1
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Bergeria CL, Gipson CD, Smith KE, Stoops WW, Strickland JC. Opioid craving does not incubate over time in inpatient or outpatient treatment studies: Is the preclinical incubation of craving model lost in translation? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 160:105618. [PMID: 38492446 PMCID: PMC11046527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Within addiction science, incubation of craving is an operational label used to describe time-dependent increases in drug seeking during periods of drug deprivation. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the preclinical literature on incubation of craving and the clinical literature on craving measured over extended periods of abstinence to document this translational homology and factors impacting correspondence. Across the 44 preclinical studies that met inclusion criteria, 31 reported evidence of greater lever pressing, nose pokes, spout licks, or time spent in drug-paired compartments (i.e., drug seeking) relative to neutral compartments after longer periods of abstinence relative to shorter periods of abstinence, labelled as "incubation of craving." In contrast, no clinical studies (n = 20) identified an increase in opioid craving during longer abstinence periods. The lack of clinical evidence for increases in craving in clinical populations weakens the translational utility of operationalizing the time-dependent increase in drug-seeking behavior observed in preclinical models as models of incubation of "craving".
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia L Bergeria
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kirsten E Smith
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William W Stoops
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Science, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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McNealy KR, Oevermann MW, Knabel ML, Fitzwater A, Gipson CD, Barrett ST, Bevins RA. Repeated exposure to physiologically effective doses of contraceptive hormones ethinyl estradiol or levonorgestrel do not alter the reinforcing effects of a brief visual stimulus in ovary-intact rats. Horm Behav 2024; 161:105506. [PMID: 38387104 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Estradiol and progesterone potentiate and attenuate reward processes, respectively. Despite these well-characterized effects, there is minimal research on the effects of synthetic estrogens (e.g., ethinyl estradiol, or EE) and progestins (e.g., levonorgestrel, or LEVO) contained in clinically-utilized hormonal contraceptives. The present study characterized the separate effects of repeated exposure to EE or LEVO on responding maintained by a reinforcing visual stimulus. Forty ovary-intact female Sprague-Dawley rats received either sesame oil vehicle (n = 16), 0.18 μg/day EE (n = 16), or 0.6 μg/day LEVO (n = 8) subcutaneous injections 30-min before daily one-hour sessions. Rats' responding was maintained by a 30-sec visual stimulus on a Variable Ratio-3 schedule of reinforcement. The day after rats' last session, we determined rats estrous cycle phase via vaginal cytology before sacrifice and subsequently weighing each rat's uterus to further verify the contraceptive hormone manipulation. The visual stimulus functioned as a reinforcer, but neither EE nor LEVO enhanced visual stimulus maintained responding. Estrous cytology was consistent with normal cycling in vehicle rats and halting of normal cycling in EE and LEVO rats. EE increased uterine weights consistent with typical uterotrophic effects observed with estrogens, further confirming the physiological impacts of our EE and LEVO doses. In conclusion, a physiologically effective dose of neither EE nor LEVO did not alter the reinforcing efficacy of a visual stimulus reinforcer. Future research should characterize the effects of hormonal contraceptives on responding maintained by other reinforcer types to determine the generality of the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R McNealy
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Matthew W Oevermann
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - MacKenzie L Knabel
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Anna Fitzwater
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institutional Animal Care Program, 2200 Vine Street, 278 Prem S. Paul Research Center at Whittier School, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacology and Nutrition Sciences, 780 Rose Street, MS305, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Scott T Barrett
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Rick A Bevins
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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3
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Khatri SN, Sadek S, Kendrick PT, Bondy EO, Hong M, Pauss S, Luo D, Prisinzano TE, Dunn KE, Marusich JA, Beckmann JS, Hinds TD, Gipson CD. Xylazine suppresses fentanyl consumption during self-administration and induces a unique sex-specific withdrawal syndrome that is not altered by naloxone in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2024; 32:150-157. [PMID: 37470999 PMCID: PMC10799160 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Prescription and illicit opioid use are a public health crisis, with the landscape shifting to fentanyl use. Since fentanyl is 100-fold more potent than morphine, its use is associated with a higher risk of fatal overdose that can be remediated through naloxone (Narcan) administration. However, recent reports indicate that xylazine, an anesthetic, is increasingly detected in accidental fentanyl overdose deaths. Anecdotal reports suggest that xylazine may prolong the fentanyl "high," alter the onset of fentanyl withdrawal, and increase resistance to naloxone-induced reversal of overdose. To date, no preclinical studies have evaluated the impacts of xylazine on fentanyl self-administration (SA; 2.5 μg/kg/infusion) or withdrawal to our knowledge. We established a rat model of xylazine/fentanyl co-SA and withdrawal and evaluated outcomes as a function of biological sex. When administered alone, chronic xylazine (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) induced unique sex-specific withdrawal symptomatology, whereby females showed delayed onset of signs and a possible enhancement of sensitivity to the motor-suppressing effects of xylazine. Xylazine reduced fentanyl consumption in both male and female rats regardless of whether it was experimenter-administered or added to the intravenous fentanyl product (0.05, 0.10, and 0.5 mg/kg/infusion) when compared to fentanyl SA alone. Interestingly, this effect was dose-dependent when self-administered intravenously. Naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection) did not increase somatic signs of fentanyl withdrawal, regardless of the inclusion of xylazine in the fentanyl infusion in either sex; however, somatic signs of withdrawal were higher across time points in females after xylazine/fentanyl co-SA regardless of naloxone exposure as compared to females following fentanyl SA alone. Together, these results indicate that xylazine/fentanyl co-SA dose-dependently suppressed fentanyl intake in both sexes and induced a unique withdrawal syndrome in females that was not altered by acute naloxone treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh N. Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
| | - Safiyah Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
| | - Percell T. Kendrick
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
| | - Emma O. Bondy
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
| | - Sally Pauss
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
| | - Dan Luo
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Thomas E. Prisinzano
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Kelly E. Dunn
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Julie A. Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Terry D. Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
| | - Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
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4
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Sadek SM, Khatri SN, Kipp Z, Dunn KE, Beckmann JS, Stoops WW, Hinds TD, Gipson CD. Impacts of xylazine on fentanyl demand, body weight, and acute withdrawal in rats: A comparison to lofexidine. Neuropharmacology 2024; 245:109816. [PMID: 38128606 PMCID: PMC10843705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The opioid use landscape has recently shifted to include xylazine, a veterinary anesthetic, as an adulterant in the fentanyl supply. The health impacts of xylazine as an emerging fentanyl adulterant has raised alarm regarding xylazine as a public health threat, warranting research on the impacts of xylazine on fentanyl's behavioral effects. No prior studies have evaluated the effects of xylazine on fentanyl consumption at various unit doses, fentanyl demand, or withdrawal as compared to the Food and Drug Administration-approved opioid withdrawal medication, lofexidine (Lucemyra®). This is important because lofexidine and xylazine are both adrenergic α2a (A2aR) agonists, however, lofexidine is not a noted fentanyl adulterant. Here we evaluated xylazine and lofexidine combined with self-administered fentanyl doses in male and female rats and evaluated fentanyl demand, body weight, and acute withdrawal. Consumption of fentanyl alone increased at various unit doses compared to saline. Xylazine but not lofexidine shifted fentanyl consumption downward at a number of unit doses, however, both lofexidine and xylazine suppressed fentanyl demand intensity as compared to a fentanyl alone control group. Further, both fentanyl + lofexidine and fentanyl + xylazine reduced behavioral signs of fentanyl withdrawal immediately following SA, but signs increased by 12 h only in the xylazine co-exposed group. Weight loss occurred throughout fentanyl SA and withdrawal regardless of group, although the xylazine group lost significantly more weight during the first 24 h of withdrawal than the other two groups. Severity of weight loss during the first 24 h of withdrawal was also correlated with severity of somatic signs of fentanyl withdrawal. Together, these results suggest that body weight loss may be an important indicator of withdrawal severity during acute withdrawal from the xylazine/fentanyl combination, warranting further translational evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiyah M Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shailesh N Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zachary Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kelly E Dunn
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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5
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Khatri SN, Ulangkaya H, Maher EE, Sadek S, Hong M, Woodcox AM, Stoops WW, Gipson CD. Oxycodone withdrawal is associated with increased cocaine self-administration and aberrant accumbens glutamate plasticity in rats. Neuropharmacology 2024; 242:109773. [PMID: 37865136 PMCID: PMC10842432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) frequently use other substances, including cocaine. Opioid withdrawal is associated with increased likelihood of cocaine use, which may represent an attempt to ameliorate opioid withdrawal effects. Clinically, 30% of co-using individuals take opioids and cocaine exclusively in a sequential manner. Preclinical studies evaluating mechanisms of drug use typically study drugs in isolation. However, polysubstance use is a highly prevalent clinical issue and thus, we established a novel preclinical model of sequential oxycodone and cocaine self-administration (SA) whereby rats acquired oxycodone and cocaine SA in an A-B-A-B design. Somatic signs of withdrawal were evaluated at 0, 22, and 24h following oxycodone SA, with the 24h timepoint representing somatic signs immediately following cocaine SA. Preclinically, aberrant glutamate signaling within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore) occurs following use of cocaine or opioids, whereby medium spiny neurons (MSNs) rest in a potentiated or depotentiated state, respectively. Further, NAcore glial glutamate transport via GLT-1 is downregulated following SA of either drug alone. However, it is not clear if cocaine can exacerbate opioid-induced changes in glutamate signaling. In this study, NAcore GLT-1 protein and glutamate plasticity were measured (via AMPA/NMDA ratio) following SA. Rats acquired SA of both oxycodone and cocaine regardless of sex, and the acute oxycodone-induced increase in somatic signs at 22h was positively correlated with cocaine consumption during the cocaine testing phase. Cocaine use following oxycodone SA downregulated GLT-1 and reduced AMPA/NMDA ratios compared to cocaine use following food SA. Further, oxycodone SA alone was associated with reduced AMPA/NMDA ratio. Together, behavioral signs of oxycodone withdrawal may drive cocaine use and further dysregulate NAcore glutamate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh N Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hanaa Ulangkaya
