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Abstract
The genetic diversity of domesticated species is contained within breeds, with the result that conserving breeds conserves this diversity. Breeds are predictable genetic resources that allow a match of animals with different environments and production goals. Breeds were developed through a process involving foundation, isolation and selection. Breed types that qualify as genetic resources include 'landraces' (local breeds), standardised breeds, commercial production breeds and feral livestock that have returned to a free-living state. Currently, breeds of all classes are threatened with extinction. The reasons for breed conservation include maintaining breed diversity for future needs, cultural connections between people and breeds, and material for scientific investigation. Several breeds have undergone genetic adaptations that make them uniquely suited to specific challenging environments. Conservation depends upon discovering these genetic resources, securing them with a good genetic structure, and subsequently sustaining them for long-term survival with demand for the breed and its products.
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2
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Cortés O, Dunner S, Gama LT, Martínez AM, Delgado JV, Ginja C, Jiménez LM, Jordana J, Luis C, Oom MM, Sponenberg DP, Zaragoza P, Vega-Pla JL. The legacy of Columbus in American horse populations assessed by microsatellite markers. J Anim Breed Genet 2017; 134:340-350. [PMID: 28194814 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Criollo horse populations descend from horses brought from the Iberian Peninsula over the period of colonization (15th to 17th century). They are spread throughout the Americas and have potentially undergone genetic hybridization with other breeds in the recent past. In this study, 25 autosomal microsatellites were genotyped in 50 horse breeds representing Criollo populations from 12 American countries (27 breeds), breeds from the Iberian Peninsula (19), one breed each from France and Morocco and two cosmopolitan horse breeds (Thoroughbred and Arabian). The genetic relationships among breeds identified five clusters: Celtic; Iberian; North American with Thoroughbred influence; most Colombian breeds; and nearly all other Criollo breeds. The group of "all other Criollo breeds" had the closest genetic relationship with breeds originating from the Iberian Peninsula, specifically with the Celtic group. For the whole set of Criollo breeds analysed, the estimated genetic contribution from other breeds was approximately 50%, 30% and 20% for the Celtic, Iberian and Arab-Thoroughbred groups, respectively. The spatial distribution of genetic diversity indicates that hotspots of genetic diversity are observed in populations from Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay and western United States, possibly indicating points of arrival and dispersion of Criollo horses in the American continent. These results indicate that Criollo breeds share a common ancestry, but that each breed has its own identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cortés
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Dunner
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L T Gama
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A M Martínez
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J V Delgado
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Ginja
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO-InBIO), Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - L M Jiménez
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Bogotá, Bogota, Columbia
| | - J Jordana
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C Luis
- Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia (CIUHCT), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência (MUHNAC), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CIES-UL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M M Oom
- cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D P Sponenberg
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - P Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - J L Vega-Pla
- Laboratorio de Investigación Aplicada, Crıa Caballar de las Fuerzas Armadas, Cordoba, Spain
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3
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Sanford BJ, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Engle RE, Dryman BA, Cecere TE, Buechner-Maxwell V, Sponenberg DP, Meng XJ. Serological evidence for a hepatitis e virus-related agent in goats in the United States. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:538-45. [PMID: 22909079 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes an important public health disease in many developing countries and is also endemic in some industrialized countries. In addition to humans, strains of HEV have been genetically identified from pig, chicken, rat, mongoose, deer, rabbit and fish. While the genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans, the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV are zoonotic and infect humans and other animal species. As a part of our ongoing efforts to search for potential animal reservoirs for HEV, we tested goats from Virginia for evidence of HEV infection and showed that 16% (13/80) of goat sera from Virginia herds were positive for IgG anti-HEV. Importantly, we demonstrated that neutralizing antibodies to HEV were present in selected IgG anti-HEV positive goat sera. Subsequently, in an attempt to genetically identify the HEV-related agent from goats, we conducted a prospective study in a closed goat herd with known anti-HEV seropositivity and monitored a total of 11 kids from the time of birth until 14 weeks of age for evidence of HEV infection. Seroconversion to IgG anti-HEV was detected in seven of the 11 kids, although repeated attempts to detect HEV RNA by a broad-spectrum nested RT-PCR from the faecal and serum samples of the goats that had seroconverted were unsuccessful. In addition, we also attempted to experimentally infect laboratory goats with three well-characterized mammalian strains of HEV but with no success. The results indicate that a HEV-related agent is circulating and maintained in the goat population in Virginia and that the goat HEV is likely genetically very divergent from the known HEV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Sanford
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, USA
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4
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Rossmeisl JH, Piñeyro P, Sponenberg DP, Garman RH, Jortner BS. Clinicopathologic features of intracranial central neurocytomas in 2 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:186-91. [PMID: 22233345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, central neurocytomas are rare and typically benign intracranial tumors found within the lateral ventricles, although extraventricular variants have been reported. Intracranial central neurocytomas have not been previously recognized in domestic animals. OBJECTIVES To describe the clinicopathologic features of canine intracranial central neurocytomas. ANIMALS Two dogs with spontaneous intracranial and intraventricular neoplasms. RESULTS Both dogs experienced seizures, rapid neurological deterioration, and death from tumor-associated complications within 5 days of the onset of clinical signs, and had neoplastic masses within the lateral ventricles. A brain MRI was performed in 1 dog, which revealed a T1-isointense, heterogeneously T2 and FLAIR hyperintense, and markedly and heterogeneously contrast-enhancing mass lesions within both lateral ventricles. Histologically, the neoplasms resembled oligodendrogliomas. The diagnosis of central neurocytoma was supported by documenting expression of multiple neuronal markers, including neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, neural-cell adhesion molecule, and neuronal nuclear antigen within the tumors, and ultrastructural evidence of neuronal differentiation of neoplastic cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Central neurocytoma should be a differential diagnosis for dogs with intraventricular brain masses. Morphologic differentiation of central neurocytoma from other intraventricular neoplasms, such as ependymoma or oligdendroglioma, can be difficult, and definitive diagnosis often requires immunohistochemical or ultrastructural confirmation of the neural origin of the neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg,VA 24061, USA.
