1
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Devitt G, Johnson PB, Hanrahan N, Lane SIR, Vidale MC, Sheth B, Allen JD, Humbert MV, Spalluto CM, Hervé RC, Staples K, West JJ, Forster R, Divecha N, McCormick CJ, Crispin M, Hempler N, Malcolm GPA, Mahajan S. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation Using UVC Laser Radiation. ACS Photonics 2024; 11:42-52. [PMID: 38249683 PMCID: PMC10797618 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) has had a tremendous impact on humanity. Prevention of transmission by disinfection of surfaces and aerosols through a chemical-free method is highly desirable. Ultraviolet C (UVC) light is uniquely positioned to achieve inactivation of pathogens. We report the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virus by UVC radiation and explore its mechanisms. A dose of 50 mJ/cm2 using a UVC laser at 266 nm achieved an inactivation efficiency of 99.89%, while infectious virions were undetectable at 75 mJ/cm2 indicating >99.99% inactivation. Infection by SARS-CoV-2 involves viral entry mediated by the spike glycoprotein (S), and viral reproduction, reliant on translation of its genome. We demonstrate that UVC radiation damages ribonucleic acid (RNA) and provide in-depth characterization of UVC-induced damage of the S protein. We find that UVC severely impacts SARS-CoV- 2 spike protein's ability to bind human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and this correlates with loss of native protein conformation and aromatic amino acid integrity. This report has important implications for the design and development of rapid and effective disinfection systems against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Devitt
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Johnson
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Niall Hanrahan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon I. R. Lane
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena C. Vidale
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria V. Humbert
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- University
of Cambridge, MRC Toxicology Unit, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Cosma M. Spalluto
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Southampton
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton
General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Rodolphe C. Hervé
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Staples
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Wessex Investigational
Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Southampton
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton
General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J. West
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Robert Forster
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Nullin Divecha
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. McCormick
- Clinical
and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton,
Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University
Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- School
of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Hempler
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Graeme P. A. Malcolm
- M Squared
Lasers, Limited, 1 K
Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0SP, United
Kingdom
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University
of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 22, N-2317 Hamar, Norway
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2
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Vidalle MC, Sheth B, Fazio A, Marvi MV, Leto S, Koufi FD, Neri I, Casalin I, Ramazzotti G, Follo MY, Ratti S, Manzoli L, Gehlot S, Divecha N, Fiume R. Nuclear Phosphoinositides as Key Determinants of Nuclear Functions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1049. [PMID: 37509085 PMCID: PMC10377365 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphoinositides (PPIns) are signalling messengers representing less than five per cent of the total phospholipid concentration within the cell. Despite their low concentration, these lipids are critical regulators of various cellular processes, including cell cycle, differentiation, gene transcription, apoptosis and motility. PPIns are generated by the phosphorylation of the inositol head group of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). Different pools of PPIns are found at distinct subcellular compartments, which are regulated by an array of kinases, phosphatases and phospholipases. Six of the seven PPIns species have been found in the nucleus, including the nuclear envelope, the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus. The identification and characterisation of PPIns interactor and effector proteins in the nucleus have led to increasing interest in the role of PPIns in nuclear signalling. However, the regulation and functions of PPIns in the nucleus are complex and are still being elucidated. This review summarises our current understanding of the localisation, biogenesis and physiological functions of the different PPIns species in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena C Vidalle
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Antonietta Fazio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Marvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Leto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Foteini-Dionysia Koufi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Neri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Casalin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sonakshi Gehlot
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nullin Divecha
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Poli A, Pennacchio FA, Ghisleni A, di Gennaro M, Lecacheur M, Nastały P, Crestani M, Pramotton FM, Iannelli F, Beznusenko G, Mironov AA, Panzetta V, Fusco S, Sheth B, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A, Gauthier N, Netti PA, Divecha N, Maiuri P. PIP4K2B is mechanoresponsive and controls heterochromatin-driven nuclear softening through UHRF1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1432. [PMID: 36918565 PMCID: PMC10015053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate (PtdIns5P)-4-kinases (PIP4Ks) are stress-regulated phosphoinositide kinases able to phosphorylate PtdIns5P to PtdIns(4,5)P2. In cancer patients their expression is typically associated with bad prognosis. Among the three PIP4K isoforms expressed in mammalian cells, PIP4K2B is the one with more prominent nuclear localisation. Here, we unveil the role of PIP4K2B as a mechanoresponsive enzyme. PIP4K2B protein level strongly decreases in cells growing on soft substrates. Its direct silencing or pharmacological inhibition, mimicking cell response to softness, triggers a concomitant reduction of the epigenetic regulator UHRF1 and induces changes in nuclear polarity, nuclear envelope tension and chromatin compaction. This substantial rewiring of the nucleus mechanical state drives YAP cytoplasmic retention and impairment of its activity as transcriptional regulator, finally leading to defects in cell spreading and motility. Since YAP signalling is essential for initiation and growth of human malignancies, our data suggest that potential therapeutic approaches targeting PIP4K2B could be beneficial in the control of the altered mechanical properties of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poli
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Ghisleni
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paulina Nastały
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michele Crestani
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca M Pramotton
- EMPA-Materials Science and Technology, Dubenforf, Switzerland
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Iannelli
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria Panzetta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sui Biomateriali CRIB, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aldo Ferrari
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Gauthier
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sui Biomateriali CRIB, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Naples, Italy
| | - Nullin Divecha
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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4
