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Sinovich M, Archer DC, Kane‐Smyth J, Scarabelli S, Ritchie A, Kelly PG. Haemoperitoneum associated with bilateral granulosa cell tumours in a pregnant mare treated by standing ovariectomy. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sinovich
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital University of Liverpool NestonUK
| | - D. C. Archer
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital University of Liverpool NestonUK
| | - J. Kane‐Smyth
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital University of Liverpool NestonUK
| | - S. Scarabelli
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital University of Liverpool NestonUK
| | - A. Ritchie
- Alan Ritchie Equine Veterinary Dentistry KingsleyUK
| | - P. G. Kelly
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Easter Bush UK
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Barnes H, Gillen AM, Brown J, Archer DC. Surgical repair and reconstruction of a nasal fistula following intra‐lesional formalin injection. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Barnes
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool NestonUK
| | - A. M. Gillen
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool NestonUK
| | | | - D. C. Archer
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool NestonUK
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Cullen
- School of Veterinary Science Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire UK
| | - A. Ehrle
- School of Veterinary Science Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire UK
| | - S. C. Willson
- School of Veterinary Science Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire UK
| | | | - D. C. Archer
- School of Veterinary Science Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire UK
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sinovich
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - P. G. Kelly
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Neston UK
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Cullen
- School of Veterinary Science Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Neston Cheshire UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- School of Veterinary Science Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital Neston Cheshire UK
| | - T. S. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Mereworth, Maidstone Kent UK
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Isgren CM, Salem SE, Townsend NB, Timofte D, Maddox TW, Archer DC. Sequential bacterial sampling of the midline incision in horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:38-44. [PMID: 29679416 PMCID: PMC6585715 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information about bacterial isolates that are present on the equine midline incision during and following exploratory laparotomy. OBJECTIVES To investigate the bacterial species cultured from the ventral midline pre-, intra- and post- laparotomy, whether particular bacterial isolates are associated with the development of surgical site infections (SSIs) and to report the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of these isolates. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS The ventral midline of 31 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy was sampled for bacterial culture at set time-points pre, intra and post-operatively. Inclusion criteria were that horses must have undergone exploratory laparotomy within 90 min of the initial colic examination upon hospital admission and must not have been placed in a stable prior to surgery. SSI was defined as any purulent or serous discharge from the laparotomy incision of >24 h duration. RESULTS Seven horses (22.6%) developed a SSI. None of the variables tested were associated with the altered risk of SSI. The prevalence of a positive bacterial culture from the incision increased progressively over time and a variety of bacteria were isolated. A positive intra-operative culture was not a predictor of SSI; and when a SSI did occur, it was due to a different bacterial isolate. MRSA and ESBL-producers were identified in the post-operative period in one and four different horses respectively, but none of these developed a SSI. MAIN LIMITATIONS Sampling was limited to hospitalisation and no culture results were available for horses developing SSI following hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS A variety of bacterial species may be isolated from equine laparotomy incisions peri-operatively without development of SSI. SSI does not appear to be solely related to bacterial contamination of the incision peri-operatively and other mechanisms such as bacteraemia merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Isgren
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK.,Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK
| | - S E Salem
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Egypt
| | - N B Townsend
- Three Counties Equine Hospital, Stratford Bridge, Ripple, Tewkesbury, UK
| | - D Timofte
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK
| | - T W Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK
| | - D C Archer
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK.,Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Pinchbeck
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Population Health Institute of Infection and Global Health and Institute of Veterinary Science Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus Neston CH64 7TE UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Population Health Institute of Infection and Global Health and Institute of Veterinary Science Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus Neston CH64 7TE UK
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. J. Malbon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - R. Blundell
- Department of Pathology; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
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Findley JA, Salem S, Burgess R, Archer DC. Factors associated with survival of horses following relaparotomy. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:448-453. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Findley
- School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - S. Salem
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig Eygpt
| | - R. Burgess
- School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
