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Lányi O, Kéri S, Pálffy Z, Polner B. Can you believe your eyes? Positive schizotypy is associated with increased susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:327-335. [PMID: 38215568 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Visual illusions provide a unique opportunity to understand cognitive and perceptual alterations in schizophrenia-spectrum conditions. Schizophrenia patients often exhibit increased susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Here, we investigate susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer visual illusion in the general population with different levels of schizotypy. STUDY DESIGN We assessed a population-based convenience sample (N = 263) on an online platform. In addition to basic demographics, participants completed the Müller-Lyer illusion, the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (CAPS) to measure perceptual anomalies, and the Multidimensional Schizotypy Scale - Brief (MSS-B) for schizotypic traits. To evaluate what predicts susceptibility to the illusion, we fitted a large set of multilevel logistic regression models and performed model averaging over the coefficients. STUDY RESULTS We found support for increased illusion susceptibility among individuals with high positive schizotypy. However, we did not find a comparable effect for anomalous perceptions alone, or for negative or disorganized schizotypy. CONCLUSIONS The increased Müller-Lyer effect in positive schizotypy might be specific to delusion-like beliefs and magical ideation. Further research is needed to clarify how a hierarchical Bayesian formulation of brain function (e.g. imbalances between bottom-up perceptual processing and substantial reliance on prior expectations) can account for the Müller-Lyer effect in schizophrenia-spectrum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Lányi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa utca 6, Budapest 1082, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, Budapest 1111, Hungary; National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery - Nyírő Gyula Hospital, Lehel utca 59-61, Budapest 1135, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pálffy
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, Budapest 1111, Hungary.
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest 1064, Hungary
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Rónai L, Hann F, Kéri S, Ettinger U, Polner B. Emotions under control? Better cognitive control is associated with reduced negative emotionality but increased negative emotional reactivity within individuals. Behav Res Ther 2024; 173:104462. [PMID: 38159416 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Associations between impaired cognitive control and maladaptive emotion regulation have been extensively studied between individuals. However, it remains unclear if this relationship holds within individuals. In this study, we tested the assumption that momentary within-person fluctuation in cognitive control (working memory updating and response inhibition) is associated with emotional reactivity in everyday life. We conducted an experience sampling study (eight two-hourly prompts daily) where participants repeatedly performed short 2-back and Go/no-go tasks in daily life. We assessed negative and positive affective states, and unpleasantness of a recent event to capture emotional reactivity. We analyzed two overlapping samples: a Go/no-go and a 2-back dataset (N = 161/158). Our results showed that better momentary working memory updating was associated with decreased negative affect if the recent event was on average unpleasant for the given individual. However, better-than-average working memory updating in interaction with higher event-unpleasantness predicted higher negative affect levels (i.e., higher negative emotional reactivity). These findings may challenge the account of better cognitive control being universally related to adaptive emotion regulation. Although it is unlikely that emotional reactivity boosts working memory, future studies should establish the direction of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Rónai
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Hann
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary; National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery - Nyírő Gyula Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Bertalan Polner
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Simor P, Polner B, Báthori N, Bogdány T, Sifuentes Ortega R, Peigneux P. Reduced REM and N2 sleep, and lower dream intensity predict increased mind-wandering. Sleep 2024; 47:zsad297. [PMID: 37976037 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mind-wandering is a mental state in which attention shifts from the present environment or current task to internally driven, self-referent mental content. Homeostatic sleep pressure seems to facilitate mind-wandering as indicated by studies observing links between increased mind-wandering and impaired sleep. Nevertheless, previous studies mostly relied on cross-sectional measurements and self-reports. We aimed to combine the accuracy of objective sleep measures with the use of self-reports in a naturalistic setting in order to examine if objective sleep parameters predict the tendency for increased mind-wandering on the following day. We used mobile sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) headbands and self-report scales over 7 consecutive nights in a group of 67 healthy participants yielding ~400 analyzable nights. Nights with more wakefulness and shorter REM and slow wave sleep were associated with poorer subjective sleep quality at the intraindividual level. Reduced REM and N2 sleep, as well as less intense dream experiences, predicted more mind-wandering the following day. Our micro-longitudinal study indicates that intraindividual fluctuations in the duration of specific sleep stages predict the perception of sleep quality as assessed in the morning, as well as the intensity of daytime mind-wandering the following hours. The combined application of sleep EEG assessments and self-reports over repeated assessments provides new insights into the subtle intraindividual, night-to-day associations between nighttime sleep and the next day's subjective experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noémi Báthori
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics
| | - Tamás Bogdány
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebeca Sifuentes Ortega
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN affiliated at Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN affiliated at Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