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Erin E Maher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Safiyah Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Andrea M Woodcox
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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6
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Gipson CD, Strickland JC. Integrating public health and translational basic science to address challenges of xylazine adulteration of fentanyl. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:319-320. [PMID: 37495677 PMCID: PMC10700472 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Strzelecki AM, Gipson CD, Childs E, Weafer J. Preliminary evidence of increased alcohol use associated with ethinyl estradiol levels in women using oral contraceptives. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep 2023; 9:100194. [PMID: 37954868 PMCID: PMC10632661 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use is highly prevalent in young adult women and rates of alcohol use disorder are rising rapidly in this population. Further, emerging evidence suggests that circulating levels of ovarian hormones influence alcohol consumption, with increased consumption associated with higher estradiol and lower progesterone levels. However, less is known about the influence of synthetic hormones (contained in oral contraceptive (OC) pills) on alcohol use. The current study examined the influence of OC pill phase, ethinyl estradiol (EE) levels, and progestin levels on self-reported alcohol consumption in healthy female drinkers. Young adult female drinkers using OCs (N = 21) reported alcohol use across one OC pill pack using the Timeline Followback and provided blood samples during both pill phases to measure synthetic hormone levels. We compared alcohol use between OC pill phases (active vs. inactive) using linear mixed effects models for repeated measures and examined correlations between alcohol use and EE and progestin levels. Results showed that women with higher EE levels reported increased alcohol consumption (r = 0.56, p = 0.01) and binge drinking (r = 0.45, p = 0.04) in the active pill phase. Progestin levels and pill phase were not significantly associated with alcohol consumption. These findings provide preliminary data suggesting increased levels of EE from OC pills are associated with excessive alcohol consumption in women. Further research is needed to determine if EE plays a causal role in increased alcohol consumption. This line of research could inform female-specific AUD prevention and treatment strategies among the large subpopulation of women using hormonal contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Emma Childs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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8
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Maher EE, White AM, Craig A, Khatri S, Kendrick PT, Matocha ME, Bondy EO, Pallem N, Breakfield G, Botkins M, Sweatt O, Griffin WC, Kaplan B, Weafer JJ, Beckmann JS, Gipson CD. Synthetic contraceptive hormones occlude the ability of nicotine to reduce ethanol consumption in ovary-intact female rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 252:110983. [PMID: 37778097 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Rates of tobacco and alcohol use in women are rising, and women are more vulnerable than men to escalating tobacco and alcohol use. Many women use hormonal birth control, with the oral contraceptive pill being the most prevalent. Oral contraceptives contain both a progestin (synthetic progesterone) and a synthetic estrogen (ethinyl estradiol; EE) and are contraindicated for women over 35 years who smoke. Despite this, no studies have examined how synthetic contraceptive hormones impact this pattern of polysubstance use in females. To address this critical gap in the field, we treated ovary-intact female rats with either sesame oil (vehicle), the progestin levonorgestrel (LEVO; contained in formulations such as Alesse®), or the combination of EE+LEVO in addition to either undergoing single (nicotine or saline) or polydrug (nicotine and ethanol; EtOH) self-administration (SA) in a sequential use model. Rats preferred EtOH over water following extended EtOH drinking experience as well as after nicotine or saline SA experience, and rats undergoing only nicotine SA (water controls) consumed more nicotine as compared to rats co-using EtOH and nicotine. Importantly, this effect was occluded in groups treated with contraceptive hormones. In the sequential use group, both LEVO alone and the EE+LEVO combination occluded the ability of nicotine to decrease EtOH consumption. Interestingly, demand experiments suggest an economic substitute effect between nicotine and EtOH. Together, we show that chronic synthetic hormone exposure impacts nicotine and EtOH sequential use, demonstrating the crucial need to understand how chronic use of different contraceptive formulations alter patterns of polydrug use in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Maher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley M White
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Craig
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shailesh Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Percell T Kendrick
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary E Matocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emma O Bondy
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nikhil Pallem
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Grace Breakfield
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madison Botkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Olivia Sweatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - William C Griffin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brent Kaplan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jessica J Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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9
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Smith M, Kirkpatrick MG, Gipson CD. The role of social variables in drug use and addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 232:173656. [PMID: 37802394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smith
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA.
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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10
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Maher EE, Strzelecki AM, Weafer JJ, Gipson CD. The importance of translationally evaluating steroid hormone contributions to substance use. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 69:101059. [PMID: 36758769 PMCID: PMC10182261 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinically, women appear to be more susceptible to certain aspects of substance use disorders (SUDs). The steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (Pg) have been linked to women-specific drug behaviors. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies investigating how cycling ovarian hormones affect nicotine-, cocaine-, and opioid-related behaviors. We also highlight gaps in the literature regarding how synthetic steroid hormone use may influence drug-related behaviors. In addition, we explore how E2 and Pg are known to interact in brain reward pathways and provide evidence of how these interactions may influence drug-related behaviors. The synthesis of this review demonstrates the critical need to study women-specific factors that may influence aspects of SUDs, which may play important roles in addiction processes in a sex-specific fashion. It is important to understand factors that impact women's health and may be key to moving the field forward toward more efficacious and individualized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Maher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ashley M Strzelecki
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jessica J Weafer
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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11
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Gipson CD, Beckmann JS. Compulsion and substance use disorder: potential importance of boundary conditions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:432-433. [PMID: 36175552 PMCID: PMC9852242 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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12
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Strickland JC, Stoops WW, Banks ML, Gipson CD. Logical fallacies and misinterpretations that hinder progress in translational addiction neuroscience. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:384-403. [PMID: 35362559 PMCID: PMC9090969 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are heterogeneous and complex, making the development of translationally predictive rodent and nonhuman primate models to uncover their neurobehavioral underpinnings difficult. Neuroscience-focused outcomes have become highly prevalent, and with this, the notion that SUDs are disorders of the brain embraced as a dominant theoretical orientation to understand SUD etiology and treatment. These efforts, however, have led to few efficacious pharmacotherapies, and in some cases (as with cocaine or methamphetamine), no pharmacotherapies have translated from preclinical models for clinical use. In this theoretical commentary, we first describe the development of animal models of substance use behaviors from a historical perspective. We then define and discuss three logical fallacies including 1) circular explanation, 2) affirming the consequent, and 3) reification that can apply to developed models. We then provide three case examples in which conceptual or logical issues exist in common methods (i.e., behavioral economic demand, escalation, and reinstatement). Alternative strategies to refocus behavioral models are suggested for the field to better bridge the translational divide between animal models, the clinical condition of SUDs, and current and future regulatory pathways for intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Maher EE, Kipp ZA, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Khatri S, Bondy E, Martinez GJ, Beckmann JS, Hinds TD, Bimonte-Nelson HA, Gipson CD. Ovarian Hormones Regulate Nicotine Consumption and Accumbens Glutamatergic Plasticity in Female Rats. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0286-21.2022. [PMID: 35697512 PMCID: PMC9239849 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0286-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Women report greater cigarette cravings during the menstrual cycle phase with higher circulating levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), which is metabolized to estrone (E1). Both E2 and E1 bind to estrogen receptors (ERs), which have been highly studied in the breast, uterus, and ovary. Recent studies have found that ERs are also located on GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore). Glutamatergic plasticity in NAcore MSNs is altered following nicotine use; however, it is unknown whether estrogens impact this neurobiological consequence. To test the effect of estrogen on nicotine use, we ovariectomized (OVX) female rats that then underwent nicotine self-administration acquisition and compared them to ovary-intact (sham) rats. The OVX animals then received either sesame oil (vehicle), E2, or E1+E2 supplementation for 4 or 20 d before nicotine sessions. While both ovary-intact and OVX females readily discriminated levers, OVX females consumed less nicotine than sham females. Further, neither E2 nor E1+E2 increased nicotine consumption back to sham levels following OVX, regardless of the duration of the treatment. OVX also rendered NAcore MSNs in a potentiated state following nicotine self-administration, which was reversed by 4 d of systemic E2 treatment. Finally, we found that E2 and E1+E2 increased ERα mRNA in the NAcore, but nicotine suppressed this regardless of hormone treatment. Together, these results show that estrogens regulate nicotine neurobiology, but additional factors may be required to restore nicotine consumption to ovary-intact levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Maher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Zachary A Kipp