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Salem SE, Scantlebury CE, Ezzat E, Abdelaal AM, Archer DC. Colic in a working horse population in Egypt: Prevalence and risk factors. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:201-206. [PMID: 27004591 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Colic is an important health problem in managed horse populations. Currently, there is limited information about colic prevalence and risk factors for colic in working horse populations. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, colic in a working horse population in Egypt and to describe management practices in this working horse population. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS Owners of 350 working horses were interviewed. Data about their horses, management and colic episodes in the preceding 12 months were collected. Dental examination was conducted on 342 horses and blood samples (n = 100) were collected for immunodiagnosis of tapeworm (Anoplocephala perfoliata) infection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for a history of colic in the preceding 12 months. RESULTS The 12-month prevalence of colic was 54.6%. Severe and moderate tapeworm infection intensity was identified in 3% and 26% of horses tested, respectively. Horses that had severe dental disease (odds ratio [OR] 6.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-24.3, P<0.001), that displayed stereotypic behaviour (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.15-3.5, P = 0.013), were fed ground corn during the 'dry season' (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.03-2.6, P = 0.035) or that had received an anthelmintic in the previous 6 months (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.3, P = 0.003) were more likely to have a history of colic in the preceding 12 months. Horses fed on rice bran during the 'green season' (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.9, P = 0.015) and that displayed geophagia/coprophagia (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.73, P = 0.001) were less likely to have a history of colic. CONCLUSIONS Colic is common in this working horse population and this study has identified factors associated with altered likelihood of colic. The study provides important information that may be used to inform future prospective studies investigating colic in working horse populations and to assist development of preventive healthcare strategies. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Salem
- Institute of Infection and Global Health/School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Wirral, UK.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Egypt
| | - C E Scantlebury
- Institute of Infection and Global Health/School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Wirral, UK
| | - E Ezzat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Egypt
| | - A M Abdelaal
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Egypt
| | - D C Archer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health/School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Wirral, UK
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Isgren CM, Salem SE, Archer DC, Worsman FCF, Townsend NB. Risk factors for surgical site infection following laparotomy: Effect of season and perioperative variables and reporting of bacterial isolates in 287 horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:39-44. [PMID: 26713622 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Surgical site infection (SSI) is an important cause of post operative morbidity following laparotomy. OBJECTIVES To investigate risk factors for SSI, including effect of season and surgery performed outside normal working hours, and to report bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance patterns. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Data were obtained from horses that had undergone exploratory laparotomy over a 3-year period (2010-2013) in a UK hospital population. SSI was defined as any purulent or serous discharge from the laparotomy incision of >24 h duration that developed during hospitalisation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between pre-, intra- and post operative variables and altered likelihood of SSI. RESULTS Surgical site infection developed in 73/287 (25.4%) horses during hospitalisation. Horses of greater bodyweight (odds ratio [OR] 1.002, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0002-1.005, P = 0.03), increased packed cell volume (≥48%) on admission (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.32-6.94, P = 0.01), small intestinal resection (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.15-4.46, P = 0.02) and post operative colic (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.41-5.79, P = 0.003) were significantly associated with increased likelihood of SSI in a multivariable model. SSI was also significantly more likely to occur during winter (OR 3.84, 95% CI 1.38-10.70, P = 0.01) and summer (OR 5.63, 95% CI 2.07-15.3, P = 0.001) months in the model. Three-layer closure of the incision was protective (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.16-0.58, P<0.001) compared to 2-layer closure. There was no effect of surgery being performed outside normal working hours (P = 0.5). The most common bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (59.5%), Enterococcus spp. (42.4%) and Staphylococcus spp. (25.4%). Penicillin resistant isolates accounted for 92% (96/104) of isolates while 18% (21/119) of isolates were gentamicin resistant. CONCLUSIONS Laparotomy during winter and summer months was associated with increased likelihood of SSI but there was no effect of surgery performed outside normal working hours. This information assists in identifying horses at high risk of SSI and informing development of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Isgren
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - S E Salem
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zakazik, Egypt
| | - D C Archer
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - F C F Worsman
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - N B Townsend
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science/Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
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Salem SE, Townsend NB, Refaai W, Gomaa M, Archer DC. Prevalence of oro-dental pathology in a working horse population in Egypt and its relation to equine health. Equine Vet J 2015; 49:26-33. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Salem
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston Cheshire UK
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zakazik Egypt
| | - N. B. Townsend
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston Cheshire UK
| | - W. Refaai
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zakazik Egypt
| | - M. Gomaa
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zakazik Egypt
| | - D. C. Archer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool; Neston Cheshire UK
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13