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5
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Mustafa A, Holladay SD, Witonsky S, Sponenberg DP, Karpuzoglu E, Gogal RM. A single mid-gestation exposure to TCDD yields a postnatal autoimmune signature, differing by sex, in early geriatric C57BL/6 mice. Toxicology 2011; 290:156-68. [PMID: 21925233 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We recently observed an autoimmune profile in 24-week-old C57BL/6 mice that received a 2.5 or 5.0μg/kg mid-gestation dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (Mustafa et al., 2008). The clinical signs were consistent with a lupus-like syndrome and included: increased autoantibody levels, renal IgG and C3 immune complex deposition with associated inflammation, and increased peripheral Vβ(+) T cells. No studies currently exist following the progression of such disease into middle or advanced ages, when human autoimmune diseases may manifest. Therefore in the present study, littermates of mice from the previous 24 week prenatal TCDD study were allowed to age to 48 weeks, considered early geriatric in mice. Similarities and differences in the disease profile based on age and sex were observed. Peripheral autoreactive Vβ(+) T cells were increased in both sexes at 48 weeks, in contrast to males only at 24 weeks. Activated T cells from 48-week-old prenatal TCDD females over-produced the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ while males over-produced IL-10, effects again not seen at 24 weeks. Splenic transitional-2 B cells (CD21(int)CD24(hi)) were increased in males while transitional-1 B cells (CD23(neg) CD1(neg)) were increased in females at 48 weeks. Autoantibodies to cardiolipin and CD138(+) spleen plasma cells were significantly increased in the aged males but not females. Anti-IgG and anti-C3 immune complex renal deposition were also significantly increased in the prenatal TCDD males but not females. These selective changes in the aged male mice may be noteworthy, in that the prevalence of SLE in humans shifts dramatically toward males with aging. The collective findings in aged mice suggest that prenatal TCDD permanently biases the postnatal immune response in C57BL/6 mice toward autoimmunity, and support a significant B cell component to the induced renal autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mustafa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060-0442, USA
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6
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Ley WB, Bowen JM, Sponenberg DP, Lessard PN. Dimethyl sulfoxide intrauterine therapy in the mare: effects upon endometrial histological features and biopsy classification. Theriogenology 2009; 32:263-76. [PMID: 16726673 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(89)90317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/1988] [Accepted: 06/02/1989] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects upon equine endometrial histological features produced by 10 to 30% concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in sterile saline were compared with the effects of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) alone as an intrauterine infusion therapy in 16 barren mares. No harmful histological changes were noted (P>0.05) as a result of the therapy. Thirty percent intrauterine DMSO therapy produced a significant (P<0.01) improvement (i.e., reduction of chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates and reduction of periglandular fibrosis) in endometrial biopsy classification in 18 of the 27 barren mares evaluated; whereas only 2 of 18 barren mares improved following intrauterine saline treatment in the control group. In subsequent breeding trials, the pregnancy rates following intrauterine therapy were no different between DMSO-treated mares and saline-treated control mares (P>0.05); however, there was a trend toward a higher pregnancy rate following DMSO therapy. The inability to control for sire variability in the breeding trials may have contributed toward the result that no significant difference could be demonstrated in the pregnancy rates between treated and control mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Ley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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7
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Mustafa A, Holladay SD, Goff M, Witonsky SG, Kerr R, Reilly CM, Sponenberg DP, Gogal RM. An enhanced postnatal autoimmune profile in 24 week-old C57BL/6 mice developmentally exposed to TCDD. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:51-9. [PMID: 18534654 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure of mice to the environmental contaminant and AhR agonist, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), causes persistent postnatal suppression of T cell-mediated immune responses. The extent to which prenatal TCDD may induce or exacerbate postnatal autoimmune disease remains unknown. In the present study, time-pregnant high affinity AhR C57BL/6 mice received a single oral administration of 0, 2.5, or 5 microg/kg TCDD on gestation day (gd) 12. Offspring of these mice (n=5/gender/treatment) were evaluated at 24 weeks-of-age and showed considerable immune dysregulation that was often gender-specific. Decreased thymic weight and percentages of CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, and increased CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes, were present in the female but not male offspring. Males but not females showed decreased CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells, and increased Vbeta3(+) and Vbeta17a(+) T cells, in the spleen. Males but not females also showed increased percentages of bone marrow CD24(-)B220(+) B cell progenitors. Antibody titers to dsDNA, ssDNA and cardiolipin displayed increasing trends in both male and female mice, reaching significance for anti-dsDNA in both genders and for ssDNA in males at 5 microg/kg TCDD. Immunofluorescent staining of IgG and C3 deposition in kidney glomeruli increased in both genders of prenatal TCDD-exposed mice, suggestive of early stages of autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Collectively, these results show that exposure to TCDD during immune system development causes persistent humoral immune dysregulation as well as altered cell-mediated responses, and induces an adult profile of changes suggestive of increased risk for autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mustafa
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
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8
