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Berridge BR, Baran SW, Kumar V, Bratcher-Petersen N, Ellis M, Liu CN, Robertson TL. Digitalization of toxicology: improving preclinical to clinical translation. Front Toxicol 2024; 6:1377542. [PMID: 38605940 PMCID: PMC11007025 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1377542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Though the portfolio of medicines that are extending and improving the lives of patients continues to grow, drug discovery and development remains a challenging business on its best day. Safety liabilities are a significant contributor to development attrition where the costliest liabilities to both drug developers and patients emerge in late development or post-marketing. Animal studies are an important and influential contributor to the current drug discovery and development paradigm intending to provide evidence that a novel drug candidate can be used safely and effectively in human volunteers and patients. However, translational gaps-such as toxicity in patients not predicted by animal studies-have prompted efforts to improve their effectiveness, especially in safety assessment. More holistic monitoring and "digitalization" of animal studies has the potential to enrich study outcomes leading to datasets that are more computationally accessible, translationally relevant, replicable, and technically efficient. Continuous monitoring of animal behavior and physiology enables longitudinal assessment of drug effects, detection of effects during the animal's sleep and wake cycles and the opportunity to detect health or welfare events earlier. Automated measures can also mitigate human biases and reduce subjectivity. Reinventing a conservative, standardized, and traditional paradigm like drug safety assessment requires the collaboration and contributions of a broad and multi-disciplinary stakeholder group. In this perspective, we review the current state of the field and discuss opportunities to improve current approaches by more fully leveraging the power of sensor technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and animal behavior in a home cage environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vivek Kumar
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Michael Ellis
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Chang-Ning Liu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Timothy L. Robertson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- TLR Ventures, Redwood City, CA, United States
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2
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Berridge BR, Bucher JR, Sistare F, Stevens JL, Chappell GA, Clemons M, Snow S, Wignall J, Shipkowski KA. Enabling novel paradigms: a biological questions-based approach to human chemical hazard and drug safety assessment. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:4-13. [PMID: 38134427 PMCID: PMC10901149 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughput needs, costs of time and resources, and concerns about the use of animals in hazard and safety assessment studies are fueling a growing interest in adopting new approach methodologies for use in product development and risk assessment. However, current efforts to define "next-generation risk assessment" vary considerably across commercial and regulatory sectors, and an a priori definition of the biological scope of data needed to assess hazards is generally lacking. We propose that the absence of clearly defined questions that can be answered during hazard assessment is the primary barrier to the generation of a paradigm flexible enough to be used across varying product development and approval decision contexts. Herein, we propose a biological questions-based approach (BQBA) for hazard and safety assessment to facilitate fit-for-purpose method selection and more efficient evidence-based decision-making. The key pillars of this novel approach are bioavailability, bioactivity, adversity, and susceptibility. This BQBA is compared with current hazard approaches and is applied in scenarios of varying pathobiological understanding and/or regulatory testing requirements. To further define the paradigm and key questions that allow better prediction and characterization of human health hazard, a multidisciplinary collaboration among stakeholder groups should be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Berridge
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - John R Bucher
- Retired (Division of Translational Toxicology, NIEHS), Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, USA
| | | | - James L Stevens
- Paradox Found Consulting Services, Apex, North Carolina 27523, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelly A Shipkowski
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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3
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Hankenson FC, Prager EM, Berridge BR. Advocating for Generalizability: Accepting Inherent Variability in Translation of Animal Research Outcomes. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:391-410. [PMID: 38358839 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021022-043531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Advancing scientific discovery requires investigators to embrace research practices that increase transparency and disclosure about materials, methods, and outcomes. Several research advocacy and funding organizations have produced guidelines and recommended practices to enhance reproducibility through detailed and rigorous research approaches; however, confusion around vocabulary terms and a lack of adoption of suggested practices have stymied successful implementation. Although reproducibility of research findings cannot be guaranteed due to extensive inherent variables in attempts at experimental repetition, the scientific community can advocate for generalizability in the application of data outcomes to ensure a broad and effective impact on the comparison of animals to translation within human research. This report reviews suggestions, based upon work with National Institutes of Health advisory groups, for improving rigor and transparency in animal research through aspects of experimental design, statistical assessment, and reporting factors to advocate for generalizability in the application of comparative outcomes between animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Hankenson
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - E M Prager
- Research Program Management, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA;
| | - B R Berridge
- B2 Pathology Solutions LLC, Cary, North Carolina, USA;
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4
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DuPerry B, Lopez KE, Rush JE, Berridge BR, Mitchell RN, Breitschwerdt EB, Freeman LM. Dilated cardiomyopathy of possible dietary origin in a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 51:172-178. [PMID: 38141434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
An 11-year-old spayed female domestic shorthaired cat was diagnosed with severe dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and congestive heart failure. The cat had been eating cat foods that were high in pulses (e.g. peas, lentils, chickpeas). Neither plasma nor whole blood taurine concentrations were deficient. Primary treatment included furosemide, pimobendan, and clopidogrel, and changing to diets that did not contain pulses (a taurine supplements was not administered). The cat's clinical signs improved, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I concentrations decreased, and echocardiographic measurements stayed relatively stable for over one year after initiating cardiac medications and changing the diet. Ultimately, the cat was euthanized for worsening congestive heart failure 374 days after the diagnosis of DCM. Infectious disease testing during the time of clinical surveillance was negative. Routine histopathology of the heart was unremarkable, but electron microscopy of the left ventricle showed large numbers of mitochondria of variable size and structure. A moderate number of lamellar bodies and autophagic vacuoles also were noted. This case report illustrates an unusual case of a cat with DCM unrelated to taurine deficiency. The relative roles of diet change, cardiac medications, and a dedicated owner are unclear, but this cat's relatively long survival time is similar to that seen after diet change in dogs and cats with DCM eating high-pulse diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B DuPerry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - K E Lopez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - J E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | | | - R N Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - L M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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5
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Arao Y, Gruzdev A, Scott GJ, Ray MK, Donoghue LJ, Neufeld TI, Lierz SL, Stefkovich ML, Mathura E, Jefferson T, Foley JF, Mahler BW, Asghari A, Le C, McConnell BK, Stephen R, Berridge BR, Hamilton KJ, Hewitt SC, Umetani M, Korach KS. A Novel Mouse Model to Analyze Non-Genomic ERα Physiological Actions. J Endocr Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nongenomic effects of estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling have been described for decades. Several distinct animal models have been generated previously to analyze the nongenomic ERα signaling (eg, membrane-only ER, and ERαC451A). However, the mechanisms and physiological processes resulting solely from nongenomic signaling are still poorly understood. Herein, we describe a novel mouse model for analyzing nongenomic ERα actions named H2NES knock-in (KI). H2NES ERα possesses a nuclear export signal (NES) in the hinge region of ERα protein resulting in exclusive cytoplasmic localization that involves only the nongenomic action but not nuclear genomic actions. We generated H2NESKI mice by homologous recombination method and have characterized the phenotypes. H2NESKI homozygote mice possess almost identical phenotypes with ERα null mice except for the vascular activity on reendothelialization. We conclude that ERα-mediated nongenomic estrogenic signaling alone is insufficient to control most estrogen-mediated endocrine physiological responses; however, there could be some physiological responses that are nongenomic action dominant. H2NESKI mice have been deposited in the repository at Jax (stock no. 032176). These mice should be useful for analyzing nongenomic estrogenic responses and could expand analysis along with other ERα mutant mice lacking membrane-bound ERα. We expect the H2NESKI mouse model to aid our understanding of ERα-mediated nongenomic physiological responses and serve as an in vivo model for evaluating the nongenomic action of various estrogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitomo Arao
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Knockout Mouse Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Gregory J Scott
- Knockout Mouse Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Manas K Ray
- Knockout Mouse Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Lauren J Donoghue
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Thomas I Neufeld
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Sydney L Lierz
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Megan L Stefkovich
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Emilie Mathura
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Tanner Jefferson
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Julie F Foley
- National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Beth W Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc. , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Arvand Asghari
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Courtney Le
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Bradley K McConnell
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Robert Stephen
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- National Toxicology Program Division, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Katherine J Hamilton
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Sylvia C Hewitt
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
- HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston , Houston, TX , USA
- Apeximmune Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
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6
