1
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Frachetti M, Di Cosmo N, Esper J, Khalidi L, Mauelshagen F, Oppenheimer C, Rohland E, Büntgen U. The dahliagram: An interdisciplinary tool for investigation, visualization, and communication of past human-environmental interaction. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadj3142. [PMID: 37992177 PMCID: PMC10664986 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into the nexus of human-environmental behavior has seen increasing collaboration of archaeologists, historians, and paleo-scientists. However, many studies still lack interdisciplinarity and overlook incompatibilities in spatiotemporal scaling of environmental and societal data and their uncertainties. Here, we argue for a strengthened commitment to collaborative work and introduce the "dahliagram" as a tool to analyze and visualize quantitative and qualitative knowledge from diverse disciplinary sources and epistemological backgrounds. On the basis of regional cases of past human mobility in eastern Africa, Inner Eurasia, and the North Atlantic, we develop three dahliagrams that illustrate pull and push factors underlying key phases of population movement across different geographical scales and over contrasting periods of time since the end of the last Ice Age. Agnostic to analytical units, dahliagrams offer an effective tool for interdisciplinary investigation, visualization, and communication of complex human-environmental interactions at a diversity of spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frachetti
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1114, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Nicola Di Cosmo
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Becherweg 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Global Change Research Institute (CzechGlobe), Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lamya Khalidi
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CEPAM, 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Franz Mauelshagen
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Eleonora Rohland
- Department of History, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Global Change Research Institute (CzechGlobe), Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Scott S, Pfeffer M, Oppenheimer C, Bali E, Lamb OD, Barnie T, Woods AW, Kjartansdóttir R, Stefánsson A. Near-surface magma flow instability drives cyclic lava fountaining at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6810. [PMID: 37935706 PMCID: PMC10630439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lava fountains are a common manifestation of basaltic volcanism. While magma degassing plays a clear key role in their generation, the controls on their duration and intermittency are only partially understood, not least due to the challenges of measuring the most abundant gases, H2O and CO2. The 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption in Iceland included a six-week episode of uncommonly periodic lava fountaining, featuring ~ 100-400 m high fountains lasting a few minutes followed by repose intervals of comparable duration. Exceptional conditions on 5 May 2021 permitted close-range (~300 m), highly time-resolved (every ~ 2 s) spectroscopic measurement of emitted gases during 16 fountain-repose cycles. The observed proportions of major and minor gas molecular species (including H2O, CO2, SO2, HCl, HF and CO) reveal a stage of CO2 degassing in the upper crust during magma ascent, followed by further gas-liquid separation at very shallow depths (~100 m). We explain the pulsatory lava fountaining as the result of pressure cycles within a shallow magma-filled cavity. The degassing at Fagradalsfjall and our explanatory model throw light on the wide spectrum of terrestrial lava fountaining and the subsurface cavities associated with basaltic vents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Scott
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavík, 102, Iceland.
| | - Melissa Pfeffer
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bústaðavegur 7-9, Reykjavík, 105, Iceland
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Enikö Bali
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavík, 102, Iceland
| | - Oliver D Lamb
- Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3315, USA
- Te Pū Ao | GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, 114 Karetoto Road, RD4, Taupō, 3384, New Zealand
| | - Talfan Barnie
- Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bústaðavegur 7-9, Reykjavík, 105, Iceland
| | - Andrew W Woods
- BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0EZ, UK
| | - Rikey Kjartansdóttir
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavík, 102, Iceland
| | - Andri Stefánsson
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, Reykjavík, 102, Iceland
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3
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Donovan A, Pfeffer M, Barnie T, Sawyer G, Roberts T, Bergsson B, Ilyinskaya E, Peters N, Buisman I, Snorrason A, Tsanev V, Oppenheimer C. Insights into volcanic hazards and plume chemistry from multi-parameter observations: the eruptions of Fimmvörðuháls and Eyjafjallajökull (2010) and Holuhraun (2014-2015). Nat Hazards (Dordr) 2023; 119:463-495. [PMID: 37719282 PMCID: PMC10499761 DOI: 10.1007/s11069-023-06114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010 (including its initial effusive phase at Fimmvörðuháls and its later explosive phase from the central volcano) and Bárðarbunga volcano in 2014-2015 (at Holuhraun) were widely reported. Here, we report on complementary, interdisciplinary observations made of the eruptive gases and lavas that shed light on the processes and atmospheric impacts of the eruptions, and afford an intercomparison of contrasting eruptive styles and hazards. We find that (i) consistent with other authors, there are substantial differences in the gas composition between the eruptions; namely that the deeper stored Eyjafjallajökull magmas led to greater enrichment in Cl relative to S; (ii) lava field SO2 degassing was measured to be 5-20% of the total emissions during Holuhraun, and the lava emissions were enriched in Cl at both fissure eruptions-particularly Fimmvörðuháls; and (iii) BrO is produced in Icelandic plumes in spite of the low UV levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11069-023-06114-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Donovan
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melissa Pfeffer
- Icelandic Met Office/Veðurstofa Íslands, Bústaðavegi 7-9, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Talfan Barnie
- Icelandic Met Office/Veðurstofa Íslands, Bústaðavegi 7-9, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Tjarda Roberts
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace, CNRS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, IPSL, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Baldur Bergsson
- Icelandic Met Office/Veðurstofa Íslands, Bústaðavegi 7-9, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Nial Peters
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Iris Buisman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arní Snorrason
- Icelandic Met Office/Veðurstofa Íslands, Bústaðavegi 7-9, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vitchko Tsanev
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Reinig F, Wacker L, Jöris O, Oppenheimer C, Guidobaldi G, Nievergelt D, Adolphi F, Cherubini P, Engels S, Esper J, Keppler F, Land A, Lane C, Pfanz H, Remmele S, Sigl M, Sookdeo A, Büntgen U. Reply to: Possible magmatic CO 2 influence on the Laacher See eruption date. Nature 2023; 619:E3-E8. [PMID: 37407681 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Reinig
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Jöris
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie-MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Neuwied, Germany
- Institute of Ancient Studies, Department of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Giulia Guidobaldi
- Forest Dynamics/Dendrosciences, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nievergelt
- Forest Dynamics/Dendrosciences, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Florian Adolphi
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Forest Dynamics/Dendrosciences, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stefan Engels
- Department of Geography, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Keppler
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for the Environment, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Land
- Institute of Biology (190a), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Silviculture & Forest Growth and Yield, University of Applied Forest Sciences, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
| | - Christine Lane
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hardy Pfanz
- Institute of Applied Botanics and Volcanic Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Remmele
- Institute of Biology (190a), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Sigl
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adam Sookdeo