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Miller JM, Lambrechts NE, Martin RA, Sponenberg DP, Subasic M. Persistent vulvar hemorrhage secondary to vaginal hemangioma in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2008; 44:86-9. [PMID: 18316445 DOI: 10.5326/0440086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two young female dogs were presented with a chronic history of persistent vulvar hemorrhage. Vaginoscopy was ultimately used to locate bleeding vaginal masses near the urethral papilla. In both cases, episiotomy was performed to resect the mass, and hemangioma was diagnosed histologically. These tumors caused persistent vaginal bleeding; they were difficult to diagnose without vaginoscopy and lavage; and surgical excision was curative in at least one case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Miller
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Phase II, Duckpond Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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9
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Abstract
A white heifer ("Snow") was born in 1991 from coloured registered Jersey parents. She produced six calves sired by coloured Jersey bulls: three white bull calves, two white heifer calves, and one coloured bull calf. One of the white bull calves was mated with 40 Hereford x Friesian yearling heifers (white face, predominantly black body with some white patches). The 38 resulting calves included 16 white and 22 coloured calves. Twelve of the 16 white calves were heifers and four were bulls. Red or black spotting was recorded on some white calves. The results are consistent with an autosomal dominant mutant causing the white phenotype. The mutation appears to have arisen spontaneously in Snow, then passing to her white progeny and white grand-progeny. The white individuals varied from entirely white in a few cases, to most having some residual small areas of red or black pigmentation in patterns not typical of other reported white spotting patterns of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Morris
- AgResearch, Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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10
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Flatland B, Leib MS, Warnick LD, Sponenberg DP. Evaluation of the bromosulfophthalein 30-minute retention test for the diagnosis of hepatic disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2000; 14:560-8. [PMID: 11110375 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0560:eotbrt>2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate efficacy of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) retention testing in dogs with and without histopathologically confirmed hepatobiliary disease. Medical records of 150 dogs with hepatobiliary disease having both a BSP test and hepatic biopsy were retrieved. Histopathologic slides of liver tissue were reviewed, and dogs were classified according to 1 of 11 histopathologic categories. Twenty-five clinically normal random-source dogs were used as controls for hepatic biopsy and BSP testing. No dogs suffered adverse effects due to BSP administration. BSP retention was significantly (P < .05) higher in hospitalized (13.9%) than control (3.2%) dogs, but the test could not distinguish between hospitalized dogs with different types of hepatobiliary disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of BSP retention as a test for hepatic disease were calculated. Using 5.0% as a cutoff for normal BSP retention resulted in a specificity of 88% and a sensitivity of 76%. Using 6.0% as a cutoff for normal BSP retention resulted in a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 70%. Dogs of this study having BSP retention of >6% had at least an 86% chance of having an abnormal liver. We concluded that continued use of BSP retention testing is warranted as a noninvasive diagnostic test for liver disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Flatland
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0432, USA
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11
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Abstract
Canine colonic intestinal adenocarcinoma typically presents as rectal polypoid or annular stenotic masses causing clinical signs consistent with large bowel disease. This report discusses an unusual case of intestinal adenocarcinoma in an 11-year-old, neutered male German shepherd dog presented for evaluation of anorexia, profuse watery diarrhea, and weight loss. In this dog, colonic adenocarcinoma diffusely infiltrated the entire large bowel and caused an annular fusiform lesion, as confirmed by endoscopic biopsies and postmortem examination. Other unique features included a paucity of desmoplasia associated with the neoplastic lesion and widespread metastasis to regional lymph nodes, lung, and prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Prater
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0442, USA
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12
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Rafi-Janajreh AQ, Chen D, Schmits R, Mak TW, Grayson RL, Sponenberg DP, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Evidence for the involvement of CD44 in endothelial cell injury and induction of vascular leak syndrome by IL-2. J Immunol 1999; 163:1619-27. [PMID: 10415067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
At sites of chronic inflammation seen during infections, autoimmunity, graft-vs-host response, and cytokine therapy, endothelial cell injury is known to occur, the exact mechanism of which is unknown. In the current study we used IL-2-induced vascular leak syndrome (VLS) as a model to investigate whether cytotoxic lymphocytes use CD44 in mediating endothelial cell injury. Administration of IL-2 to wild-type mice triggered significant VLS in the lungs and liver. In contrast, in CD44 knockout (KO) mice, IL-2-induced VLS was markedly reduced in the lungs and liver. IL-2-treated wild-type and CD44 KO mice had similar levels of perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes in the lungs and liver. This suggested that the decrease in VLS seen in CD44 KO mice was not due to the inability of lymphocytes to migrate to these organs. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated extensive endothelial cell damage in the lungs and liver of IL-2-treated wild-type, but not CD44 KO, mice. Moreover, CD44-KO mice exhibited a marked decrease in IL-2-induced lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. The induction of VLS was dependent on the expression of CD44 on immune cells rather than endothelial cells because adoptive transfer of CD44+, but not CD44- spleen cells along with IL-2 into CD44 KO mice triggered VLS. The IL-2-induced VLS was blocked by administration of F(ab')2 of Abs against CD44. The current study demonstrates that CD44 plays a key role in endothelial cell injury. Blocking CD44 in vivo may offer a novel therapeutic approach to prevent endothelial cell injury by cytotoxic lymphocytes in a variety of clinical disease models.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Capillary Leak Syndrome/etiology