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Lunn RM, Mehta SS, Jahnke GD, Wang A, Wolfe MS, Berridge BR. Cancer Hazard Evaluations for Contemporary Needs: Highlights From New National Toxicology Program Evaluations and Methodological Advancements. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 114:1441-1448. [PMID: 36029241 PMCID: PMC9949597 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program strives to raise awareness of cancer hazards in our environment. Identifying cancer hazards is key to primary prevention, informing public health decision making, and decreasing the global cancer burden. In December 2021, the US congressionally mandated 15th Report on Carcinogens was released, adding 8 new substances to the cumulative report. Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori is listed as "known to be a human carcinogen." Antimony trioxide and 6 haloacetic acids found as water disinfection by-products-dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, bromochloroacetic acid, tribromoacetic acid, bromodichloroacetic acid, chlorodibromoacetic acid-are listed as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen." A new dashboard provides interactive visualization and interrogation of the 256 listed substances, their uses, and associated cancers. Also, the National Toxicology Program recently published a Cancer Hazard Assessment Report on exposure scenarios associated with circadian disruption, concluding that persistent night shift work can cause breast cancer and certain lighting conditions may cause cancer. As highlighted in these reports and evaluations, we are evolving our approaches to meet contemporary challenges. These approaches include focusing on real-world exposures and advancing our methods to address challenges in cancer hazard assessments (eg, developing more structured approaches to evaluate mechanistic data and incorporating read-across approaches to assess chemicals lacking adequate human or animal cancer data). To promote public health, we provide information on environmental health disparities and disease prevention. Building on these efforts, we aim to continue our contributions to the war on cancer, declared 50 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Lunn
- Correspondence to: Ruth M. Lunn, DrPH, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, MD K2-14, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA (e-mail: )
| | | | - Gloria D Jahnke
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Amy Wang
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mary S Wolfe
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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7
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Storey J, Gobbetti T, Olzinski A, Berridge BR. A Structured Approach to Optimizing Animal Model Selection for Human Translation: The Animal Model Quality Assessment. ILAR J 2022; 62:66-76. [PMID: 35421235 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies in pharmaceutical drug discovery are common in preclinical research for compound evaluation before progression into human clinical trials. However, high rates of drug development attrition have prompted concerns regarding animal models and their predictive translatability to the clinic. To improve the characterization and evaluation of animal models for their translational relevance, the authors developed a tool to transparently reflect key features of a model that may be considered in both the application of the model but also the likelihood of successful translation of the outcomes to human patients. In this publication, we describe the rationale for the development of the Animal Model Quality Assessment tool, the questions used for the animal model assessment, and a high-level scoring system for the purpose of defining predictive translatability. Finally, we provide an example of a completed Animal Model Quality Assessment for the adoptive T-cell transfer model of colitis as a mouse model to mimic inflammatory bowel disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Storey
- Animal Research Strategy Group, Office of Animal Welfare, Ethics, Strategy and Risk, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Thomas Gobbetti
- Experimental Quantitative Pharmacology Group (Immunology Research Unit), GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Alan Olzinski
- Animal Research Strategy Group, Office of Animal Welfare, Ethics, Strategy and Risk, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- National Toxicology Program Division, NIH NIEHS Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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8
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Berridge BR. Animal Study Translation: The Other Reproducibility Challenge. ILAR J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Animal research is currently an irreplaceable contributor to our efforts to protect and improve public health. Its relevance, importance, and contributions are represented in historical precedent, regulatory expectations, evidence of our rapidly developing understanding of human health and disease, as well as success in the development of novel therapeutics that are improving quality of life and extending human and animal life expectancy. The rapid and evolving success in responding to the current COVID pandemic significantly supported by animal studies is a clear example of the importance of animal research. But there is growing interest in reducing our dependence on animals and challenges to the effective translation of current animal studies to human applications. There are several potential contributors to gaps in the translatability of animal research to humans, including our approaches to choosing or rationalizing the relevance of a particular animal model, our understanding of their biological variability and how that applies to outcomes, the data we collect from animal studies, and even how we manage the animals. These important contributors to the success of animal research are explored in this issue of the ILAR Journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research, Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Lind L, Araujo JA, Barchowsky A, Belcher S, Berridge BR, Chiamvimonvat N, Chiu WA, Cogliano VJ, Elmore S, Farraj AK, Gomes AV, McHale CM, Meyer-Tamaki KB, Posnack NG, Vargas HM, Yang X, Zeise L, Zhou C, Smith MT. Key Characteristics of Cardiovascular Toxicants. Environ Health Perspect 2021; 129:95001. [PMID: 34558968 PMCID: PMC8462506 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of chemical agents having properties that confer potential hazard called key characteristics (KCs) was first developed to identify carcinogenic hazards. Identification of KCs of cardiovascular (CV) toxicants could facilitate the systematic assessment of CV hazards and understanding of assay and data gaps associated with current approaches. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop a consensus-based synthesis of scientific evidence on the KCs of chemical and nonchemical agents known to cause CV toxicity along with methods to measure them. METHODS An expert working group was convened to discuss mechanisms associated with CV toxicity. RESULTS The group identified 12 KCs of CV toxicants, defined as exogenous agents that adversely interfere with function of the CV system. The KCs were organized into those primarily affecting cardiac tissue (numbers 1-4 below), the vascular system (5-7), or both (8-12), as follows: 1) impairs regulation of cardiac excitability, 2) impairs cardiac contractility and relaxation, 3) induces cardiomyocyte injury and death, 4) induces proliferation of valve stroma, 5) impacts endothelial and vascular function, 6) alters hemostasis, 7) causes dyslipidemia, 8) impairs mitochondrial function, 9) modifies autonomic nervous system activity, 10) induces oxidative stress, 11) causes inflammation, and 12) alters hormone signaling. DISCUSSION These 12 KCs can be used to help identify pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants as CV toxicants, as well as to better understand the mechanistic underpinnings of their toxicity. For example, evidence exists that fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] air pollution, arsenic, anthracycline drugs, and other exogenous chemicals possess one or more of the described KCs. In conclusion, the KCs could be used to identify potential CV toxicants and to define a set of test methods to evaluate CV toxicity in a more comprehensive and standardized manner than current approaches. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, University of Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesus A. Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R. Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vincent J. Cogliano
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sarah Elmore
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aldrin V. Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Children’s National Heart Institute and the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hugo M. Vargas
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Office of Cardiology, Hematology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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10
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Abstract
Organs-on-chips (OoCs), also known as microphysiological systems or 'tissue chips' (the terms are synonymous), have attracted substantial interest in recent years owing to their potential to be informative at multiple stages of the drug discovery and development process. These innovative devices could provide insights into normal human organ function and disease pathophysiology, as well as more accurately predict the safety and efficacy of investigational drugs in humans. Therefore, they are likely to become useful additions to traditional preclinical cell culture methods and in vivo animal studies in the near term, and in some cases replacements for them in the longer term. In the past decade, the OoC field has seen dramatic advances in the sophistication of biology and engineering, in the demonstration of physiological relevance and in the range of applications. These advances have also revealed new challenges and opportunities, and expertise from multiple biomedical and engineering fields will be needed to fully realize the promise of OoCs for fundamental and translational applications. This Review provides a snapshot of this fast-evolving technology, discusses current applications and caveats for their implementation, and offers suggestions for directions in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie A Low
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Christine Mummery
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Brian R Berridge
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher P Austin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danilo A Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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11
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Abstract
High-throughput in vitro models lack human-relevant complexity, which undermines their ability to accurately mimic in vivo biologic and pathologic responses. The emergence of microphysiological systems (MPS) presents an opportunity to revolutionize in vitro modeling for both basic biomedical research and applied drug discovery. The MPS platform has been an area of interdisciplinary collaboration to develop new, predictive, and reliable in vitro methods for regulatory acceptance. The current MPS models have been developed to recapitulate an organ or tissue on a smaller scale. However, the complexity of these models (ie, including all cell types present in the in vivo tissue) with appropriate structural, functional, and biochemical attributes are often not fully characterized. Here, we provide an overview of the capabilities and limitations of the microfluidic MPS model (aka organs-on-chips) within the scope of drug development. We recommend the engagement of pathologists early in the MPS design, characterization, and validation phases, because this will enable development of more robust and comprehensive MPS models that can accurately replicate normal biology and pathophysiology and hence be more predictive of human responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry Van Vleet
- Global Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Pang L, Sager P, Yang X, Shi H, Sannajust F, Brock M, Wu JC, Abi-Gerges N, Lyn-Cook B, Berridge BR, Stockbridge N. Workshop Report: FDA Workshop on Improving Cardiotoxicity Assessment With Human-Relevant Platforms. Circ Res 2019; 125:855-867. [PMID: 31600125 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Given that cardiovascular safety concerns remain the leading cause of drug attrition at the preclinical drug development stage, the National Center for Toxicological Research of the US Food and Drug Administration hosted a workshop to discuss current gaps and challenges in translating preclinical cardiovascular safety data to humans. This white paper summarizes the topics presented by speakers from academia, industry, and government intended to address the theme of improving cardiotoxicity assessment in drug development. The main conclusion is that to reduce cardiovascular safety liabilities of new therapeutic agents, there is an urgent need to integrate human-relevant platforms/approaches into drug development. Potential regulatory applications of human-derived cardiomyocytes and future directions in employing human-relevant platforms to fill the gaps and overcome barriers and challenges in preclinical cardiovascular safety assessment were discussed. This paper is intended to serve as an initial step in a public-private collaborative development program for human-relevant cardiotoxicity tools, particularly for cardiotoxicities characterized by contractile dysfunction or structural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pang
- From the Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (L.P.)
| | | | - Xi Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (X.Y.)
| | - Hong Shi
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) Company (H.S.)
| | - Frederick Sannajust
- Safety & Exploratory Pharmacology Department, SALAR Division, Merck & Co (F.S.)
| | | | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (J.C.W.)
| | | | - Beverly Lyn-Cook
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (B.L.-C.)
| | - Brian R Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (B.R.B.)
| | - Norman Stockbridge
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (N.S.)