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Forest Dynamics/Dendrosciences, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe), Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Guillet S, Corona C, Oppenheimer C, Lavigne F, Khodri M, Ludlow F, Sigl M, Toohey M, Atkins PS, Yang Z, Muranaka T, Horikawa N, Stoffel M. Lunar eclipses illuminate timing and climate impact of medieval volcanism. Nature 2023; 616:90-95. [PMID: 37020006 PMCID: PMC10076221 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Explosive volcanism is a key contributor to climate variability on interannual to centennial timescales1. Understanding the far-field societal impacts of eruption-forced climatic changes requires firm event chronologies and reliable estimates of both the burden and altitude (that is, tropospheric versus stratospheric) of volcanic sulfate aerosol2,3. However, despite progress in ice-core dating, uncertainties remain in these key factors4. This particularly hinders investigation of the role of large, temporally clustered eruptions during the High Medieval Period (HMP, 1100-1300 CE), which have been implicated in the transition from the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly to the Little Ice Age5. Here we shed new light on explosive volcanism during the HMP, drawing on analysis of contemporary reports of total lunar eclipses, from which we derive a time series of stratospheric turbidity. By combining this new record with aerosol model simulations and tree-ring-based climate proxies, we refine the estimated dates of five notable eruptions and associate each with stratospheric aerosol veils. Five further eruptions, including one responsible for high sulfur deposition over Greenland circa 1182 CE, affected only the troposphere and had muted climatic consequences. Our findings offer support for further investigation of the decadal-scale to centennial-scale climate response to volcanic eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Guillet
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Christophe Corona
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- GEOLAB, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Franck Lavigne
- Laboratoire de Géographie Physique, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Thiais, France
| | - Myriam Khodri
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques, IPSL, Sorbonne Université/IRD/CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Francis Ludlow
- Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, Department of History, School of Histories & Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Sigl
- Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Toohey
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul S Atkins
- Department of Asian Languages & Literature, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, Department of History, School of Histories & Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomoko Muranaka
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nobuko Horikawa
- Department of Asian Languages & Literature, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Vidal CM, Lane CS, Asrat A, Barfod DN, Mark DF, Tomlinson EL, Tadesse AZ, Yirgu G, Deino A, Hutchison W, Mounier A, Oppenheimer C. Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa. Nature 2022; 601:579-583. [PMID: 35022610 PMCID: PMC8791829 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to date the oldest modern human fossils in eastern Africa, from Omo-Kibish1–3 and Herto4,5 in Ethiopia, have drawn on a variety of chronometric evidence, including 40Ar/39Ar ages of stratigraphically associated tuffs. The ages that are generally reported for these fossils are around 197 thousand years (kyr) for the Kibish Omo I3,6,7, and around 160–155 kyr for the Herto hominins5,8. However, the stratigraphic relationships and tephra correlations that underpin these estimates have been challenged6,8. Here we report geochemical analyses that link the Kamoya’s Hominid Site (KHS) Tuff9, which conclusively overlies the member of the Omo-Kibish Formation that contains Omo I, with a major explosive eruption of Shala volcano in the Main Ethiopian Rift. By dating the proximal deposits of this eruption, we obtain a new minimum age for the Omo fossils of 233 ± 22 kyr. Contrary to previous arguments6,8, we also show that the KHS Tuff does not correlate with another widespread tephra layer, the Waidedo Vitric Tuff, and therefore cannot anchor a minimum age for the Herto fossils. Shifting the age of the oldest known Homo sapiens fossils in eastern Africa to before around 200 thousand years ago is consistent with independent evidence for greater antiquity of the modern human lineage10. Geochemical analyses correlating the stratum that overlies the sediments containing the Omo fossils with material from a volcanic eruption suggest that these fossils (the oldest known modern human fossils in eastern Africa) are over 200,000 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline M Vidal
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Asfawossen Asrat
- School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Mining and Geological Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Dan N Barfod
- NEIF Argon Isotopes, University of Glasgow, SUERC, Glasgow, UK
| | - Darren F Mark
- NEIF Argon Isotopes, University of Glasgow, SUERC, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Amdemichael Zafu Tadesse
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gezahegn Yirgu
- School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alan Deino
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William Hutchison
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Aurélien Mounier
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP, UMR 7194), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France.,Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Büntgen U, Allen K, Anchukaitis KJ, Arseneault D, Boucher É, Bräuning A, Chatterjee S, Cherubini P, Churakova Sidorova OV, Corona C, Gennaretti F, Grießinger J, Guillet S, Guiot J, Gunnarson B, Helama S, Hochreuther P, Hughes MK, Huybers P, Kirdyanov AV, Krusic PJ, Ludescher J, Meier WJH, Myglan VS, Nicolussi K, Oppenheimer C, Reinig F, Salzer MW, Seftigen K, Stine AR, Stoffel M, St George S, Tejedor E, Trevino A, Trouet V, Wang J, Wilson R, Yang B, Xu G, Esper J. The influence of decision-making in tree ring-based climate reconstructions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3411. [PMID: 34099683 PMCID: PMC8184857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree-ring chronologies underpin the majority of annually-resolved reconstructions of Common Era climate. However, they are derived using different datasets and techniques, the ramifications of which have hitherto been little explored. Here, we report the results of a double-blind experiment that yielded 15 Northern Hemisphere summer temperature reconstructions from a common network of regional tree-ring width datasets. Taken together as an ensemble, the Common Era reconstruction mean correlates with instrumental temperatures from 1794-2016 CE at 0.79 (p < 0.001), reveals summer cooling in the years following large volcanic eruptions, and exhibits strong warming since the 1980s. Differing in their mean, variance, amplitude, sensitivity, and persistence, the ensemble members demonstrate the influence of subjectivity in the reconstruction process. We therefore recommend the routine use of ensemble reconstruction approaches to provide a more consensual picture of past climate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland. .,Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kathy Allen
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Richmond, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kevin J Anchukaitis
- School of Geography, Development, and Environment and Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dominique Arseneault
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, University of Quebec in Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Boucher
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Corona
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, Geolab UMR 6042 CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Gennaretti
- GREMA and Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, Canada
| | - Jussi Grießinger
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guillet
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joel Guiot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Björn Gunnarson
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuli Helama
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Philipp Hochreuther
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malcolm K Hughes
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Peter Huybers
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander V Kirdyanov
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josef Ludescher
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J-H Meier
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Kurt Nicolussi
- Department of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frederick Reinig
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthew W Salzer
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kristina Seftigen
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Earth Sciences, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Alexander R Stine
- Department of Earth & Climate Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Scott St George
- Department of Geography, Environment and Society, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ernesto Tejedor
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, NY, USA
| | - Aleyda Trevino
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Valerie Trouet