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Harrington J, Esteban LB, Butement J, Vallejo AF, Lane SIR, Sheth B, Jongen MSA, Parker R, Stumpf PS, Smith RCG, MacArthur BD, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Polak ME, Underwood T, West J. Dual dean entrainment with volume ratio modulation for efficient droplet co-encapsulation: extreme single-cell indexing. Lab Chip 2021; 21:3378-3386. [PMID: 34240097 PMCID: PMC8383763 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00292a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The future of single cell diversity screens involves ever-larger sample sizes, dictating the need for higher throughput methods with low analytical noise to accurately describe the nature of the cellular system. Current approaches are limited by the Poisson statistic, requiring dilute cell suspensions and associated losses in throughput. In this contribution, we apply Dean entrainment to both cell and bead inputs, defining different volume packets to effect efficient co-encapsulation. Volume ratio scaling was explored to identify optimal conditions. This enabled the co-encapsulation of single cells with reporter beads at rates of ∼1 million cells per hour, while increasing assay signal-to-noise with cell multiplet rates of ∼2.5% and capturing ∼70% of cells. The method, called Pirouette coupling, extends our capacity to investigate biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Harrington
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Luis Blay Esteban
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan Butement
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Simon I R Lane
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- School for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Maaike S A Jongen
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Rachel Parker
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Patrick S Stumpf
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Rosanna C G Smith
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Ben D MacArthur
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
- Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Tim Underwood
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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5
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Ratti S, Evangelisti C, Mongiorgi S, De Stefano A, Fazio A, Bonomini F, Follo MY, Faenza I, Manzoli L, Sheth B, Vidalle MC, Kimber ST, Divecha N, Cocco L, Fiume R. "Modulating Phosphoinositide Profiles as a Roadmap for Treatment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia". Front Oncol 2021; 11:678824. [PMID: 34109125 PMCID: PMC8181149 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphoinositides (PPIns) and their modulating enzymes are involved in regulating many important cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation or gene expression, and their deregulation is involved in human diseases such as metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, including Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Given that PPIns regulating enzymes are highly druggable targets, several studies have recently highlighted the potential of targeting them in AML. For instance many inhibitors targeting the PI3K pathway are in various stages of clinical development and more recently other novel enzymes such as PIP4K2A have been implicated as AML targets. PPIns have distinct subcellular organelle profiles, in part driven by the specific localisation of enzymes that metabolise them. In particular, in the nucleus, PPIns are regulated in response to various extracellular and intracellular pathways and interact with specific nuclear proteins to control epigenetic cell state. While AML does not normally manifest with as many mutations as other cancers, it does appear in large part to be a disease of dysregulation of epigenetic signalling and many novel therapeutics are aimed at reprogramming AML cells toward a differentiated cell state or to one that is responsive to alternative successful but limited AML therapies such as ATRA. Here, we propose that by combining bioinformatic analysis with inhibition of PPIns pathways, especially within the nucleus, we might discover new combination therapies aimed at reprogramming transcriptional output to attenuate uncontrolled AML cell growth. Furthermore, we outline how different part of a PPIns signalling unit might be targeted to control selective outputs that might engender more specific and therefore less toxic inhibitory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ratti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia De Stefano
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Fazio
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonomini
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena C Vidalle
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Kimber
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nullin Divecha
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Aljahdali A, Airina RKRI, Velazquez MA, Sheth B, Wallen K, Osmond C, Watkins AJ, Eckert JJ, Smyth NR, Fleming TP. The duration of embryo culture after mouse IVF differentially affects cardiovascular and metabolic health in male offspring. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:2497-2514. [PMID: 33020802 PMCID: PMC7603862 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do the long-term health outcomes following IVF differ depending upon the duration of embryo culture before transfer? SUMMARY ANSWER Using a mouse model, we demonstrate that in male but not female offspring, adverse cardiovascular (CV) health was more likely with prolonged culture to the blastocyst stage, but metabolic dysfunction was more likely if embryo transfer (ET) occurred at the early cleavage stage. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY ART associate with increased risk of adverse CV and metabolic health in offspring, and these findings have been confirmed in animal models in the absence of parental infertility issues. It is unclear which specific ART treatments may cause these risks. There is increasing use of blastocyst, versus cleavage-stage, transfer in clinical ART which does not appear to impair perinatal health of children born, but the longer-term health implications are unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Five mouse groups were generated comprising: (i) natural mating (NM)—naturally mated, non-superovulated and undisturbed gestation; (ii) IV-ET-2Cell—in-vivo derived two-cell embryos collected from superovulated mothers, with immediate ET to recipients; (iii) IVF-ET-2Cell—IVF generated embryos, from oocytes from superovulated mothers, cultured to the two-cell stage before ET to recipients; (iv) IV-ET-BL—in-vivo derived blastocysts collected from superovulated mothers, with immediate ET to recipients; (v) IVF-ET-BL—IVF generated embryos, from oocytes from superovulated mothers, cultured to the blastocyst stage before ET to recipients. Both male and female offspring were analysed for growth, CV and metabolic markers of health. There were 8–13 litters generated for each group for analyses; postnatal data were analysed by multilevel random effects regression to take account of between-mother and within-mother variation and litter size. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS C57/BL6 female mice (3–4 weeks old) were used for oocyte production; CBA males for sperm with human tubal fluid medium were used for IVF. Embryos were transferred (ET) to MF1 pseudo-pregnant recipients at the two-cell stage or cultured in synthetic oviductal medium enriched with potassium medium to the blastocyst stage before ET. Control in-vivo embryos from C57BL6 × CBA matings were collected and immediately transferred at the two-cell or blastocyst stage. Postnatal assays included growth rate up to 27 weeks; systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 9, 15 and 21 weeks; lung and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity at time of cull (27 weeks); glucose tolerance test (GTT; 27 weeks); basal glucose and insulin levels (27 weeks); and lipid accumulation in liver cryosections using Oil Red O imaging (27 weeks). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Blastocysts formed by IVF developed at a slower rate and comprised fewer cells that in-vivo generated blastocysts without culture (P < 0.05). Postnatal growth rate was increased in all four experimental treatments compared with NM group (P < 0.05). SBP, serum and lung ACE and heart/body weight were higher in IVF-ET-BL versus IVF-ET-2Cell males (P < 0.05) and higher than in other treatment groups, with SBP and lung ACE positively correlated (P < 0.05). Glucose handling (GTT AUC) was poorer and basal insulin levels were higher in IVF-ET-2Cell males than in IVF-ET-BL (P < 0.05) with the glucose:insulin ratio more negatively correlated with body weight in IVF-ET-2Cell males than in other groups. Liver/body weight and liver lipid droplet diameter and density in IVF-ET-2Cell males were higher than in IVF-ET-BL males (P < 0.05). IVF groups had poorer health characteristics than their in-vivo control groups, indicating that outcomes were not caused specifically by background techniques (superovulation, ET). No consistent health effects from duration of culture were identified in female offspring. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Results from experimental animal models cannot be extrapolated to humans. Nevertheless, they are valuable to develop conceptual models, in this case, in the absence of confounding parental infertility, in assessing the safety of ART manipulations. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The study indicates that longer duration of embryo culture after IVF up to blastocyst before ET leads to increased dysfunction of CV health in males compared with IVF and shorter cleavage-stage ET. However, the metabolic health of male offspring was poorer after shorter versus longer culture duration. This distinction indicates that the origin of CV and metabolic health phenotypes after ART may be different. The poorer metabolic health of males after cleavage-stage ET coincides with embryonic genome activation occurring at the time of ET. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported through the European Union FP7-CP-FP Epihealth programme (278418) and FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN EpiHealthNet programme (317146) to T.P.F., the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (BB/F007450/1) to T.P.F., and the Saudi government, University of Jeddah and King Abdulaziz University to A.A. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Aljahdali