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Reichardt R, Polner B, Simor P. The graded novelty encoding task: Novelty gradually improves recognition of visual stimuli under incidental learning conditions. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:1587-1600. [PMID: 35697959 PMCID: PMC10250520 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been argued that novel compared to familiar stimuli are preferentially encoded into memory. Nevertheless, treating novelty as a categorical variable in experimental research is considered simplistic. We highlight the dimensional aspect of novelty and propose an experimental design that manipulates novelty continuously. We created the Graded Novelty Encoding Task (GNET), in which the difference between stimuli (i.e. novelty) is parametrically manipulated, paving the way for quantitative models of novelty processing. We designed an algorithm which generates visual stimuli by placing colored shapes in a grid. During the familiarization phase of the task, we repeatedly presented five pictures to the participants. In a subsequent incidental learning phase, participants were asked to differentiate between the "familiars" and novel images that varied in the degree of difference to the familiarized pictures (i.e. novelty). Finally, participants completed a surprise recognition memory test, where the novel stimuli from the previous phase were interspersed with distractors with similar difference characteristics. We numerically expressed the differences between the stimuli to compute a dimensional indicator of novelty and assessed whether it predicted recognition memory performance. Based on previous studies showing the beneficial effect of novelty on memory formation, we hypothesized that the more novel a given picture was, the better subsequent recognition performance participants would demonstrate. Our hypothesis was confirmed: recognition performance was higher for more novel stimuli. The GNET captures the continuous nature of novelty, and it may be useful in future studies that examine the behavioral and neurocognitive aspects of novelty processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richárd Reichardt
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary.
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Csukly G, Farkas K, Fodor T, Unoka Z, Polner B. Stronger coupling of emotional instability with reward processing in borderline personality disorder is predicted by schema modes. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1-10. [PMID: 36754994 PMCID: PMC10600820 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood instability and risk-taking are hallmarks of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Schema modes are combinations of self-reflective evaluations, negative emotional states, and destructive coping strategies common in BPD. When activated, they can push patients with BPD into emotional turmoil and a dissociative state of mind. Our knowledge of the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms driving these changes is incomplete. We hypothesized that in patients with BPD, affective instability is more influenced by reward expectation, outcomes, and reward prediction errors (RPEs) during risky decision-making than in healthy controls. Additionally, we expected that these alterations would be related to schema modes. METHODS Thirty-two patients with BPD and thirty-one healthy controls were recruited. We used an established behavioral paradigm to measure mood fluctuations during risky decision-making. The impact of expectations and RPEs on momentary mood was quantified by a computational model, and its parameters were estimated with hierarchical Bayesian analysis. Model parameters were compared using High-Density Intervals. RESULTS We found that model parameters capturing the influence of RPE and Certain Rewards on mood were significantly higher in patients with BPD than in controls. These model parameters correlated significantly with schema modes, but not with depression severity. CONCLUSIONS BPD is coupled with altered associations between mood fluctuation and reward processing under uncertainty. Our findings seem to be BPD-specific, as they stand in contrast with the correlates of depressive symptoms. Future studies should establish the clinical utility of these alterations, such as predicting or assessing therapeutic response in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Csukly
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa street 6, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Kinga Farkas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa street 6, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Tímea Fodor
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József street, Building T, Floor 5, Budapest 1111, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Unoka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa street 6, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest 1064, Hungary
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Reichardt R, Polner B, Simor P. Influencing prior knowledge through a short reading impacts curiosity and learning. Applied Cognitive Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.4047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richárd Reichardt
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Cognitive Science
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Cognitive Science
| | - Péter Simor
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology; UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN ‐ Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI ‐ ULB Neurosciences Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