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jianglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Qinghai Research Centre of Qilian Mountain National Park, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability and Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Rob Wilson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK.,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Qinghai Research Centre of Qilian Mountain National Park, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability and Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Guobao Xu
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jan Esper
- Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Büntgen U, Wacker L, Galván JD, Arnold S, Arseneault D, Baillie M, Beer J, Bernabei M, Bleicher N, Boswijk G, Bräuning A, Carrer M, Ljungqvist FC, Cherubini P, Christl M, Christie DA, Clark PW, Cook ER, D'Arrigo R, Davi N, Eggertsson Ó, Esper J, Fowler AM, Gedalof Z, Gennaretti F, Grießinger J, Grissino-Mayer H, Grudd H, Gunnarson BE, Hantemirov R, Herzig F, Hessl A, Heussner KU, Jull AJT, Kukarskih V, Kirdyanov A, Kolář T, Krusic PJ, Kyncl T, Lara A, LeQuesne C, Linderholm HW, Loader NJ, Luckman B, Miyake F, Myglan VS, Nicolussi K, Oppenheimer C, Palmer J, Panyushkina I, Pederson N, Rybníček M, Schweingruber FH, Seim A, Sigl M, Churakova Sidorova O, Speer JH, Synal HA, Tegel W, Treydte K, Villalba R, Wiles G, Wilson R, Winship LJ, Wunder J, Yang B, Young GHF. Tree rings reveal globally coherent signature of cosmogenic radiocarbon events in 774 and 993 CE. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3605. [PMID: 30190505 PMCID: PMC6127282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Though tree-ring chronologies are annually resolved, their dating has never been independently validated at the global scale. Moreover, it is unknown if atmospheric radiocarbon enrichment events of cosmogenic origin leave spatiotemporally consistent fingerprints. Here we measure the 14C content in 484 individual tree rings formed in the periods 770–780 and 990–1000 CE. Distinct 14C excursions starting in the boreal summer of 774 and the boreal spring of 993 ensure the precise dating of 44 tree-ring records from five continents. We also identify a meridional decline of 11-year mean atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations across both hemispheres. Corroborated by historical eye-witness accounts of red auroras, our results suggest a global exposure to strong solar proton radiation. To improve understanding of the return frequency and intensity of past cosmic events, which is particularly important for assessing the potential threat of space weather on our society, further annually resolved 14C measurements are needed. Despite their extensive use, the absolute dating of tree-ring chronologies has not hitherto been independently validated at the global scale. Here, the identification of distinct 14C excursions in 484 individual tree rings, enable the authors to confirm the dating of 44 dendrochronologies from five continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK. .,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. .,Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Geography, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Diego Galván
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Arnold
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Arseneault
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, University of Québec in Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael Baillie
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jürg Beer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Bernabei
- CNR-IVALSA, Trees and Timber Institute, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Niels Bleicher
- Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Office for Urbanism, City of Zurich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gretel Boswijk
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of History, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Duncan A Christie
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449, Santiago, Chile
| | - Peter W Clark
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Edward R Cook
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Rosanne D'Arrigo
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA
| | - Nicole Davi
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
| | | | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anthony M Fowler
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ze'ev Gedalof
- Department of Geography, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fabio Gennaretti
- AgroParisTech, INRA, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jussi Grießinger
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Henri Grissino-Mayer
- Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0925, USA
| | - Håkan Grudd
- Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn E Gunnarson
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rashit Hantemirov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Franz Herzig
- Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Amy Hessl
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, WV, 26505-6300, USA
| | | | - A J Timothy Jull
- Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,AMS Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Research, H-4001, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vladimir Kukarskih
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Alexander Kirdyanov
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,Navarino Environmental Observatory, GR-24001, Messinia, Greece
| | - Tomáš Kyncl
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Lara
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research, Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos LeQuesne
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans W Linderholm
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Neil J Loader
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Brian Luckman
- Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Fusa Miyake
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Kurt Nicolussi
- Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Jonathan Palmer
- Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives Research Centre, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Irina Panyushkina
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, 61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andrea Seim
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sigl
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Olga Churakova Sidorova
- Department of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James H Speer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, 47809, USA
| | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tegel
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Archaeological Service Kanton Thurgau (AATG), 8510, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, IANIGLA - CONICET, Mendoza, CP 330, 5500, Argentina
| | - Greg Wiles
- Department of of Earth Sciences, The College of Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Rob Wilson
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964-8000, USA.,School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AJ, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Jan Wunder
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,School of Environment, University of Auckland, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Giles H F Young
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
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9
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Oppenheimer C, Orchard A, Stoffel M, Newfield TP, Guillet S, Corona C, Sigl M, Di Cosmo N, Büntgen U. The Eldgjá eruption: timing, long-range impacts and influence on the Christianisation of Iceland. Clim Change 2018; 147:369-381. [PMID: 31258223 PMCID: PMC6560931 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-018-2171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Eldgjá lava flood is considered Iceland's largest volcanic eruption of the Common Era. While it is well established that it occurred after the Settlement of Iceland (circa 874 CE), the date of this great event has remained uncertain. This has hampered investigation of the eruption's impacts, if any, on climate and society. Here, we use high-temporal resolution glaciochemical records from Greenland to show that the eruption began in spring 939 CE and continued, at least episodically, until at least autumn 940 CE. Contemporary chronicles identify the spread of a remarkable haze in 939 CE, and tree ring-based reconstructions reveal pronounced northern hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE, consistent with the eruption's high yield of sulphur to the atmosphere. Consecutive severe winters and privations may also be associated with climatic effects of the volcanic aerosol veil. Iceland's formal conversion to Christianity dates to 999/1000 CE, within two generations or so of the Eldgjá eruption. The end of the pagan pantheon is foretold in Iceland's renowned medieval poem, Vǫluspá ('the prophecy of the seeress'). Several lines of the poem describe dramatic eruptive activity and attendant meteorological effects in an allusion to the fiery terminus of the pagan gods. We suggest that they draw on first-hand experiences of the Eldgjá eruption and that this retrospection of harrowing volcanic events in the poem was intentional, with the purpose of stimulating Iceland's Christianisation over the latter half of the tenth century.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andy Orchard