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - R K Raja Ili Airina
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Miguel A Velazquez
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Katrina Wallen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Adam J Watkins
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Judith J Eckert
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Neil R Smyth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tom P Fleming
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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7
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Poli A, Fiume R, Mongiorgi S, Zaurito A, Sheth B, Vidalle MC, Hamid SA, Kimber S, Campagnoli F, Ratti S, Rusciano I, Faenza I, Manzoli L, Divecha N. Exploring the controversial role of PI3K signalling in CD4 + regulatory T (T-Reg) cells. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 76:100722. [PMID: 32362560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a complex network that acts to protect vertebrates from foreign microorganisms and carries out immunosurveillance to combat cancer. In order to avoid hyper-activation of the immune system leading to collateral damage tissues and organs and to prevent self-attack, the network has the intrinsic control mechanisms that negatively regulate immune responses. Central to this negative regulation are regulatory T (T-Reg) cells, which through cytokine secretion and cell interaction limit uncontrolled clonal expansion and functions of activated immune cells. Given that positive or negative manipulation of T-Regs activity could be utilised to therapeutically treat host versus graft rejection or cancer respectively, understanding how signaling pathways impact on T-Regs function should reveal potential targets with which to intervene. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway controls a vast array of cellular processes and is critical in T cell activation. Here we focus on phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and their ability to regulate T-Regs cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poli
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Sara Mongiorgi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Zaurito
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Magdalena Castellano Vidalle
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Shidqiyyah Abdul Hamid
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - ScottT Kimber
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Francesca Campagnoli
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Rusciano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nullin Divecha
- Inositide Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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8
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Velazquez MA, Sheth B, Smith SJ, Eckert JJ, Osmond C, Fleming TP. Insulin and branched-chain amino acid depletion during mouse preimplantation embryo culture programmes body weight gain and raised blood pressure during early postnatal life. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:590-600. [PMID: 29196239 PMCID: PMC5764225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse maternal low protein diet exclusively during preimplantation development (Emb-LPD) is sufficient to programme altered growth and cardiovascular dysfunction in offspring. Here, we use an in vitro model comprising preimplantation culture in medium depleted in insulin and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), two proposed embryo programming inductive factors from Emb-LPD studies, to examine the consequences for blastocyst organisation and, after embryo transfer (ET), postnatal disease origin. Two-cell embryos were cultured to blastocyst stage in defined KSOM medium supplemented with four combinations of insulin and BCAA concentrations. Control medium contained serum insulin and uterine luminal fluid amino acid concentrations (including BCAA) found in control mothers from the maternal diet model (N-insulin + N-bcaa). Experimental medium (three groups) contained 50% reduction in insulin and/or BCAA (L-insulin + N-bcaa, N-insulin + L-bcaa, and L-insulin + N-bcaa). Lineage-specific cell numbers of resultant blastocysts were not affected by treatment. Following ET, a combined depletion of insulin and BCAA during embryo culture induced a non sex-specific increase in birth weight and weight gain during early postnatal life. Furthermore, male offspring displayed relative hypertension and female offspring reduced heart/body weight, both characteristics of Emb-LPD offspring. Combined depletion of metabolites also resulted in a strong positive correlation between body weight and glucose metabolism that was absent in the control group. Our results support the notion that composition of preimplantation culture medium can programme development and associate with disease origin affecting postnatal growth and cardiovascular phenotypes and implicate two important nutritional mediators in the inductive mechanism. Our data also have implications for human assisted reproductive treatment (ART) practice. Chronic disease may derive from maternal undernutrition during pregnancy, including the periconceptional period. Mouse embryos cultured in medium low in insulin and select amino acids gave rise to offspring with disease symptoms. We propose these metabolite deficiencies around conception induce adverse programming of the early embryo leading to increased disease risk in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Velazquez
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephanie J Smith
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Judith J Eckert
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Clive Osmond
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tom P Fleming
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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9
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Roghanian A, Teige I, Mårtensson L, Cox KL, Kovacek M, Ljungars A, Mattson J, Sundberg A, Vaughan AT, Shah V, Smyth NR, Sheth B, Chan HTC, Li ZC, Williams EL, Manfredi G, Oldham RJ, Mockridge CI, James SA, Dahal LN, Hussain K, Nilsson B, Verbeek JS, Juliusson G, Hansson M, Jerkeman M, Johnson PWM, Davies A, Beers SA, Glennie MJ, Frendéus B, Cragg MS. Antagonistic human FcγRIIB (CD32B) antibodies have anti-tumor activity and overcome resistance to antibody therapy in vivo. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:473-88. [PMID: 25873171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have transformed cancer therapy, unlocking mechanisms of action by engaging the immune system. Unfortunately, cures rarely occur and patients display intrinsic or acquired resistance. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting human (h) FcγRIIB (CD32B), a receptor implicated in immune cell desensitization and tumor cell resistance. FcγRIIB-blocking antibodies prevented internalization of the CD20-specific antibody rituximab, thereby maximizing cell surface accessibility and immune effector cell mediated antitumor activity. In hFcγRIIB-transgenic (Tg) mice, FcγRIIB-blocking antibodies effectively deleted target cells in combination with rituximab, and other therapeutic antibodies, from resistance-prone stromal compartments. Similar efficacy was seen in primary human tumor xenografts, including with cells from patients with relapsed/refractory disease. These data support the further development of hFcγRIIB antibodies for clinical assessment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Drug Synergism
- Humans
- Mice
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | - Anne Ljungars
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mattson
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Sundberg
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Vallari Shah
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Neil R Smyth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Zhan-Chun Li