- Capillary Leak Syndrome/genetics
- Capillary Leak Syndrome/immunology
- Capillary Leak Syndrome/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Hyaluronan Receptors/administration & dosage
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Hyaluronic Acid/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/ultrastructure
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/ultrastructure
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/transplantation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Q Rafi-Janajreh
- Department of Biology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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13
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Purswell BJ, Parker NA, Bailey TL, Dascanio JJ, Sponenberg DP. Theriogenology question of the month. Persistent estrus caused by functional granulosa cell tumor of the left ovary. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:193-5. [PMID: 10416470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Purswell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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14
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Jones JC, Shires PK, Inzana KD, Sponenberg DP, Massicotte C, Renberg W, Giroux A. Evaluation of canine lumbosacral stenosis using intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999; 40:108-14. [PMID: 10225518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography as a technique for predicting the within-level location(s) of compressive soft tissues in the canine lumbosacral spine. Pre-operative intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the L5-S3 vertebral levels was performed in 12 consecutive large breed dogs with lumbosacral stenosis. The images were evaluated for enhancement of soft tissues by two radiologists who were unaware of the surgical findings. For each within-level location (dorsal canal, ventral canal, right lateral recess, left lateral recess) enhancement was classified as present, absent or equivocal. The results were compared with the results of surgical exploration and histopathology of excised tissues. The positive predictive values of intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography for compressive soft tissues involving the dorsal canal, ventral canal and lateral recesses were 83%, 100%, and 81% respectively. Negative predictive values for compressive soft tissues involving these locations were 29%, 50%, and 40% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg 24061-0442, USA
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15
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Rafi AQ, Zeytun A, Bradley MJ, Sponenberg DP, Grayson RL, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Evidence for the involvement of Fas ligand and perforin in the induction of vascular leak syndrome. J Immunol 1998; 161:3077-86. [PMID: 9743374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell injury resulting in vascular leak syndrome (VLS) is one of the most widely noted phenomenons in a variety of clinical diseases. In the current study we used IL-2-induced VLS as a model to investigate the role of cytolytic lymphocytes in the cytotoxicity of endothelial cells. Administration of IL-2 (75,000 U/mouse, three times a day for 3 days) into BL/6 wild-type mice triggered significant VLS in the lungs, liver, and spleen. Interestingly, perforin-knockout (KO) mice exhibited a marked decrease in IL-2-induced VLS in all three organs tested. Also, Fas ligand-defective (gld) mice and Fas-deficient (lpr) mice exhibited decreased VLS in the liver and spleen, but not in the lungs. The decreased VLS seen in perforin-KO, gld, and lpr mice was not due to any defect in lymphocyte migration or homing to various organs because histopathologic studies in these mice demonstrated significant and often greater perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes compared with the IL-2-treated wild-type mice. Ultrastructural studies of the lungs demonstrated significant damage to the endothelial cells in IL-2-treated wild-type mice and decreased damage in perforin-KO mice. IL-2 administration caused up-regulation of CD44 in all strains of mice tested and triggered increased LAK activity against an endothelial cell line in wild-type and gld mice, but not in perforin-KO mice. The current study demonstrates for the first time that perforin and Fas ligand may actively participate in endothelial cell injury and induction of VLS in a variety of organs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Capillary Leak Syndrome/etiology
- Capillary Leak Syndrome/immunology
- Capillary Leak Syndrome/pathology
- Capillary Leak Syndrome/physiopathology
- Capillary Permeability/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/metabolism
- Ligands
- Liver/blood supply
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Knockout
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A Q Rafi
- Department of Biology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Scarratt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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17
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DiGrassie WA, Wallace MA, Sponenberg DP. Multicentric lymphosarcoma with ovarian involvement in a Nubian goat. Can Vet J 1997; 38:383-4. [PMID: 9187807 PMCID: PMC1576881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lymph node enlargement and an intra-abdominal mass were diagnosed in a 6-year-old doe. Necropsy revealed lymphosarcoma involving multiple organs, including the ovaries. Lymphosarcoma is rare in goats; ovarian involvement has not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A DiGrassie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0442, USA
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18