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Kwok RK, Berridge BR, Bucher JR, Collman GW, Hall JE, Jacobson ME, Long WC, Miller AK, Miller MF, Woychik RP, Zeldin DC. The Distinguished Legacy of Linda S. Birnbaum, an Environmental Health Champion. Environ Health Perspect 2019; 127:101001. [PMID: 31638836 PMCID: PMC6910772 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Kwok
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John R Bucher
- Division of National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gwen W Collman
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet E Hall
- Clinical Research Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary E Jacobson
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - W Chris Long
- Office of Management, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aubrey K Miller
- Office of the Director, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark F Miller
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rick P Woychik
- Office of the Deputy Director, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Sills RC, Cesta MF, Willson CJ, Brix AE, Berridge BR. National Toxicology Program Position Statement on Informed ("Nonblinded") Analysis in Toxicologic Pathology Evaluation. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 47:887-890. [PMID: 31522628 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319873974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) uses histopathological evaluation of animal tissues as a key element in its toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. The initial histopathological evaluations are subjected to a rigorous peer review process involving several steps. The NTP peer review process is conducted by multiple, highly trained, and experienced toxicological pathologists employing standardized terminology. In addition, ancillary data, such as body and organ weights and clinical pathology findings, are used to corroborate the diagnoses. The NTP does employ masked analysis to confirm subtle lesions or severity scores, as needed, and during its Pathology Working Groups. The use of masked analysis can have a negative effect on histopathological evaluation because it is important for the pathologist to compare treated groups to the concurrent controls, which would not be possible in a blinded evaluation. Therefore, the NTP supports an informed approach to histopathological evaluation in its toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Sills
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mark F Cesta
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Amy E Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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15
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Collman GW, Berridge BR, Hall JE, Woychik R, Zeldin DC, Birnbaum LS. NIEHS: Making a Mark on Translational Research Science. Environ Health Perspect 2018; 126:081001. [PMID: 30073951 PMCID: PMC6108839 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwen W Collman
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet E Hall
- Division of Intramural Research, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rick Woychik
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda S Birnbaum
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Berridge BR, Schultze AE, Heyen JR, Searfoss GH, Sarazan RD. Technological Advances in Cardiovascular Safety Assessment Decrease Preclinical Animal Use and Improve Clinical Relevance. ILAR J 2017; 57:120-132. [PMID: 28053066 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) safety liabilities are significant concerns for drug developers and preclinical animal studies are predominately where those liabilities are characterized before patient exposures. Steady progress in technology and laboratory capabilities is enabling a more refined and informative use of animals in those studies. The application of surgically implantable and telemetered instrumentation in the acute assessment of drug effects on CV function has significantly improved historical approaches that involved anesthetized or restrained animals. More chronically instrumented animals and application of common clinical imaging assessments like echocardiography and MRI extend functional and in-life structural assessments into the repeat-dose setting. A growing portfolio of circulating CV biomarkers is allowing longitudinal and repeated measures of cardiac and vascular injury and dysfunction better informing an understanding of temporal pathogenesis and allowing earlier detection of undesirable effects. In vitro modeling systems of the past were limited by their lack of biological relevance to the in vivo human condition. Advances in stem cell technology and more complex in vitro modeling platforms are quickly creating more opportunity to supplant animals in our earliest assessments for liabilities. Continuing improvement in our capabilities in both animal and nonanimal modeling should support a steady decrease in animal use for primary liability identification and optimize the translational relevance of the animal studies we continue to do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Berridge
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - A Eric Schultze
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - Jon R Heyen
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - George H Searfoss
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
| | - R Dustan Sarazan
- Brian R. Berridge, DVM, PhD, is a Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. A. Eric Schultze, DVM, PhD, is a Senior Research Advisor-Pathologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. Jon R. Heyen, MS, is a Senior Principal Scientist at Pfizer in La Jolla, California. George H. Searfoss, MS, is a Consultant Toxicologist at Lilly Research Laboratories in Indianapolis, Indiana. R. Dustan Sarazan, DVM, PhD, is a cardiovascular consultant currently residing in Rhinelander, Wisconsin
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17
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Everitt JI, Berridge BR. The Role of the IACUC in the Design and Conduct of Animal Experiments that Contribute to Translational Success. ILAR J 2017; 58:129-134. [PMID: 28838070 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) have a mandated role under the Animal Welfare Act and under Public Health Service Policy to assure the ethical and humane use of research animals in experiments conducted in the United States. The IACUC by virtue of its mandated functions is well positioned to help nurture an institutional culture of optimized animal use since this Committee is often responsible in large part for the culture of animal use that evolves within an institution. In addition to fostering a culture of humane care for research animals and a culture of working with the concepts of the 3Rs (refinement, reduction, replacement), the IACUC can help foster a culture of optimized animal use that encourages high quality reproducible studies that contribute to translational success. In part this is achieved when the IACUC is successful in encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration early and often within the animal use community it serves. Unfortunately in some instances the institutional research community may envisage the IACUC as a bureaucratic burden, regulatory necessity, and compliance tool more than a group that enhances the methodology and quality of animal experiments. A well-functioning IACUC should strive to nurture an institutional culture that places value in enhancing the scientific quality of research to help assure the reproducibility of animal studies and translational success of animal models. This is integral to both high quality science as well as excellence in the supporting animal care and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Everitt
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - B R Berridge
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Pettit SD, Lipshultz SE, Cleeland CS, Roberts S, Davis M, Berridge BR, Kirch RA. Enhancing quality of life as a goal for anticancer therapeutics. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:344ed9. [PMID: 27334258 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Translational cancer research requires a quality-of-life-driven agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syril D Pettit
- Syril D. Pettit is the Executive Director of the ILSI, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, DC 20005, USA. E. Lipshultz is Pediatrician-in-Chief of Children's Hospital of Michigan; Chair of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; President of University Pediatricians; and Interim Director of Children's Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; and Editor-in-Chief, Cardio-Oncology.Charles S. Cleeland is McCullough Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.Samantha Roberts is Director of Scientific Affairs, Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, DC 20036, USA.Myrtle Davis is Chief, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.Brian R. Berridge is Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.Rebecca A. Kirch is Executive Vice President, Healthcare Quality and Value, National Patient Advocate Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Steven E Lipshultz
- Syril D. Pettit is the Executive Director of the ILSI, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, DC 20005, USA. E. Lipshultz is Pediatrician-in-Chief of Children's Hospital of Michigan; Chair of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; President of University Pediatricians; and Interim Director of Children's Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; and Editor-in-Chief, Cardio-Oncology.Charles S. Cleeland is McCullough Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.Samantha Roberts is Director of Scientific Affairs, Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, DC 20036, USA.Myrtle Davis is Chief, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.Brian R. Berridge is Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.Rebecca A. Kirch is Executive Vice President, Healthcare Quality and Value, National Patient Advocate Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Charles S Cleeland
- Syril D. Pettit is the Executive Director of the ILSI, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, DC 20005, USA. E. Lipshultz is Pediatrician-in-Chief of Children's Hospital of Michigan; Chair of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; President of University Pediatricians; and Interim Director of Children's Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; and Editor-in-Chief, Cardio-Oncology.Charles S. Cleeland is McCullough Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.Samantha Roberts is Director of Scientific Affairs, Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, DC 20036, USA.Myrtle Davis is Chief, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.Brian R. Berridge is Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.Rebecca A. Kirch is Executive Vice President, Healthcare Quality and Value, National Patient Advocate Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Samantha Roberts
- Syril D. Pettit is the Executive Director of the ILSI, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, DC 20005, USA. E. Lipshultz is Pediatrician-in-Chief of Children's Hospital of Michigan; Chair of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; President of University Pediatricians; and Interim Director of Children's Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; and Editor-in-Chief, Cardio-Oncology.Charles S. Cleeland is McCullough Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.Samantha Roberts is Director of Scientific Affairs, Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, DC 20036, USA.Myrtle Davis is Chief, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.Brian R. Berridge is Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.Rebecca A. Kirch is Executive Vice President, Healthcare Quality and Value, National Patient Advocate Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Myrtle Davis
- Syril D. Pettit is the Executive Director of the ILSI, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, DC 20005, USA. E. Lipshultz is Pediatrician-in-Chief of Children's Hospital of Michigan; Chair of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; President of University Pediatricians; and Interim Director of Children's Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; and Editor-in-Chief, Cardio-Oncology.Charles S. Cleeland is McCullough Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.Samantha Roberts is Director of Scientific Affairs, Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, DC 20036, USA.Myrtle Davis is Chief, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.Brian R. Berridge is Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.Rebecca A. Kirch is Executive Vice President, Healthcare Quality and Value, National Patient Advocate Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Brian R Berridge