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emily L Williams
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Giusi Manfredi
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya A James
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Markus Hansson
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Jerkeman
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andrew Davies
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Björn Frendéus
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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10
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Sun C, Denisenko O, Sheth B, Cox A, Lucas ES, Smyth NR, Fleming TP. Epigenetic regulation of histone modifications and Gata6 gene expression induced by maternal diet in mouse embryoid bodies in a model of developmental programming. BMC Dev Biol 2015; 15:3. [PMID: 25609498 PMCID: PMC4305257 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Dietary interventions during pregnancy alter offspring fitness. We have shown mouse maternal low protein diet fed exclusively for the preimplantation period (Emb-LPD) before return to normal protein diet (NPD) for the rest of gestation, is sufficient to cause adult offspring cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Moreover, Emb-LPD blastocysts sense altered nutrition within the uterus and activate compensatory cellular responses including stimulated endocytosis within extra-embryonic trophectoderm and primitive endoderm (PE) lineages to protect fetal growth rate. However, these responses associate with later disease. Here, we investigate epigenetic mechanisms underlying nutritional programming of PE that may contribute to its altered phenotype, stabilised during subsequent development. We use embryonic stem (ES) cell lines established previously from Emb-LPD and NPD blastocysts that were differentiated into embryoid bodies (EBs) with outer PE-like layer. Results Emb-LPD EBs grow to a larger size than NPD EBs and express reduced Gata6 transcription factor (regulator of PE differentiation) at mRNA and protein levels, similar to Emb-LPD PE derivative visceral yolk sac tissue in vivo in later gestation. We analysed histone modifications at the Gata6 promoter in Emb-LPD EBs using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. We found significant reduction in histone H3 and H4 acetylation and RNA polymerase II binding compared with NPD EBs, all markers of reduced transcription. Other histone modifications, H3K4Me2, H3K9Me3 and H3K27Me3, were unaltered. A similar but generally non-significant histone modification pattern was found on the Gata4 promoter. Consistent with these changes, histone deacetylase Hdac-1, but not Hdac-3, gene expression was upregulated in Emb-LPD EBs. Conclusions First, these data demonstrate ES cells and EBs retain and propagate nutritional programming adaptations in vitro, suitable for molecular analysis of mechanisms, reducing animal use. Second, they reveal maternal diet induces persistent changes in histone modifications to regulate Gata6 expression and PE growth and differentiation that may affect lifetime health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom P Fleming
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 840, Level D Lab & Path Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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11
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Sheth B, Young R. Ventral and dorsal streams in cortex: focal vs. ambient processing/exploitation vs. exploration. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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12
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Sun C, Velazquez MA, Marfy-Smith S, Sheth B, Cox A, Johnston DA, Smyth N, Fleming TP. Mouse early extra-embryonic lineages activate compensatory endocytosis in response to poor maternal nutrition. Development 2014; 141:1140-50. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.103952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian extra-embryonic lineages perform the crucial role of nutrient provision during gestation to support embryonic and fetal growth. These lineages derive from outer trophectoderm (TE) and internal primitive endoderm (PE) in the blastocyst and subsequently give rise to chorio-allantoic and visceral yolk sac placentae, respectively. We have shown maternal low protein diet exclusively during mouse preimplantation development (Emb-LPD) is sufficient to cause a compensatory increase in fetal and perinatal growth that correlates positively with increased adult-onset cardiovascular, metabolic and behavioural disease. Here, to investigate early mechanisms of compensatory nutrient provision, we assessed the influence of maternal Emb-LPD on endocytosis within extra-embryonic lineages using quantitative imaging and expression of markers and proteins involved. Blastocysts collected from Emb-LPD mothers within standard culture medium displayed enhanced TE endocytosis compared with embryos from control mothers with respect to the number and collective volume per cell of vesicles with endocytosed ligand and fluid and lysosomes, plus protein expression of megalin (Lrp2) LDL-family receptor. Endocytosis was also stimulated using similar criteria in the outer PE-like lineage of embryoid bodies formed from embryonic stem cell lines generated from Emb-LPD blastocysts. Using an in vitro model replicating the depleted amino acid (AA) composition found within the Emb-LPD uterine luminal fluid, we show TE endocytosis response is activated through reduced branched-chain AAs (leucine, isoleucine, valine). Moreover, activation appears mediated through RhoA GTPase signalling. Our data indicate early embryos regulate and stabilise endocytosis as a mechanism to compensate for poor maternal nutrient provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congshan Sun
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Miguel A. Velazquez
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephanie Marfy-Smith
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andy Cox
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - David A. Johnston
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Neil Smyth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tom P. Fleming
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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13
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Sheth B, Patel J, Pal K, Abraham Y. Least squares noise in images of natural scenes is not the be all and end all. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Patel J, Sheth B, Tran QT, Ogmen H. Perceiving Statistical Significance. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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15
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Sheth B, Patel J, Tran QT. Do We See a Least Squares World Around Us? J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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Taraban VY, Slebioda TJ, Willoughby JE, Buchan SL, James S, Sheth B, Smyth NR, Thomas GJ, Wang ECY, Al-Shamkhani A. Sustained TL1A expression modulates effector and regulatory T-cell responses and drives intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:186-96. [PMID: 20962771 PMCID: PMC3053556 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily protein TNF-like 1A (TL1A) is the ligand for death receptor 3 (DR3). TL1A is induced on activated dendritic cells (DCs) and its expression has been linked to human inflammatory bowel disease. To address how TL1A might influence intestinal inflammation, we generated transgenic mice that constitutively express TL1A on DCs. TL1A transgenic mice developed striking goblet cell hyperplasia in the ileum that was associated with elevated interleukin (IL)-13 levels in the small intestine. IL-13- and IL-17-producing small intestinal lamina propria T cells were increased in TL1A transgenic mice. TL1A also enhanced regulatory T (Treg) cell turnover in vivo and directly stimulated Treg cell proliferation in vitro. The presence of TL1A attenuated the ability of Treg cells to suppress conventional T cells, an effect that required DR3 signaling in either conventional T cells or Treg cells. Our findings identify mechanisms by which chronic DR3 signaling could promote pathogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- VY Taraban
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - TJ Slebioda
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - JE Willoughby
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - SL Buchan
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - S James
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - B Sheth
- School of Biological Sciences Transgenic Unit, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK
| | - NR Smyth
- School of Biological Sciences Transgenic Unit, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK