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Sysel AM, Pleasant RS, Jacobson JD, Moll HD, Warnick LD, Sponenberg DP, Eyre P. Systemic and local effects associated with long-term epidural catheterization and morphine-detomidine administration in horses. Vet Surg 1997; 26:141-9. [PMID: 9068165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1997.tb01477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the systemic and local effects associated with long-term epidural catheterization and epidural morphine-detomidine administration in horses. STUDY DESIGN Development of systemic or local effects was assessed by placing caudal epidural catheters in study horses and administering injections through the catheters every 12 hours for 14 days. ANIMALS Ten horses with epidural catheters that received daily injections; six uncatheterized horses presented for euthanasia. METHODS Horses received either 0.2 mg/kg morphine sulfate and 30 micrograms/kg detomidine hydrochloride or an equivalent volume of physiologic saline solution through epidural catheters. Systemic effects were compared between control and treatment horses by measuring physical parameters and hay and water consumption, as well as by evaluating major organs after euthanasia. Local effects were studied by examining cerebrospinal fluid and by grading representative samples of the spinal cord and surrounding tissues histologically for inflammation and fibrosis. Local effects were compared between control and treatment horses, as well as between catheterized (control plus treatment) horses and uncatheterized horses. RESULTS No significant difference was identified in daily variables or hay and water consumption between control and treatment horses. No growth was obtained from cerebrospinal fluid cultures. No significant difference in cerebrospinal fluid values or spinal tissue inflammation or fibrosis grades was shown between control and treatment horses. However, when compared with uncatheterized horses, cerebrospinal fluid red blood cell values were marginally higher and protein concentrations were significantly higher in the catheterized group. Lumbosacral and sacral spinal tissue segment inflammation grades, and sacral segment fibrosis grades were significantly higher in catheterized horses. CONCLUSIONS Long-term epidural administration of a morphine-detomidine combination is not associated with apparent adverse systemic effects in horses. Localized inflammation and fibrosis seem to be catheter-related. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Potential systemic and local effects are important considerations with long-term administration of a morphine-detomidine combination through indwelling epidural catheters for alleviation of chronic musculoskeletal pain in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sysel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
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21
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Sysel AM, Pleasant RS, Jacobson JD, Moll HD, Modransky PD, Warnick LD, Sponenberg DP, Eyre P. Efficacy of an epidural combination of morphine and detomidine in alleviating experimentally induced hindlimb lameness in horses. Vet Surg 1996; 25:511-8. [PMID: 8923731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1996.tb01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Amphotericin B-induced synovitis of the left tarsocrural joint was used to create a grade 3 of 4 lameness in 11 horses. Caudal epidural catheters were placed and advanced to the lumbosacral region. Baseline heart and respiratory rates were recorded and horses were videotaped at a walk and trot. Morphine sulphate (0.2 mg/kg) and detomidine hydrochloride (30 micrograms/kg) were administered to treated horses (n = 8) through the epidural catheter; an equivalent volume of physiologic saline solution was administered to control horses (n = 3) through the catheter. At hourly intervals after epidural injection for a total of 6 hours, heart and respiratory rates were recorded, and horses were videotaped walking and trotting. At the end of the observation period, video recordings were scrambled onto a master videotape. Lamenesses were scored by three investigators unaware of group assignment or treatment time. Lameness scores, heart rates, and respiratory rates were compared between groups using repeated measures analysis of variance. There was a significant decrease in lameness score after treatment with epidural morphine and detomidine (P = .0003); average lameness scores of treated horses were less than grade 1 at each hourly observation for 6 hours after drug administration. Early in the observation period, heart rates significantly increased in control horses and decreased in treated horses (P = .03). A similar trend occurred for respiratory rates (P = .07). Results of this study demonstrate that epidural administration of a combination of morphine and detomidine is capable of providing profound hindlimb analgesia in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sysel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
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22
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24
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Abstract
Goat color inheritance was evaluated based on color description of 218 kids and their parents (10 sires, 178 dams) from mixed crosses between several goat populations in an experiment on cashmere fiber production. Altogether 10 color patterns were observed. They were postulated to be caused by 10 alleles at the Agouti locus, with the allele for white or tan color being the top dominant allele, and the nine others codominant. The bottom recessive allele, for nonagouti color, was the 11th allele at this locus. The postulated alleles are white or tan (A(wt)), black mask (A(blm)), bezoar (A(bz)), badgerface (A(b)), grey (A(g)), lightbelly (A(lb)), swiss markings (A(sm)), lateral stripes (A(ls)), mahogany (A(mh)), red cheek (A(rc)), and nonagouti (Aa). Two types of eumelanin pigment were observed, black and light brown, the latter being dominant. Recessive brown was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adalsteinsson
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway, Aas
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25
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Del Vecchio RP, Matsas DJ, Fortin S, Sponenberg DP, Lewis GS. Spontaneous uterine infections are associated with elevated prostaglandin F2α metabolite concentrations in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 1994; 41:413-21. [PMID: 16727399 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90077-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1992] [Accepted: 09/15/1993] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum Holstein (n=21) and Jersey (n=4) cows were used to determine if uterine infections are associated with elevated plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F(2)alpha (PGFM). Based upon clinical examinations and bacterial content of intrauterine fluid samples, cows detected with uterine infections between 21 and 28 d post partum were used (infected; n=14). These cows were matched with herdmates that were free of infection (control; n=11). Beginning on the day the cows were assigned to the experiment (Day 1), blood samples were collected on alternate days for the next 14 to 15 d. Plasma samples were stored at -20 degrees C until assayed. From Day 1 until the end of the experiment, uterine fluid samples were collected transcervically twice weekly for aerobic bacterial culture. Endometrial biopsies were collected between Days 6 and 8 and Days 