- Syril D. Pettit is the Executive Director of the ILSI, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, DC 20005, USA. E. Lipshultz is Pediatrician-in-Chief of Children's Hospital of Michigan; Chair of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; President of University Pediatricians; and Interim Director of Children's Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; and Editor-in-Chief, Cardio-Oncology.Charles S. Cleeland is McCullough Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.Samantha Roberts is Director of Scientific Affairs, Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, DC 20036, USA.Myrtle Davis is Chief, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.Brian R. Berridge is Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.Rebecca A. Kirch is Executive Vice President, Healthcare Quality and Value, National Patient Advocate Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Rebecca A Kirch
- Syril D. Pettit is the Executive Director of the ILSI, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, DC 20005, USA. E. Lipshultz is Pediatrician-in-Chief of Children's Hospital of Michigan; Chair of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine; President of University Pediatricians; and Interim Director of Children's Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; and Editor-in-Chief, Cardio-Oncology.Charles S. Cleeland is McCullough Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Symptom Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.Samantha Roberts is Director of Scientific Affairs, Friends of Cancer Research, Washington, DC 20036, USA.Myrtle Davis is Chief, Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.Brian R. Berridge is Senior GSK Fellow and Head of Worldwide Animal Research Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.Rebecca A. Kirch is Executive Vice President, Healthcare Quality and Value, National Patient Advocate Foundation, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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Grego S, Dougherty ER, Alexander FJ, Auerbach SS, Berridge BR, Bittner ML, Casey W, Cooley PC, Dash A, Ferguson SS, Fennell TR, Hawkins BT, Hickey AJ, Kleensang A, Liebman MNJ, Martin F, Maull EA, Paragas J, Qiao GG, Ramaiahgari S, Sumner SJ, Yoon M. Systems biology for organotypic cell cultures. ALTEX 2016; 34:301-310. [PMID: 27846345 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1608221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Translating in vitro biological data into actionable information related to human health holds the potential to improve disease treatment and risk assessment of chemical exposures. While genomics has identified regulatory pathways at the cellular level, translation to the organism level requires a multiscale approach accounting for intra-cellular regulation, inter-cellular interaction, and tissue/organ-level effects. Tissue-level effects can now be probed in vitro thanks to recently developed systems of three-dimensional (3D), multicellular, "organotypic" cell cultures, which mimic functional responses of living tissue. However, there remains a knowledge gap regarding interactions across different biological scales, complicating accurate prediction of health outcomes from molecular/genomic data and tissue responses. Systems biology aims at mathematical modeling of complex, non-linear biological systems. We propose to apply a systems biology approach to achieve a computational representation of tissue-level physiological responses by integrating empirical data derived from organotypic culture systems with computational models of intracellular pathways to better predict human responses. Successful implementation of this integrated approach will provide a powerful tool for faster, more accurate and cost-effective screening of potential toxicants and therapeutics. On September 11, 2015, an interdisciplinary group of scientists, engineers, and clinicians gathered for a workshop in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, to discuss this ambitious goal. Participants represented laboratory-based and computational modeling approaches to pharmacology and toxicology, as well as the pharmaceutical industry, government, non-profits, and academia. Discussions focused on identifying critical system perturbations to model, the computational tools required, and the experimental approaches best suited to generating key data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Grego
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Scott S Auerbach
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Warren Casey
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Ajit Dash
- HemoShear Therapeutics, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephen S Ferguson
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andre Kleensang
- Johns Hopkins University, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Florian Martin
- Phillip Morris International R&D, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth A Maull
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jason Paragas
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,ScitoVation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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20
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Berridge BR, Mowat V, Nagai H, Nyska A, Okazaki Y, Clements PJ, Rinke M, Snyder PW, Boyle MC, Wells MY. Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Cardiovascular System of the Rat and Mouse. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:1S-47S. [PMID: 27621537 PMCID: PMC5013710 DOI: 10.1293/tox.29.3s-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria
for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic
Pathology from Japan (JSTP), Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP) and North America (STP)
to develop an internationally-accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
non-proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The primary purpose of this publication
is to provide a standardized nomenclature for characterizing lesions observed in the
cardiovascular (CV) system of rats and mice commonly used in drug or chemical safety
assessment. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available
electronically for society members on the internet (http://goreni.org). Accurate and
precise morphologic descriptions of changes in the CV system are important for
understanding the mechanisms and pathogenesis of those changes, differentiation of natural
and induced injuries and their ultimate functional consequence. Challenges in nomenclature
are associated with lesions or pathologic processes that may present as a temporal or
pathogenic spectrum or when natural and induced injuries share indistinguishable features.
Specific nomenclature recommendations are offered to provide a consistent approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hirofumi Nagai
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Timrat, Israel
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21
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Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated Approach to Early Detection of Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by a Ghrelin Receptor Agonist. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:151-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581815573029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) safety concerns are among the leading causes of compound attrition in drug development. This work describes a strategy of applying novel end points to a 7-day rodent study to increase the opportunity to detect and characterize CV injury observed in a longer term (ie, 28 days) study. Using a ghrelin receptor agonist (GSK894281), a compound that produces myocardial degeneration/necrosis in rats after 28 days at doses of 0.3, 1, 10, or 60 mg/kg/d, we dosed rats across a range of similar doses (0, 0.3, 60, or 150 mg/kg/d) for 7 days to determine whether CV toxicity could be detected in a shorter study. End points included light and electron microscopies of the heart; heart weight; serum concentrations of fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), and N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP); and a targeted transcriptional assessment of heart tissue. Histologic evaluation revealed a minimal increase in the incidence and/or severity of cardiac necrosis in animals administered 150 mg/kg/d. Ultrastructurally, mitochondrial membrane whorls and mitochondrial degeneration were observed in rats given 60 or 150 mg/kg/d. The FABP3 was elevated in rats given 150 mg/kg/d. Cardiac transcriptomics revealed evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction coincident with histologic lesions in the heart, and along with the ultrastructural results support a mechanism of mitochondrial injury. There were no changes in cTnI, cTnT, NT-proANP, or heart weight. In summary, enhancing a study design with novel end points provides a more integrated evaluation in short-term repeat dose studies, potentially leading to earlier nonclinical detection of structural CV toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H. Stokes
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J. Greg Falls
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence Yoon
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Neal Cariello
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brenda Faiola
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Present address: Becton, Dickinson and Company, Corporate Preclinical Development and Toxicology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heidi M. Colton
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Holly L. Jordan
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brian R. Berridge
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Cross MJ, Berridge BR, Clements PJM, Cove-Smith L, Force TL, Hoffmann P, Holbrook M, Lyon AR, Mellor HR, Norris AA, Pirmohamed M, Tugwood JD, Sidaway JE, Park BK. Physiological, pharmacological and toxicological considerations of drug-induced structural cardiac injury. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:957-74. [PMID: 25302413 PMCID: PMC4314188 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of drug-induced structural cardiotoxicity, which may lead to heart failure, has been recognized in association with the use of anthracycline anti-cancer drugs for many years, but has also been shown to occur following treatment with the new generation of targeted anti-cancer agents that inhibit one or more receptor or non-receptor tyrosine kinases, serine/threonine kinases as well as several classes of non-oncology agents. A workshop organized by the Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science (University of Liverpool) on 5 September 2013 and attended by industry, academia and regulatory representatives, was designed to gain a better understanding of the gaps in the field of structural cardiotoxicity that can be addressed through collaborative efforts. Specific recommendations from the workshop for future collaborative activities included: greater efforts to identify predictive (i) preclinical; and (ii) clinical biomarkers of early cardiovascular injury; (iii) improved understanding of comparative physiology/pathophysiology and the clinical predictivity of current preclinical in vivo models; (iv) the identification and use of a set of cardiotoxic reference compounds for comparative profiling in improved animal and human cellular models; (v) more sharing of data (through publication/consortia arrangements) on target-related toxicities; (vi) strategies to develop cardio-protective agents; and (vii) closer interactions between preclinical scientists and clinicians to help ensure best translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Cross
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - B R Berridge
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKlineResearch Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - P J M Clements
- David Jack Centre for Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKlineWare, Herts, UK
| | - L Cove-Smith
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - T L Force
- Center for Translational Medicine and Cardiology Division, Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Hoffmann
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharm CorpEast Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - M Holbrook
- Safety Pharmacology, Covance Laboratories, Ltd.Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - A R Lyon
- NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial CollegeLondon, UK
| | - H R Mellor
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe), Ltd.Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - A A Norris
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - M Pirmohamed
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
| | - J D Tugwood
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - J E Sidaway
- Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&DMacclesfield, UK