- Faculty of English, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Dendrolab.ch, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timothy P. Newfield
- Departments of History and Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sébastien Guillet
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Corona
- Geolab UMR6042 CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michael Sigl
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Di Cosmo
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ USA
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Donovan A, Blundy J, Oppenheimer C, Buisman I. The 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea: perspectives on magmatic processes from melt inclusions. Contrib Mineral Petrol 2017; 173:1. [PMID: 31983758 PMCID: PMC6954031 DOI: 10.1007/s00410-017-1425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, produced one of the largest volcanic sulphur inputs to the atmosphere since the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, yet has received comparatively little scientific attention. Nabro forms part of an off-axis alignment, broadly perpendicular to the Afar Rift, and has a history of large-magnitude explosive silicic eruptions, as well as smaller more mafic ones. Here, we present and analyse extensive petrological data obtained from samples of trachybasaltic tephra erupted during the 2011 eruption to assess the pre-eruptive magma storage system and explain the large sulphur emission. We show that the eruption involved two texturally distinct batches of magma, one of which was more primitive and richer in sulphur than the other, which was higher in water (up to 2.5 wt%). Modelling of the degassing and crystallisation histories demonstrates that the more primitive magma rose rapidly from depth and experienced degassing crystallisation, while the other experienced isobaric cooling in the crust at around 5 km depth. Interaction between the two batches occurred shortly before the eruption. The eruption itself was likely triggered by recharge-induced destabilisation of vertically extensive mush zone under the volcano. This could potentially account for the large volume of sulphur released. Some of the melt inclusions are volatile undersaturated, and suggest that the original water content of the magma was around 1.3 wt%, which is relatively high for an intraplate setting, but consistent with seismic studies of the Afar plume. This eruption was smaller than some geological eruptions at Nabro, but provides important insights into the plumbing systems and dynamics of off-axis volcanoes in Afar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Donovan
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon Blundy
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
| | | | - Iris Buisman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Moussallam Y, Peters N, Masias P, Apaza F, Barnie T, Ian Schipper C, Curtis A, Tamburello G, Aiuppa A, Bani P, Giudice G, Pieri D, Davies AG, Oppenheimer C. Magmatic gas percolation through the old lava dome of El Misti volcano. Bull Volcanol 2017; 79:46. [PMID: 32025076 PMCID: PMC6979612 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-017-1129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The proximity of the major city of Arequipa to El Misti has focused attention on the hazards posed by the active volcano. Since its last major eruption in the fifteenth century, El Misti has experienced a series of modest phreatic eruptions and fluctuating fumarolic activity. Here, we present the first measurements of the compositions of gas emitted from the lava dome in the summit crater. The gas composition is found to be fairly dry with a H2O/SO2 molar ratio of 32 ± 3, a CO2/SO2 molar ratio of 2.7 ± 0.2, a H2S/SO2 molar ratio of 0.23 ± 0.02 and a H2/SO2 molar ratio of 0.012 ± 0.002. This magmatic gas signature with minimal evidence of hydrothermal or wall rock interaction points to a shallow magma source that is efficiently outgassing through a permeable conduit and lava dome. Field and satellite observations show no evolution of the lava dome over the last decade, indicating sustained outgassing through an established fracture network. This stability could be disrupted if dome permeability were to be reduced by annealing or occlusion of outgassing pathways. Continued monitoring of gas composition and flux at El Misti will be essential to determine the evolution of hazard potential at this dangerous volcano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Moussallam
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN UK
| | - Nial Peters
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN UK
| | - Pablo Masias
- Observatorio Vulcanológico del Ingemmet (OVI), Arequipa, Peru
| | - Fredy Apaza
- Observatorio Vulcanológico del Ingemmet (OVI), Arequipa, Peru
| | - Talfan Barnie
- Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, Sturlugata 7 – Askja, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - C. Ian Schipper
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140 New Zealand
| | - Aaron Curtis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Giancarlo Tamburello
- Istituto nazionale di geofisica e vulcanologia, sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuppa
- Dipartimento DiSTeM, Università di Palermo, Via archirafi 36, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo Via La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Philipson Bani
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaetano Giudice
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo Via La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - David Pieri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Ashley Gerard Davies
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN UK
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12
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Iacovino K, Ju-Song K, Sisson T, Lowenstern J, Kuk-Hun R, Jong-Nam J, Kun-Ho S, Song-Hwan H, Oppenheimer C, Hammond JOS, Donovan A, Liu KW, Kum-Ran R. Quantifying gas emissions from the "Millennium Eruption" of Paektu volcano, Democratic People's Republic of Korea/China. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1600913. [PMID: 28138521 PMCID: PMC5262451 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Paektu volcano (Changbaishan) is a rhyolitic caldera that straddles the border between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and China. Its most recent large eruption was the Millennium Eruption (ME; 23 km3 dense rock equivalent) circa 946 CE, which resulted in the release of copious magmatic volatiles (H2O, CO2, sulfur, and halogens). Accurate quantification of volatile yield and composition is critical in assessing volcanogenic climate impacts but is challenging, particularly for events before the satellite era. We use a geochemical technique to quantify volatile composition and upper bounds to yields for the ME by examining trends in incompatible trace and volatile element concentrations in crystal-hosted melt inclusions. We estimate that the ME could have emitted as much as 45 Tg of S to the atmosphere. This is greater than the quantity of S released by the 1815 eruption of Tambora, which contributed to the "year without a summer." Our maximum gas yield estimates place the ME among the strongest emitters of climate-forcing gases in the Common Era. However, ice cores from Greenland record only a relatively weak sulfate signal attributed to the ME. We suggest that other factors came into play in minimizing the glaciochemical signature. This paradoxical case in which high S emissions do not result in a strong glacial sulfate signal may present a way forward in building more generalized models for interpreting which volcanic eruptions have produced large climate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Ju-Song
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Ri Kuk-Hun
- State Academy of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Jong-Nam
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - Song Kun-Ho
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - Ham Song-Hwan
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | | | - James O. S. Hammond
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, U.K
| | - Amy Donovan
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, U.K
| | - Kosima W. Liu
- Environmental Education Media Project, Beijing, China
| | - Ryu Kum-Ran
- Pyongyang International Information Centre of New Technology and Economy, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
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13