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Báthori N, Polner B, Simor P. Schizotypy unfolding into the night? Schizotypal traits and daytime psychotic-like experiences predict negative and salient dreams. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:17-25. [PMID: 35696857 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of insomnia and frequent nightmares are prevalent in psychotic disorders, and are associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in the non-clinical population. Whereas the role of impaired sleep in psychosis was extensively examined by longitudinal and interventional approaches, studies on the association between psychosis and dream quality are scarce, and mainly cross-sectional. We conducted a three-week long prospective study in a group of healthy adults (N = 55), assessed schizotypal traits, daily PLEs, and the emotional quality of dreams recalled in the morning (N = 490). We extracted the latent factors of schizotypal traits and dream emotions, and examined the predictive value of trait-and state-like variables on day-to-day reports of PLEs and dream quality. PLEs reported in the evening predicted emotionally more negative and salient dream reports the following morning. On the other hand, the quality of dreams were not predictive of PLEs reported later during the day. Schizotypal personality traits were differentially associated with dream quality: Introvertive Anhedonia, Cognitive Disorganization, and General-Disorganized schizotypy were linked to more negative dream valence, whereas Unusual Experiences were associated with more salient dreams. Our findings highlight the relevance of the multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits, the role of different facets of schizotypy in daytime and nocturnal mental experiences, and the day-to-day associations between PLEs and dream affect. GENERAL SCIENTIFIC SUMMARIES (GSS): The aim of the study was to examine the temporal associations between psychotic-like experiences and dream emotions, taking into account the trait factors of schizotypy. Psychotic-like experiences during the evening hours predicted reporting more negative and salient dreams the following morning, and schizotypal personality traits were differentially associated with the dimensions of dream emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Báthori
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Vass Á, Becske M, Szőllősi Á, Racsmány M, Polner B. Positive schizotypy is associated with amplified mnemonic discrimination and attenuated generalization. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9567336 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tendency to experience inaccurate beliefs alongside perceptual anomalies constitutes positive schizotypal traits in the general population and shows continuity with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. It has been hypothesized that the positive symptomatology of schizophrenia, and by extension, positive schizotypy, are associated with specific alterations in memory functions. Imbalance between memory generalization and episodic memory specificity has been proposed on several counts; however, the direction of the imbalance is currently unclear. Objectives We aimed to contrast two competing hypotheses regarding the association between positive schizotypy, and memory alterations in a general population sample (N=71) enriched for positive schizotypy from a larger pool of individuals (N=614). Methods Positive schizotypy was measured with the short-version of the O-LIFE questionnaire, and memory specificity and generalization was captured by the well-established Mnemonic Similarity Task. Results Distortions in the behavioural memory performance indices were found to correlate with positive schizotypy: individuals prone to unusual experiences demonstrated increased discrimination and reduced generalization (explaining 10% and 17% of variance, respectively). Associations were robust when controlled for the disorganized, negative and impulsive-asocial dimensions of schizotypy and associated psychopathology. Conclusions Our findings show that people who are prone to irrational beliefs and unusual experiences also show measurable alterations in memory and likely have difficulty grasping the global picture and rather be overpowered by fragments of information. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Báthori N, Polner B, Simor P. Interrelations between insomnia, dreaming, and schizotypy in the general population: A network model. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9564617 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Insomnia and Nightmare disorder are the two most common comorbid sleep disturbances in psychotic conditions. However, insomnia and psychotic symptoms are umbrella terms that hide the heterogeneity of these concepts. Several studies have found that worsening sleep quality is associated with the strengthening of psychotic symptoms. Until now, there was less interest in the relationship between the specific insomnia symptoms (trouble with falling asleep, fragmented sleep, early awakenings, daytime consequences) and the specific dimensions of schizotypy (disorganization, unusual perceptual experiences, anhedonia, and impulsive nonconformity). Objectives The study aimed to depict the network structure of insomnia, dreaming features (dream recall/bad dream/nightmare frequency), and schizotypy dimensions. Methods Exploratory network analysis was conducted on cross-sectional data of the general population (N=1419, 77 % female). We modeled the interrelations between insomnia symptoms (Athens Insomnia Scale), dreaming features (the frequency of dream recall/bad dreams/nightmares), and the dimensions of schizotypy (OLIFE-S). Results show a highly connected network with strong stability. The nodes of schizotypy, insomnia, and dream feature perfectly correspond to their own clusters, but the nodes were also densely connected between the three clusters. Disorganization, frequent awakenings, and nightmares are the most central nodes of the clusters. The node of frequent nightmares seems to be the bridge symptom in this network which connects unusual experiences dimension and frequent awakenings. Conclusions These results suggest that specific dimensions of schizotypy and specific sleep complaints are differently connected. However further research is needed to investigate the finer details of these heterogenic phenomena. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Simor P, Polner B, Báthori N, Peigneux P. The role of sleep quality in psychotic-like experiences. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9564488 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Impaired sleep quality is among the most common complaints in psychopathological conditions including psychotic states. The clinical relevance of sleep disruption is, however, notoriously overlooked and considered as a secondary symptom that automatically ameliorates if the mental problem is adequately treated. Nevertheless, research findings indicate that sleep quality has a causal role in the occurrence and maintenance of psychotic states, and instead of being merely the “nocturnal impact” of an underlying mental disorder, shows bidirectional associations with mental health complaints. Objectives Although the majority of studies examined the links between sleep and psychosis by cross-sectional assessments, sleep quality and psychotic-like experiences both fluctuate from night to night and day to day, respectively, even in non-clinical populations. The prospective assessment of these variables hence allows for the analyses of the temporal (and intraindividual) associations between sleep and psychosis. In our studies, we examined the temporal, bidirectional associations between sleep quality and psychotic-like states. Methods Across three experience sampling studies with participants from the general population ( N = 73 / 166 / 60), we assessed sleep quality and daytime psychotic-like phenomena every day for at least two weeks. Using mixed-effects models, we examined if sleep quality predicted psychotic-like experiences the following day, and also if psychotic-like experiences predicted sleep quality the following night. Results Our findings consistently highlight the dominant direction of prediction from sleep to daytime psychotic-like experiences, whereas the inverse direction is not supported by enough evidence. Conclusions Individuals at risk for psychosis could benefit from sleep-specific interventions that could be integrated into treatment protocols. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Szendi Md Habil I, Bagi A, Szalóki S, Hallgató E, Domján N, Kanka A, Gál B, Karcher É, Pásztor H, Jenei T, Bóna O, Kovács C, Pejin A, Daróczy J, Diósi Á, Pajkossy P, Polner B, Demeter G, Racsmány M, Baradits M, Búzás A, Dér A, Gingl Z, Gyimóthi T. Premorbid screening of healthy students may carry latent liability for schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder with neurocognitive and neurophenomenological methods. Eur Psychiatry 2022. [PMCID: PMC9567524 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study was carried out to map psychosis spectrum disorder risk factors. Objectives Our goal was to find what kind of instrumental methods may help to detect latent liabilities for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder Methods Using online questionnaires n=710 students were screened. Groups were formed based on the inclusion criteria: N = 25 people prone to mood swings, N = 30 people prone to odd experiences and delusive thinking, and a normal control group with N = 30 people. Personality, temperament, self-experiences, affectivity scales, and cognitive screening were conducted in addition to actigraphy coupled with a mobile application for detecting subjective experiences (EMA). Furthermore, instrumental examination of self-agency, testing time interval discrimination and (re)production, eye-tracking, EEG-microstates, and laboratory testing of inflammatory, immunologic and cardio-metabolic measures of allostatic load were applied. Results Self-experience disorders: both risk groups showed significantly higher scores than the control group (CG). Self-agency: based on incorrectly attributed responses, the positive schizotypy risk factor (PSF) group differed from the CG (p = 0.003). Antisaccade study: the PSF group showed a difference from the CG (p = 0.002). Actigraphy: based on the distributions of diurnal cumulative activities, it distinguished those with a cyclothymic risk factor (CTF) from the CG (67% probability in the k-means clustering procedure). Conclusions Healthy students with a latent liability for schizotypy or bipolarity could be distinguished by some targeted laboratory methods. Susceptibility for bipolarity was indicated by actigraphic analyzes, and the risk for schizotypal development was indicated by deficiencies in the self-agency experience and by anti-saccadic eye movement disorders. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Keidel K, Ettinger U, Murawski C, Polner B. Corrigendum to “The network structure of impulsive personality and temporal discounting” [J. Res. Pers. 96 (2022) 104166]. Journal of Research in Personality 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Reichardt R, Simor P, Polner B. Expectation of irrelevant novel stimuli has no consistent effect on recognition memory. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:308-320. [PMID: 35390179 PMCID: PMC9542624 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novelty is defined as the part of an experience that is not yet represented by memory systems. Novelty has been claimed to exert various memory-enhancing effects. A pioneering study by Wittmann et al. (2007) has shown that memory formation may even benefit from the expectation of novelty. We aimed to replicate this assumed memory effect in four behavioral studies. However, our results do not support the idea that anticipated novel stimuli are more memorable than unexpected novelty. In our experiments, we systematically manipulated the novelty predicting cues to ensure that the expectations were correctly formed by the participants, however, the results showed that there was no memory enhancement for expected novel pictures in any of the examined indices, thus we could not replicate the main behavioral finding of Wittmann et al. (2007). These results call into question the original effect, and we argue that this fits more into current thinking on memory formation and brain function in general. Our results are more consistent with the view that unexpected stimuli are more likely to be retained by memory systems. Predictive coding theory suggests that unexpected stimuli are prioritized by the nervous system and this may also benefit memory processes. Novel stimuli may be unexpected and thus recognized better in some experimental setups, yet novelty and unexpectedness do not always coincide. We hope that our work can bring more consistency in the literature on novelty, as educational methods in general could also benefit from this clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richárd Reichardt
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Vass Á, Polner B. Paranoia and game theory: Altered interpersonal functioning through the lens of interactive games. Schizophr Res 2022; 241:116-118. [PMID: 35121435 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Vass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Palffy Z, Farkas K, Polner B. [What Connects Bayes's Rule to Mental Health?]. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2022; 24:4-16. [PMID: 35451588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A branch of computational psychiatry aims to handle the problems which arose due to the heterogeneity and comorbidity of mental illnesses by capturing phenotypic differences behind symptoms. In order to more accurately describe the mechanisms of the mind and its disturbances, it uses the tools and methods of computational cognitive science. In this paper, we introduce the reader to the (mathematical) language in which (Bayesian) predictive coding was written, which holds one of the possible explanations of the perceptual differences found on the autism or the psychosis spectrum. By representing prior knowledge and sampled sensory information as (prior and likelihood, respectively) distributions, the Bayes-rule allows us to calculate the inferred posterior distribution. The aforementioned terms are introduced through simple examples, such as coin tosses (inferring how biased it is) or making a diagnosis, however, this framework might also help us understand the more complex mechanisms of the mind. Studies show that visual perception can be examined following Bayesian formalization. The likelihood information can be manipulated with bistable or noisy stimuli, whereas through instructions and/or cues, prior expectations are formed. With the use of perceptual and response models fitted to cognitive task performance, it becomes possible to identify parameters which shed light on the features of information processing that characterize the perceptual alterations in certain clinical populations. At the end of the paper we draw attention to the limitations of computational modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Palffy