| | - B K Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK
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Berridge BR, Pettit SD, Sarazan RD. Opportunities to meet clinical cardio-oncology needs with new approaches to non-clinical safety assessment. Progress in Pediatric Cardiology 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Pierson JB, Berridge BR, Brooks MB, Dreher K, Koerner J, Schultze AE, Sarazan RD, Valentin JP, Vargas HM, Pettit SD. A public-private consortium advances cardiac safety evaluation: achievements of the HESI Cardiac Safety Technical Committee. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:7-12. [PMID: 23567075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The evaluation of cardiovascular side-effects is a critical element in the development of all new drugs and chemicals. Cardiac safety issues are a major cause of attrition and withdrawal due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in pharmaceutical drug development. METHODS The evolution of the HESI Technical Committee on Cardiac Safety from 2000-2013 is presented as an example of an effective international consortium of academic, government, and industry scientists working to improve cardiac safety. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The HESI Technical Committee Working Groups facilitated the development of a variety of platforms for resource sharing and communication among experts that led to innovative strategies for improved drug safety. The positive impacts arising from these Working Groups are described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Pierson
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 15th Street, Northwest, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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Elmore SA, Berridge BR, Boyle MC, Cora MC, Hoenerhoff MJ, Kooistra L, Laast VA, Morrison JP, Rao D, Rinke M, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2012 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:151-80. [PMID: 23262640 PMCID: PMC4195569 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 2012 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Boston in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 31st annual meeting. The goal of the NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting or discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium include eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; differentiating adrenal cortical cystic degeneration from adenoma; atypical eosinophilic foci of altered hepatocytes; differentiating cardiac schwannoma from cardiomyopathy; diagnosis of cardiac papillary muscle lesions; intrahepatocytic erythrocytes and venous subendothelial hepatocytes; lesions in Rathke's cleft and pars distalis; pernicious anemia and megaloblastic disorders; embryonic neuroepithelial dysplasia, holoprosencephaly and exencephaly; and INHAND nomenclature for select cardiovascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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26
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Vacchi-Suzzi C, Bauer Y, Berridge BR, Bongiovanni S, Gerrish K, Hamadeh HK, Letzkus M, Lyon J, Moggs J, Paules RS, Pognan F, Staedtler F, Vidgeon-Hart MP, Grenet O, Couttet P. Perturbation of microRNAs in rat heart during chronic doxorubicin treatment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40395. [PMID: 22859947 PMCID: PMC3409211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer therapy based on anthracyclines (DNA intercalating Topoisomerase II inhibitors) is limited by adverse effects of these compounds on the cardiovascular system, ultimately causing heart failure. Despite extensive investigations into the effects of doxorubicin on the cardiovascular system, the molecular mechanisms of toxicity remain largely unknown. MicroRNAs are endogenously transcribed non-coding 22 nucleotide long RNAs that regulate gene expression by decreasing mRNA stability and translation and play key roles in cardiac physiology and pathologies. Increasing doses of doxorubicin, but not etoposide (a Topoisomerase II inhibitor devoid of cardiovascular toxicity), specifically induced the up-regulation of miR-208b, miR-216b, miR-215, miR-34c and miR-367 in rat hearts. Furthermore, the lowest dosing regime (1 mg/kg/week for 2 weeks) led to a detectable increase of miR-216b in the absence of histopathological findings or alteration of classical cardiac stress biomarkers. In silico microRNA target predictions suggested that a number of doxorubicin-responsive microRNAs may regulate mRNAs involved in cardiac tissue remodeling. In particular miR-34c was able to mediate the DOX-induced changes of Sipa1 mRNA (a mitogen-induced Rap/Ran GTPase activating protein) at the post-transcriptional level and in a seed sequence dependent manner. Our results show that integrated heart tissue microRNA and mRNA profiling can provide valuable early genomic biomarkers of drug-induced cardiac injury as well as novel mechanistic insight into the underlying molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vacchi-Suzzi
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasmina Bauer
- Translational Science Biology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Brian R. Berridge
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sandrine Bongiovanni
- Biomarker Development, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Gerrish
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hisham K. Hamadeh
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Letzkus
- Biomarker Development, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Lyon
- Investigative Preclinical Toxicology, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard S. Paules
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - François Pognan
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Staedtler
- Biomarker Development, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier Grenet
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Couttet
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Slade DJ, Lees GE, Berridge BR, Clubb FJ, Kuczynski LA, Littman MP. Resolution of a proteinuric nephropathy associated with Babesia gibsoni infection in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 47:e138-44. [PMID: 22058361 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4 yr old male castrated Labrador retriever was evaluated for a short history of inappetance, lethargy, small-bowel diarrhea, polyuria, and polydipsia. Clinicopathologic abnormalities were consistent with protein-losing nephropathy and renal azotemia. Expansive infectious disease testing implicated Babesia gibsoni via whole blood polymerase chain reaction. Renal histopathology results were consistent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and immune complex deposition. The dog was treated with azithromycin, atovaquone, and one dose of corticosteroids/cyclophosphamide. Three months after therapy was completed, the dog was clinically healthy, and all clinicopathologic abnormalities (including Babesia species polymerase chain reaction) had resolved. Atypical presentations of Babesia gibsoni should be considered with proteinuric nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Slade
- Department of Clinical Studies, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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28
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Nowend KL, Starr-Moss AN, Lees GE, Berridge BR, Clubb FJ, Kashtan CE, Nabity MB, Murphy KE. Characterization of the genetic basis for autosomal recessive hereditary nephropathy in the English Springer Spaniel. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:294-301. [PMID: 22369189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive hereditary nephropathy (ARHN) was diagnosed in 2 English Springer Spaniels (ESS), a breed not previously reported to be affected by hereditary nephropathy (HN). OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize the genetic cause of ARHN in ESS. ANIMALS Sixty-three ESS (2 with ARHN, 2 obligate carriers, and 59 others), 2 mixed-breed dogs with X-linked HN, and 2 English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) with ARHN were included. METHODS ARHN was diagnosed based on transmission electron microscopy and immunostaining of kidney. DNA from affected dogs was screened for the mutation known to cause ARHN in ECS. Quantities of COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 mRNA transcripts in renal cortex were determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for ARHN-affected dogs and 7 other dogs. The coding regions of COL4A3 and COL4A4 were sequenced for the 2 ARHN-affected ESS and an unaffected dog. Exon 30 of COL4A4 was sequenced for all 63 ESS. RESULTS qRT-PCR indicated a significant reduction in transcript levels of both COL4A3 and COL4A4 mRNA in the kidney of ARHN-affected ESS. Sequencing identified a single nucleotide substitution in COL4A4 at base 2806 resulting in a premature stop codon. Thirteen of 25 related dogs were identified as carriers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A mutation highly likely to cause ARHN in ESS has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Nowend
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0318, USA
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Schultze AE, Reddy VR, Donnelly KB, Berridge BR. Toxicologic pathology in a multicultural world--India. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:1003-9. [PMID: 21859882 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311414734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global practice of drug development is expanding into many different continents and countries. India, in particular, is rapidly emerging as an economic force in this arena by offering ever-expanding opportunities for pharmaceutical market expansion as well as productive drug development partnerships. The key to the country's current socioeconomic success appears to be education, particularly the development of higher and professional education. Also, recent modifications to India's patent laws offer greater protections and incentives for international investment. Increasing numbers of competent contract research organizations create attractive opportunities for large Western pharmaceutical companies with a desire to gain access to burgeoning markets as well as mitigate the rising cost of drug development with less costly services. Well-trained veterinary pathologists are available, appropriate facilities are being constructed, and laboratory capabilities are expanding. Developing a productive partnership with a credible laboratory service in India, as with any new provider, requires due diligence and knowledgeable scrutiny of key elements of the work stream, such as facilities, education and training of laboratory personnel, Good Laboratory Practices, animal care, timelines, and data management. Ultimately and with appropriate management, mutually beneficial drug development partnerships are available in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eric Schultze
- Department of Pathology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, USA
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Newby LK, Rodriguez I, Finkle J, Becker RC, Hicks KA, Hausner E, Chesler R, Harper C, Targum S, Berridge BR, Lewis E, Walker DB, Dollery C, Turner JR, Krucoff MW. Troponin measurements during drug development--considerations for monitoring and management of potential cardiotoxicity: an educational collaboration among the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium, the Duke Clinical Research Institute, and the US Food and Drug Administration. Am Heart J 2011; 162:64-73. [PMID: 21742091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiac toxicity is a recognized challenge in development and implementation of pharmacotherapy. Appropriate biomarkers are needed to detect these abnormalities early in development and to manage the risk of potentially cardiotoxic drugs or biologic agents. Circulating cardiac troponin (cTn) is the most widely used biomarker for detection of myocardial injury. Although most commonly used to detect myonecrosis in the setting of ischemia, cTns are also elevated with other acute and chronic disease processes, including heart failure, renal failure, sepsis, pulmonary embolic disease, and many others. High-sensitivity assays for both cTnI and cTnT are now available that achieve acceptable imprecision (coefficient of variation <10%) at the 99th percentile of a normal reference population. Even more sensitive assays are being developed that detect cTn in ranges that are near the level of normal cellular turnover (apoptosis). These properties of cTn and the continuing evolution of highly sensitive assays position cTn as a potentially uniquely informative marker for early detection of cardiac toxicity. This article summarizes collaborative discussions among key stakeholders in the Cardiac Safety Research Consortium about the use of cTn monitoring in drug development.