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Kyong-Song R, Hammond JOS, Chol-Nam K, Hyok K, Yong-Gun Y, Gil-Jong P, Chong-Song R, Oppenheimer C, Liu KW, Iacovino K, Kum-Ran R. Evidence for partial melt in the crust beneath Mt. Paektu (Changbaishan), Democratic People's Republic of Korea and China. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501513. [PMID: 27152343 PMCID: PMC4846464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mt. Paektu (also known as Changbaishan) is an enigmatic volcano on the border between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and China. Despite being responsible for one of the largest eruptions in history, comparatively little is known about its magmatic evolution, geochronology, or underlying structure. We present receiver function results from an unprecedented seismic deployment in the DPRK. These are the first estimates of the crustal structure on the DPRK side of the volcano and, indeed, for anywhere beneath the DPRK. The crust 60 km from the volcano has a thickness of 35 km and a bulk V P/V S of 1.76, similar to that of the Sino-Korean craton. The V P/V S ratio increases ~20 km from the volcano, rising to >1.87 directly beneath the volcano. This shows that a large region of the crust has been modified by magmatism associated with the volcanism. Such high values of V P/V S suggest that partial melt is present in the crust beneath Mt. Paektu. This region of melt represents a potential source for magmas erupted in the last few thousand years and may be associated with an episode of volcanic unrest observed between 2002 and 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Kyong-Song
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - James O. S. Hammond
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Ko Chol-Nam
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - Kim Hyok
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Yong-Gun
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - Pak Gil-Jong
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - Ri Chong-Song
- Earthquake Administration, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Kosima W. Liu
- Environmental Education Media Project, Beijing 100025, China
| | | | - Ryu Kum-Ran
- Pyongyang International Information Centre of New Technology and Economy, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
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14
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Goitom B, Oppenheimer C, Hammond JOS, Grandin R, Barnie T, Donovan A, Ogubazghi G, Yohannes E, Kibrom G, Kendall JM, Carn SA, Fee D, Sealing C, Keir D, Ayele A, Blundy J, Hamlyn J, Wright T, Berhe S. First recorded eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, 2011. Bull Volcanol 2015; 77:85. [PMID: 26379357 PMCID: PMC4562108 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-015-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a synthesis of diverse observations of the first recorded eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, which began on 12 June 2011. While no monitoring of the volcano was in effect at the time, it has been possible to reconstruct the nature and evolution of the eruption through analysis of regional seismological and infrasound data and satellite remote sensing data, supplemented by petrological analysis of erupted products and brief field surveys. The event is notable for the comparative rarity of recorded historical eruptions in the region and of caldera systems in general, for the prodigious quantity of SO2 emitted into the atmosphere and the significant human impacts that ensued notwithstanding the low population density of the Afar region. It is also relevant in understanding the broader magmatic and tectonic significance of the volcanic massif of which Nabro forms a part and which strikes obliquely to the principal rifting directions in the Red Sea and northern Afar. The whole-rock compositions of the erupted lavas and tephra range from trachybasaltic to trachybasaltic andesite, and crystal-hosted melt inclusions contain up to 3,000 ppm of sulphur by weight. The eruption was preceded by significant seismicity, detected by regional networks of sensors and accompanied by sustained tremor. Substantial infrasound was recorded at distances of hundreds to thousands of kilometres from the vent, beginning at the onset of the eruption and continuing for weeks. Analysis of ground deformation suggests the eruption was fed by a shallow, NW-SE-trending dike, which is consistent with field and satellite observations of vent distributions. Despite lack of prior planning and preparedness for volcanic events in the country, rapid coordination of the emergency response mitigated the human costs of the eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhe Goitom
- />School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
- />Department of Earth Sciences, Eritrea Institute of Technology, PO Box 12676, Asmara, Eritrea
| | | | - James O. S. Hammond
- />Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Raphaël Grandin
- />Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Talfan Barnie
- />Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Amy Donovan
- />Department of Geography, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN UK
| | - Ghebrebrhan Ogubazghi
- />Department of Earth Sciences, Eritrea Institute of Technology, PO Box 12676, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Ermias Yohannes
- />Department of Mines, Eritrea Geological Surveys, PO Box 272, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Goitom Kibrom
- />Department of Mines, Eritrea Geological Surveys, PO Box 272, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - J- Michael Kendall
- />School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
| | - Simon A. Carn
- />Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - David Fee
- />Wilson Infrasound Observatories, Alaska Volcano Observatory, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK USA
| | - Christine Sealing
- />Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Derek Keir
- />National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Atalay Ayele
- />Institute of Geophysics, Space Science and Astronomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jon Blundy
- />School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ UK
| | - Joanna Hamlyn
- />COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Wright
- />COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Seife Berhe
- />Global Resources Development Consultants, Asmara, Eritrea
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Samarasundera E, Hansell A, Leibovici D, Horwell CJ, Anand S, Oppenheimer C. Geological hazards: from early warning systems to public health toolkits. Health Place 2014; 30:116-9. [PMID: 25255167 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Extreme geological events, such as earthquakes, are a significant global concern and sometimes their consequences can be devastating. Geographic information plays a critical role in health protection regarding hazards, and there are a range of initiatives using geographic information to communicate risk as well as to support early warning systems operated by geologists. Nevertheless we consider there to remain shortfalls in translating information on extreme geological events into health protection tools, and suggest that social scientists have an important role to play in aiding the development of a new generation of toolkits aimed at public health practitioners. This viewpoint piece reviews the state of the art in this domain and proposes potential contributions different stakeholder groups, including social scientists, could bring to the development of new toolkits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Samarasundera
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Reynolds Building, St. Dunstan׳s Road, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Hansell
- Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary׳s Campus, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Imperial College NHS Trust, The Bays, South Wharf Road, St Mary׳s Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
| | - Didier Leibovici
- Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire J Horwell
- Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
| | - Suchith Anand
- Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, United Kingdom.
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Le Blond JS, Tomatis M, Horwell CJ, Dunster C, Murphy F, Corazzari I, Grendene F, Turci F, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Williamson BJ, Oppenheimer C, Fubini B. The surface reactivity and implied toxicity of ash produced from sugarcane burning. Environ Toxicol 2014; 29:503-516. [PMID: 22431484 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane combustion generates fine-grained particulate that has the potential to be a respiratory health hazard because of its grain size and composition. In particular, conversion of amorphous silica to crystalline forms during burning may provide a source of toxic particles. In this study, we investigate and evaluate the toxicity of sugarcane ash and bagasse ash formed from commercial sugarcane burning. Experiments to determine the main physicochemical properties of the particles, known to modulate biological responses, were combined with cellular toxicity assays to gain insight into the potential reactions that could occur at the particle-lung interface following inhalation. The specific surface area of the particles ranged from ∼16 to 90 m(2) g(-1) . The samples did not generate hydroxyl- or carbon-centered radicals in cell-free tests. However, all samples were able to 'scavenge' an external source of hydroxyl radicals, which may be indicative of defects on the particle surfaces that may interfere with cellular processes. The bioavailable iron on the particle surfaces was low (2-3 μmol m(-2) ), indicating a low propensity for iron-catalyzed radical generation. The sample surfaces were all hydrophilic and slightly acidic, which may be due to the presence of oxygenated (functional) groups. The ability to cause oxidative stress and membrane rupture in red blood cells (hemolysis) was found to be low, indicating that the samples are not toxic by the mechanisms tested. Cytotoxicity of sugarcane ash was observed, by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release, after incubation of relatively high concentrations of ash with murine alveolar macrophage cells. All samples induced nitrogen oxide release (although only at very high concentrations) and reactive oxygen species generation (although the bagasse samples were less potent than the sugarcane ash). However, the samples induced significantly lower cytotoxic effects and nitrogen oxide generation when compared with the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Le Blond