13 and 15. Control cows did not show signs of uterine infection throughout the trial, and bacterial cultures indicated that there were no significant bacterial populations in the uteri of the control cows. The uteri of infected cows harbored numerous microbes. Actinomyces pyogenes was most prominent. Various species of Streptococcus and Pasteurella were also prevalent in the infected cows. Escherichia coli was present in the uterus of both infected and control cows. Biopsies showed that infected cows had more (P<0.05) neutrophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes in the endometrium than did the control cows. As determined by plasma progesterone concentrations, 83% of the control and 50% of the infected cows had functional luteal tissue during the 2-wk sampling period. Plasma PGFM profiles were linear (P<0.03) and did not differ between treatment groups (P>0.01). However, average plasma PGFM concentrations were greater (P<0.0001) in infected than in control cows. These data indicate that plasma PGFM concentrations are greater in postpartum cows with spontaneous uterine infections then in herdmates free of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Del Vecchio
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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26
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Abstract
Immunological, clinical, and pathological investigations were conducted on a horse with lymphosarcoma. The immunological status was investigated by measuring the level of antibodies by single radial immunodiffusion test and the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate in response to mitogens. Multiple immunological abnormalities were noted in this horse. They were; (1) decreased IgM, IgG, and IgA levels in the serum despite hyperproteinemia; (2) increased in-vitro spontaneous lymphoproliferation which reflects augmented mitosis; (3) decreased lymphoproliferative response to T cell stimulants (e.g. Concanavalin-A (Con-A)) suggesting impaired T cell activation; (4) presence of immunosuppressive factors in serum as demonstrated by in-vitro lymphocyte culture systems. Clinical pathology findings revealed an unusual monoclonal alpha peak in the serum and morphologically abnormal lymphocytes distributed throughout the body. Serum fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) revealed that the immunosuppressive factors were found in this abnormal alpha peak. The immunopathological findings in this horse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0442
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27
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Saunders GK, Sponenberg DP, Marx KL. Tyzzer's disease in a neonatal cockatiel. Avian Dis 1993; 37:891-4. [PMID: 8257388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A 4-day-old cockatiel that died suddenly had a pale, mottled liver at necropsy. Extensive necrosis and numerous bacilli were present microscopically in the liver. The organism was identified as Bacillus piliformis, the causative agent of Tyzzer's disease, by special staining and electron microscopy. This is the first report of Tyzzer's disease in an avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Saunders
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0442
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28
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Scarratt
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
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30
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Del Vecchio RP, Matsas DJ, Inzana TJ, Sponenberg DP, Lewis GS. Effect of intrauterine bacterial infusions and subsequent endometritis on prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite concentrations in postpartum beef cows. J Anim Sci 1992; 70:3158-62. [PMID: 1429292 DOI: 10.2527/1992.70103158x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiparous Angus and crossbred Angus cows were used to determine the effect of induced endometritis on plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) and progesterone (P4) and on duration of the estrous cycle of treatment. Beginning on the day of calving (d 0), blood samples were collected on alternate days. On three consecutive days, ranging from d 8 to 14 of the first postpartum estrous cycle, uterine horns were inoculated transcervically with either 3 x 10(9) colony forming units (cfu) of Actinomyces pyogenes and 1.5 x 10(9) cfu of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli (treated; n = 9) in sterile PBS or with sterile PBS alone (control; n = 9). Samples of uterine fluid were collected by transcervical aspiration twice weekly from just before the start of each series of inoculations until the end of the experiment. Endometrial biopsies were collected transcervically between d 4 to 6 and 11 to 13 after inoculation. Based on clinical observations and results of bacterial cultures, all treated cows developed acute uterine infections. Controls did not develop uterine infections. Endometrial biopsies indicated that there were no significant diffuse or focal cellular reactions in response to the infection. The interestrous interval was greater (P less than .0003) for treated (27.7 +/- 1.0 d) than for control (20.6 +/- 1.0 d) cows, but P4 concentrations were similar between the two groups. Mean PGFM concentration and PGFM profiles were similar (P greater than .10) between treated and control cows before bacterial infusions. Bacterial infusions increased mean PGFM concentration (P less than .0001) and changed the shape of the PGFM profile (P less than .02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Del Vecchio
- Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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31
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Sponenberg DP. Opinions on responsibility toward wildlife. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200:1450-1. [PMID: 1612976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Abstract
The leopard complex of white spotting patterns in horses consists of the leopard, few-spot leopard, blanket, blanket with spots, varnish roan (or marble), snowflake, frosted, speckled, and mottled patterns. Horses with any of these patterns can produce the other patterns when mated to nonpatterned horses. Twenty-two horses of the Welsh Pony, Noriker, Appaloosa, and Pony of the Americas breeds produced 270 foals in a distribution consistent with a single dominant allele being responsible for the patterns. The symbol for this dominant allele, Lp, is retained from previous work on the leopard pattern. Heterozygotes are less extensively marked than are homozygotes, but the two classes overlap. The differences in the patterns are related to varying degrees of expression of this allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Sponenberg