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Salem SE, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Prevention of post operative complications following surgical treatment of equine colic: Current evidence. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:143-51. [PMID: 26440916 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in management of the surgical colic patient over the last 30 years have resulted in considerable improvement in post operative survival rates. However, post operative complications remain common and these impact negatively on horse welfare, probability of survival, return to previous use and the costs of treatment. Multiple studies have investigated risk factors for post operative complications following surgical management of colic and interventions that might be effective in reducing the likelihood of these occurring. The findings from these studies are frequently contradictory and the evidence for many interventions is lacking or inconclusive. This review discusses the current available evidence and identifies areas where further studies are necessary and factors that should be taken into consideration in study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Salem
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - C J Proudman
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - D C Archer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health and School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK
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Bardell DA, Archer DC, Milner PI. Clinical Research Abstracts of the British Equine Veterinary Association Congress 2015. Equine Vet J 2015; 47 Suppl 48:6. [PMID: 26375860 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12486_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Colic remains a life-threatening condition in the horse. Ischaemia and reperfusion following correction of small intestinal strangulation may produce oxidative stress. The ability to withstand oxidative stress depends on antioxidant levels and may be linked to horse survival. OBJECTIVES To measure peripheral antioxidant levels in horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy with small intestinal strangulation. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Blood and plasma were collected from horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for small intestinal strangulation and stored at -80°C. Controls involved non-colic horses. Total plasma glutathione was measured spectrophotometrically at 412 nm using the 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB, Ellman's reagent) reaction. Samples containing scavenger (to remove reduced glutathione, GSH) were used to measure oxidised glutathione (GSSG). Glutathione reductase (GR) activity (u/l) was measured as the rate of GSH production at 412 nm. Glutathione peroxidise (GPx) activity (u/l) was measured as the change in optical density (340 nm) following the consumption of NADPH after GSSG production. All assays were purchased from BioAssay Systems (Hayward, California). Clinical data including arterial blood gas analysis were collected on admission. RESULTS Glutathione reductase activity in horses with strangulating small intestinal lesions was significantly reduced compared to control horses (12.2 ± 1.1 u/l vs. 15.9 ± 0.8 u/l, P = 0.03, n = 6) whereas GPx activity did not significantly differ between colic and control horses (155.7 ± 48.7 u/l vs. 167.3 ± 30.1 u/l, P = 0.84, n = 6). Total glutathione, reduced or oxidised glutathione did not differ significantly between control and colic horses. A positive correlation existed between GR activity and Ca(2+) (r = 0.93) and K(+) (r = 0.75) whereas a strong negative correlation was present between GR activity and HCO3 (-) (r = -0.92) and PaCO2 (r = -0.96). CONCLUSIONS Reduced plasma glutathione reductase activity with small intestinal strangulation indicates oxidative stress and may be related to systemic electrolyte/bicarbonate abnormalities. Ethical animal research: Study approval No. VREC219a. Explicit owner informed consent for inclusion of animals in this study was not stated. SOURCE OF FUNDING Supported by the School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool. Competing interests: None declared.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bardell
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - D C Archer
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - P I Milner
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
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Suthers JM, Sardon D, Blundell R, Nikolaou G, Archer DC. Carcinoma of an accessory genital gland in a 23-year-old Camargue gelding. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Suthers
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - D. Sardon
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - R. Blundell
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - G. Nikolaou
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston UK
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Scantlebury CE, Archer DC, Proudman CJ, Pinchbeck GL. Management and horse-level risk factors for recurrent colic in the UK general equine practice population. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:202-6. [PMID: 24735250 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Recurrent colic occurs frequently in the general horse population but little evidence exists about what factors place horses at greater risk of recurrent colic. OBJECTIVES To quantify time-varying and non time-varying risk factors for recurrent colic among horses attended by first-opinion veterinary surgeons in northwest England. STUDY DESIGN Nested case-control study. METHODS A nested case-control study was conducted on data from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 127 horses recruited subsequent to an episode of medical colic. Data were collected on management and recurrent colic episodes at 4-monthly intervals by telephone questionnaires. All recurrent colic episodes were selected as cases; controls were unmatched and randomly selected from all horse-time at risk. Data relating to the 30 days prior to the date of colic or control selection were used to determine exposure status. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine risk factors for recurrent colic. RESULTS In total, 59 cases and 177 controls were included. The final model showed that horses that displayed crib-biting/windsucking (odds ratio [OR] 10.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5-41.0) or weaving behaviour (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.5-10.1) had an increased risk of recurrence of colic. Increasing time at pasture reduced the risk of recurrence (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99-1.0). A significant interaction was found suggesting that the risk associated with crib-biting/windsucking may be modified by feeding fruit/vegetables; however, further research is required before recommendations for feeding practices can be made. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that sufficient access to pasture may be an important means of reducing recurrent colic risk. The behavioural risk factors highlight individuals who may be at increased risk of recurrent colic and whose colic prevention strategies should be carefully managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Scantlebury