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, United Kingdom; Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Oppenheimer C. Lava flow cooling estimated from Landsat Thematic Mapper infrared data: The Lonquimay Eruption (Chile, 1989). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91jb01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Oppenheimer C, Francis PW, Rothery DA, Carlton RWT, Glaze LS. Infrared image analysis of volcanic thermal features: Láscar Volcano, Chile, 1984-1992. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Ilyinskaya E, Martin RS, Oppenheimer C. Aerosol formation in basaltic lava fountaining: Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Martin RS, Sawyer GM, Day JA, LeBlond JS, Ilyinskaya E, Oppenheimer C. High-resolution size distributions and emission fluxes of trace elements from Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jb009487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Allibone R, Cronin SJ, Charley DT, Neall VE, Stewart RB, Oppenheimer C. Dental fluorosis linked to degassing of Ambrym volcano, Vanuatu: a novel exposure pathway. Environ Geochem Health 2012; 34:155-170. [PMID: 20703513 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ambrym in Vanuatu is a persistently degassing island volcano whose inhabitants harvest rainwater for their potable water needs. The findings from this study indicate that dental fluorosis is prevalent in the population due to fluoride contamination of rainwater by the volcanic plume. A dental survey was undertaken of 835 children aged 6-18 years using the Dean's Index of Fluorosis. Prevalence of dental fluorosis was found to be 96% in the target area of West Ambrym, 71% in North Ambrym, and 61% in Southeast Ambrym. This spatial distribution appears to reflect the prevailing winds and rainfall patterns on the island. Severe cases were predominantly in West Ambrym, the most arid part of the island, and the most commonly affected by the volcanic plume. Over 50 km downwind, on a portion of Malakula Island, the dental fluorosis prevalence was 85%, with 36% prevalence on Tongoa Island, an area rarely affected by volcanic emissions. Drinking water samples from West Ambrym contained fluoride levels from 0.7 to 9.5 ppm F (average 4.2 ppm F, n = 158) with 99% exceeding the recommended concentration of 1.0 ppm F. The pathway of fluoride-enriched rainwater impacting upon human health as identified in this study has not previously been recognised in the aetiology of fluorosis. This is an important consideration for populations in the vicinity of degassing volcanoes, particularly where rainwater comprises the primary potable water supply for humans or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Allibone
- Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
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22
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Oppenheimer C. Edmund Steven Howarth. West J Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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Martin RS, Sawyer GM, Spampinato L, Salerno GG, Ramirez C, Ilyinskaya E, Witt MLI, Mather TA, Watson IM, Phillips JC, Oppenheimer C. A total volatile inventory for Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Sugarcane leaves contain amorphous silica, which may crystallise to form crystalline silica polymorphs (cristobalite or quartz), during commercial sugarcane harvesting where sugarcane plants are burned. Respirable airborne particulate containing these phases may present an occupational health hazard. Following from an earlier pilot study (J. S. Le Blond, B. J. Williamson, C. J. Horwell, A. K. Monro, C. A. Kirk and C. Oppenheimer, Atmos. Environ., 2008, 42, 5558-5565) in which experimental burning of sugarcane leaves yielded crystalline silica, here we report on actual conditions during sugarcane burning on commercial estates, investigate the physico-chemical properties of the cultivated leaves and ash products, and quantify the presence of crystalline silica. Commercially grown raw sugarcane leaf was found to contain up to 1.8 wt% silica, mostly in the form of amorphous silica bodies (with trace impurities e.g., Al, Na, Mg), with only a small amount of quartz. Thermal images taken during several pre-harvest burns recorded temperatures up to 1056 degrees C, which is sufficient for metastable cristobalite formation. No crystalline silica was detected in airborne particulate from pre-harvest burning, collected using a cascade impactor. The sugarcane trash ash formed after pre-harvest burning contained between 10 and 25 wt% SiO(2), mostly in an amorphous form, but with up to 3.5 wt% quartz. Both quartz and cristobalite were identified in the sugarcane bagasse ash (5-15 wt% and 1-3 wt%, respectively) formed in the processing factory. Electron microprobe analysis showed trace impurities of Mg, Al and Fe in the silica particles in the ash. The absence of crystalline silica in the airborne emissions and lack of cristobalite in trash ash suggest that high temperatures during pre-harvest burning were not sustained long enough for cristobalite to form, which is supported by the presence of low temperature sylvite and calcite in the residual ash. The occurrence of quartz and cristobalite in bagasse ash is significant as the ash is recycled onto the fields where erosion and/or mechanical disturbance could break down the deposits and re-suspend respirable-sized particulate. Appropriate methods for treatment and disposal of bagasse ash must, therefore, be employed and adequate protection given to workers exposed to these dusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Le Blond
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.
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25
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Oppenheimer C, Kyle P, Eisele F, Crawford J, Huey G, Tanner D, Kim S, Mauldin L, Blake D, Beyersdorf A, Buhr M, Davis D. Atmospheric chemistry of an Antarctic volcanic plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Martin RS, Mather TA, Pyle DM, Power M, Tsanev VI, Oppenheimer C, Allen AG, Horwell CJ, Ward EPW. Size distributions of fine silicate and other particles in Masaya's volcanic plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Noreldeen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leicester General Hospital, UK.
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Petraglia M, Korisettar R, Boivin N, Clarkson C, Ditchfield P, Jones S, Koshy J, Lahr MM, Oppenheimer C, Pyle D, Roberts R, Schwenninger JL, Arnold L, White K. Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption. Science 2007; 317:114-6. [PMID: 17615356 DOI: 10.1126/science.1141564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) eruption, which occurred in Indonesia 74,000 years ago, is one of Earth's largest known volcanic events. The effect of the YTT eruption on existing populations of humans, and accordingly on the course of human evolution, is debated. Here we associate the YTT with archaeological assemblages at Jwalapuram, in the Jurreru River valley of southern India. Broad continuity of Middle Paleolithic technology across the YTT event suggests that hominins persisted regionally across this major eruptive event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Petraglia
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK.
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29
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Rose WI, Millard GA, Mather TA, Hunton DE, Anderson B, Oppenheimer C, Thornton BF, Gerlach TM, Viggiano AA, Kondo Y, Miller TM, Ballenthin JO. Atmospheric chemistry of a 33–34 hour old volcanic cloud from Hekla Volcano (Iceland): Insights from direct sampling and the application of chemical box modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Millions of people are potentially exposed to volcanic gases worldwide, and exposures may differ from those in anthropogenic air pollution. A systematic literature review found few primary studies relating to health hazards of volcanic gases. SO2 and acid aerosols from eruptions and degassing events were associated with respiratory morbidity and mortality but not childhood asthma prevalence or lung function decrements. Accumulations of H2S and CO2 from volcanic and geothermal sources have caused fatalities from asphyxiation. Chronic exposure to H2S in geothermal areas was associated with increases in nervous system and respiratory diseases. Some impacts were on a large scale, affecting several countries (e.g., Laki fissure eruption in Iceland in 1783-4). No studies on health effects of volcanic releases of halogen gases or metal vapors were located. More high quality collaborative studies involving volcanologists and epidemiologists are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hansell
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health Imperial College London, London, UK.