- Kognitív Tudományi Tanszék, Természettudományi Kar, Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3
| | - Kinga Farkas
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Pszichiátriai és Pszichoterápiás Klinika, Budapest
- Természettudományi Kutatóközpont, Kognitív Idegtudományi és Pszichológiai Intézet, Emlékezet, Nyelv és Idegtudomány Kutatócsoport, Budapest
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Kognitív Tudományi Tanszék, Természettudományi Kar, Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem, H-1111 Budapest, Műegyetem rkp. 3
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Keidel K, Ettinger U, Murawski C, Polner B. The network structure of impulsive personality and temporal discounting. Journal of Research in Personality 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pálffy Z, Farkas K, Csukly G, Kéri S, Polner B. Cross-modal auditory priors drive the perception of bistable visual stimuli with reliable differences between individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16943. [PMID: 34417496 PMCID: PMC8379237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a widely held assumption that the brain performs perceptual inference by combining sensory information with prior expectations, weighted by their uncertainty. A distinction can be made between higher- and lower-level priors, which can be manipulated with associative learning and sensory priming, respectively. Here, we simultaneously investigate priming and the differential effect of auditory vs. visual associative cues on visual perception, and we also examine the reliability of individual differences. Healthy individuals (N = 29) performed a perceptual inference task twice with a one-week delay. They reported the perceived direction of motion of dot pairs, which were preceded by a probabilistic visuo-acoustic cue. In 30% of the trials, motion direction was ambiguous, and in half of these trials, the auditory versus the visual cue predicted opposing directions. Cue-stimulus contingency could change every 40 trials. On ambiguous trials where the visual and the auditory cue predicted conflicting directions of motion, participants made more decisions consistent with the prediction of the acoustic cue. Increased predictive processing under stimulus uncertainty was indicated by slower responses to ambiguous (vs. non-ambiguous) stimuli. Furthermore, priming effects were also observed in that perception of ambiguous stimuli was influenced by perceptual decisions on the previous ambiguous and unambiguous trials as well. Critically, behavioural effects had substantial inter-individual variability which showed high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.78). Overall, higher-level priors based on auditory (vs. visual) information had greater influence on visual perception, and lower-level priors were also in action. Importantly, we observed large and stable differences in various aspects of task performance. Computational modelling combined with neuroimaging could allow testing hypotheses regarding the potential mechanisms causing these behavioral effects. The reliability of the behavioural differences implicates that such perceptual inference tasks could be valuable tools during large-scale biomarker and neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Pálffy
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1 Egry József utca, Building T, Floor 5, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Farkas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Csukly
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1 Egry József utca, Building T, Floor 5, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
- National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1 Egry József utca, Building T, Floor 5, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
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Polner B, Hupuczi E, Kéri S, Kállai J. Adaptive and maladaptive features of schizotypy clusters in a community sample. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16653. [PMID: 34404855 PMCID: PMC8371157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizotypal personality traits correlate with psychopathology and impaired functional outcome. Yet advantageous aspects of positive schizotypy may exist which could promote resilience and creativity, and several studies have identified a high positive but low negative schizotypy group with some signs of adaptation. The aim of our study was to clarify whether such individuals demonstrate only traits associated with well-being, or they also have traits that predict impairment. Participants (N = 643 students, 71.5% female) completed measures of schizotypy, resilience, self-esteem, self-concept clarity, and absorption. We identified four clusters: an overall low schizotypy, an overall high schizotypy, a disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy and a positive schizotypy cluster. The overall high schizotypy cluster seemed to be the most vulnerable as it was the least resilient and showed widespread maladaptation, whereas the high positive schizotypy cluster had intact self-esteem and high resilience and its elevated absorption may hold the promise for adaptive outcomes such as creativity and positive spirituality. However, the high positive schizotypy cluster lacked self-concept clarity. The results suggest that individuals showing high positive and low negative schizotypy demonstrate features promoting mental well-being to an extent that is higher than in all the other clusters, while their self-concept impairment is similar to that observed in the high and the disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy clusters. Better understanding of these factors could be informative for prevention and treatment of psychosis-spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ernő Hupuczi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Faculty, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Kállai