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Wirral, UK
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17
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Milner PI, Bardell DA, Warner L, Packer MJ, Senior JM, Singer ER, Archer DC. Factors associated with survival to hospital discharge following endoscopic treatment for synovial sepsis in 214 horses. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:701-5. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. I. Milner
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - D. A. Bardell
- School of Veterinary Science Institute of Learning and Teaching University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - L. Warner
- School of Veterinary Science Institute of Learning and Teaching University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - M. J. Packer
- School of Veterinary Science Institute of Learning and Teaching University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - J. M. Senior
- Institute of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - E. R. Singer
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease University of Liverpool Neston UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- Institute of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool Neston UK
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18
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Suthers JM, Pinchbeck GL, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Risk factors for large colon volvulus in the UK. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:558-63. [PMID: 23414461 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Risk factors for large colon volvulus (LCV) in the horse have not been previously reported. Knowledge of these risk factors may allow the introduction of measures that could be taken to minimise the incidence of LCV. OBJECTIVES To investigate risk factors for LCV in the horse. METHODS A prospective, multicentre, unmatched case-control study was conducted over a 24 month period in the UK. Data on 69 cases and 204 control horses, from 4 veterinary hospitals, were obtained via telephone questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between horse and management-level variables and the likelihood of LCV. RESULTS Increasing height, multiple colic episodes in the previous 12 months and mares, with a greater odds ratio in mares that had previously foaled, were associated with increased risk of LCV. Receiving medication (excluding anthelmintic treatment) in the previous 7 days and quidding behaviour were also associated with increased risk. Management-level variables associated with greater risk of LCV were an increase in the hours of stabling in the previous 14 days, an increasing number of horses on the premises, and 3 or more people involved in the horse's care. Variables related to nutrition associated with increased risk of LCV were being fed hay, being fed sugar-beet, a change in pasture in the previous 28 days, and an alteration in the amount of forage fed in the last 7 days. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified factors that may assist in the recognition of horses with increased risk of LCV and factors that might be altered to minimise the incidence of LCV. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Clinicians can use this information to identify horses at risk of LCV and to provide evidence-based advice to owners of these horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Suthers
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK
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de Bont MP, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Surgical lesions of the small colon and post operative survival in a UK hospital population. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:460-4. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. de Bont
- School of Veterinary Science; Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; University of Liverpool; Neston; Wirral; UK
| | - C. J. Proudman
- School of Veterinary Science; Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; University of Liverpool; Neston; Wirral; UK
| | - D. C. Archer
- School of Veterinary Science; Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital; University of Liverpool; Neston; Wirral; UK
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Scantlebury CE, Archer DC, Proudman CJ, Pinchbeck GL. Recurrent colic in the horse: incidence and risk factors for recurrence in the general practice population. Equine Vet J 2012:81-8. [PMID: 21790759 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The frequency of recurrent colic in the UK equine general practice population is previously unreported. Elucidating risk factors for recurrent colic could provide a basis for clinical decision making and interventions. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence rate of and risk factors for recurrent colic. HYPOTHESES Horse management, prophylactic health care and innate behaviour contribute to the risk of recurrent colic. METHODS A cohort of 127 horses was enrolled at the point of a veterinary-diagnosed medical colic episode. Participating owners completed a baseline and 3 follow-up telephone questionnaires over one year. Clinical details of each colic episode were collected with data on management, behaviour and preventive healthcare. Incidence was calculated using time at risk data; non-time varying covariates were assessed for association with recurrent colic using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS The recurrence rate was 50 colic events/100 horse years at risk (HYAR). Including only veterinary attended recurrent colic episodes the incidence was 35 colic events per 100 HYAR. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to explore non-time varying risk factors for recurrence collected from baseline data. The model showed that horses that have a known dental problem (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.3, 23.1) or crib-bite/windsuck (OR 12.1, 95% CI 1.4, 108.1) were at increased risk of recurrence during the year following a colic event. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The incidence of recurrence in horses following a medical episode of colic is high in this population and represents a welfare concern. The incidence rate can be used to compare intervention efficacy in similar populations. Identified risk factors could provide the basis for management interventions or highlight at risk individuals.