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31
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Allen AG, Mather TA, McGonigle AJS, Aiuppa A, Delmelle P, Davison B, Bobrowski N, Oppenheimer C, Pyle DM, Inguaggiato S. Sources, size distribution, and downwind grounding of aerosols from Mount Etna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Allen
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - T. A. Mather
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | | | - A. Aiuppa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Fisica della Terra ed Applicazioni; University of Palermo; Palermo Italy
| | - P. Delmelle
- Environmental Health Unit; Institut Scientifique de Service Public; Liège Belgium
| | - B. Davison
- Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences; University of Lancaster; Lancaster UK
| | - N. Bobrowski
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - D. M. Pyle
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - S. Inguaggiato
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Palermo Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess and explain deviations from recommended practice in National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines in relation to fetal heart monitoring. DESIGN Qualitative study. SETTING Large teaching hospital in the UK. SAMPLE Sixty-six hours of observation of 25 labours and interviews with 20 midwives of varying grades. METHODS Structured observations of labour and semistructured interviews with midwives. Interviews were undertaken using a prompt guide, audiotaped, and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was based on the constant comparative method, assisted by QSR N5 software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Deviations from recommended practice in relation to fetal monitoring and insights into why these occur. RESULTS All babies involved in the study were safely delivered, but 243 deviations from recommended practice in relation to NICE guidelines on fetal monitoring were identified, with the majority (80%) of these occurring in relation to documentation. Other deviations from recommended practice included indications for use of electronic fetal heart monitoring and conduct of fetal heart monitoring. There is evidence of difficulties with availability and maintenance of equipment, and some deficits in staff knowledge and skill. Differing orientations towards fetal monitoring were reported by midwives, which were likely to have impacts on practice. The initiation, management, and interpretation of fetal heart monitoring is complex and distributed across time, space, and professional boundaries, and practices in relation to fetal heart monitoring need to be understood within an organisational and social context. CONCLUSION Some deviations from best practice guidelines may be rectified through straightforward interventions including improved systems for managing equipment and training. Other deviations from recommended practice need to be understood as the outcomes of complex processes that are likely to defy easy resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Altaf
- Social Science Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hansell
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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35
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Weidmann D, Roller CB, Oppenheimer C, Fried A, Tittel FK. Carbon isotopomers measurement using mid-IR tunable laser sources. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2005; 41:293-302. [PMID: 16543185 DOI: 10.1080/10256010500384325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of two mid-infrared tunable laser spectrometers dedicated to carbon isotope ratio determination are presented. First, a field deployable quantum cascade laser-based sensor is described, along with line selection strategy for (13/12)CO(2) ratio measurements. Secondly, an instrument architecture based on difference frequency generation is presented. The analyses of fundamental limitations, specifically temperature and pressure stability, and water vapor collision broadening, are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Weidmann
- Space Science Department, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK.
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36
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Mather TA, Tsanev VI, Pyle DM, McGonigle AJS, Oppenheimer C, Allen AG. Characterization and evolution of tropospheric plumes from Lascar and Villarrica volcanoes, Chile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Mather
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - V. I. Tsanev
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - D. M. Pyle
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | | | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - A. G. Allen
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
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37
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Oppenheimer C, Tsanev VI, Allen AG, McGonigle AJS, Cardoso AA, Wiatr A, Paterlini W, Dias CDM. NO2 emissions from agricultural burning in São Paulo, Brazil. Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38:4557-4561. [PMID: 15461163 DOI: 10.1021/es0496219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report here on the application of a compact ultraviolet spectrometer to measurement of NO2 emissions from sugar cane field burns in São Paulo, Brazil. The time-resolved NO2 emission from a 10 ha plot peaked at about 240 g (NO2) s(-1), and amounted to a total yield of approximately 50 kg of N, or about 0.5 g (N) m(-2). Emission of N as NOx (i.e., NO + NO2) was estimated at 2.5 g (N) m(-2), equivalent to 30% of applied fertilizer nitrogen. The corresponding annual emission of NOx nitrogen from São Paulo State sugar cane burning was >45 Gg N. In contrast to mechanized harvesting, which does not require prior burning of the crop, manual harvesting with burning acts to recycle nitrogen into surface soils and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.
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38
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McGonigle AJS, Oppenheimer C, Hayes AR, Galle B, Edmonds M, Caltabiano T, Salerno G, Burton M, Mather TA. Sulphur dioxide fluxes from Mount Etna, Vulcano, and Stromboli measured with an automated scanning ultraviolet spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - A. R. Hayes
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - B. Galle
- Department of Radio and Space Science; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - T. Caltabiano
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Catania Italy
| | - G. Salerno
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Catania Italy
| | - M. Burton
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia; Catania Italy
| | - T. A. Mather
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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Abstract
Women requiring full anticoagulation in pregnancy and labour present their care providers with complex management problems, particularly during the peripartum period. Available guidelines often fail to address the practical issues of balancing the risks of recurrent thrombotic events and haemorrhage during labour. This is especially the case in women at high risk of recurrent thromboembolism, in whom the usually recommended temporary peripartum reduction in the level of anticoagulation may be considered unsafe. In order to achieve a satisfactory outcome without undue intervention, multidisciplinary management involving obstetricians, haematologists and anaesthetists is essential. Intrapartum care plans should be made during pregnancy to address the conduct of labour and delivery, anticoagulation, analgesia in labour and the management of any arising obstetric, anaesthetic or haematological complications. In the following we address the practical issues requiring particular attention, as well as management options, in fully anticoagulated patients using a clinical case for illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Akkad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - D. M. Pyle
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge
Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - J. Barclay
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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41
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Horrocks LA, Oppenheimer C, Burton MR, Duffell HJ. Compositional variation in tropospheric volcanic gas plumes: evidence from ground-based remote sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRemotely sensed measurements of volcanic plumes have been undertaken for 30 years with instruments such as the correlation spectrometer, and more recently, open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometers. Observations are typically made several kilometres from the source, by which time chemical reactions may have occurred in the plume, overprinting the source composition and flux. Volcanological interpretations of such data therefore demand an understanding of the atmospheric processes initiated as gases leave the volcanic vent. Ground-based remote sensing techniques offer the temporal resolution, repeatability and quantitative analysis necessary for investigation of these processes. Here we report OP-FTIR spectroscopic measurements of gas emissions from Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua, between 1998 and 2001, and examine the influence of atmospheric processes on its tropospheric plume. Comparisons of observations made at the summit and down-wind, and in different measurement modes confirm that tropospheric processes and local meteorology have only minor impact on gas composition after the plume has left the crater. This study demonstrates that plume monitoring downwind provides a reliable proxy for at-crater sampling, and that volcanological information content is not obscured by the intervening transport. From February 1998 to May 2000, Masaya’s plume composition was strikingly stable and characterized by SO2/HCl and HCl/HF molar ratios of 1.6 and 5.0, respectively. Departures from this stable background composition are likely to signify changes in the volcanic system or degassing regime, as identified in April–May 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - M. R. Burton