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Faculty, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Pécs, Pecs, Hungary
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Simor P, Polner B, Báthori N, Sifuentes-Ortega R, Van Roy A, Albajara Sáenz A, Luque González A, Benkirane O, Nagy T, Peigneux P. Home confinement during the COVID-19: day-to-day associations of sleep quality with rumination, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic symptoms. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab029. [PMID: 33567067 PMCID: PMC7928634 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, populations from many countries have been confined at home for extended periods of time in stressful environmental and media conditions. Cross-sectional studies already evidence deleterious psychological consequences, with poor sleep as a risk factor for impaired mental health. However, limitations of cross-sectional assessments are response bias tendencies and the inability to track daily fluctuations in specific subjective experiences in extended confinement conditions. In a prospective study conducted across three European countries, we queried participants (N = 166) twice a day through an online interface about their sleep quality and their negative psychological experiences for two consecutive weeks. The focus was set on between- and within-person associations of subjective sleep quality with daytime experiences, such as rumination, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic complaints about the typical symptoms of the coronavirus. The results show that daily reports of country-specific COVID-19 deaths predicted increased negative mood, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic complaints during the same day and decreased subjective sleep quality the following night. Disrupted sleep was globally associated with negative psychological outcomes during the study period, and a relatively poorer night of sleep predicted increased rumination, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic complaints the following day. This temporal association was not paralleled by daytime mental complaints predicting relatively poorer sleep quality on the following night. Our findings show that night-to-night changes in sleep quality predict how individuals cope the next day with daily challenges induced by home confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN – Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Báthori
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebeca Sifuentes-Ortega
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN – Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Roy
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN – Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ariadna Albajara Sáenz
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN – Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alba Luque González
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oumaima Benkirane
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN – Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN – Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Polner B, Faiola E, Urquijo MF, Meyhöfer I, Steffens M, Rónai L, Koutsouleris N, Ettinger U. The network structure of schizotypy in the general population. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:635-645. [PMID: 31646383 PMCID: PMC8119252 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizotypal personality traits show similarity with schizophrenia at various levels of analysis. It is generally agreed that schizotypal personality is multidimensional; however, it is still debated whether impulsive nonconformity should be incorporated into theories and measurement of schizotypy. In addition, relatively little is known about the network structure of the four-dimensional model of schizotypal personality. To estimate the network structure of schizotypy, we used data from participants recruited from the community (N = 11,807) who completed the short version of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, a widespread self-report instrument that assesses the positive, negative, disorganised and impulsive domains of schizotypy. We performed community detection, then examined differences between communities in terms of centralities and compared the strength of edges within and between communities. We found communities that almost perfectly corresponded to the a priori-defined subscales (93% overlap, normalised mutual information = 0.74). Items in the disorganisation community had higher closeness centrality relative to items in the other communities (Cliff's Δs ranged from 0.55 to 0.83) and weights of edges within the disorganisation community were stronger as compared to the negative schizotypy and impulsive nonconformity communities (Cliff's Δs = 0.33). Our findings imply that the inclusion of impulsive nonconformity items does not dilute the classical three-factor structure of positive, negative and disorganised schizotypy. The high closeness centrality of disorganisation concurs with theories positing that cognitive slippage and associative loosening are core features of the schizophrenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1., T épület, V. emelet 506, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
| | - Eliana Faiola
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria F Urquijo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Münster University Hospital, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Levente Rónai
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1., T épület, V. emelet 506, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Egyetem u. 2, Szeged, 6722, Hungary
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany