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Archer DC. Chronic persistent colic: Can I have a retrospectoscope please? EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A Litva
- School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB
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Archer DC, Blake CL, Singer ER, Boswell JC, Cotton JC, Edwards GB, Proudman CJ. Scintigraphic appearance of selected diseases of the equine head. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Archer DC, Frkanec JT, Cromwell J, Clopton P, Cunard R. WY14,643, a PPARalpha ligand, attenuates expression of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:386-96. [PMID: 17888025 PMCID: PMC2219353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) ligands are medications used to treat hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence suggests that these agents are immunosuppressive. In the following studies we demonstrate that WY14,643, a PPARalpha ligand, attenuates expression of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (AGBMD). C57BL/6 mice were fed 0.05% WY14,643 or control food and immunized with the non-collagenous domain of the alpha3 chain of Type IV collagen [alpha3(IV) NC1] in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). WY14,643 reduced proteinuria and greatly improved glomerular and tubulo-interstitial lesions. However, the PPARalpha ligand did not alter the extent of IgG-binding to the GBM. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the prominent tubulo-interstitial infiltrates in the control-fed mice consisted predominately of F4/80(+) macrophages and WY14,643-feeding decreased significantly the number of renal macrophages. The synthetic PPARalpha ligand also reduced significantly expression of the chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2. Sera from mice immunized with AGBMD were also evaluated for antigen-specific IgGs. There was a significant increase in the IgG1 : IgG2c ratio and a decline in the intrarenal and splenocyte interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA expression in the WY14,643-fed mice, suggesting that the PPARalpha ligand could skew the immune response to a less inflammatory T helper 2-type of response. These studies suggest that PPARalpha ligands may be a novel treatment for inflammatory renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Archer
- Research Service and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
Gamma scintigraphy is a well established imaging modality, which in equine practice is predominantly used in the investigation of lameness and suspected musculoskeletal problems. Whilst there is a growing literature on the indications for scintigraphy in the horse, there has been little emphasis so far on identifying the validity of scintigraphy as a diagnostic test. In particular, to what extent can the results of a scintigraphic examination be trusted? In this opinionated review the current indications for skeletal scintigraphy in the horse are considered and its validity as a diagnostic test reviewed. It is concluded that in the majority of published studies, inherent biases in study design make it difficult to assess accurately the validity of skeletal scintigraphy in the horse. Further well designed, prospective studies are required to assess the validity of skeletal scintigraphy as a diagnostic tool, particularly in horses with subtle alterations in radiopharmaceutical uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Archer
- Department of Clinical Studies, Philip Leverhulme Large Animal Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, The Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
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Abstract
Colic remains a significant problem in the horse in terms of welfare and economics; in some equine populations it is the single most common cause of death. Many causes of colic are cited in the equestrian and veterinary literature but little scientific evidence exists to substantiate these theories. Recent epidemiological investigations have confirmed that colic is complex and multi-factorial in nature. Studies have identified a number of factors that are associated with increased risk of colic including parasite burden, certain feed types, recent change in feeding practices, stabling, lack of access to pasture and water, increasing exercise and transport. These findings are reviewed together with examples of management practices that may be altered to reduce the incidence of specific types of colic. This is an opinionated, not a systematic, review focusing on those areas that are considered most relevant to the practitioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Archer
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, The Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
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Abstract
Gamma scintigraphy is an established imaging modality in the horse and is principally utilised to investigate skeletal disease using bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. However, depending on the radiopharmaceutical and imaging sequence, scintigraphy can be used to investigate disease in virtually any organ system. In this article the indications and validity of scintigraphy as a clinical diagnostic tool to investigate non-skeletal disease in the horse are reviewed. These indications include: investigation of dental disease, identification of inflammatory foci, vascular lesions, muscle and tendon pathology, assessment of physiological function of the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and other organs. Some of the techniques described for use in the horse have not been validated fully and as a result non-skeletal scintigraphy requires further investigation and validation using well-designed prospective studies. Such information can be used by clinicians to make informed decisions regarding the clinical and economic issues associated with a specific scintigraphic technique and may help when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Archer
- Philip Leverhulme Large Animal Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, The Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