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Colton HM, Stokes AH, Yoon LW, Quaile MP, Novak PJ, Falls JG, Kimbrough CL, Cariello NF, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. An Initial Characterization of N-Terminal-Proatrial Natriuretic Peptide in Serum of Sprague Dawley Rats. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:262-8. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Badea CT, Hedlund LW, Cook J, Berridge BR, Johnson GA. Micro-CT imaging assessment of dobutamine-induced cardiac stress in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 63:24-9. [PMID: 20399875 PMCID: PMC2916074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dobutamine (DOB) stress in animal models of heart disease has been imaged so far using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose of this study was to assess normal response to DOB stress in rats using anatomical and functional data using micro-computed tomography (CT). METHODS Ten normal adult male rats were first injected with a liposomal-based blood pool contrast agent and next infused with DOB via a tail vein catheter. Using prospective gating, 5 pairs of systole/diastole micro-CT images were acquired (a) pre-infusion baseline; (b) at heart rate plateau during infusion of 10 μg/kg/min DOB; (c) at post-DOB infusion baseline; (d) at heart rate plateau during infusion of 30 μg/kg/min DOB; and (e) after post-infusion return to baseline. Heart rate, peripheral and breathing distensions were monitored by oximetry. Micro-CT images with 88-μm isotropic voxels were segmented to obtain cardiac function based on volumetric measurements of the left ventricle. RESULTS DOB stress increased heart rate and cardiac output with both doses. Ejection fraction increased above baseline by an average of 35.9% with the first DOB dose and 18.4% with the second dose. No change was observed in the relative peripheral arterial pressures associated with the significant increases in cardiac output. DISCUSSION Micro-CT proved to be a robust imaging method able to provide isotropic data on cardiac morphology and function. Micro-CT has the advantage of being faster and more cost-effective than MR and is able to provide higher accuracy than echocardiography. The impact of such an enabling technology can be enormous in evaluating cardiotoxic effects of various test drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian T. Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Box 3302 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC U.S.A. 27710
| | - Laurence W. Hedlund
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Box 3302 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC U.S.A. 27710
| | - James Cook
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Box 3302 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC U.S.A. 27710
| | - Brian R. Berridge
- GlaxoSmithKline Safety Assessment, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC U.S.A. 27709
| | - G. Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Box 3302 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC U.S.A. 27710
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Sarazan DR, Pettit SD, Berridge BR. A HESI collaborative initiative towards a more integrated approach to cardiovascular safety assessment. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Berridge BR, Pettit S, Walker DB, Jaffe AS, Schultze AE, Herman E, Reagan WJ, Lipshultz SE, Apple FS, York MJ. A translational approach to detecting drug-induced cardiac injury with cardiac troponins: consensus and recommendations from the Cardiac Troponins Biomarker Working Group of the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute. Am Heart J 2009; 158:21-9. [PMID: 19540388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac troponins (cTns) are established biomarkers of ischemic heart disease in humans. However, their value as biomarkers of cardiac injury from causes other than ischemic heart disease is now being explored, particularly in drug development. In a workshop sponsored by the Cardiac Troponin Biomarker Working Group of the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, preclinical, clinical, and regulatory scientists discussed the application of cTns in their respective environments, issues in translating the preclinical application of cTn to clinical studies, and gaps in our understanding of cTn biology and pathobiology. Evidence indicates that cTns are sensitive and specific biomarkers of cardiac injury from varying causes in both animals and humans. Accordingly, monitoring cTns can help ensure patient safety during the clinical evaluation of new drugs. In addition, preclinical characterization of cardiac risk and cTns as biomarkers of that risk can guide relevant clinical application and interpretation. We summarize here the outcomes of the workshop which included consensus statements, recommendations for further research, and a proposal for a cross-disciplinary group of clinical, regulatory, and drug development scientists to collaborate in such research.
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Berridge BR, Chatman LA, Odin M, Schultze AE, Losco PE, Meehan JT, Peters T, Vonderfecht SL. Phospholipidosis in nonclinical toxicity studies. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35:325. [PMID: 17366328 DOI: 10.1080/01926230701196414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Greer KA, Higgins MA, Cox ML, Ryan TP, Berridge BR, Kashtan CE, Lees GE, Murphy KE. Gene expression analysis in a canine model of X-linked Alport syndrome. Mamm Genome 2006; 17:976-90. [PMID: 16964446 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-005-0179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often culminates in renal failure as a consequence of progressive interstitial fibrosis and is an important cause of illness and death in dogs. Identification of disease biomarkers and gene expression changes will yield valuable information regarding the specific biological pathways involved in disease progression. Toward these goals, gene expression changes in the renal cortex of dogs with X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) were examined using microarray technology. Extensive changes in inflammatory, metabolic, immune, and extracellular matrix biology were revealed in affected dogs. Statistical analysis showed 133 genes that were robustly induced or repressed in affected animals relative to age-matched littermates. Altered expression of numerous major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules suggests that the immune system plays a significant role in XLAS. Increased expression of COL4A1 and TIMP-1 at the end stage of disease supports the suggestion that expression increases in association with progression of fibrosis and confirms an observation of increased COL4A1 protein expression. Clusterin may function as one of the primary defenses of the renal cortex against progressive injury in dogs with XLAS, as demonstrated here by increased CLU gene expression. Cellular mechanisms that function during excess oxidative stress might also act to deter renal damage, as evidenced by alterations in gene expression of SOD1, ACO1, FDXR, and GPX1. This investigation provides a better understanding of interstitial fibrosis pathogenesis, and potential biomarkers for early detection, factors that are essential to discovering more effective treatments thereby reducing clinical illness and death due to CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Greer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4467, USA
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Halstead BW, Zwickl CM, Morgan RE, Monteith DK, Thomas CE, Bowers RK, Berridge BR. A clinical flow cytometric biomarker strategy: validation of peripheral leukocyte phospholipidosis using Nile red. J Appl Toxicol 2006; 26:169-77. [PMID: 16278808 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipidosis, or intracellular accumulation of phospholipids, is caused by specific classes of xenobiotics. This phenomenon represents a challenge for risk assessment that could benefit from the use of biomarkers in the clinical development of new drug candidates. Flow cytometry, coupled with the lipophilic fluoroprobe Nile red, was correlated to histopathology, electron microscopy and inorganic phosphorus detection to validate the utility of this method for monitoring phospholipidosis in peripheral blood leukocytes. Replicate studies with model test compounds were conducted in which F344 rats were given 4 or 7 doses of either maprotiline hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, tilorone dihydrochloride, amikacin hydrate or vehicle control. Transmission electron and light microscopy were used to examine peripheral blood smears and tissue samples for the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles. Unstained and Nile red stained lysed peripheral blood samples were acquired for analysis using a FACScan flow cytometer. Inorganic phosphorus concentration in the liver was determined from extracted phospholipids and compared with flow cytometry and histological data. It was demonstrated that flow cytometric analysis of Nile red stained lysed whole blood can be used to detect drug-induced phospholipid accumulation in circulating peripheral leukocytes. Furthermore, clinically detectable leukocyte phospholipidosis may be a useful surrogate for coincident or premonitory detection of target organ phospholipidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartley W Halstead
- Toxicology and Drug Disposition, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA.