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | | | - Shailesh Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Emma Bondy
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Genesee J Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
| | - Heather A Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85014
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536
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14
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Gipson CD, Soto PL, Calipari ES, Platt DM, Salamone JD, Bevins RA. Using complex behavior to understand brain mechanisms in health and disease. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:275-278. [PMID: 35437760 PMCID: PMC9325376 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Paul L Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
| | | | - Donna M Platt
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Connecticut
| | - Rick A Bevins
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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15
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Strickland JC, Gipson CD, Dunn KE. Dopamine Supersensitivity: A Novel Hypothesis of Opioid-Induced Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Opioid-Stimulant Co-use and Opioid Relapse. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:835816. [PMID: 35492733 PMCID: PMC9051080 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.835816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergent harms presented by the co-use of opioids and methamphetamine highlight the broader public health challenge of preventing and treating opioid and stimulant co-use. Development of effective therapeutics requires an understanding of the physiological mechanisms that may be driving co-use patterns, specifically the underlying neurobiology of co-use and how they may facilitate (or be leveraged to prevent) continued use patterns. This narrative review summarizes largely preclinical data that demonstrate clinically-meaningful relationships between the dopamine and opioid systems with direct implications for opioid and stimulant co-use. Synthesized conclusions of this body of research include evidence that changes in the dopamine system occur only once physical dependence to opioids develops, that the chronicity of opioid exposure is associated with the severity of changes, and that withdrawal leaves the organism in a state of substantive dopamine deficit that persists long after the somatic or observed signs of opioid withdrawal appear to have resolved. Evidence also suggests that dopamine supersensitivity develops soon after opioid abstinence and results in increased response to dopamine agonists that increases in magnitude as the abstinence period continues and is evident several weeks into protracted withdrawal. Mechanistically, this supersensitivity appears to be mediated by changes in the sensitivity, not quantity, of dopamine D2 receptors. Here we propose a neural circuit mechanism unique to withdrawal from opioid use with implications for increased stimulant sensitivity in previously stimulant-naïve or inexperienced populations. These hypothesized effects collectively delineate a mechanism by which stimulants would be uniquely reinforcing to persons with opioid physical dependence, would contribute to the acute opioid withdrawal syndrome, and could manifest subjectively as craving and/or motivation to use that could prompt opioid relapse during acute and protracted withdrawal. Preclinical research is needed to directly test these hypothesized mechanisms. Human laboratory and clinical trial research is needed to explore these clinical predictions and to advance the goal of developing treatments for opioid-stimulant co-use and/or opioid relapse prevention and withdrawal remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kelly E Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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Gipson CD, Dunn KE, Bull A, Ulangkaya H, Hossain A. Establishing preclinical withdrawal syndrome symptomatology following heroin self-administration in male and female rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:636-649. [PMID: 32297787 PMCID: PMC8405057 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a significant health problem, and understanding mechanisms of various aspects of OUD including drug use and withdrawal is important. Preclinical models provide an ideal opportunity to evaluate mechanisms underlying opioid withdrawal. Current models are limited by their reliance upon forced opioid administration, focus on the acute (and not protracted) syndrome, and exclusion of females. In this study, male and female rats self-administered heroin (maintenance dose of 12.5 μg/kg/infusion) and opioid withdrawal after abrupt discontinuation was measured. In Phase 1, acute withdrawal symptoms were rated in male and female rats at 0, 16, 48, and 72 hr after the last self-administration session. Total somatic signs increased until 48 hr (predominantly in females), and heroin intake positively correlated with total somatic signs at the 48 and 72 hr timepoints. Measures of hyperactivity and anxiety-like behavior increased by 16 and 48 hr, respectively. In Phase 2, symptoms were assessed at baseline, acute, and protracted (168 and 312 hr after self-administration) timepoints in a subset of male and female rats from Phase 1. The total number of somatic signs did not differ across timepoints, though females displayed significantly higher body temperature at all timepoints compared with males, indicating sex-specific protracted withdrawal symptomatology. These data provide a thorough characterization of rodent opioid withdrawal symptomatology after self-administration and abrupt discontinuation that serve as a foundation for future studies designed to mimic the human experience, and demonstrate the importance of characterizing acute and protracted withdrawal with sex-specificity in preclinical models of opioid self-administration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,Correspondence may be sent to: Cassandra D. Gipson, Ph.D., Department of Family and Community Medicine, BBSRB Room 363, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, University of Kentucky,
| | - Kelly E. Dunn
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amanda Bull
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Hanaa Ulangkaya
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Aronee Hossain
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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17
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Maher EE, Overby PF, Bull AH, Beckmann JS, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Koebele SV, Bimonte-Nelson HA, Gipson CD. Natural and synthetic estrogens specifically alter nicotine demand and cue-induced nicotine seeking in female rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108756. [PMID: 34416269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Women have more difficulty maintaining smoking cessation than men, and experience greater withdrawal symptomatology as well as higher prevalence of relapse. Further, currently available treatments for smoking cessation, such as the nicotine patch and varenicline, have been shown to be less effective in women. Fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle can affect craving and smoking relapse propensity. In addition, many women who smoke use some form of oral contraceptives, which most often contain ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic, orally bio-available estrogen that is currently prescribed to women chronically and has been shown to alter smoking reward in women. The current study examined the impact of 17β-estradiol (E2), the prominent endogenous form of the steroid hormone estrogen, as well as EE, on nicotine self-administration, demand, and reinstatement following ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery. OVX vehicle-treated female rats consumed less nicotine, had lower intensity of demand, and reinstated less compared to sham vehicle-treated female rats. OVX-E2 and OVX-EE treatment groups showed a rebound of nicotine intake later in training, and Q0 levels of consumption were partially rescued in both groups. Further, E2 but not EE reversed the abolishment of reinstated nicotine seeking induced by OVX. Taken together, these results demonstrate that natural and synthetic estrogens play a critical role in mediating the neurobehavioral effects of nicotine, and future studies are essential for our understanding of how synthetic hormones contained within oral contraceptives interact with smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Paula F Overby
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda H Bull
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Stephanie V Koebele
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizonia Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Heather A Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizonia Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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18
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Leyrer-Jackson JM, Overby PF, Bull A, Marusich JA, Gipson CD. Strain and sex matters: Differences in nicotine self-administration between outbred and recombinase-driver transgenic rat lines. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:375-384. [PMID: 32297781 PMCID: PMC8375641 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies of nicotine self-administration provide important value for the field as they are highly rigorous, controlled, can be conducted quickly, and are generalizable to humans. Given the translational value of the nicotine self-administration model, and the relatively new guidelines of the National Institutes of Health to include sex as a biological variable, strain and sex differences in nicotine acquisition were examined here in two outbred rat strains. Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long-Evans (LE; wildtype and cholinergic acetyltransferase cre-recombinase transgenic) rats of each sex were implanted with indwelling intravenous jugular catheters. Rats were trained to self-administer nicotine (0.02 mg/kg per infusion, paired with contingent light + tone stimuli). Acquisition criteria were set at a minimum active:inactive response ratio of 2:1 and a minimum of 10 infusions per session, both of which had to be met for a minimum of 10 sessions. Across 10 sessions, male SD rats self-administered significantly more nicotine than female SD rats (p < .05), indicating a sex difference in this strain. LE females self-administered more nicotine than SD females indicative of a strain difference between females (p < .05). SD males increased nicotine infusions across sessions compared to LE males and SD females (p < .05). No strain or sex differences were observed in the number of sessions to reach criteria. No differences between wildtype and transgenic LE rats were observed. These results demonstrate sex and strain differences in nicotine self-administration between SD and LE rats and may lend insight into development of other nicotine self-administration models, where sex and strain may impact acquisition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula F. Overby
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Amanda Bull