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Abstract
A horse which had had a caecal impaction for 10 days was treated by means of an ileocolostomy [corrected] but failed to respond satisfactorily. Before a second laparotomy was performed it was observed to have dislodged the extension set from a jugular catheter and air was heard being sucked into the vein. It became very agitated but was anaesthetised again and the impaction was removed through an incision in the apex of the colon [corrected] After recovering from the anaesthesia it developed severe signs of pruritus which subsided only after 12 hours. These signs were considered most likely to have resulted from a venous air embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Bradbury
- Philip Leverhulme Large Animal Hospital, Chester High Road, Neston, South Wirral
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Archer DC, Proudman CJ, Pinchbeck G, Smith JE, French NP, Edwards GB. Entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in horses: a retrospective analysis of 71 cases recorded between 1991 and 2001. Vet Rec 2004; 155:793-7. [PMID: 15651546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The clinical features of 71 cases in 70 horses in which part of the small intestine became entrapped in the epiploic foramen are described. The horses' sex, age and breed, the month during which they were affected, and whether they exhibited stereotypic behaviour were compared with the same variables in 1279 horses which suffered other types of surgical colic during the same period. Thoroughbred and thoroughbred cross horses were over-represented among the 70 affected horses. There was no age or sex predilection. Fifty-five (77.5 per cent) of the cases occurred between October and March and 15 (21.1 per cent) occurred in January. The cases were significantly more likely to have a history of crib-biting/windsucking than the control group (odds ratio 7.9, 95 per cent confidence interval 4.1 to 15.3). The condition had recurred in two of the horses. Fifty-eight (81.7 per cent) recovered from surgery and 49 (69 per cent) survived until they were discharged from hospital. The median survival time of 31 of the affected horses discharged from the hospital was 700 days, whereas 417 horses with other types of surgical colic had a median survival time in excess of 1931 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Archer
- Philip Leverhulme Large Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
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Archer DC, Clegg PD, Edwards GB. Septic tenosynovitis of the tarsal sheath of an Arab gelding and suspected sepsis of the lateral digital flexor tendon subsequent to bacterial peritonitis. Vet Rec 2004; 155:485-9. [PMID: 15537143 DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.16.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A 21-year-old Arab gelding with clinical signs of acute peritonitis had a perforating ulcer on the mesenteric border of the jejunum which resulted in localised contamination of the abdomen with ingesta. The affected segment of jejunum was resected and the abdomen was lavaged extensively. Postoperatively, the gelding was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and intravenous fluids, but after four days it became acutely non-weight bearing on its right hindlimb, and a tendonitis of the lateral digital flexor tendon within the tarsal sheath was identified ultrasonographically. The septic tendonitis was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics but progressed proximodistally within the tendon until it involved both the tarsal sheath and the associated tarsocrural joint, necessitating the euthanasia of the gelding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Archer
- Philip Leverhulme Hospital for Large Animals, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
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Doyle AJ, Archer DC, Freeman DE, Proudman CJ, Edwards GB. 6 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CRIBBING AND ENTRAPMENT OF SMALL INTESTINE IN THE EPIPLOIC FORAMEN IN 2 HOSPITAL POPULATIONS. Vet Surg 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2003.599_6.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kahn DA, Archer DC, Kelly CJ. Absence of functional inducible NO synthase enhances the efficacy of tolerance induced by high dose antigen feeding. J Immunol 2000; 165:6116-22. [PMID: 11086044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that IL-12 and IFN-gamma may impair the ability of fed Ag to induce systemic tolerance. Because both of these cytokines can function to directly or indirectly induce inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, we have investigated whether the functional expression of iNOS regulates oral tolerance. C57BL/6J wild-type or C57BL/6J NOS2(-/-) mice were gavaged with a single dose of 20 mg of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), followed by s.c. immunization with KLH/CFA. In the absence of feeding Ag, several parameters of the immune response were more robust in C57BL/6J NOS2(-/-) mice following KLH/CFA immunization, including the magnitude of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response, the proliferative response, and the production of IFN-gamma and IL-2 by Ag-activated draining lymph node cells. These heightened responses in the C57BL/6J NOS2(-/-) mice are still effectively inhibited by feeding KLH. Feeding KLH to the C57BL/6J NOS2(-/-) mice elicited heightened TGF-ss1 production by Ag-activated lymphocytes, as well as augmented total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a responses to KLH/CFA compared with that seen in Ag-fed wild-type mice. Feeding Ag to the NOS2(-/-) mice suppressed proliferative responses and IFN-gamma production, while increasing IL-4 production and the IgG1/IgG2a ratio even following a booster immunization of KLH/CFA. Administrating L-N:(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine. 2HCl to wild-type mice during the period of Ag feeding reproduced the high TGF-ss1 production seen in Ag-activated lymphocytes from Ag-fed NOS2(-/-) mice. Feeding KLH is followed by transient up-regulation of NOS2 mRNA expression in the Peyer's patches of wild-type mice. Selective inhibition of NOS2 may be a simple way to augment tolerogenic mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Kahn
