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Stamberger H, Crosiers D, Balagura G, Bonardi CM, Basu A, Cantalupo G, Chiesa V, Christensen J, Dalla Bernardina B, Ellis CA, Furia F, Gardiner F, Giron C, Guerrini R, Klein KM, Korff C, Krijtova H, Leffler M, Lerche H, Lesca G, Lewis-Smith D, Marini C, Marjanovic D, Mazzola L, McKeown Ruggiero S, Mochel F, Ramond F, Reif PS, Richard-Mornas A, Rosenow F, Schropp C, Thomas RH, Vignoli A, Weber Y, Palmer E, Helbig I, Scheffer IE, Striano P, Møller RS, Gardella E, Weckhuysen S. Natural History Study of STXBP1-Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy Into Adulthood. Neurology 2022; 99:e221-e233. [PMID: 35851549 PMCID: PMC9302932 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pathogenic STXBP1 variants cause a severe early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (STXBP1-DEE). We aimed to investigate the natural history of STXBP1-DEE in adults focusing on seizure evolution, the presence of movement disorders, and the level of functional (in)dependence. METHODS In this observational study, patients with a minimum age of 18 years carrying a (likely) pathogenic STXBP1 variant were recruited through medical genetics departments and epilepsy centers. Treating clinicians completed clinical questionnaires and performed semistructured video examinations while performing tasks from the (modified) Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale when possible. RESULTS Thirty adult patients were included for summary statistics, with video recordings available for 19 patients. The median age at last follow-up was 24 years (range 18-58 years). All patients had epilepsy, with a median onset age of 3.5 months. At last follow-up, 80% of adults had treatment-resistant seizures despite long periods of seizure freedom in 37%. Tonic-clonic, focal, and tonic seizures were most frequent in adults. Epileptic spasms, an unusual feature beyond infancy, were present in 3 adults. All individuals had developmental impairment. Periods of regression were present in 59% and did not always correlate with flare-ups in seizure activity. Eighty-seven percent had severe or profound intellectual disability, 42% had autistic features, and 65% had significant behavioral problems. Video examinations showed gait disorders in all 12 patients able to walk, including postural abnormalities with external rotation of the feet, broad-based gait, and asymmetric posture/dystonia. Tremor, present in 56%, was predominantly of the intention/action type. Stereotypies were seen in 63%. Functional outcome concerning mobility was variable ranging from independent walking (50%) to wheelchair dependence (39%). Seventy-one percent of adults were nonverbal, and all were dependent on caregivers for most activities of daily living. DISCUSSION STXBP1-DEE warrants continuous monitoring for seizures in adult life. Periods of regression are more frequent than previously established and can occur into adulthood. Movement disorders are often present and involve multiple systems. Although functional mobility is variable in adulthood, STXBP1-DEE frequently leads to severe cognitive impairments and a high level of functional dependence. Understanding the natural history of STXBP1-DEE is important for prognostication and will inform future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stamberger
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - David Crosiers
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ganna Balagura
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudia M Bonardi
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Basu
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Valentina Chiesa
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jakob Christensen
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bernardo Dalla Bernardina
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin A Ellis
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesca Furia
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Gardiner
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camille Giron
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karl Martin Klein
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Korff
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hana Krijtova
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie Leffler
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Holger Lerche
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Lewis-Smith
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carla Marini
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dragan Marjanovic
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laure Mazzola
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah McKeown Ruggiero
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fanny Mochel
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francis Ramond
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philipp S Reif
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aurélie Richard-Mornas
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Felix Rosenow
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Schropp
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rhys H Thomas
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yvonne Weber
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Palmer
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingo Helbig
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pasquale Striano
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rikke S Møller
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena Gardella
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- From the Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group (H.S., S.W.), VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Department of Neurology (H.S., D.C., S.W.), Antwerp University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (D.C., S.W.), Translational Neurosciences, Institute Born-Bunge (D.C.), and µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence (D.C., S.W.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (G.B., P.S.), Genova; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (G.B., P.S.), University of Genova, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics (C.M.B., F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), Danish Epilepsy Centre Filadelfia, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Woman's and Child's Health (C.M.B.), Padova University Hospital, Italy; Population Health Sciences Institute (A.B.), Newcastle University; Department of Paediatric Neurology (A.B.), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neuropsychiatry Section (G.C.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona; UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile (G.C.), Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Integrata, Verona; Center for Research on Epilepsies in Pediatric Age (CREP) (G.C., B.D.B.), Verona; Epilepsy Center (V.C.), ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine (J.C.), Aarhus University; Department of Neurology (J.C.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (C.A.E.