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Julie A. Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky, USA,Correspondence to: Cassandra D. Gipson, Ph.D., Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA,
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19
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McClure EA, Wahlquist AE, Tomko RL, Baker NL, Carpenter MJ, Bradley ED, Cato PA, Gipson CD, Gray KM. Evaluating N-acetylcysteine for early and end-of-treatment abstinence in adult cigarette smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108815. [PMID: 34171822 PMCID: PMC8282766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is robust preclinical literature and preliminary clinical findings supporting the use of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) to treat substance use disorders, including tobacco use disorder (TUD). However, randomized controlled trials have yielded mixed results and NAC's efficacy for TUD has not been established. The goals of this study were to assess the efficacy of NAC in promoting early and end-of-treatment abstinence and preventing relapse among adult smokers. METHODS This randomized, double-blinded clinical trial enrolled adult, daily smokers (N = 114; ages 23-64; 51 % female; 65 % White; 29 % Black/African American; 7% Hispanic/Latinx), who were randomized 1:1 to receive NAC (n = 59) or placebo (n = 55) (1200 mg b.i.d.) for eight weeks. Participants received brief cessation counseling and incentives for abstinence during the first three days of the quit attempt. Primary outcomes: (i) carbon monoxide (CO)-confirmed abstinence during the first three days of the quit attempt. SECONDARY OUTCOMES (ii) time to relapse; (iii) biologically confirmed abstinence at Week 8. RESULTS No differences were found between NAC and placebo groups on measures of early abstinence (3-day quit attempt; 11 % for NAC vs. 15 % for placebo; all p > 0.11), time to relapse (p = 0.19), and end-of-treatment abstinence (7% for NAC vs. 11 % for placebo; all p > 0.40]. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that NAC is a well-tolerated pharmacotherapy but is unlikely to be efficacious as a monotherapy for TUD in adults. Considered in the collective context of other research, NAC may potentially be more useful in a younger population, as a combination pharmacotherapy, or in the presence of more intensive psychosocial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McClure
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President St., MSC 861, Charleston SC, 29425, USA,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston SC, 29425, USA,Corresponding Author: Erin A. McClure, Ph.D., Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, Phone: 843-792-7192,
| | - Amy E. Wahlquist
- East Tennessee State University, Center for Rural Health Research, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 104 Lamb Hall, Johnson City, TN, 37612, USA
| | - Rachel L. Tomko
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President St., MSC 861, Charleston SC, 29425, USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Baker
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Public Health Sciences, 135 Cannon St., Charleston SC, 29425, USA
| | - Matthew J. Carpenter
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President St., MSC 861, Charleston SC, 29425, USA,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston SC, 29425, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Bradley
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President St., MSC 861, Charleston SC, 29425, USA
| | - Patrick A. Cato
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President St., MSC 861, Charleston SC, 29425, USA
| | - Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 2195 Harrodsburg Rd., Lexington KY, 40504, USA
| | - Kevin M. Gray
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 67 President St., MSC 861, Charleston SC, 29425, USA
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20
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Abstract
This is an introduction to the special issue "Utilizing Translational Approaches to Advance Harm Reduction Strategies for Sub stance Use Disorders." (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Huhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
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21
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Gipson CD, Rawls S, Scofield MD, Siemsen BM, Bondy EO, Maher EE. Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 33612110 PMCID: PMC7897396 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Scott Rawls
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Benjamin M Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Emma O Bondy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
| | - Erin E Maher
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB, Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509, USA
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22
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Namba MD, Kupchik YM, Spencer SM, Garcia‐Keller C, Goenaga JG, Powell GL, Vicino IA, Hogue IB, Gipson CD. Accumbens neuroimmune signaling and dysregulation of astrocytic glutamate transport underlie conditioned nicotine-seeking behavior. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12797. [PMID: 31330570 PMCID: PMC7323912 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine self-administration is associated with decreased expression of the glial glutamate transporter (GLT-1) and the cystine-glutamate exchange protein xCT within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to restore these proteins in a rodent model of drug addiction and relapse. However, the specific molecular mechanisms driving its inhibitory effects on cue-induced nicotine reinstatement are unknown. Here, we confirm that extinction of nicotine-seeking behavior is associated with impaired NAcore GLT-1 function and expression and demonstrates that reinstatement of nicotine seeking rapidly enhances membrane fraction GLT-1 expression. Extinction and cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking was also associated with increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the NAcore. NAC treatment (100 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 5 d) inhibited cue-induced nicotine seeking and suppressed AMPA to NMDA current ratios, suggesting that NAC reduces NAcore postsynaptic excitability. In separate experiments, rats received NAC and an antisense vivo-morpholino to selectively suppress GLT-1 expression in the NAcore during extinction and were subsequently tested for cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. NAC treatment rescued NAcore GLT-1 expression and attenuated cue-induced nicotine seeking, which was blocked by GLT-1 antisense. NAC also reduced TNFα expression in the NAcore. Viral manipulation of the NF-κB pathway, which is downstream of TNFα, revealed that cue-induced nicotine seeking is regulated by NF-κB pathway signaling in the NAcore independent of GLT-1 expression. Ultimately, these results are the first to show that immunomodulatory mechanisms may regulate known nicotine-induced alterations in glutamatergic plasticity that mediate cue-induced nicotine-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Namba
- Department of PsychologyArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Yonatan M. Kupchik
- Department of Medical NeurobiologyHebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Sade M. Spencer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | | | | | - Gregory L. Powell
- Department of PsychologyArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- School of Life SciencesArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Ian A. Vicino
- School of Life SciencesArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign InstituteArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- School of Life SciencesArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Biodesign InstituteArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
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23
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Leyrer-Jackson JM, Piña JA, McCallum J, Foster Olive M, Gipson CD. Direct administration of ifenprodil and citalopram into the nucleus accumbens inhibits cue-induced nicotine seeking and associated glutamatergic plasticity. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1967-1978. [PMID: 32591928 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine use disorder has been associated with glutamatergic alterations within the basal ganglia that might contribute to relapse. Specifically, initiation of cue-induced nicotine seeking produces rapid, transient synaptic potentiation (t-SP) in nucleus accumbens core (NAcore) medium spiny neurons (MSNs), defined as increases in spine head diameter and AMPA to NMDA current ratios (A/N). Ifenprodil, which inhibits nicotine reinstatement when administered systemically, antagonizes GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, has affinity for serotonin receptors, and blocks serotonin transporters (SERT). The mechanisms underlying its therapeutic efficacy, however, remain unknown. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, the current study examined the role of NAcore GluN2B receptors as well as SERT in mediating cue-induced nicotine seeking and associated MSN structure and physiology. Prior to reinstatement, rats received intra-NAcore injections of either ifenprodil, citalopram or artificial cerebral spinal fluid (15 min prior), or GluN2B or control siRNAs (3 consecutive days prior). Rats were sacrificed after a 15-min cue-induced reinstatement session for dendritic spine analysis, western blotting or whole-cell electrophysiology. Intra-NAcore ifenprodil blocked nicotine-seeking behavior and promoted a higher frequency of shorter spines on MSN dendrites. However, a decrease in membrane-bound GluN2B receptor expression did not prevent cue-induced nicotine seeking or associated MSN cell physiology. Interestingly, intra-NAcore citalopram, an SSRI, prevented cue-induced nicotine seeking. Together, these results indicate that the therapeutic effects of ifenprodil on cue-induced nicotine seeking may, in part, be due to its actions at SERT rather than GluN2B, which may be specific to nicotine-seeking as opposed to other drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose A Piña
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph McCallum
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, BBSRB Room 363, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Roberts‐Wolfe DJ, Heinsbroek JA, Spencer SM, Bobadilla AC, Smith AC, Gipson CD, Kalivas PW. Transient synaptic potentiation in nucleus accumbens shell during refraining from cocaine seeking. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12759. [PMID: 31062493 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drug-associated cues without reward (extinction) leads to refraining from drug seeking in rodents. We determined if refraining is associated with transient synaptic plasticity (t-SP) in nucleus accumbens shell (NAshell), akin to the t-SP measured in the NAcore during cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Using whole cell patch electrophysiology, we found that medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in NAshell expressed increased ratio of AMPA to NMDA glutamate receptor currents during refraining, which normalized to baseline levels by the end of the 2-hour extinction session. Unlike t-SP observed in NAcore during reinstated drug seeking, neither dendrite spine head enlargement nor activation of matrix metalloproteases (MMP2/9) accompanied the increased AMPA:NMDA in NAshell during refraining. Refraining was also not associated with changes in paired pulse ratio, NMDA receptor current decay time, or AMPA receptor rectification index in NAshell MSNs. Our preliminary data in transgenic mice suggest that t-SP may increase D2-MSN inputs relative to D1-MSN inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasper A. Heinsbroek
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Denver Medical School Denver Colorado USA
| | - Sade M. Spencer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Ana Clara Bobadilla
- Department of NeuroscienceMedical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Peter W. Kalivas