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Berridge BR. Book Review: Heart Trimming Protocol of the Laboratory Rat. Vet Pathol 2006. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-1-87-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rao VH, Lees GE, Kashtan CE, Delimont DC, Singh R, Meehan DT, Bhattacharya G, Berridge BR, Cosgrove D. Dysregulation of renal MMP-3 and MMP-7 in canine X-linked Alport syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20:732-9. [PMID: 15782307 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-004-1805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important regulatory role in many biological and pathological processes and their specific role in Alport syndrome (AS) is not yet clearly defined. In this study, the naturally occurring canine X-linked AS was used to demonstrate a potential role for MMP-3 and MMP-7 in Alport renal pathogenesis. Recently, we demonstrated that the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 was upregulated in the renal cortex of dogs with a spontaneous form of XLAS. In the present study, we examined necropsy samples of renal cortex from normal and XLAS dogs for MMP-3 and MMP-7 as they have the potential to activate MMP-2 and MMP-9. Immunohistochemical analysis showed strong immunostaining for both MMP-3 and MMP-7 in the interstitial space of XLAS kidneys, while virtually no immunostaining was observed in similar fields from normal dogs. RT-PCR and casein zymography confirmed that both mRNA transcripts and activities of MMP-3 and MMP-7 are elevated in XLAS kidneys. The induction of these MMPs likely contributes to tissue destruction associated with the fibrogenic process, while augmenting the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by MMP-3 and MMP-7 in XLAS. Thus, these data further implicate a role for the MMPs in progressive renal pathogenesis associated with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velidi H Rao
- Department of Genetics, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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40
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Sloop KW, Cao JXC, Siesky AM, Zhang HY, Bodenmiller DM, Cox AL, Jacobs SJ, Moyers JS, Owens RA, Showalter AD, Brenner MB, Raap A, Gromada J, Berridge BR, Monteith DKB, Porksen N, McKay RA, Monia BP, Bhanot S, Watts LM, Michael MD. Hepatic and glucagon-like peptide-1-mediated reversal of diabetes by glucagon receptor antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1571-81. [PMID: 15173883 PMCID: PMC419489 DOI: 10.1172/jci20911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled hepatic glucose production contributes significantly to hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hyperglucagonemia is implicated in the etiology of this condition; however, effective therapies to block glucagon signaling and thereby regulate glucose metabolism do not exist. To determine the extent to which blocking glucagon action would reverse hyperglycemia, we targeted the glucagon receptor (GCGR) in rodent models of type 2 diabetes using 2'-methoxyethyl-modified phosphorothioate-antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) inhibitors. Treatment with GCGR ASOs decreased GCGR expression, normalized blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance, and preserved insulin secretion. Importantly, in addition to decreasing expression of cAMP-regulated genes in liver and preventing glucagon-mediated hepatic glucose production, GCGR inhibition increased serum concentrations of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin levels in pancreatic islets. Together, these studies identify a novel mechanism whereby GCGR inhibitors reverse the diabetes phenotype by the dual action of decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving pancreatic beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Sloop
- Endocrine Discovery, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Abstract
Ten healthy mixed-breed dogs were used to evaluate the functional and structural effects of serial ultrasound-guided renal biopsies obtained with an automated biopsy needle. In each dog, one lateral renal cortex was biopsied at 2, 4, and 6 months of age; the other kidney was the control. Five dogs had two tissue cores and five dogs had four tissue cores taken on each biopsy occasion, and one core was examined microscopically. One week before each biopsy and a month after the final biopsy, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined by renal scintigraphy. Dogs were then euthanized for evaluation of gross and microscopic lesions attributable to the biopsies. There was no difference between GFR values for biopsied kidneys and those of control kidneys (P > 0.05). Microscopic lesions were not identified in biopsies taken at 2 and 4 months, but focal lesions were found in three of 10 specimens taken at 6 months of age. At necropsy, six of 10 biopsied kidneys had small visible capsular scars, and linear tracts < 2 mm wide were observed on cut surfaces in six of 10 biopsied kidneys cut transversely into slices 5 mm thick. Discrete light microscopic lesions were observed in 25 of 452 (5.5%) of randomly selected 6-mm-diameter sections of renal cortex from biopsied kidneys. We conclude that serial renal cortical biopsies can be obtained by our method from healthy adolescent dogs with minimal risk of inducing changes that might be confused with those of a progressive renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid P Groman
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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Searfoss GH, Jordan WH, Calligaro DO, Galbreath EJ, Schirtzinger LM, Berridge BR, Gao H, Higgins MA, May PC, Ryan TP. Adipsin, a biomarker of gastrointestinal toxicity mediated by a functional gamma-secretase inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:46107-16. [PMID: 12949072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307757200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional gamma-secretase inhibitors (FGSIs) can block the cleavage of several transmembrane proteins including amyloid precursor protein (APP), and the cell fate regulator Notch-1. FGSIs, by inhibiting APP processing, block the generation of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides and may slow the development of Alzheimer's disease. FGSIs used to inhibit APP processing may disrupt Notch processing, thus interfering with cell fate determination. Described herein is a FGSI-mediated gastrointestinal toxicity characterized by cell population changes in the ileum of rats, which are indicative of Notch signaling disruption. Microarray analysis of ileum from FGSI-treated rats revealed differential expression responses in a number of genes indicative of Notch signaling perturbation, including the serine protease adipsin. We were able to show that FGSI-treated rats had elevated levels of adipsin protein in gastrointestinal contents and feces, and by immunohistochemistry demonstrated that adipsin containing ileum crypt cells were increased in FGSI-treated rats. The mouse Adipsin proximal promoter contains a putative binding site for the Notch-induced transcriptional regulator Hes-1, which we demonstrate is able to bind Hes-1. Additional studies in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes demonstrate that this FGSI inhibits Hes-1 expression while up-regulating adipsin expression. Overexpression of Hes-1 was able to down-regulate adipsin expression and block pre-adipocyte differentiation. We propose that adipsin is a Hes-1-regulated gene that is de-repressed during FGSI-mediated disruption of Notch/Hes-1 signaling. Additionally, the aberrant expression of adipsin, and its presence in feces may serve as a noninvasive biomarker of gastrointestinal toxicity associated with perturbed Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Searfoss
- Department of Lead Optimization Toxicology, Pathology, Investigative Toxicology, BioRTP and Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA
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Higgins MA, Berridge BR, Mills BJ, Schultze AE, Gao H, Searfoss GH, Baker TK, Ryan TP. Gene expression analysis of the acute phase response using a canine microarray. Toxicol Sci 2003; 74:470-84. [PMID: 12773757 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfg142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of pharmaceuticals is typically assessed in the dog and rat prior to investigation in humans. As a result, a greater understanding of adverse effects in these preclinical testing species would improve safety assessment. Despite this need, there is a lack of tools to examine mechanisms and identify biomarkers in the dog. To address this issue, we developed an Affymetrix-based oligonucleotide microarray capable of monitoring the expression of thousands of canine genes in parallel. The custom canine array contains 22,774 probe sets, consisting of 13,729 canine and 9045 human-derived probe sets. To improve cross-species hybridization with human-derived probes, the detection region was moved from the variable 3' UTR to the more homologous coding region. Testing of this strategy was accomplished by comparing hybridization of naive dog liver RNA to the canine array (coding region design) and human U133A array (standard 3' design). Although raw signal intensity was greater with canine-specific probe sets, human-derived probes detected the expression of additional liver transcripts. To assess the ability of this tool to detect differential gene expression, the acute phase response was examined in beagle dogs given lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Hepatic gene expression 4 and 24 h post-LPS administration was compared to gene expression profiles of vehicle-treated dogs (n=3/group). Array data was consistent with an acute inflammatory response, with transcripts for multiple cytokines and acute phase proteins markedly induced 4 h after LPS challenge. Robust changes in the expression of transcripts involved with glucose homeostasis, biotransformation, and extracellular matrix remodeling were observed 24 h post-dose. In addition, the canine array identified several potential biomarkers of hepatic inflammation. Strong correlations were found between gene expression data and alterations in clinical chemistry parameters such as serum amyloid A (SAA), albumin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In summary, this new genomic tool successfully detected basal canine gene expression and identified novel aspects of the acute phase response in dog that shed new light on mechanisms underlying inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Higgins
- Department of Lead Optimization Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
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44
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Rao VH, Lees GE, Kashtan CE, Nemori R, Singh RK, Meehan DT, Rodgers K, Berridge BR, Bhattacharya G, Cosgrove D. Increased expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 (type IV collagenases/gelatinases), and MT1-MMP in canine X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS). Kidney Int 2003; 63:1736-48. [PMID: 12675849 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alport syndrome is a group of genetic disorders resulting from mutations in either the alpha3(IV), alpha4(IV) or alpha5(IV) collagen chains. The disease is characterized by a progressive glomerulonephritis, usually associated with a high-frequency specific sensorineural hearing loss, dot and fleck retinopathy, and lens abnormalities. Dogs with naturally occurring genetic disorders of basement membrane collagen (type IV) may serve as animal models of Alport syndrome. In this study, a well-characterized naturally occurring canine model was employed to demonstrate a potential role for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Alport renal disease pathogenesis. METHODS Adolescent male dogs that developed renal failure were euthanized and necropsied. Clinicopathologic features of the disease were characterized, and kidneys from normal and Alport dogs were analyzed by gelatin zymography, Western blotting, in situ zymography, immunohistology, and by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP). RESULTS Affected dogs developed proteinuria and rapidly progressive juvenile-onset chronic renal failure. The activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly induced in Alport kidney. In situ zymography confirmed elevated active metalloproteinases in kidney cryosections of affected dogs. The mRNAs encoding MMP-2, MMP-9 and MT1-MMP were also increased in Alport dogs suggesting that elevated expression of MMPs reflects events in the progression of Alport syndrome in dogs. CONCLUSION Elevated expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP is observed in fibrotic renal cortex from X-linked Alport syndrome dogs. These findings suggest that MMPs may play an important role in matrix accumulation associated with progressive renal scarring in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velidi H Rao