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Elek Z, Rónai Z, Hargitai R, Réthelyi J, Arndt B, Matuz A, Csathó Á, Polner B, Kállai J. Magical thinking as a bio-psychological developmental disposition for cognitive and affective symptoms intensity in schizotypy: Traits and genetic associations. Personality and Individual Differences 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rónai L, Polner B. [Psychopathological network analysis: methodological impasse, promising tool or an innovative trend that overwrites everything we know about mental disorders?]. Psychiatr Hung 2021; 36:12-25. [PMID: 33686012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the theoretical foundations of the network approach to psychopathology and to give an overview of what it promises to deliver, and also to summarize some of the key critiques it has received. According to this approach, mental disorders cannot be mapped with traditional modeling approaches, as they are multifactorial phenomena that are maintained by the complex interplay of various biological, psychological, and social factors. It is expected that new avenues of research may open up through network modeling, however, some have pointed out that a strong distinction between network and common cause models is not well supported. Critics of the network approach claim that network models of mental disorders do not replicate well, while others have found encouraging results in this regard. Although at the moment, the network approach to psychopathology faces signifi - cant challenges, it may facilitate the study of mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of mental dis - orders by grasping and intuitively visualizing their complex and dynamic nature, and ultimately may even contribute to the development of personalized treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Rónai
- Budapesti Muszaki és Gazdasagtudomanyi Egyetem, Kognitiv Tudomanyi Tanszek, Budapest, Hungary, E-mail:
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Reichardt R, Polner B, Simor P. Novelty Manipulations, Memory Performance, and Predictive Coding: the Role of Unexpectedness. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:152. [PMID: 32410975 PMCID: PMC7201021 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novelty is central to the study of memory, but the wide range of experimental manipulations aimed to reveal its effects on learning produced inconsistent results. The novelty/encoding hypothesis suggests that novel information undergoes enhanced encoding and thus leads to benefits in memory, especially in recognition performance; however, recent studies cast doubts on this assumption. On the other hand, data from animal studies provided evidence on the robust effects of novelty manipulations on the neurophysiological correlates of memory processes. Conceptualizations and operationalizations of novelty are remarkably variable and were categorized into different subtypes, such as stimulus, context, associative or spatial novelty. Here, we summarize previous findings about the effects of novelty on memory and suggest that predictive coding theories provide a framework that could shed light on the differential influence of novelty manipulations on memory performance. In line with predictive coding theories, we emphasize the role of unexpectedness as a crucial property mediating the behavioral and neural effects of novelty manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richárd Reichardt
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Lóránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Lóránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, CRCN-Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Simor P, Báthori N, Nagy T, Polner B. Poor sleep quality predicts psychotic-like symptoms: an experience sampling study in young adults with schizotypal traits. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 140:135-146. [PMID: 31250426 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are unusual experiences such as perceptual abnormalities and delusional-like thoughts that resemble the symptoms of psychosis at the sub-clinical level. PLEs are associated with sleep complaints in healthy and clinical samples; however, evidence for day-to-day associations between poor sleep and subsequent PLEs under naturalistic conditions is scarce. We hypothesized that poor sleep quality would predict next days' PLEs, and vice versa, daytime PLEs would be associated with worse subsequent sleep quality. METHOD Seventy-three university students with moderate to high levels of positive schizotypy participated in an experience sampling study. Participants rated their sleep each morning, as well as PLEs and affective states during the day over 3 weeks. RESULTS Multilevel regression models indicated that poor sleep quality predicted increased PLEs the following day. Poor sleep was linked to negative daytime mood that partially mediated the associations between sleep quality and next days' PLEs. Furthermore, PLEs were enhanced in the evening as compared to daytime reports. The prediction of poor sleep quality by previous days' PLEs was negligible. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the position that sleep-related interventions might reduce the risk of psychosis, especially in individuals that tend to experience psychotic-like phenomena and negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Simor
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - N Báthori
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Nagy
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Polner B, Simor P, Kéri S. Insomnia and intellect mask the positive link between schizotypal traits and creativity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5615. [PMID: 30245937 PMCID: PMC6147126 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schizotypy is a set of personality traits that resemble the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia in the general population, and it is associated with various subclinical mental health problems, including sleep disturbances. Additionally, dimensions of schizotypy show specific but weak associations with creativity. Given that creativity demands cognitive control and mental health, and that sleep disturbances negatively impact cognitive control, we predicted that positive, impulsive and disorganised schizotypy will demonstrate stronger associations with indicators of creativity, if the effect of mental health, insomnia, and intellect are statistically controlled. Methods University students (N = 182) took part in the study. Schizotypy was assessed with the shortened Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (sO-LIFE). Creative achievements were measured with the Creative Achievement Questionnaire (CAQ), divergent thinking was assessed with the ‘Just suppose’ task, and remote association problem solving was tested with Compound Remote Associate (CRA) problems. Mental health was assessed with the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and insomnia was examined with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Verbal short term memory was measured with the forward digit span task, and intellect was assessed with the Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI). Multiple linear regressions were performed to examine the relationship between creativity and schizotypy. Indicators