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
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Satriano J, Ishizuka S, Archer DC, Blantz RC, Kelly CJ. Regulation of intracellular polyamine biosynthesis and transport by NO and cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Am J Physiol 1999; 276:C892-9. [PMID: 10199820 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.276.4.c892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been described to exert cytostatic effects on cellular proliferation; however the mechanisms responsible for these effects have yet to be fully resolved. Polyamines, conversely, are required components of cellular proliferation. In experimental models of inflammation, a relationship between these two pathways has been suggested by the temporal regulation of a common precursor, arginine. This study was undertaken to determine the effects NO and the NO synthase (NOS)-inducing cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), exert on polyamine regulation. The transformed kidney proximal tubule cell line, MCT, maintains high constitutive levels of the first polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). NO donors markedly suppressed ODC activity in MCT and all other cell lines examined. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induction of NO generation resulted in suppressed ODC activity, an effect prevented by the inducible NOS inhibitor L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (L-NIL). Dithiothreitol reversal of NO-mediated ODC suppression supports nitrosylation as the mechanism of inactivation. We also evaluated polyamine uptake, inasmuch as inhibition of ODC can result in a compensatory induction of polyamine transporters. Administration of NO donors, or TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, suppressed [3H]putrescine uptake, thereby preventing transport-mediated reestablishment of intracellular polyamine levels. This study demonstrates the capacity of NO and inflammatory cytokines to regulate both polyamine biosynthesis and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Satriano
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Pham K, Smoyer WE, Archer DC, Gabbai F, Kelly CJ. Oral feeding of renal tubular antigen abrogates interstitial nephritis and renal failure in Brown Norway rats. Kidney Int 1997; 52:725-32. [PMID: 9291193 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have examined whether oral feeding of antigen can regulate the expression of autoimmune interstitial nephritis induced by antigen-in-adjuvant (RTA/CFA) immunization of Brown Norway rats. Male rats were divided into six experimental groups: Group I, RTA/CFA immunization alone; Groups II, III, and IV were pretreated with 1 mg (Group II), 5 mg (Group III), and 25 mg (Group IV) of oral tubular antigen every other day for ten days, followed by RTA/CFA immunization; Group V was pretreated with a control antigen, followed by RTA/CFA immunization; and Group VI was immunized with CFA alone. Renal histology, inulin clearance, DTH responses to RTA, and IgG antibody responses to RTA were monitored as endpoints of the study. Our results demonstrated that Group III and IV animals had significantly less severe renal injury, as assessed by inulin clearance and extent of renal cortical involvement by mononuclear cells. Group II and IV animals had suppressed DTH responses, and only Group IV animals had significantly depressed antigen-specific IgG serum titers. Group III animals had neither suppressed DTH responses or IgG titers. We conclude that oral administration of tubular antigen can modulate the intensity of interstitial nephritis produced by immunization, but that the regulatory mechanism is not dependent (at all doses of fed antigen) on suppressed DTH reactivity to RTA or suppressed antigen-specific IgG.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens/therapeutic use
- Basement Membrane/immunology
- Freund's Adjuvant/immunology
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/therapy
- Immunization
- Immunotherapy
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy
- Kidney Tubules/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Nephritis, Interstitial/pathology
- Nephritis, Interstitial/physiopathology
- Nephritis, Interstitial/therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BN
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pham
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 92161, USA
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Lemire JM, Archer DC, Beck L, Spiegelberg HL. Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J Nutr 1995; 125:1704S-1708S. [PMID: 7782931 DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.suppl_6.1704s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2-D3] is known to be an immunosuppressive hormone. This review primarily deals with in vitro and in vivo effects of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 and analogue, 1,25-dihydroxy-16ene-vitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2-16ene-D3], on T helper subsets type 1 (Th1) or type 2 (Th2) that have distinctive functional characteristics in humans. Th1 secrete interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL-2) and induce B cells to produce immunoglobulin IgG2a while Th2 secrete IL-4, IL-10 and induce the production of IgG1 and IgE by B cells. The sterol inhibits the secretion of IL-12, a cytokine produced by monocytes and B cells, which leads to the activation and differentiation of Th1. In addition, 1,25-(OH)2-D3 directly inhibits IFN-gamma secretion by Th1 clones while it has little effect on IL-4 secretion by Th2 clones. The analogue, 1,25-(OH)2-16ene-D3, is 100-fold more potent than 1,25-(OH)2-D3 in inhibiting IFN-gamma secretion but also has little effect on IL-4 secretion. In mice, when given in vivo, the sterol prevents the induction of spontaneous and induced autoimmune diseases and inhibits Th1 induce IgG2a responses. These actions of the vitamin D3 compounds suggest that it may have potential therapeutic applications in Th1-mediated clinical situations such as autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lemire