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Institute for Regional Health Services Research (F.F., R.S.M., E.G.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; University of Melbourne, Austin Health (F.G., I.E.S.), Victoria, Australia; AP-HP (C.G.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G.), Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (K.M.K.), Medical Genetics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute & Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Department of Neurology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER) (K.M.K., P.S.R., F. Rosenow), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pediatric Neurology Unit (C.K.), University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (H.K.), Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital Prague, Czech Republic; The GOLD Service (M.L.), Waratah, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Neurology and Epileptology & Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (H.L., Y.W.), University of Tubingen, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.L.), Lyon University Hospital, Université de Lyon, INMG, France; Translational and Clinical Research Institute (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle University; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.L.-S., R.H.T.), Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit (C.M.), G. Salesi Pediatric Hospital, United Hospitals of Ancona, Italy; Department of Adults with Handicap (D.M.), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology (L.M.), University Hospital of St-Etienne; Team "Central Integration of Pain" (L.M.), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, France; The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative (ENGIN) (S.M.R.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; AP-HP (F.M.), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Reference Centers for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases and Adult Leukodystrophies; INSERM U 1127 (F.M.), CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute, ICM; Service de Génétique (F. Ramond), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Neurology (P.S.R.), Ortenau Klinikum Offenburg Kehl, Germany; Unit of Neurophysiology and Epileptology (A.R.-M.), Hospices Civils of Lyon, France; Kinderklinik Dritter Orden (C.S.), Passau, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.V.), Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Department of Epileptology and Neurology (Y.W.), University of Aachen, Germany; School of Women and Children's Health (E.P.), Faculty of Medicine, UNSW; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (E.P.), Randwick, Australia; Division of Neurology (I.H.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; and Department of Paediatrics (I.E.S.), University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Children's Research Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
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Masnada S, Pichiecchio A, Formica M, Arrigoni F, Borrelli P, Accorsi P, Bonanni P, Borgatti R, Bernardina BD, Danieli A, Darra F, Deconinck N, De Giorgis V, Dulac O, Gataullina S, Giordano L, Guerrini R, La Briola F, Mastrangelo M, Montomoli M, Mortilla M, Osanni E, Parisi P, Perucca E, Pinelli L, Romaniello R, Severino M, Vigevano F, Vignoli A, Bahi-Buisson N, Cavallin M, Accogli A, Burgeois M, Capra V, Chaves-Vischer V, Chiapparini L, Colafati G, D'Arrigo S, Desguerre I, Doco-Fenzy M, d'Orsi G, Epitashvili N, Fazzi E, Ferretti A, Fiorini E, Fradin M, Fusco C, Granata T, Johannesen KM, Lebon S, Loget P, Moller RS, Montanaro D, Orcesi S, Quelin C, Rebessi E, Romeo A, Solazzi R, Spagnoli C, Uebler C, Zara F, Arzimanoglou A, Veggiotti P. Basal Ganglia Dysmorphism in Patients With Aicardi Syndrome. Neurology 2020; 96:e1319-e1333. [PMID: 33277420 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aiming to detect associations between neuroradiologic and EEG evaluations and long-term clinical outcome in order to detect possible prognostic factors, a detailed clinical and neuroimaging characterization of 67 cases of Aicardi syndrome (AIC), collected through a multicenter collaboration, was performed. METHODS Only patients who satisfied Sutton diagnostic criteria were included. Clinical outcome was assessed using gross motor function, manual ability, and eating and drinking ability classification systems. Brain imaging studies and statistical analysis were reviewed. RESULTS Patients presented early-onset epilepsy, which evolved into drug-resistant seizures. AIC has a variable clinical course, leading to permanent disability in most cases; nevertheless, some cases presented residual motor abilities. Chorioretinal lacunae were present in 86.56% of our patients. Statistical analysis revealed correlations between MRI, EEG at onset, and clinical outcome. On brain imaging, 100% of the patients displayed corpus callosum malformations, 98% cortical dysplasia and nodular heterotopias, and 96.36% intracranial cysts (with similar rates of 2b and 2d). As well as demonstrating that posterior fossa abnormalities (found in 63.63% of cases) should also be considered a common feature in AIC, our study highlighted the presence (in 76.36%) of basal ganglia dysmorphisms (never previously reported). CONCLUSION The AIC neuroradiologic phenotype consists of a complex brain malformation whose presence should be considered central to the diagnosis. Basal ganglia dysmorphisms are frequently associated. Our work underlines the importance of MRI and EEG, both for correct diagnosis and as a factor for predicting long-term outcome. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that for patients with AIC, specific MRI abnormalities and EEG at onset are associated with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Masnada
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Pichiecchio
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Formica
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Filippo Arrigoni
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Borrelli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Accorsi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Bonanni
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renato Borgatti
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardo Dalla Bernardina
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Danieli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Darra
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Deconinck
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Dulac
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Svetlana Gataullina
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucio Giordano
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca La Briola
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Mastrangelo
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martino Montomoli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marzia Mortilla
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Osanni
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Perucca