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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33
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34
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Clutton RE, Boyd C, Ward JL, Sponenberg DP. Fatal body positioning during epidural anesthesia in a ewe. Can Vet J 1989; 30:748-50. [PMID: 17423423 PMCID: PMC1681188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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35
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Carrig CB, Sponenberg DP, Schmidt GM, Tvedten HW. Inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador retrievers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 193:1269-72. [PMID: 3204050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A breeding colony was established to investigate the inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers; 124 pups were produced. These pups were evaluated for the presence of ocular lesions, including cataracts, vitreous strands, persistent hyaloid remnants, retinal folds, retinal dysplasia, peripapillary hyperreflectivity, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, and skeletal abnormality, which was recognized by shorter than normal forelimbs and an abnormal morphologic appearance of the radius and ulna. Analysis of the distribution of lesions in pups indicated that the syndrome is caused by one abnormal gene, which has recessive effects on the skeleton and incompletely dominant effects on the eye. This would suggest that suspect carrier dogs could be identified by test matings with a known homozygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Carrig
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
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36
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Abstract
Pigment types in various colors of fiber from sheep, goats, and llamas were assayed by a method using high performance liquid chromatography. In these three species the black/gray group is due to eumelanin, which is fully intense in all three species. Red phenotypes are due to pheomelanin and fade considerably with age in fiber from sheep and goats, but not in llamas. This phenomenon has implications on the genetic mechanisms used in generating white fiber. Brown phenotypes in sheep are due to eumelanin, in goats these phenotypes are equivocal, and they were not observed in llamas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Sponenberg
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, VPI&SU, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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37
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Abstract
Hair samples of various colors of horses were analyzed for content of both eumelanin and pheomelanin by a procedure using high performance liquid chromatography. The results are in accord with generally accepted genetic hypotheses accounting for the various colors. However, the results support the hypothesis that the chestnut/sorrel group of colors is conditioned by the extension locus, not the brown locus. The results also indicate that the brown locus is a likely contributor to some rare color phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Sponenberg
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, VPI&SU, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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38
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Sponenberg DP, Johnson RL, Johnson ME. The inheritance of frosted points in Nigerian Dwarf goats. J Hered 1988; 79:69-71. [PMID: 3367040 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D P Sponenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Sponenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
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40
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Abstract
A mosaic male Labrador retriever with coat color of black and yellow areas is described. Matings of this dog to black, chocolate, and yellow Labrador bitches were consistent with his producing only yellow (e) gametes at the extension locus. His phenotype could have resulted either from somatic mutation of E to e or e to E early in development; or from fusion of Ee and an ee male zygotes to form a chimera.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Sponenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
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41
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Abstract
Extensive hepatic necrosis was produced in rabbits 48 hr following infusion of a cardiopathogenic dose of norepinephrine (NE, 2 micrograms/kg/min for 90 min). Livers had necrotic areas of varying sizes and gross appearances. Histologically, the lesions were areas of varying sizes and gross appearances. Histologically, the lesions were areas of lytic-coagulative necrosis with massive mineralization by calcium. In addition, the serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) was significantly elevated (P less than 0.001). Pretreatment with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker prazosin (200 micrograms/kg) 15 min prior to the standard NE infusion prevented both liver necrosis and serum GPT elevation. It is concluded that large doses of NE produce tissue injury in the liver. This may be the result of excessive activation of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor system, which leads to hepatic ischemia and necrosis.
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42
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Scarratt WK, Sponenberg DP, Welker FH, Keith JC, Gardner D. Endocardial fibroelastosis and tricuspid valve insufficiency in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190:1435-6. [PMID: 3610756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A 5-month-old Holstein heifer had clinical signs of tricuspid valve insufficiency and histopathologic evidence of endocardial fibroelastosis. The calf had a 3-week history of weight loss, abdominal distention, dyspnea, and decreased appetite. Physical examination revealed signs of right-sided heart failure, and a systolic murmur (II/VI) was heard best over the right heart base. Results of cardiac catheterization and echocardiography indicated tricuspid valve insufficiency and right-sided heart failure. The calf was euthanatized after not responding to treatment with penicillin, furosemide, and removal of fluid from the thorax and abdomen. Necropsy findings included multifocal areas of thickening and opacification of the endocardium of the left and right ventricles. Excessive elastic fibers, consistent with fibroelastosis, were seen by use of special stains applied to sections of endocardium.