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania
Via Monte Rossi 12, Nicolosi, 95030 CT, Italy
| | - H. J. Duffell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge
Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
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43
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Abstract
AbstractThe chemical composition of volcanic gas emissions from each of the four summit craters of Mount Etna was measured remotely in May 2001, using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer operated on the upper flanks of the volcano. The results reveal constant HCl/HF ratio but distinct SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios in the emitted gases, which, in the light of melt inclusion data for Etna basalts, can be interpreted in terms of escape of gases from partially, and variably, degassed magma at different depths beneath the summit. Gases released from the three main summit craters (Bocca Nuova, Voragine, and Northeast) had an identical composition, controlled by bulk degassing of a single magma body that had previously lost c. 25% of its original sulphur. The similar gas composition at all three main craters suggests that these are connected to a central conduit system that branches at relatively shallow depth. Measurements of the bulk volcanic plume on the same day, c. 7 km downwind, show that degassing from these craters dominated the total gas output of the volcano, and that no significant chemical evolution occurred within the plume over a time-scale of c. 12 min. Weaker gas emissions from the Southeast crater were comparatively depleted in SO2 (SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios a factor of two lower), implying that this crater is fed either by a separate conduit or by a branch of the central conduit whose geometry favours solubility-controlled volatile fractionation. Still lower SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios measured for residual degassing of a lava flow erupted from the Southeast crater verify the lower solubility and earlier escape of sulphur compared to halogens at Etna. Fractional magma degassing is also implied by strong chemical contrasts between the bulk volcanic plume and fissure gas emissions measured during the July-August 2001 flank eruption. These results highlight the ability of FTIR spectrometry to detect fine spatial and temporal variations in magma degassing processes, and thereby constrain models of shallow plumbing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Burton
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania
Catania, Italy
| | - P. Allard
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania
Catania, Italy
- Laboratoire Pierre Süe, CNRS-CEA
Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F. Murè
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania
Catania, Italy
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
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44
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Abstract
AbstractVolcanic gas and aerosol surveillance yield important insights into magmatic, hydrothermal, and atmospheric processes. A range of optical sensing and sampling techniques has been applied to measurements of the composition and fluxes of volcanic emissions. In particular, the 30-year worldwide volcanological service record of the Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC) illustrates the point that robust, reliable, straightforward optical techniques are of tremendous interest to the volcano observatory and research community. This chapter reviews the field, in particular the newer and more versatile instruments capable of augmenting or superseding COSPEC, with the aim of stimulating their rapid adoption by the volcanological community. It focuses on sensors that can be operated from the ground, since they generally offer the most flexibility and sensitivity. The success of COSPEC underlines the point, however, that such devices should be comparatively cheap, and easy to use and maintain, if they are to be widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. S. McGonigle
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
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Edmonds M, Oppenheimer C, Pyle DM, Herd RA. Rainwater and ash leachate analysis as proxies for plume chemistry at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChloride and sulphate concentrations in rainwater and water-soluble leachates from volcanic ash samples track the compositions of gas emissions at the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1996 to 2001. There are both systematic spatial and temporal variations in the chloride/sulphate ratio (expressed as the equivalent HCl/SO2 mass ratio) in rainwater and ash leachates. Temporal variations reflect changes in eruption rate and eruptive style. Mass ratios of HCl/SO2 in ash leachates correspond closely with those obtained by open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy, and reflect changes in volatile emissions throughout the eruption. Both leachate and OP-FTIR spectroscopic analyses show mass ratios of HCl/SO2 > 1 during dome growth, and HCl/SO2 < 1 during non-eruptive periods.The HCl/SO2 mass ratios in rainwater samples from 1996 and 1997 show temporal variations that correlate with changes in extrusion rate. The HCl/SO2 ratios in plume-affected rainwater and ash leachates from June and July 2001 correlate positively with increasing rockfall energy, and with increasing eruption rate prior to a dome collapse event. The HCl/SO2 mass ratios in water-soluble ash leachates and rainwater samples collected at the same time and from the same sites, are linearly correlated, with rainwater HCl/SO2 ratios systematically two to three times higher than ash leachate ratios. Spatial patterns of rainwater pH, and HCl/SO2 in rainwater and ash leachates are principally influenced by the proximity of the sampling sites to the active dome, and to the typical pattern of dispersion of the plume by tropospheric winds. These results demonstrate that rainwater chemistry and ash leachate analysis provides a useful indicator of volcanic activity, and represents a valuable supplement to volcano surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Edmonds
- Montserrat Volcano Observatory
Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - D. M. Pyle
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge
Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - R. A. Herd
- Montserrat Volcano Observatory
Mongo Hill, Montserrat, West Indies
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46
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Allen AG, Oppenheimer C, Ferm M, Baxter PJ, Horrocks LA, Galle B, McGonigle AJS, Duffell HJ. Primary sulfate aerosol and associated emissions from Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Allen
- School of Geography; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - C. Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - M. Ferm
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - P. J. Baxter
- Institute of Public Health; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | | | - B. Galle
- Department of Geography; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - H. J. Duffell
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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47
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Abstract
At least 40,000 deaths have been attributed to historic lahars (volcanic mudflows). The most recent lahar disaster occurred in 1998 at Casita volcano, Nicaragua, claiming over 2,500 lives. Lahars can cover large areas and be highly destructive, and constitute a challenge for disaster management. With infrastructure affected and access frequently impeded, disaster management can benefit from the synoptic coverage provided by satellite imagery. This potential has been recognisedfor other types of natural disasters, but limitations are also known. Dedicated satellite constellations for disaster response and management have been proposed as one solution. Here we investigate the utility of currently available and forthcoming optical and radar sensors as tools in lahar disaster management. Applied to the Casita case, we find that imagery available at the time could not have significantly improved disaster response. However, forthcoming satellites, especially radar, will improve the situation, reducing the benefit of dedicated constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Kerle
- Volcano Remote Sensing Group, University of Cambridge.
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48
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Horrocks LA, Oppenheimer C, Burton MR, Duffell HJ, Davies NM, Martin NA, Bell W. Open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of SO2: An empirical error budget analysis, with implications for volcano monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Harris AJL, Flynn LP, Rothery DA, Oppenheimer C, Sherman SB. Mass flux measurements at active lava lakes: Implications for magma recycling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/98jb02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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