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Pinelli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romina Romaniello
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariasavina Severino
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Vigevano
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Cavallin
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Accogli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie Burgeois
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Capra
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virgine Chaves-Vischer
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Chiapparini
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - GiovannaStefania Colafati
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Desguerre
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Doco-Fenzy
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe d'Orsi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nino Epitashvili
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Ferretti
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Fiorini
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melanie Fradin
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Fusco
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tiziana Granata
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katrine Marie Johannesen
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastien Lebon
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Loget
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rikke Steensjerre Moller
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Domenico Montanaro
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simona Orcesi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chloe Quelin
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika Rebessi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonino Romeo
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Solazzi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlotta Spagnoli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Uebler
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Zara
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Arzimanoglou
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioural Neurosciences (S.M., A.P., M. Formica, S.O.) and Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistic and Clinical Epidemiology Unit (P. Borrelli), University of Pavia; Pediatric Neurology Unit (S.M., M. Mastrangelo, P.V.), V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan; Department of Neuroradiology (A.P.), Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (R.B., V.D.G., S.O.), and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Pavia and Clinical Trial Center (E.P.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia; Neuroimaging Lab (F.A.) and Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit (R.R.), Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco; Child Neuropsychiatric Unit (P.A., L.G.), Civilian Hospital, Brescia; Scientific Institute (P. Bonanni, A.D., E.O.), IRCCS E. Medea, Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Conegliano, Treviso; UOC Child Neuropsychiatry (B.D.B., F.D.), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Département de Neurologie Pédiatrique (N.D.), Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; AdPueriVitam (O.D.), Antony; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles (S.G.), Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, l'Hôpital Àntoine Béclère, AP-HP, Clamart; Pediatrics Departement (S.G.), André-Grégoire Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Inter Communal, Montreuil, France; Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department (R.G., M. Montomoli, M.C.) and Radiology (M. Mortilla), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University of Florence; IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (R.G.), Pisa; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Epilepsy Center (F.L.B., A.V.), San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan; Child Neurology, NESMOS Department (P.P.), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Pediatric Neuroradiology Section, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit (M.S.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova; Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Member of the ERN EpiCARE (F.V.), Oncological Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imaging, IRCCS (G.C.), and Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation (A.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Institut Imagine (N.B.-B.), Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cités; Pediatric Neurology (N.B.-B., I.D.), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; INSERM UMR-1163 (N.B.-B., A. Arzimanoglou), Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, France; UOC Neurochirurgia (A. Accogli, V.C.), Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa (F.Z.), and Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS (F.Z.), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique (M.B.), Hôpital NEM, Paris, France; Centre Médico-Chirurgical des Eaux-Vives (V.C.-V.), Swiss Medical Network, Genève, Switzerland; Neuroradiology Unit (L.C.) and Developmental Neurology Unit (S.D.), Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan; Service de Génétique (M.D.-F.), AMH2, CHU Reims, UFR de Médecine, Reims, France; Epilepsy Centre-Clinic of Nervous System Diseases (G.d.), Riuniti Hospital, Foggia, Italy; MediClubGeorgia Co Ltd (N.E.), Tbilisi, Georgia; Epilepsy Center (N.E.), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Child and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (E. Fazzi), ASST Civil Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Child Neurology Department (E. Fiorini), Verona, Italy; Service de Genetique Clinique (M. Fradin, P.L., C.Q.), CLAD-Ouest, Hospital Sud, Rennes, France; Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department (C.F., C.S.), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (T.G., R.S.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Milan, Italy; Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Treatment (K.M.J., R.S.M.), The Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund; Institute for Regional Health Services (K.M.J., R.S.M.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Woman-Mother-Child Department, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Switzerland; Unit of Neuroradiology (D.M.), Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa; Pediatric Neurology Unit and Epilepsy Center (E.R., A.R.), Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milan, Italy; KJF Klinik Josefinum GmbH (C.U.), Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Neuropädiatrie, Augsburg, Germany; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (A. Arzimanoglou), University Hospitals of Lyon, Coordinator of the ERN EpiCARE, France; and Pediatric Epilepsy Unit, Child Neurology Department (P.V.), Hospital San Juan de Dios, Member of the ERN EpiCARE and Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
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