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43
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Leib MS, Sponenberg DP, Wilcke JR, Loar AS. Suppurative colitis in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986; 188:739-41. [PMID: 3700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A young cat with chronic large bowel diarrhea was found to have suppurative colitis. Treatment with sulfasalazine resulted in prompt clinical improvement, although histologic abnormalities persisted. Three months later, the cat was euthanatized because of effusive feline infectious peritonitis. Histologic examination revealed a normal colon.
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44
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Bradley RL, Sponenberg DP, Martin RA. Oral neoplasia in 15 dogs and four cats. Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim 1986; 1:33-42. [PMID: 3507785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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45
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Abstract
A syndrome of meningoencephalocele and related craniofacial abnormalities occurred in 19 (6 male, 3 female, 10 of unknown sex) of 88 kittens in 22 litters born to matings between Burmese cats that were known to produce this defect. This is consistent with the action of an autosomal recessive gene. The exceptional breeding record of one cat indicates that perhaps the phenotype is impenetrant in at least some homozygotes. The gene symbol mc is proposed for this defect.
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46
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Lee JC, Sponenberg DP. Role of alpha 1-adrenoceptors in norepinephrine-induced cardiomyopathy. Am J Pathol 1985; 121:316-21. [PMID: 2998193 PMCID: PMC1888062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study practically delineated the contribution of alpha-adrenoceptor activation to the pathogenesis of norepinephrine (NE) cardiomyopathy. A total of 64 adult New Zealand white rabbits were used. NE cardiomyopathy was produced in rabbits by a 90-minute intravenous infusion of norepinephrine (2 micrograms/kg/min at infusion rate 0.382 ml/min). Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were constantly monitored. Arterial blood samples were obtained at 30-minute intervals for measurements of pH, blood gases, and glucose. Alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agents, when employed, were given 15 minutes prior to the initiation of NE infusion. Two days after treatment the rabbits were killed. The hearts were examined microscopically and assigned a histologic score. Pretreatment with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker prazosin at 50, 100, or 200 micrograms/kg significantly reduced NE-induced myocardial injury in a dose-related manner. In contrast, the presence of alpha 2-adrenoceptor blocker yohimbine at 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg was ineffective in preventing the formation of myocardial lesions. These findings suggest that NE cardiomyopathy may result largely from activation of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor system in the rabbit model.
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47
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Witte ST, Sponenberg DP, Collins TC. Abortion and early neonatal death of kids attributed to intrauterine Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187:834. [PMID: 4055503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was isolated from placenta and abomasal contents of triplet goat kids, two of which were aborted and one of which died shortly after birth. Necropsy findings in the kids were suppurative placentitis and suppurative pneumonia. The public health implications in intrauterine Yersinia infection in goats are discussed.
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48
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Sponenberg DP, Bowling AT. Heritable syndrome of skeletal defects in a family of Australian shepherd dogs. J Hered 1985; 76:393-4. [PMID: 4056374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A syndrome of multiple defects including cleft palate, polydactyly, and often syndactyly, shortened tibia-fibula, brachygnathism and scoliosis lethal to males is described in a family of Australian shepherd dogs. Female pups lack the cleft palate and survive, but may exhibit the other defects to a lesser degree than do males. Litter data suggest that the trait is inherited as an X-linked lethal gene, but the possibility of a sex-influenced autosomal allele cannot be ruled out. The syndrome may have arisen in conjunction with instability of the merle locus.
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49
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Abstract
An autosomal mutation is responsible for the modification of merle coat color (previously indicated to be due to a transposable DNA element) to the tweed merle pattern in the Australian shepherd dog. The tweed merle pattern consists of color patches that have a greater range in the intensity of the dilute patches and tend to be larger than the patches of nontweed merle. It has no action on nonmerle dogs. The symbol Tw is proposed for this gene.
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50
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Sponenberg DP, Domermuth CH, Larsen CT. Field outbreaks of colibacillosis of turkeys associated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus. Avian Dis 1985; 29:838-42. [PMID: 3000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In a study of field material and a survey conducted by the authors, typical signs of colibacillosis of 6-to-12-week-old poults included sudden onset, listlessness, rales, and high mortality. Signs persisted for about 2 weeks and were often followed by a low incidence of lameness caused by Escherichia coli. Gross lesions included enlarged and congested spleens and livers, and dilated discolored black or purple duodenal loops. Microscopic lesions included splenic and hepatic congestion. In some birds (freshly killed and fixed immediately), the epithelium at the tips of the duodenal villi was sloughing, but in other birds the villi were intact and normal in appearance. Splenic enlargement, the presence of intranuclear splenic inclusions similar to those found in hemorrhagic enteritis (HE), and the isolation of HE virus from some of the field spleens all indicated that inapparent HE infection often occurs at approximately the same time as this type of colibacillosis. It is therefore believed that HE infection often exacerbates colibacillosis of older poults.
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