- Department of NeuroscienceMedical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA
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Goenaga J, Powell GL, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Piña J, Phan S, Prakapenka AV, Koebele SV, Namba MD, McClure EA, Bimonte-Nelson HA, Gipson CD. N-acetylcysteine yields sex-specific efficacy for cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12711. [PMID: 30734439 PMCID: PMC6685767 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Women report greater craving during certain phases of the menstrual cycle. As well, research indicates that pharmacotherapies for smoking may be less efficacious in women compared with men, which may be due to interactions with natural fluctuations in ovarian hormone levels. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a glutamatergic compound that has shown some efficacy in treating substance use disorders and aids in the prevention of relapse. However, it is unclear whether NAC has sex-specific effectiveness for nicotine relapse treatment. Given that NAC has shown promise to reduce nicotine reinstatement in preclinical models using male rats, the exploration of potential sex differences in the efficacy of NAC is warranted. Using a rat model, we first investigated the ability of NAC treatment (100 mg/kg, ip) during nicotine withdrawal with extinction training to reduce cue-induced nicotine seeking in male and female rats. Next, we assessed whether NAC's effects were estrous cycle-dependent for female rats. Results show that following NAC treatment during extinction, reinstatement of nicotine seeking was significantly decreased in males but not females, indicating a sex-specific effect of NAC. Furthermore, for females, both vehicle- and NAC-treated groups significantly reinstated nicotine-seeking behavior compared with extinction, regardless of estrous cycle phase. These results suggest that NAC is inefficacious in reducing nicotine relapse in females regardless of estrous cycle phase at the dose evaluated here. These collective findings could have important clinical implications for use and efficacy of NAC as a pharmacotherapy for freely cycling women smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jose Piña
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Sandy Phan
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Alesia V. Prakapenka
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Stephanie V. Koebele
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Mark D. Namba
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Erin A. McClure
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Heather A. Bimonte-Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ
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Powell GL, Cabrera-Brown G, Namba MD, Neisewander JL, Marusich JA, Beckmann JS, Gipson CD. Erratum to "Economic demand analysis of within-session dose-reduction during nicotine self-administration" [Drug Alcohol Depend. 201 (2019) 188-196]. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 203:107. [PMID: 31358315 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Powell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 McAllister Ave., Psychology Room 203, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, TEMPE Campus, Mailcode 4701, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Gabriella Cabrera-Brown
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 McAllister Ave., Psychology Room 203, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Mark D Namba
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 McAllister Ave., Psychology Room 203, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Janet L Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, TEMPE Campus, Mailcode 4701, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Julie A Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, B453 BBSRB, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 McAllister Ave., Psychology Room 203, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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Fowler CD, Gipson CD, Kleykamp BA, Rupprecht LE, Harrell PT, Rees VW, Gould TJ, Oliver J, Bagdas D, Damaj MI, Schmidt HD, Duncan A, De Biasi M. Basic Science and Public Policy: Informed Regulation for Nicotine and Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:789-799. [PMID: 29065200 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Scientific discoveries over the past few decades have provided significant insight into the abuse liability and negative health consequences associated with tobacco and nicotine-containing products. While many of these advances have led to the development of policies and laws that regulate access to and formulations of these products, further research is critical to guide future regulatory efforts, especially as novel nicotine-containing products are introduced and selectively marketed to vulnerable populations. Discussion In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the scientific findings that have impacted regulatory policy and discuss considerations for further translation of science into policy decisions. We propose that open, bidirectional communication between scientists and policy makers is essential to develop transformative preventive- and intervention-focused policies and programs to reduce appeal, abuse liability, and toxicity of the products. Conclusions Through these types of interactions, collaborative efforts to inform and modify policy have the potential to significantly decrease the use of tobacco and alternative nicotine products and thus enhance health outcomes for individuals. Implications This work addresses current topics in the nicotine and tobacco research field to emphasize the importance of basic science research and provide examples of how it can be utilized to inform public policy. In addition to relaying current thoughts on the topic from experts in the field, the article encourages continued efforts and communication between basic scientists and policy officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | | | | | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Paul T Harrell
- Division of Community Health & Research, Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jason Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Duncan
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mariella De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Dunn KE, Huhn AS, Bergeria CL, Gipson CD, Weerts EM. Non-Opioid Neurotransmitter Systems that Contribute to the Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: A Review of Preclinical and Human Evidence. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:422-452. [PMID: 31391211 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.258004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid misuse and abuse is a major international public health issue. Opioid use disorder (OUD) is largely maintained by a desire to suppress aversive opioid withdrawal symptoms. Opioid withdrawal in patients seeking abstinence from illicit or prescribed opioids is often managed by provision of a μ-opioid agonist/partial agonist in combination with concomitant medications. Concomitant medications are administered based on their ability to treat specific symptoms rather than a mechanistic understanding of the opioid withdrawal syndrome; however, their use has not been statistically associated with improved treatment outcomes. Understanding the central and/or peripheral mechanisms that underlie individual withdrawal symptom expression in humans will help promote medication development for opioid withdrawal management. To support focused examination of mechanistically supported concomitant medications, this review summarizes evidence from preclinical (N = 68) and human (N = 30) studies that administered drugs acting on the dopamine, serotonin, cannabinoid, orexin/hypocretin, and glutamate systems and reported outcomes related to opioid withdrawal. These studies provide evidence that each of these systems contribute to opioid withdrawal severity. The Food and Drug Administration has approved medications acting on these respective systems for other indications and research in this area could support the repurposing of these medications to enhance opioid withdrawal treatment. These data support a focused examination of mechanistically informed concomitant medications to help reduce opioid withdrawal severity and enhance the continuum of care available for persons with OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Dunn
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (K.D.E., A.S.H., C.L.B., E.M.W.); and Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.)
| | - Andrew S Huhn
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (K.D.E., A.S.H., C.L.B., E.M.W.); and Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.)
| | - Cecilia L Bergeria
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (K.D.E., A.S.H., C.L.B., E.M.W.); and Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.)
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (K.D.E., A.S.H., C.L.B., E.M.W.); and Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.)
| | - Elise M Weerts
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (K.D.E., A.S.H., C.L.B., E.M.W.); and Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.)
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Powell GL, Cabrera-Brown G, Namba MD, Neisewander JL, Marusich JA, Beckmann JS, Gipson CD. Economic demand analysis of within-session dose-reduction during nicotine self-administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 201:188-196. [PMID: 31238241 PMCID: PMC6639047 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study determined if a within-session dose-reduction design sufficiently captures elasticity of demand for nicotine in male and female rats using environmental enrichment to manipulate demand elasticity. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer nicotine (60 μg/kg/infusion). In Experiment 1, rats began daily dose-reduction for nine sessions following acquisition. Rats then underwent a minimum of five within-session dose-reduction sessions where each dose was available for 10 min. In Experiment 2, rats were reared in isolated, social, or enriched housing followed by acquisition of nicotine self-administration. Rats then underwent within-session dose-reduction. Housing environments were then switched, followed by additional testing sessions. Consumption was calculated for each dose and exponential demand curves were fit. RESULTS No sex differences in acquisition of nicotine self-administration were detected for either experiment. In experiment 1, demand intensity (Q0; estimated intake if nicotine were freely available), was higher with between- compared to within-session dose-reduction, although elasticity of demand (α; rate of decline in nicotine intake as a function of increasing unit price), was lower. In Experiment 2, animals reared in enrichment had fewer infusions during acquisition compared to animals in isolation. Enriched males had reduced demand intensity compared to both isolated and social males, whereas isolated females had reduced intensity compared to enriched females. CONCLUSIONS The within-session dose-reduction procedure for nicotine self-administration replicated effects of environmental enrichment on consumption behaviors. Additionally, this procedure captured differences in nicotine demand due to sex, laying important groundwork for future translational research on mechanisms of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Powell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 McAllister Ave., Psychology Room 203, Tempe, AZ, 85287 USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, TEMPE Campus, Mailcode 4701, Tempe, AZ, 85281 USA
| | - Gabriella Cabrera-Brown
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 McAllister Ave., Psychology Room 203, Tempe, AZ, 85287 USA
| | - Mark D Namba
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 McAllister Ave., Psychology Room 203, Tempe, AZ, 85287 USA
| | - Janet L Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, TEMPE Campus, Mailcode 4701, Tempe, AZ, 85281 USA
| | - Julie A Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709 USA.