| | - GJ Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - ECY Wang
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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17
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Sheth B, Liu J, Olagbaju O, Varghese L, Mansour R, Reddoch S, Pearson D, Loveland K. Identifying social and non-social change in natural scenes: children vs.adults, and children with and without autism. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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18
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Nguyen H, Whittaker G, Stevenson S, Sheth B. Does sleep influence how we see the world around us? J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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19
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20
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Sheth B, Khan M. Sleep affects adaptation. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/7.9.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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21
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Whittaker G, Nguyen H, Stevenson S, Sheth B. Retaining the McCollough effect: Is sleep = lack of visual exposure? J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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22
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Sheth B. Phantom flashes caused by interactions across visual space. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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23
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Breitmeyer B, Pham T, Sheth B. How emotional arousal and affect influence access to visual awareness. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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24
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Sheth B, Kanai R, Shimojo S. Dynamic evolution of motion perception. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/6.6.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Shimojo S, Kanai R, Sheth B. Moving ventriloquism: Forward drifts and sharp resets in perceived audio-visual simultaneity. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/6.6.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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26
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Watkins AJ, Ursell E, Panton R, Papenbrock T, Hollis L, Cunningham C, Wilkins A, Perry VH, Sheth B, Kwong WY, Eckert JJ, Wild AE, Hanson MA, Osmond C, Fleming TP. Adaptive responses by mouse early embryos to maternal diet protect fetal growth but predispose to adult onset disease. Biol Reprod 2007; 78:299-306. [PMID: 17989357 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.064220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy can alter postnatal phenotype and increase susceptibility to adult cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show that maternal low protein diet (LPD), fed exclusively during mouse preimplantation development, leads to offspring with increased weight from birth, sustained hypertension, and abnormal anxiety-related behavior, especially in females. These adverse outcomes were interrelated with increased perinatal weight being predictive of later adult overweight and hypertension. Embryo transfer experiments revealed that the increase in perinatal weight was induced within blastocysts responding to preimplantation LPD, independent of subsequent maternal environment during later pregnancy. We further identified the embryo-derived visceral yolk sac endoderm (VYSE) as one mediator of this response. VYSE contributes to fetal growth through endocytosis of maternal proteins, mainly via the multiligand megalin (LRP2) receptor and supply of liberated amino acids. Thus, LPD maintained throughout gestation stimulated VYSE nutrient transport capacity and megalin expression in late pregnancy, with enhanced megalin expression evident even when LPD was limited to the preimplantation period. Our results demonstrate that in a nutrient-restricted environment, the preimplantation embryo activates physiological mechanisms of developmental plasticity to stablize conceptus growth and enhance postnatal fitness. However, activation of such responses may also lead to adult excess growth and cardiovascular and behavioral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom
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Fleming TP, Wilkins A, Mears A, Miller DJ, Thomas F, Ghassemifar MR, Fesenko I, Sheth B, Kwong WY, Eckert JJ. Society for Reproductive Biology Founders' Lecture 2003. The making of an embryo: short-term goals and long-term implications. Reprod Fertil Dev 2007; 16:325-37. [PMID: 15304206 DOI: 10.10371/rd03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development, the eutherian mammalian embryo forms a blastocyst comprising an outer trophectoderm epithelium and enclosed inner cell mass (ICM). The short-term goal of blastocyst morphogenesis, including epithelial differentiation and segregation of the ICM, is mainly regulated autonomously and comprises a combination of temporally controlled gene expression, cell polarisation, differentiative cell divisions and cell-cell interactions. This aspect of blastocyst biogenesis is reviewed, focusing, in particular, on the maturation and role of cell adhesion systems. Early embryos are also sensitive to their environment, which can affect their developmental potential in diverse ways and may lead to long-term consequences relating to fetal or postnatal growth and physiology. Some current concepts of embryo-environment interactions, which may impact on future health, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom P Fleming
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK.
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Thomas FC, Sheth B, Eckert JJ, Bazzoni G, Dejana E, Fleming TP. Contribution of JAM-1 to epithelial differentiation and tight-junction biogenesis in the mouse preimplantation embryo. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:5599-608. [PMID: 15494378 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the contribution of the tight junction (TJ) transmembrane protein junction-adhesion-molecule 1 (JAM-1) to trophectoderm epithelial differentiation in the mouse embryo. JAM-1-encoding mRNA is expressed early from the embryonic genome and is detectable as protein from the eight-cell stage. Immunofluorescence confocal analysis of staged embryos and synchronized cell clusters revealed JAM-1 recruitment to cell contact sites occurred predominantly during the first hour after division to the eight-cell stage, earlier than any other TJ protein analysed to date in this model and before E-cadherin adhesion and cell polarization. During embryo compaction later in the fourth cell cycle, JAM-1 localized transiently yet precisely to the apical microvillous pole, where protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) and PKCδ are also found, indicating a role in cell surface reorganization and polarization. Subsequently, in morulae and blastocysts, JAM-1 is distributed ubiquitously at cell contact sites within the embryo but is concentrated within the trophectoderm apicolateral junctional complex, a pattern resembling that of E-cadherin and nectin-2. However, treatment of embryos with anti-JAM-1-neutralizing antibodies indicated that JAM-1 did not contribute to global embryo compaction and adhesion but rather regulated the timing of blastocoel cavity formation dependent upon establishment of the trophectoderm TJ paracellular seal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay C Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK
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29
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Fleming TP, Wilkins A, Mears A, Miller DJ, Thomas F, Ghassemifar MR, Fesenko I, Sheth B, Kwong WY, Eckert JJ. Society for Reproductive Biology Founders' Lecture 2003.The making of an embryo: short-term goals and long-term implications. Reprod Fertil Dev 2004. [DOI: 10.1071/rd03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development, the eutherian mammalian embryo forms a blastocyst comprising an outer trophectoderm epithelium and enclosed inner cell mass (ICM). The short-term goal of blastocyst morphogenesis, including epithelial differentiation and segregation of the ICM, is mainly regulated autonomously and comprises a combination of temporally controlled gene expression, cell polarisation, differentiative cell divisions and cell–cell interactions. This aspect of blastocyst biogenesis is reviewed, focusing, in particular, on the maturation and role of cell adhesion systems. Early embryos are also sensitive to their environment, which can affect their developmental potential in diverse ways and may lead to long-term consequences relating to fetal or postnatal growth and physiology. Some current concepts of embryo–environment interactions, which may impact on future health, are also reviewed.