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska 68131, USA
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45
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Aguirre-Sanceledonio M, Fossum TW, Miller MW, Humphrey JD, Berridge BR, Herráez P. Collateral circulation in experimental coarctation of the aorta in minipigs: a possible association with hypertrophied vasa vasorum. J Comp Pathol 2003; 128:165-71. [PMID: 12634094 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2002.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental coarctation of the thoracic aorta was produced in 13 adult Yucatan minipigs by placing a gradually expanding "C-shaped" occluder around the aorta. The aortic constriction was standardized by measuring the blood pressure above the coarctation, with a mean arterial pressure of 165-170mmHg as the target. The pigs were humanely killed after 8 weeks of hypertension. No deaths were associated with constriction of the aorta, and neither rear limb weakness nor neurological dysfunction was noted. The lack of clinical signs in these animals suggested the development of an extensive collateral circulation. Collateral vessels, which were verified angiographically, included intercostal arteries, muscular intercostal arteries, and the internal thoracic artery. In two of the animals in which the thoracic aorta was completely occluded, revascularization also occurred via small arterial channels. Histologically, there was a marked increase in the number of vessels as well as significant hyperplasia and hypertrophy of smooth muscle of adventitial vasa vasorum. These findings support the hypothesis that collateralization of occluded thoracic aortas may be aided by hypertrophy of the vasa vasorum. To our knowledge, these vessels have not previously been shown convincingly by histopathological methods to revascularize occluded large arteries such as the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aguirre-Sanceledonio
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Veterinary Pathology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña s/n, 35416, Arucas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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46
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Steiner JM, Berridge BR, Wojcieszyn J, Williams DA. Cellular immunolocalization of gastric and pancreatic lipase in various tissues obtained from dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:722-7. [PMID: 12013474 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine cellular immunolocalization of canine gastric lipase (cGL) and canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) in various tissues obtained from clinically healthy dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION Samples of 38 tissues collected from 2 climically healthy dogs. PROCEDURES The cGL and cPL were purified from gastric and pancreatic tissue, respectively, obtained from dogs. Antisera against both proteins were developed, using rabbits, and polyclonal antibodies were purified by use of affinity chromatography. Various tissues were collected from 2 healthy dogs. Primary antibodies were used to evaluate histologic specificity. Replicate sections from the collected tissues were immunolabeled for cGL and cPL and examined by use of light microscopy. RESULTS Mucous neck cells and mucous pit cells of gastric glands had positive labeling for cGL, whereas other tissues did not immunoreact with cGL. Pancreatic acinar cells had positive labeling for cPL, whereas other tissues did not immunoreact with cPL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We concluded that cGL and cPL are exclusively expressed in gastric glands and pancreatic acinar cells, respectively. Also, evidence for cross-immunoreactivity with other lipases or related proteins expressed by other tissues was not found for either protein. Analysis of these data suggests that gastric lipase is a specific marker for gastric glands and that pancreatic lipase is a specific marker for pancreatic acinar cells. These markers may have clinical use in the diagnosis of gastric and exocrine pancreatic disorders, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Steiner
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4474, USA
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Berridge BR, Bercovier H, Frelier PF. Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus difficile 16S-23S intergenic rDNA: genetic homogeneity and species-specific PCR. Vet Microbiol 2001; 78:165-73. [PMID: 11163706 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus difficile is a non-hemolytic Gram-positive bacterial coccus that causes septicemia and meningoencephalitis in farmed tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Recent studies have demonstrated S. difficile to be a group B, type Ib streptococcus with a whole cell protein electrophoretic profile indistinguishable from S. agalactiae and a biochemical profile similar to that observed for other group B, type Ib streptococci isolated from fish and frogs. The aim of this study was to expand on these findings by comparative nucleic acid sequence analysis of the 16S-23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacers of S. difficile and S. agalactiae. The 97.7% sequence homology identified in these studies supports the taxonomic relationship of these two organisms. The sequence data generated were also used to construct a pair of species-specific PCR primers for use in molecular detection and identification schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Berridge
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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48
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Ducoté JM, Johnson KE, Dewey CW, Walker MA, Coates JR, Berridge BR. Computed tomography of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in 3 Yorkshire Terriers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999; 40:617-21. [PMID: 10608689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A necrotizing meningoencephalitis of Yorkshire terriers has recently been reported in 6 dogs in Switzerland, 1 dog in Japan and 1 dog in the United States. The purpose of this report is to describe the computed tomographic (CT) findings in 3 dogs with this disease, and to correlate the CT abnormalities with the clinical and pathologic findings in each case. Three Yorkshire Terriers between 2 and 10 years old were evaluated. Physical and neurologic examinations, complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry profile, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and CT scan were performed on all 3 dogs. Brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) were evaluated for 2 dogs. Two dogs were euthanized at the owners' request and necropsies were performed. Neurologic examination findings were consistent with a multifocal/diffuse encephalitis involving the cerebrum and brainstem in all 3 dogs. Complete blood count and biochemistry profiles were normal. Elevated protein concentration and a mononuclear pleocytosis were demonstrated in 2 of 3 dogs on cerebrospinal fluid evaluation. Multifocal, extensive areas of decreased opacity throughout the cerebral hemispheres, asymmetric ventriculomegaly, and lack of contrast enhancement were appreciated on CT images of all three dogs. No mass effect was seen. These findings correlated well with pathologic findings at necropsy, which included multiple malacic cavitations within the brain, representing areas of locally extensive necrosis. CT abnormalities in combination with signalment, clinical findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis should facilitate a presumptive diagnosis of Yorkshire Terrier necrotizing meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ducoté
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4474, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of mechanical abrasion and talc slurry as methods for pleurodesis in normal dogs. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION Ten normal beagle dogs. METHODS Group I dogs had mechanical abrasion (MA) of the pulmonary and costal pleurae performed in one hemithorax with a dry gauze sponge with a median sternotomy approach. Group II dogs had 100 mL of a 1 g talc slurry (TS) administered into one hemithorax through a tube thoracostomy. Administration of the TS was visualized by using video thoracoscopy. All dogs were evaluated at 2, 10, 20, and 30 days postoperatively by means of thoracic radiography and ultrasonographic thoracic wall measurement. The dogs were euthanatized 30 days postoperatively and a gross necropsy was performed. Hemithoraces were assigned a pleurodesis score (0-4) and an obliteration grade (0-6). Tissues were collected for histopathologic examination of pulmonary pleura, costal pleura, and pleural adhesions. Pulmonary and costal pleurae were graded for the degree of fibrosis (0-4). RESULTS Obliteration grade and costal pleural fibrosis score were significantly higher for the treated sides in the MA dogs compared with the TS dogs. MA Dogs: Mechanical abrasion dogs had pleurodesis, obliteration, and pleural fibrosis scores that were greater on the treated side than the untreated side, however, the differences were not statistically significant. Only two MA dogs had firm adhesion of the pulmonary pleura to the costal pleura in portions of the cranial and middle lung lobes in the treated hemithorax. Thoracic wall surface area covered with adhesions was 15% and 21% in each of these two dogs. The median pulmonary pleural fibrosis score of all MA dogs for the treated hemithorax was 3 compared to 0 on the untreated side. TS Dogs: There was no statistical difference for pleurodesis scores and obliteration grades between the treated and untreated sides. No dogs showed evidence of pulmonary to costal pleural adhesions. Histopathology showed talc crossover into the untreated side in all five dogs. Median pulmonary fibrosis score of the treated hemithorax was 1 compared with 0 on the untreated side. CONCLUSIONS Neither method of pleurodesis produced sufficient pleural adhesions to obliterate the pleural space. It is possible that the degree of pulmonary pleural fibrosis present in MA dogs may be sufficient to limit air leakage from pulmonary blebs and bullae resulting in successful treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Jerram
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
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50
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Drew ML, Phalen DN, Berridge BR, Johnson TL, Bouley D, Weeks BR, Miller HA, Walker MA. Partial tracheal obstruction due to chondromas in ball pythons (Python regius). J Zoo Wildl Med 1999; 30:151-7. [PMID: 10367658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a 9-mo period, three adult ball pythons (Python regius) (one male, two females) were evaluated for severe dyspnea. Partial obstructions of the tracheal lumen were identified radiographically and/or visualized with a 3.0-mm rigid laparoscope inserted into the tracheal lumen in all three snakes. Administration of systemic antibiotics and nebulization resulted in partial improvement of the dyspnea. In two snakes, the tracheal lesions were removed with a rigid laparoscope and a flexible biopsy instrument inserted into the tracheal lumen. The other snake died and was necropsied. Histologically, the lesions from two snakes were determined to be benign chondromas. The chondromas were composed of a variably disorganized chondroid matrix populated by quiescent, normal-appearing chondrocytes within lacunae, although the chondrocytes were increased in density compared with normal hyaline cartilage and contained rare mitotic figures. The tracheal masses in one snake grew by expansion, not invasion, and were focally continuous with a mineralized cartilage tracheal ring, suggesting a benign nature. This is the second report of tracheal chondroma in ball pythons. Tracheal chondromas are exceedingly rare in humans and domesticated animals, suggesting a possible predisposition of ball pythons for this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Drew
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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