract
In the cat brain the highest monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is observed in the hypothalamus followed by hippocampus, caudate nucleus, pons and median cortex. Tyramine was the most actively deaminated substrate tested followed by dopamine. Clorgyline was more selective in its inhibitory action and could distinguish between tyramine and dopamine MAO deaminating system. The latter being more resistant to inhibition. The multiple forms of solubilized MAO as separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have varying phospholipid phosphorus content and sensitivity to inhibition by clorgyline in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|