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Ghassemifar MR, Sheth B, Papenbrock T, Leese HJ, Houghton FD, Fleming TP. Occludin TM4-: an isoform of the tight junction protein present in primates lacking the fourth transmembrane domain. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:3171-80. [PMID: 12118072 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115.15.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction protein occludin possesses four transmembrane domains,two extracellular loops, and cytoplasmic N- and C-termini. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of human tissues, embryos and cells using primers spanning the fourth transmembrane domain (TM4) and adjacent C-terminal region revealed two products. The larger and predominant product corresponded in sequence to canonical occludin (TM4+), while the smaller product exhibited a 162 bp deletion encoding the entire TM4 and immediate C-terminal flanking region (TM4-). Examination of the genomic occludin sequence identified that the 162 bp sequence deleted in TM4-coincided precisely with occludin exon 4, strongly suggesting that TM4- is an alternative splice isoform generated by skipping of exon 4. Indeed, the reading frame of downstream exons is not affected by exclusion of exon 4. The presence of both TM4+ and TM4- occludin isoforms was also identified in monkey epithelial cells but TM4-was undetected in murine and canine tissue and cells, indicating a late evolutionary origin for this alternative splicing event. Conceptual translation of TM4- isoform predicts extracellular localisation of the C-terminus. Immunocytochemical processing of living human Caco-2 cells using a C-terminal occludin antibody revealed weak, discontinuous staining restricted to the periphery of subconfluent islands of cells, or islands generated by wounding confluent layers. In occludin immunoblots, a weak band at ∼58 kDa, smaller than the predominant band at 65 kDa and corresponding to the predicted mass of TM4- isoform, is evident and upregulated in subconfluent cells. These data suggest that the TM4- isoform may be translated at low levels in specific conditions and may contribute to regulation of occludin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Ghassemifar
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK. Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK
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Fleming TP, Sheth B, Fesenko I. Cell adhesion in the preimplantation mammalian embryo and its role in trophectoderm differentiation and blastocyst morphogenesis. Front Biosci 2001; 6:D1000-7. [PMID: 11487467 DOI: 10.2741/fleming] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion plays a critical role in the differentiation of the trophectoderm epithelium and the morphogenesis of the blastocyst. In the mouse embryo, E-cadherin mediated adhesion initiates at compaction at the 8-cell stage, regulated post-translationally via protein kinase C and other signalling molecules. E-cadherin adhesion organises epithelial polarisation of blastomeres at compaction. Subsequently, the proteins of the epithelial tight junction are expressed and assemble at the apicolateral contact region between outer blastomeres in three phases, culminating at the 32-cell stage when blastocoel cavitation begins. Cell adhesion events also coordinate the cellular allocation and spatial segregation of the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst, and the maintenance of epithelial (trophectoderm) and non-epithelial (ICM) phenotypes during early morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Fleming
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Basett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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32
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Abstract
Preimplantation embryos generate intercellular junctions during differentiation of the trophectoderm epithelium and the formation of the blastocyst. These membrane complexes comprise gap junctions, adherens junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes, each performing fundamental roles in cellular communication, adhesion, and differentiation. The mouse embryo has been used as a model for the biogenesis of cell junctions. Their construction is achieved by temporally regulated gene expression programs. Mechanisms of junction membrane assembly include the timing of transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications of specific junctional proteins. Human embryos exhibit similar expression programs, and defects in these programs may contribute to reduced embryo viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Fleming
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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33
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Sheth B, Fontaine JJ, Ponza E, McCallum A, Page A, Citi S, Louvard D, Zahraoui A, Fleming TP. Differentiation of the epithelial apical junctional complex during mouse preimplantation development: a role for rab13 in the early maturation of the tight junction. Mech Dev 2000; 97:93-104. [PMID: 11025210 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanisms by which the epithelial apicolateral junctional complex (AJC) is generated during trophectoderm differentiation in the mouse blastocyst using molecular, structural and functional analyses. The mature AJC comprises an apical tight junction (TJ), responsible for intercellular sealing and blastocoel formation, and subjacent zonula adherens E-cadherin/catenin adhesion complex which also extends along lateral membrane contact sites. Dual labelling confocal microscopy revealed that the AJC derived from a single 'intermediate' complex formed following embryo compaction at the 8-cell stage in which the TJ-associated peripheral membrane protein, ZO-1alpha- isoform, was co-localized with both alpha- and beta-catenin. However, following assembly of the TJ transmembrane protein, occludin, from the early 32-cell stage when blastocoel formation begins, ZO-1alpha- and other TJ proteins (ZO-1alpha+ isoform, occludin, cingulin) co-localized in an apical TJ which was separate from a subjacent E-cadherin/catenin zonula adherens complex. Thin-section electron microscopy confirmed that a single zonula adherens-like junctional complex present at the AJC site following compaction matured into a dual TJ and zonula adherens complex at the blastocyst stage. Embryo incubation in the tracer FITC-dextran 4 kDa showed that a functional TJ seal was established coincident with blastocoel formation. We also found that rab13, a small GTPase previously localized to the TJ, is expressed at all stages of preimplantation development and relocates from the cytoplasm to the site of AJC biogenesis from compaction onwards with rab13 and ZO-1alpha- co-localizing precisely. Our data indicate that the segregation of the two elements of the AJC occurs late in trophectoderm differentiation and likely has functional importance in blastocyst formation. Moreover, we propose a role for rab13 in the specification of the AJC site and the formation and segregation of the TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sheth
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, SO16 7PX, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) perform a critical role in the transport functions and morphogenetic activity of the primary epithelium formed during Xenopus cleavage. Biogenesis of these junctions was studied by immunolocalization of TJ-associated proteins (cingulin, ZO-1 and occludin) and by an in vivo biotin diffusion assay. Using fertilized eggs synchronized during the first division cycle, we found that membrane assembly of the TJ initiated at the animal pole towards the end of zygote cytokinesis and involved sequential incorporation of components in the order cingulin, ZO-1 and occludin. The three constituents appeared to be recruited from maternal stores and were targeted to the nascent TJ site by different pathways. TJ protein assembly was focused precisely to the border between the oolemma-derived apical membrane and newly-inserted basolateral membrane generated during cytokinesis and culminated in the formation of functional TJs in the two-cell embryo, which maintained a diffusion barrier. New membrane formation and the generation of cell surface polarity therefore precede initiation of TJ formation. Moreover, assembly of TJ marker protein precisely at the apical-basolateral membrane boundary was preserved in the complete absence of intercellular contacts and adhesion. Thus, the mechanism of TJ biogenesis in the Xenopus early embryo relies on intrinsic cues of a cell autonomous mechanism. These data reveal a distinction between Xenopus and mammalian early embryos in the origin and mechanisms of epithelial cell polarization and TJ formation during cleavage of the egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fesenko
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Tight junction formation during development is critical for embryonic patterning and organization. We consider mechanisms of junction biogenesis in cleaving mouse and Xenopus eggs. Junction assembly follows the establishment of cell polarity at 8-cell (mouse) or 2-cell (Xenopus) stages, characterized by sequential membrane delivery of constituents, coordinated by embryonic (mouse) or maternal (Xenopus) expression programmes. Cadherin adhesion is permissive for tight junction construction only in the mouse. Occludin post-translational modification and membrane delivery, mediated by delayed ZO-1 alpha(+)isoform expression in the mouse, provides a mechanism for completion of tight junction biogenesis and sealing, regulating the timing of blastocoel cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Fleming