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, B453 BBSRB, Lexington, KY, 40536 USA.
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 McAllister Ave., Psychology Room 203, Tempe, AZ, 85287 USA.
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Siemsen BM, Reichel CM, Leong KC, Garcia-Keller C, Gipson CD, Spencer S, McFaddin JA, Hooker KN, Kalivas PW, Scofield MD. Effects of Methamphetamine Self-Administration and Extinction on Astrocyte Structure and Function in the Nucleus Accumbens Core. Neuroscience 2019; 406:528-541. [PMID: 30926546 PMCID: PMC6545487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide support for neurons, regulate metabolic processes, and influence neuronal communication in a variety of ways, including through the homeostatic regulation of glutamate. Following 2-h cocaine or methamphetamine self-administration (SA) and extinction, rodents display decreased levels of basal glutamate in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore), which transitions to elevated glutamate levels during drug seeking. We hypothesized that, like cocaine, this glutamate 'overflow' during methamphetamine seeking arises via decreased expression of the astroglial glutamate transporter GLT-1, and withdrawal of perisynaptic astroglial processes (PAPs) from synapses. As expected, methamphetamine self-administration and extinction decreased the level of contact made by PAPs in the NAcore, yet did not impact glutamate uptake, GLT-1 expression, or the general structural characteristics of astrocytes. Interestingly, systemic administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a drug that both upregulates GLT-1 and promotes glial-glutamate release, reduced cued methamphetamine seeking. In order to test the impact of astrocyte activation and the induction of glial glutamate release within the NAcore, we employed astrocyte-specific expression of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). We show here that acute activation of Gq-coupled DREADDs in this region inhibited cued methamphetamine seeking. Taken together, these data indicate that cued methamphetamine seeking following two-hour SA is not mediated by deficient glutamate clearance in the NAcore, yet can be inhibited by engaging NAcore astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Siemsen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C M Reichel
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K C Leong
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C Garcia-Keller
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - S Spencer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J A McFaddin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K N Hooker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - P W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M D Scofield
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Kleykamp BA, Gipson CD, Maynard OM, Treur JL, Oliver JA. Rethinking the Career Landscape for Nicotine and Tobacco Trainees and Early Career Professionals. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:262-266. [PMID: 29660013 PMCID: PMC6610160 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivia M Maynard
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jorien L Treur
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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32
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Powell GL, Leyrer‐Jackson JM, Goenaga J, Namba MD, Piña J, Spencer S, Stankeviciute N, Schwartz D, Allen NP, Del Franco AP, McClure EA, Olive MF, Gipson CD. Chronic treatment with N-acetylcysteine decreases extinction responding and reduces cue-induced nicotine-seeking. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13958. [PMID: 30632301 PMCID: PMC6328917 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a promising glutamatergic therapeutic agent, has shown some clinical efficacy in reducing nicotine use in humans and has been shown to reverse drug-induced changes in glutamatergic neurophysiology. In rats, nicotine-seeking behavior is associated with alterations in glutamatergic plasticity within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore). Specifically, cue-induced nicotine-seeking is associated with rapid, transient synaptic plasticity (t-SP) in glutamatergic synapses on NAcore medium spiny neurons. The goal of the present study was to determine if NAC reduces nicotine-seeking behavior and reverses reinstatement-associated NAcore glutamatergic alterations. Rats were extinguished from nicotine self-administration, followed by subchronic NAC administration (0 or 100 mg/kg/d) for 4 days prior to cue-induced reinstatement. NAcore synaptic potentiation was measured via dendritic spine morphology and mRNA and protein of relevant glutamatergic genes were quantified. Nicotine-seeking behavior was not reduced by subchronic NAC treatment. Also, NAcore transcript and protein expression of multiple glutamatergic genes, as well as spine morphological measures, were unaffected by subchronic NAC. Finally, chronic NAC treatment (15 days total) during extinction and prior to reinstatement significantly decreased extinction responding and reduced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking compared to vehicle. Together, these results suggest that chronic NAC treatment is necessary for its therapeutic efficacy as a treatment strategy for nicotine addiction and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Powell
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
| | | | | | - Mark D. Namba
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
| | - Jose Piña
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
| | - Sade Spencer
- Department of NeuroscienceMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC
| | | | - Danielle Schwartz
- Department of NeuroscienceMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC
| | - Nicholas P. Allen
- School of Dental MedicineLake Erie College of Osteopathic MedicineBradentonFlorida
| | | | - Erin A. McClure
- Department of PsychiatryMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth Carolina
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Leyrer-Jackson JM, Olive MF, Gipson CD. Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology to Study Ionotropic Glutamatergic Receptors and Their Roles in Addiction. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1941:107-135. [PMID: 30707431 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9077-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of the whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology technique has allowed for enhanced visualization and experimentation of ionic currents in neurons of mammalian tissue with high spatial and temporal resolution. Electrophysiology has become an exceptional tool for identifying single cellular mechanisms underlying behavior. Specifically, the role of glutamatergic signaling through α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors underlying behavior has been extensively studied. Here we will discuss commonly used protocols and techniques for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and exploring AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic responses and alterations in the context of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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34
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Overby PF, Daniels CW, Del Franco A, Goenaga J, Powell GL, Gipson CD, Sanabria F. Effects of nicotine self-administration on incentive salience in male Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1121-1130. [PMID: 29374305 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prolonged use of nicotine appears to enhance incentive salience, a motivational-cognitive process that transforms an otherwise neutral stimulus into a "wanted" stimulus. It has been suggested that nicotinic enhancement of incentive salience contributes to the potential of relapse in individuals with tobacco addiction. However, there are two main limitations of prior research that caution this claim: (a) the use of passive experimentally delivered nicotine and (b) the use of sign-tracking as an index of incentive salience, without acknowledging the competing nature of goal- and sign-tracking responses. OBJECTIVES To determine whether nicotinic enhancement of incentive salience attributed to non-nicotinic stimuli occurs when rats self-administer nicotine, and whether it is facilitated by a prior history of nicotine self-administration. METHODS Twenty-three male rats were trained daily, for 24 days, on a nicotine self-administration (SA) paradigm in the morning, and on a four-conditioned-stimuli Pavlovian conditioned approach (4-CS PCA) task in the afternoon. Self-administration was followed by extinction and cue reinstatement. A subcutaneous nicotine challenge was performed during the last 7 days of the study. RESULTS Nicotine self-administration selectively enhanced sign-tracking in the 4-CS PCA. Upon extinction, sign-tracking quickly declined to control levels. Experimenter-administered nicotine enhanced sign-tracking similarly regardless of nicotine history. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that nicotinic enhancement of incentive salience is transient, and a previous history of nicotine use does not cause further sensitization. Taken together, these results suggest that nicotine enhances incentive salience, particularly-and perhaps exclusively-while onboard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F Overby
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Carter W Daniels
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Armani Del Franco
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Julianna Goenaga
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Gregory L Powell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Federico Sanabria
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA.
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35
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Romero K, Daniels CW, Gipson CD, Sanabria F. Suppressive and enhancing effects of nicotine on food-seeking behavior. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:130-139. [PMID: 29175447 PMCID: PMC5736011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined how systemic low doses of nicotine affect the microstructure of reinforced food-seeking behavior in rats. Rats were first given an acute saline or nicotine treatment (0.1-0.6mg/kg, with an inter-injection interval of at least 48h), and then a chronic saline or nicotine treatment (0.3mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days). Immediately after each injection, rats were required to press a lever five times to obtain food that was available at unpredictable times (on average every 80s) with constant probability. Acute nicotine dose-dependently suppressed behavior prior to the delivery of the first reinforcer, but enhanced food-reinforced behavior afterwards. These effects were primarily observed in the time it took rats to initiate food-seeking behavior. Enhancing effects were also observed in the microstructure of food-seeking behavior, with lower nicotine doses (0.1-0.3mg/kg) increasing the rate at which response bouts were initiated, and higher doses (0.3-0.6mg/kg) increasing within-bout response rates. A pre-feeding control suggests that changes in appetite alone cannot explain these effects. Over the course of chronic nicotine exposure, tolerance developed to the suppressive, but not to the enhancing effects of nicotine on food-seeking behavior. These results suggest that (a) lower doses of nicotine enhance the reward value of food and/or food-associated stimuli, (b) higher doses of nicotine enhance motoric activity, and (c) ostensive sensitization effects of nicotine on behavior partially reflect a tolerance to its transient suppressive motoric effects.