of creativity were the dependent variables. In the first block, dimensions of schizotypy, age, gender and smoking were entered, and in the second block, the models were extended with mental health, insomnia, verbal short term memory, and intellect. Results Positive schizotypy positively predicted real-life creative achievements, independently from the positive effect of intellect. Follow-up analyses revealed that positive schizotypy predicted creative achievements in art, while higher disorganised schizotypy was associated with creative achievements in science (when intellect was controlled for). Furthermore, disorganised schizotypy positively predicted remote association problem solving performance, if insomnia and verbal short term memory were statistically controlled. No dimension of schizotypy was significantly associated with divergent thinking. Discussion In line with previous findings, positive schizotypy predicted real-life creative achievements. The positive effects of disorganised schizotypy might be explained in terms of the simultaneous involvement of enhanced semantic priming and cognitive control in problem solving. We speculate that the lack of associations between divergent thinking and schizotypy might be related to instruction effects. Our study underscores the relevance of sleep impairment to the psychosis-spectrum, and refines our knowledge about the adaptive aspects of schizotypy in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Polner
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Simor
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Corey White
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Abstract
Eveningness preference (late chronotype) was previously associated with different personality dimensions and thinking styles that were linked to creativity, suggesting that evening-type individuals tend to be more creative than the morning-types. Nevertheless, empirical data on the association between chronotype and creative performance is scarce and inconclusive. Moreover, cognitive processes related to creative thinking are influenced by other factors such as sleep and the time of testing. Therefore, our aim was to examine convergent and divergent thinking abilities in late and early chronotypes, taking into consideration the influence of asynchrony (optimal versus nonoptimal testing times) and sleep quality. We analyzed the data of 36 evening-type and 36 morning-type young, healthy adults who completed the Compound Remote Associates (CRAs) as a convergent and the Just suppose subtest of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking as a divergent thinking task within a time interval that did (n = 32) or did not (n = 40) overlap with their individually defined peak times. Chronotype was not directly associated with creative performance, but in case of the convergent thinking task an interaction between chronotype and asynchrony emerged. Late chronotypes who completed the test at subjectively nonoptimal times showed better performance than late chronotypes tested during their "peak" and early chronotypes tested at their peak or off-peak times. Although insomniac symptoms predicted lower scores in the convergent thinking task, the interaction between chronotype and asynchrony was independent of the effects of sleep quality or the general testing time. Divergent thinking was not predicted by chronotype, asynchrony or their interaction. Our findings indicate that asynchrony might have a beneficial influence on convergent thinking, especially in late chronotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Simor
- a Department of Cognitive Sciences , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budapest , Hungary.,b Nyírő Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Bertalan Polner
- a Department of Cognitive Sciences , Budapest University of Technology and Economics , Budapest , Hungary
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Polner B, Moustafa AA, Nagy H, Takáts A, Győrfi O, Kéri S. Dopamine improves exploration after expectancy violations and induces psychotic-like experiences in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 616:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Polner B, Aichert D, Macare C, Costa A, Ettinger U. Gently restless: association of ADHD-like traits with response inhibition and interference control. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 265:689-99. [PMID: 25209569 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of inhibition-related functions is one of the most pronounced cognitive deficits found in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Compelling evidence from studies of unaffected relatives of patients with ADHD and of ADHD-like traits in healthy subjects suggest the continuous distribution of ADHD symptoms in the population. A more subtle inhibitory deficit can also be found in healthy relatives of patients and in subjects with high ADHD-like traits. Here, we examined the relationship between inhibitory performance and ADHD-like traits, for the first time, in a large sample of healthy adults by applying multiple, widely used tests of inhibition-related functions. ADHD-like traits, in general, were independently predicted by Stroop interference score and, at trend level, by go/no-go commission error rate while controlling for socio-demographic factors, verbal intelligence and neuroticism. Additionally, higher inattentive traits were related to worse Stroop performance at trend level, and higher hyperactive/impulsive traits were significantly associated with more go/no-go commission errors. ADHD-like traits were strongly related to neuroticism. The study shows that individual differences in ADHD-like traits are related to variance in fundamental inhibition-related functions over and above effects of negative affect regulation, but the relationships tend to be small. The results suggest the quasi-dimensionality of ADHD and raise further questions about the relationship between genetic factors and the deficit of inhibition-related functions in the ADHD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Polner
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Désirée Aichert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anna Costa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
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Polner B, Nagy H, Takáts A, Kéri S. Kiss of the muse for the chosen ones: De novo schizotypal traits and lifetime creative achievement are related to changes in divergent thinking during dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1037/a0039303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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