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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36
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Sheth B, Moran B, Anderson JM, Fleming TP. Post-translational control of occludin membrane assembly in mouse trophectoderm: a mechanism to regulate timing of tight junction biogenesis and blastocyst formation. Development 2000; 127:831-40. [PMID: 10648241 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127.4.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mouse blastocyst forms during the 32-cell stage with the emergence of the blastocoelic cavity. This developmental transition is dependent upon the differentiation and transport function of the trophectoderm epithelium which forms the wall of the blastocyst and exhibits functional intercellular tight junctions (TJs) to maintain epithelial integrity during blastocoele expansion. To investigate mechanisms regulating the timing of blastocyst formation, we have examined the dynamics of expression of occludin, an integral membrane protein of the TJ. Confocal microscopy of intact embryos and synchronised cell clusters revealed that occludin first assembles at the apicolateral membrane contact site between nascent trophectoderm cells usually during the early 32-cell stage, just prior to the time of blastocoele cavitation. This is a late event in the assembly of TJ-associated proteins within trophectoderm which, from our previous data, spans from 8- to 32-cell stages. Occludin membrane assembly is dependent upon prior E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and is sensitive to brefeldin A, an inhibitor of Golgi-to-membrane transport. Occludin is delivered to the TJ site in association with the TJ plaque protein, ZO-1(α)+, which we have shown previously is newly transcribed and translated during late cleavage. Immediately after assembly and before cavitation, occludin localised at the TJ site switches from a Triton X-100-soluble to -insoluble form indicative of actin cytoskeletal and/or membrane anchorage. Occludin mRNA and protein are detectable throughout cleavage by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively, indicating that timing of membrane assembly is not controlled by expression alone. Rather, we have identified changes in the pattern of different occludin forms expressed during cleavage which, using phosphatase treatment of embryo lysates, include post-translational modifications. We propose that the phosphorylation of one form of occludin (band 2, 65–67 kDa) during late cleavage, which leads to its exclusive conversion from a Triton X-100-soluble to -insoluble pool, may regulate occludin association with ZO-1(α)+ and membrane assembly, and thereby act to control completion of TJ biogenesis and the timing of blastocyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sheth
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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Mockridge CI, Chapman CJ, Spellerberg MB, Sheth B, Fleming TP, Isenberg DA, Stevenson FK. Sequence analysis of V(4-34)-encoded antibodies from single B cells of two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 114:129-36. [PMID: 9764614 PMCID: PMC1905086 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SLE is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against double-stranded (ds)DNA. A large proportion (approx. 40%) of patients with lupus also have increased levels of serum immunoglobulin encoded by the V(4-34) heavy chain gene, which often fluctuate with disease activity, and this gene is utilized by a subset of anti-dsDNA antibodies. In order to probe the nature of the V(4-34)-encoded immunoglobulin, B cells were isolated from the blood of two patients with active disease, using the 9G4 MoAb specific for the immunoglobulin gene product. Following cell picking, single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of cDNA was used to investigate both V(H) and V(L) genes. Sequences were obtained from B cells synthesizing IgM (n = 10), IgG (n = 4) and IgA (n = 1). For V(H), all were derived from V(4-34) as expected, and the isotype-switched sequences and 2/6 IgM sequences were somatically mutated. In contrast, V(L) (12 kappa and 3 lambda) showed a low level of mutation, possibly indicating secondary rearrangements. The three most highly mutated V(H) sequences were associated with unmutated V(L) sequences. Analysis of the distribution of mutations revealed only minor clustering in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) characteristic of antigen selection. The CDR3 lengths of V(H) ranged from five to 19 amino acids, and in 3/15 there was evidence of an excess of positively charged amino acids, compared with the normal expressed repertoire. Basic amino acids were also found at the V(L)-J(L) junctions in 4/15. These findings provide insight into the V(4-34)-V(L) gene combinations used by B cells in patients with SLE which might have clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Mockridge
- Tenovus Laboratory, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, UK
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Sheth B, Fesenko I, Collins JE, Moran B, Wild AE, Anderson JM, Fleming TP. Tight junction assembly during mouse blastocyst formation is regulated by late expression of ZO-1 alpha+ isoform. Development 1997; 124:2027-37. [PMID: 9169849 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124.10.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mouse preimplantation embryo has been used to investigate the de novo synthesis of tight junctions during trophectoderm epithelial differentiation. We have shown previously that individual components of the tight junction assemble in a temporal sequence, with membrane assembly of the cytoplasmic plaque protein ZO-1 occurring 12 hours before that of cingulin. Subsequently, two alternatively spliced isoforms of ZO-1 (alpha+ and alpha-), differing in the presence or absence of an 80 residue alpha domain were reported. Here, the temporal and spatial expression of these ZO-1 isoforms has been investigated at different stages of preimplantation development. ZO-1alpha- mRNA was present in oocytes and all preimplantation stages, whilst ZO-1alpha+ transcripts were first detected in embryos at the morula stage, close to the time of blastocoele formation. mRNAs for both isoforms were detected in trophectoderm and ICM cells. Immunoprecipitation of 35S-labelled embryos also showed synthesis of ZO-1alpha- throughout cleavage, whereas synthesis of ZO-1alpha+ was only apparent from the blastocyst stage. In addition, 33P-labelling showed both isoforms to be phosphorylated at the early blastocyst stage. The pattern and timing of membrane assembly of the two isoforms was also distinct. ZO-1alpha- was initially seen as punctate sites at the cell-cell contacts of compact 8-cell embryos. These sites then coalesced laterally along the membrane until they completely surrounded each cell with a zonular belt by the late morula stage. ZO-1alpha+ however, was first seen as perinuclear foci in late morulae before assembling at the tight junction. Membrane assembly of ZO-1alpha+ first occurred during the 32-cell stage and was zonular just prior to the early blastocyst stage. Immunostaining indicative of both isoforms was restricted to the trophectoderm lineage. Membrane assembly of ZO-1alpha+ and blastocoele formation were sensitive to brefeldin A, an inhibitor of intracellular trafficking beyond the Golgi complex. In addition, the tight junction transmembrane protein occludin co-localised with ZO-1alpha+ at the perinuclear sites in late morulae and at the newly assembled cell junctions. These results provide direct evidence from a native epithelium that ZO-1 isoforms perform distinct roles in tight junction assembly. Moreover, the late expression of ZO-1alpha+ and its apparent intracellular interaction with occludin may act as a final rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the tight junction, thereby regulating the time of junction sealing and blastocoele formation in the early embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sheth
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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Abstract
The maximal activity and Michaelis constant, KM, of hexokinase have been measured in the peri-implantation mouse embryo using an ultramicrofluorescence technique. In addition, transcript detection of the predominant isoenzyme hexokinase I has been determined in single preimplantation mouse embryos at successive stages of development using reverse transcriptase-mediated cDNA amplification. Maximal hexokinase activity decreased dramatically peri-implantation, from 0.97 +/- 0.19 nmol/microgram protein/h at the blastocyst stage to 0.31 +/- 0.05 nmol/microgram protein/h on day 6.5. The KM remained relatively low and constant over this period (0.23-0.39 mM), indicating the absence of the hexokinase type IV isoenzyme. The pattern of hexokinase activity resembled that of glucose consumption suggesting a possible regulatory role for the enzyme during this period of development. Hexokinase I mRNA was detected in the oocyte and all preimplantation stages of development. The blastocyst polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product, when cloned and sequenced was found to be 98% homologous with mouse tumour hexokinase I. Taken together, these data suggest that the hexokinase gene is not under transcriptional control during early mouse embryo development but plays a significant role in the regulation of glucose consumption. A role for hexokinase in the phosphate-induced inhibition of early embryo development is also proposed.