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Namba MD, Tomek SE, Olive MF, Beckmann JS, Gipson CD. The Winding Road to Relapse: Forging a New Understanding of Cue-Induced Reinstatement Models and Their Associated Neural Mechanisms. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:17. [PMID: 29479311 PMCID: PMC5811475 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug addiction, cues previously associated with drug use can produce craving and frequently trigger the resumption of drug taking in individuals vulnerable to relapse. Environmental stimuli associated with drugs or natural reinforcers can become reliably conditioned to increase behavior that was previously reinforced. In preclinical models of addiction, these cues enhance both drug self-administration and reinstatement of drug seeking. In this review, we will dissociate the roles of conditioned stimuli as reinforcers from their modulatory or discriminative functions in producing drug-seeking behavior. As well, we will examine possible differences in neurobiological encoding underlying these functional differences. Specifically, we will discuss how models of drug addiction and relapse should more systematically evaluate these different types of stimuli to better understand the neurobiology underlying craving and relapse. In this way, behavioral and pharmacotherapeutic interventions may be better tailored to promote drug use cessation outcomes and long-term abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Namba
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Seven E. Tomek
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - M. Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Joshua S. Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Abstract
Dendritic spines are diverse and plastic components of the neuronal cell apparatus and are highly responsive to trophic factors during both development and adulthood. Diolistic labeling of neurons with lipophilic fluorescent dyes, coupled with advanced high-resolution microscopy methods, provides robust labeling of dendritic spines for assessment of their density and morphology. Here, we describe a method for labeling of dendritic spines using diolistic labeling in ex vivo brain slices, visualization using confocal laser scanning microscopy, deconvolution, and analysis using the Surpass module of Bitplane Imaris software.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Piña JA, Namba MD, Leyrer-Jackson JM, Cabrera-Brown G, Gipson CD. Social Influences on Nicotine-Related Behaviors. International Review of Neurobiology 2018; 140:1-32. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bobadilla AC, Heinsbroek JA, Gipson CD, Griffin WC, Fowler CD, Kenny PJ, Kalivas PW. Corticostriatal plasticity, neuronal ensembles, and regulation of drug-seeking behavior. Prog Brain Res 2017; 235:93-112. [PMID: 29054293 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea that interconnected neuronal ensembles code for specific behaviors has been around for decades; however, recent technical improvements allow studying these networks and their causal role in initiating and maintaining behavior. In particular, the role of ensembles in drug-seeking behaviors in the context of addiction is being actively investigated. Concurrent with breakthroughs in quantifying ensembles, research has identified a role for synaptic glutamate spillover during relapse. In particular, the transient relapse-associated changes in glutamatergic synapses on accumbens neurons, as well as in adjacent astroglia and extracellular matrix, are key elements of the synaptic plasticity encoded by drug use and the metaplasticity induced by drug-associated cues that precipitate drug-seeking behaviors. Here, we briefly review the recent discoveries related to ensembles in the addiction field and then endeavor to link these discoveries with drug-induced striatal plasticity and cue-induced metaplasticity toward deeper neurobiological understandings of drug seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul J Kenny
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Scofield MD, Heinsbroek JA, Gipson CD, Kupchik YM, Spencer S, Smith ACW, Roberts-Wolfe D, Kalivas PW. The Nucleus Accumbens: Mechanisms of Addiction across Drug Classes Reflect the Importance of Glutamate Homeostasis. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:816-71. [PMID: 27363441 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic exposure to several classes of drugs of abuse disrupts plasticity in this region, allowing drug-associated cues to engender a pathologic motivation for drug seeking. A number of alterations in glutamatergic transmission occur within the nucleus accumbens after withdrawal from chronic drug exposure. These drug-induced neuroadaptations serve as the molecular basis for relapse vulnerability. In this review, we focus on the role that glutamate signal transduction in the nucleus accumbens plays in addiction-related behaviors. First, we explore the nucleus accumbens, including the cell types and neuronal populations present as well as afferent and efferent connections. Next we discuss rodent models of addiction and assess the viability of these models for testing candidate pharmacotherapies for the prevention of relapse. Then we provide a review of the literature describing how synaptic plasticity in the accumbens is altered after exposure to drugs of abuse and withdrawal and also how pharmacological manipulation of glutamate systems in the accumbens can inhibit drug seeking in the laboratory setting. Finally, we examine results from clinical trials in which pharmacotherapies designed to manipulate glutamate systems have been effective in treating relapse in human patients. Further elucidation of how drugs of abuse alter glutamatergic plasticity within the accumbens will be necessary for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of addiction across all classes of addictive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Scofield
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - J A Heinsbroek
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - C D Gipson
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - Y M Kupchik
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - S Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - A C W Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - D Roberts-Wolfe
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
| | - P W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (M.D.S., J.A.H., S.S., D.R.-W., P.W.K.); Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (C.D.G.); Department of Neuroscience, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (Y.M.K.); and Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (A.C.W.S.)
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Smith ACW, Scofield MD, Heinsbroek JA, Gipson CD, Neuhofer D, Roberts-Wolfe DJ, Spencer S, Garcia-Keller C, Stankeviciute NM, Smith RJ, Allen NP, Lorang MR, Griffin WC, Boger HA, Kalivas PW. Accumbens nNOS Interneurons Regulate Cocaine Relapse. J Neurosci 2017; 37:742-756. [PMID: 28123012 PMCID: PMC5296777 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2673-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse to drug use can be initiated by drug-associated cues. The intensity of cue-induced relapse is correlated with the induction of transient synaptic potentiation (t-SP) at glutamatergic synapses on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore) and requires spillover of glutamate from prefrontal cortical afferents. We used a rodent self-administration/reinstatement model of relapse to show that cue-induced t-SP and reinstated cocaine seeking result from glutamate spillover, initiating a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-dependent increase in nitric oxide (NO) production. Pharmacological stimulation of mGluR5 in NAcore recapitulated cue-induced reinstatement in the absence of drug-associated cues. Using NO-sensitive electrodes, mGluR5 activation by glutamate was shown to stimulate NO production that depended on activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). nNOS is expressed in ∼1% of NAcore neurons. Using a transgene strategy to express and stimulate designer receptors that mimicked mGluR5 signaling through Gq in nNOS interneurons, we recapitulated cue-induced reinstatement in the absence of cues. Conversely, using a transgenic caspase strategy, the intensity of cue-induced reinstatement was correlated with the extent of selective elimination of nNOS interneurons. The induction of t-SP during cued reinstatement depends on activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and selective chemogenetic stimulation of nNOS interneurons recapitulated MMP activation and t-SP induction (increase in AMPA currents in MSNs). These data demonstrate critical involvement of a sparse population of nNOS-expressing interneurons in cue-induced cocaine seeking, revealing a bottleneck in brain processing of drug-associated cues where therapeutic interventions could be effective in treating drug addiction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Relapse to cocaine use in a rat model is associated with transient increases in synaptic strength at prefrontal cortex synapses in the nucleus accumbens. We demonstrate the sequence of events that mediates synaptic potentiation and reinstated cocaine seeking induced by cocaine-conditioned cues. Activation of prefrontal inputs to the accumbens by cues initiates spillover of synaptic glutamate, which stimulates metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) on a small population of interneurons (∼1%) expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Stimulating these glutamate receptors increases nitric oxide (NO) production, which stimulates matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 activity in the extracellular space. Manipulating the interaction between mGluR5, NO production, or MMP-2 and MMP-9 pharmacologically or genetically is sufficient to recapitulate transient synaptic potentiation and reinstate cocaine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C W Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Jasper A Heinsbroek
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Daniela Neuhofer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Doug J Roberts-Wolfe
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Sade Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Constanza Garcia-Keller
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Neringa M Stankeviciute
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and
| | - Nicholas P Allen
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
| | - Melissa R Lorang
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
| | - William C Griffin
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Heather A Boger
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425,