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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Lemire JM, Archer DC, Reddy GS. 1,25-Dihydroxy-24-OXO-16ene-vitamin D3, a renal metabolite of the vitamin D analog 1,25-dihydroxy-16ene-vitamin D3, exerts immunosuppressive activity equal to its parent without causing hypercalcemia in vivo. Endocrinology 1994; 135:2818-21. [PMID: 7988477 DOI: 10.1210/endo.135.6.7988477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The hormone, 1,25-(OH)2D3, is metabolized into 1,25-(OH)2-24-OXO-D3, in kidney prior to conversion to its final inactive product, calcitroic acid. Similarly, 1,25-(OH)2-24OXO-16eneD3, is produced in the kidney from the Vitamin D analog, 1,25-(OH)2-16eneD3, but resists further hydroxylation. The analog's metabolite was synthesized and its biologic activity compared to the parent compound. Naive SJL/J mice, 4 weeks old, were immunized with neuroantigen in adjuvant to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [EAE]. Treatment with 1,25-(OH)2-24OXO-16eneD3 was given at 0.05, 0.15 and 0.3 microgram I.P., on alternate days, starting 3 days prior and for up to 5 days post immunization and compared to a similar treatment with 0.1 microgram 1,25-(OH)2D3 or 1,25-(OH)2-16eneD3. Suppression of EAE was observed with 0.15 microgram 1,25-(OH)2-24OXO-16eneD3, comparable to the suppression induced with the parent compound and more potent than 1,25-(OH)2D3. However, no hypercalcemia was seen in mice treated with 0.15 microgram of OXO-metabolite (9.7 +/- 0.6 vs 9.3 +/- 1.1 mg/dl, treated vs controls), in contrast to 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-16eneD3 (11.2 +/- 1.0 and 11.0 +/- 0.9 mg/dl respectively; p < 0.001). In summary, our results suggest that 1,25-(OH)2-24OXO-16eneD3, a stable intermediary metabolite of the vitamin D analog, 1,25-(OH)2-16eneD3 exerts immunosuppressive activity equal to its parent without causing hypercalcemia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lemire
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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Abstract
A computer program to automatically determine lung volume and percentage of emphysema from computed tomographic (CT) chest sections was developed. To test it, the authors reviewed scans obtained in 89 patients. Any computer errors in identification of normal or emphysematous lungs were corrected manually by tracing the boundaries of the lungs or eliminating areas of nonemphysematous lung with a roller ball. The corrected values were compared with the uncorrected values. In 33 patients from the study group, lung volumes and the percentage of emphysema were calculated by using a currently available "voxel highlighting" program. Successful computerized analysis of entire lungs was performed in 1 minute, compared to more than 1 hour for manual analysis. Correlation was high (r = .99) between results obtained manually and those obtained with the computer. Although the difference between uncorrected and corrected values of the percentage of emphysema was statistically significant, this converted to a correction of only 0.1%. The computer program allowed quick, accurate, and reproducible quantification of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Archer
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lemire JM, Archer DC, Khulkarni A, Ince A, Uskokovic MR, Stepkowski S. Prolongation of the survival of murine cardiac allografts by the vitamin D3 analogue 1,25-dihydroxy-delta 16-cholecalciferol. Transplantation 1992; 54:762-3. [PMID: 1412777 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199210000-00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Lemire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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Lemire JM, Archer DC. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the in vivo induction of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 1991. [PMID: 1705564 DOI: 10.1172/jci115072.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2-D3), inhibits lymphocyte activation in vitro. We studied the ability of the vitamin D metabolite to interfere in vivo with a primary T cell-mediated model of autoimmunity, murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Within 2 wk of antigenic challenge, immunized animals will develop acute paralysis with central nervous tissue inflammation. If mice survive, a rise in antibody titer develops within a month. The administration of 0.1 microgram 1,25-(OH)2-D3 i.p. given every other day for 15 d, starting 3 d before immunization, significantly prevented the development of EAE. The rise in antibody titer to myelin basic protein was also abrogated. Histopathologic lesions of EAE were inhibited by treatment with the sterol. These results suggest a potent immunosuppressive role for 1,25-(OH)2-D3 in vivo in the modulation of a cell-mediated model of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lemire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030
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Abstract
The hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2-D3), inhibits lymphocyte activation in vitro. We studied the ability of the vitamin D metabolite to interfere in vivo with a primary T cell-mediated model of autoimmunity, murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Within 2 wk of antigenic challenge, immunized animals will develop acute paralysis with central nervous tissue inflammation. If mice survive, a rise in antibody titer develops within a month. The administration of 0.1 microgram 1,25-(OH)2-D3 i.p. given every other day for 15 d, starting 3 d before immunization, significantly prevented the development of EAE. The rise in antibody titer to myelin basic protein was also abrogated. Histopathologic lesions of EAE were inhibited by treatment with the sterol. These results suggest a potent immunosuppressive role for 1,25-(OH)2-D3 in vivo in the modulation of a cell-mediated model of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lemire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030
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