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Abstract
Neurons in the primary visual cortex of the cat are selectively activated by stimuli with particular orientations. This selectivity can be disrupted by the application of antagonists of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to a local region of the cortex. In order to determine whether inhibitory inputs are necessary for a single cortical neuron to show orientation selectivity, GABA receptors were blocked intracellularly during whole cell recording. Although the membrane potential, spontaneous activity, subfield antagonism, and directional selectivity of neurons were altered after they were perfused internally with the blocking solution, 18 out of 18 neurons remained selective for stimulus orientation. These results indicate that excitatory inputs are sufficient to generate orientation selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nelson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sheth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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42
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Fleming TP, Butler L, Lei X, Collins J, Javed Q, Sheth B, Stoddart N, Wild A, Hay M. Molecular maturation of cell adhesion systems during mouse early development. Histochemistry 1994; 101:1-7. [PMID: 8026978 DOI: 10.1007/bf00315824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During cleavage, the mouse embryo expresses a variety of cell adhesion systems on its cell surfaces. We have reviewed biogenetic and assembly criteria for the formation of the uvomorulin/catenin, tight junction and desmosome adhesion systems as the trophectoderm differentiates. Each system reveals different mechanisms regulating molecular maturation. Adhesion processes contribute to the generation of distinct tissues in the blastocyst by modifying the expression pattern of blastomeres entering the non-epithelial inner cell mass lineage. Cell adhesion also influences the spatial organisation, but rarely the timing of expression, of proteins involved in trophectoderm differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Fleming
- Department of Biology, University of Southampton, UK
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Sheth B, Banks P, Burton DR, Monk PN. The regulation of actin polymerization in differentiating U937 cells correlates with increased membrane levels of the pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-protein Gi2. Biochem J 1991; 275 ( Pt 3):809-11. [PMID: 1645523 PMCID: PMC1150128 DOI: 10.1042/bj2750809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated U937 cells appear to lack a capacity of increase cellular F-actin. However, electropermeabilized cells gain the ability to respond in this way to a guanine nucleotide analogue, guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]trisphosphate (GTP[S]) after 1 h of treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP). The results reported here show that the levels of membrane association of the G-protein Gi2 alpha increase with a time course identical with that of the GTP[S]-sensitivity of electropermeabilized cells. These results suggest that Gi2 alpha may be involved in the signal-transduction pathway leading to actin polymerization in db-cAMP-differentiated U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sheth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, U.K
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44
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Gregory L, Davis KG, Sheth B, Boyd J, Jefferis R, Nave C, Burton DR. The solution conformations of the subclasses of human IgG deduced from sedimentation and small angle X-ray scattering studies. Mol Immunol 1987; 24:821-9. [PMID: 3657808 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(87)90184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The solution conformations of human immunoglobulin G subclass molecules have been investigated by sedimentation and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques. Both methods qualitatively indicate IgG3 to be an extended molecule relative to IgG1. Sedimentation data have been collected for a number of paraproteins of all four subclasses and the hinge-deleted IgG1Dob protein. The known crystal structure of Dob allows the use of this protein as a basis for the proposal of models of the average conformations of IgG subclasses which are consistent with experimental s(0)20,w values. IgG1 is suggested to have a hinge length of 0-15 A and non-coplanar Fab arms; IgG2 to be effectively hingeless with folded-back Fab arms; IgG3 to have an extended hinge of the order of 100 A and IgG4 to be effectively hingeless and T-shaped. The possible correlation of these conformations with subclass function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gregory
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sheffield, U.K
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Mann NS, Brewer H, Sheth B. Upper esophageal dysphagia due to marked cervical lordosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984; 6:57-60. [PMID: 6699394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
A 62-year-old patient had upper esophageal dysphagia secondary to curvature and marked lordosis of the cervical spine. Hypertrophic spurring and cervical osteophytes are known to cause difficulty in swallowing solids, but cervical lordosis is an unusual cause of upper esophageal dysphagia.
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Glasser M, Sarnowski AA, Sheth B. Career choices from medical school to practice: findings from a regional clinical education site. J Med Educ 1982; 57:442-448. [PMID: 7077633 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-198206000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of career choices are not longitudinal, or they maximally deal with only short periods of the career development process. The study on which this article is based examined changes in specialty preferences at three points: sophomore year of medical school, residency, and practice. Aggregate specialty preferences at each point, rats of preference consistency between each, and general patterns of career shifts were examined. The results indicated a fairly high (70 percent) rate of consistency in career choices designated as primary care and nonprimary care specialties over this time span. Although medical education programs probably do not in a strict sense lead to career choices, this high consistency rate may indicate that such programs can serve significantly to strengthen existing preferences throughout the medical career.
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