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Gipson CD, Olive MF. Structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines - root or result of behavior? Genes Brain Behav 2016; 16:101-117. [PMID: 27561549 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are multifunctional integrative units of the nervous system and are highly diverse and dynamic in nature. Both internal and external stimuli influence dendritic spine density and morphology on the order of minutes. It is clear that the structural plasticity of dendritic spines is related to changes in synaptic efficacy, learning and memory and other cognitive processes. However, it is currently unclear whether structural changes in dendritic spines are primary instigators of changes in specific behaviors, a consequence of behavioral changes, or both. In this review, we first examine the basic structure and function of dendritic spines in the brain, as well as laboratory methods to characterize and quantify morphological changes in dendritic spines. We then discuss the existing literature on the temporal and functional relationship between changes in dendritic spines in specific brain regions and changes in specific behaviors mediated by those regions. Although technological advancements have allowed us to better understand the functional relevance of structural changes in dendritic spines that are influenced by environmental stimuli, the role of spine dynamics as an underlying driver or consequence of behavior still remains elusive. We conclude that while it is likely that structural changes in dendritic spines are both instigators and results of behavioral changes, improved research tools and methods are needed to experimentally and directly manipulate spine dynamics in order to more empirically delineate the relationship between spine structure and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M F Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Gipson CD. Treating Addiction: Unraveling the Relationship Between N-acetylcysteine, Glial Glutamate Transport, and Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:e11-2. [PMID: 27402473 PMCID: PMC5130093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Garcia-Keller C, Kupchik Y, Gipson CD, Brown RM, Spencer S, Bollati F, Esparza MA, Roberts-Wolfe D, Heinsbroek J, Bobadilla AC, Cancela LM, Kalivas PW. Glutamatergic mechanisms of comorbidity between acute stress and cocaine self-administration. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1063-9. [PMID: 26821978 PMCID: PMC4823171 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial comorbidity between stress disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs), and acute stress augments the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine in animal models. Here we endeavor to understand the neural underpinnings of comorbid stress disorders and drug use by determining whether the glutamatergic neuroadaptations that characterize cocaine self-administration are induced by acute stress. Rats were exposed to acute (2 h) immobilization stress, and 3 weeks later the nucleus accumbens core was examined for changes in glutamate transport, glutamate-mediated synaptic currents and dendritic spine morphology. We also determined whether acute stress potentiated the acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Acute stress produced an enduring reduction in glutamate transport and potentiated excitatory synapses on medium spiny neurons. Acute stress also augmented the acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Importantly, by restoring glutamate transport in the accumbens core with ceftriaxone the capacity of acute stress to augment the acquisition of cocaine self-administration was abolished. Similarly, ceftriaxone treatment prevented stress-induced potentiation of cocaine-induced locomotor activity. However, ceftriaxone did not reverse stress-induced synaptic potentiation, indicating that this effect of stress exposure did not underpin the increased acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Reversing acute stress-induced vulnerability to self-administer cocaine by normalizing glutamate transport poses a novel treatment possibility for reducing comorbid SUDs in stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Garcia-Keller
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yonatan Kupchik
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel 9112102
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robyn M Brown
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sade Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Flavia Bollati
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria A Esparza
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Doug Roberts-Wolfe
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jasper Heinsbroek
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ana-Clara Bobadilla
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Liliana M Cancela
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Corresponding Author. Peter Kalivas, Ph.D., , Phone: 843-876-2340, FAX: 843-792-4423
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Reissner KJ, Gipson CD, Tran PK, Knackstedt LA, Scofield MD, Kalivas PW. Glutamate transporter GLT-1 mediates N-acetylcysteine inhibition of cocaine reinstatement. Addict Biol 2015; 20:316-23. [PMID: 24612076 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both pre-clinical and clinical studies indicate that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may be useful in treating relapse to addictive drug use. Cocaine self-administration in rats reduces both cystine-glutamate exchange and glutamate transport via GLT-1 in the nucleus accumbens, and NAC treatment normalizes these two glial processes critical for maintaining glutamate homeostasis. However, it is not known if one or both of these actions by NAC is needed to inhibit relapse to cocaine seeking. To determine whether the restoration of GLT-1 and/or cystine-glutamate exchange is required for NAC to inhibit cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking, we utilized the rat self-administration/extinction/reinstatement model of cocaine relapse. Rats were pre-treated in the nucleus accumbens with vivo-morpholino antisense oligomers targeting either GLT-1 or xCT (catalytic subunit of the cystine-glutamate exchanger) overlapping with daily NAC administration during extinction (100 mg/kg, i.p. for the last 5 days). Rats then underwent cue-induced reinstatement of active lever pressing in the absence of NAC, to determine if preventing NAC-induced restoration of one or the other protein was sufficient to block the capacity of chronic NAC to inhibit reinstatement. The vivo-morpholino suppression of xCT reduced cystine-glutamate exchange but did not affect NAC-induced reduction of reinstated cocaine seeking. In contrast, suppressing NAC-induced restoration of GLT-1 not only prevented NAC from inhibiting reinstatement, but augmented the capacity of cues to reinstate cocaine seeking. We hypothesized that the increased reinstatement after inhibiting NAC induction of GLT-1 resulted from increased extracellular glutamate, and show that augmented reinstatement is prevented by blocking mGluR5. Restoring GLT-1, not cystine-glutamate exchange, is a key mechanism whereby daily NAC reduces cue-induced cocaine reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Reissner
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Psychology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - Phuong K. Tran
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | | | - Michael D. Scofield
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - Peter W. Kalivas
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
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Darna M, Beckmann JS, Gipson CD, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP. Effect of environmental enrichment on dopamine and serotonin transporters and glutamate neurotransmission in medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex. Brain Res 2014; 1599:115-25. [PMID: 25536304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that rats raised in an enriched condition (EC) have decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) function and expression in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as increased d-amphetamine-induced glutamate release in nucleus accumbens compared to rats raised in an isolated condition (IC). In these previous studies, DAT function and expression were evaluated using mPFC pooled from four rats for each condition to obtain kinetic parameters due to sparse DAT expression in mPFC. In contrast, accumbal glutamate release was determined using individual rats. The current study extends the previous work and reports on the optimization of DAT and serotonin transporter (SERT) functional assays, as well as cell surface expression assays using both mPFC and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) from individual EC or IC rats. In addition, the effect of d-amphetamine on glutamate release in mPFC and OFC of EC and IC rats was determined using in vivo microdialysis. Results show that environmental enrichment decreased maximal transport velocity (Vmax) for [(3)H]dopamine uptake in mPFC, but increased Vmax for [(3)H]dopamine uptake in OFC. Corresponding changes in DAT cell surface expression were not found. In contrast, Vmax for [(3)H]serotonin uptake and cellular localization of SERT in mPFC and OFC were not different between EC and IC rats. Further, acute d-amphetamine (2mg/kg, s.c.) increased extracellular glutamate concentrations in mPFC of EC rats only and in OFC of IC rats only. Overall, these results suggest that enrichment produces long-lasting alterations in mPFC and OFC DAT function via a trafficking-independent mechanism, as well as differential glutamate release in mPFC and OFC. Rearing-induced modulation of DAT function and glutamate release in prefrontal cortical subregions may contribute to the known protective effects of enrichment on drug abuse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Darna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina..
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Stankeviciute NM, Scofield MD, Kalivas PW, Gipson CD. Rapid, transient potentiation of dendritic spines in context-induced relapse to cocaine seeking. Addict Biol 2014; 19:972-4. [PMID: 23648005 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to cocaine produces long-lasting, stable changes in brain synaptic physiology that might contribute to the vulnerability to relapse. In humans, exposure to environmental contexts previously paired with drug use precipitates relapse, but the neurobiological mechanisms mediating this process are unknown. Initiation of cocaine relapse via re-exposure to a drug-associated context elicited reinstatement of cocaine seeking as well as rapid, transient synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore), measured as an increase in dendritic spine diameter. These results show that rapid context-evoked synaptic potentiation in the NAcore may underpin relapse to cocaine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa M. Stankeviciute
- Department of Biology; College of Charleston; Charleston SC USA
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - Michael D. Scofield
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - Peter W. Kalivas
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
| | - Cassandra D. Gipson
- Department of Neurosciences; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston SC USA
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Smith ACW, Kupchik YM, Scofield MD, Gipson CD, Wiggins A, Thomas CA, Kalivas PW. Synaptic plasticity mediating cocaine relapse requires matrix metalloproteinases. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1655-7. [PMID: 25326689 PMCID: PMC4241163 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Relapse to cocaine use necessitates remodeling excitatory synapses in the nucleus accumbens and synaptic reorganization requires matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) degradation of the extracellular matrix proteins. We found enduring increases in MMP-2 activity in rats after withdrawal from self-administered cocaine and transient increases in MMP-9 during cue-induced cocaine relapse. Cue-induced heroin and nicotine relapse increased MMP activity, and increased MMP activity was required for both cocaine relapse and relapse-associated synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C W Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yonatan M Kupchik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Cassandra D Gipson
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Armina Wiggins
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Charles A Thomas
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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