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La Corte C, Catania V, Dara M, Parrinello D, Staropoli M, Trapani MR, Cammarata M, Parisi MG. Equinins as Novel Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides Isolated from the Cnidarian Actinia equina (Linnaeus, 1758). Mar Drugs 2024; 22:172. [PMID: 38667789 PMCID: PMC11051070 DOI: 10.3390/md22040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea anemones are valuable for therapeutic research as a diversified source of bioactive molecules, due to their diverse bioactive molecules linked to predation and defence mechanisms involving toxins and antimicrobial peptides. Acid extracts from Actinia equina tentacles and body were examined for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. The peptide fractions showed interesting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (up to 0.125 µg/mL) against the tested pathogens. Further investigation and characterization of tentacle acid extracts with significant antimicrobial activity led to the purification of peptides through reverse phase chromatography on solid phase and HPLC. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide activity was found in 40% acetonitrile fractions. The resulting peptides had a molecular mass of 2612.91 and 3934.827 Da and MIC ranging from 0.06 to 0.20 mg/mL. Sequencing revealed similarities to AMPs found in amphibians, fish, and Cnidaria, with anti-Gram+, Gram-, antifungal, candidacidal, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenemase-producing, vancomycin-resistant bacteria, and multi-drug resistant activity. Peptides 6.2 and 7.3, named Equinin A and B, respectively, were synthesized and evaluated in vitro towards the above-mentioned bacterial pathogens. Equinin B exerted interesting antibacterial activity (MIC and bactericidal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively) and gene organization supporting its potential in applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia La Corte
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (M.R.T.); (M.G.P.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Valentina Catania
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariano Dara
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (M.R.T.); (M.G.P.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (M.R.T.); (M.G.P.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Mariele Staropoli
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (M.R.T.); (M.G.P.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosa Trapani
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (M.R.T.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (M.R.T.); (M.G.P.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.S.); (M.R.T.); (M.G.P.)
- NBFC—National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
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Bisanti L, La Corte C, Dara M, Bertini F, Parisi MG, Chemello R, Cammarata M, Parrinello D. Global warming-related response after bacterial challenge in Astroides calycularis, a Mediterranean thermophilic coral. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8495. [PMID: 38605161 PMCID: PMC11009343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A worldwide increase in the prevalence of coral diseases and mortality has been linked to ocean warming due to changes in coral-associated bacterial communities, pathogen virulence, and immune system function. In the Mediterranean basin, the worrying upward temperature trend has already caused recurrent mass mortality events in recent decades. To evaluate how elevated seawater temperatures affect the immune response of a thermophilic coral species, colonies of Astroides calycularis were exposed to environmental (23 °C) or elevated (28 °C) temperatures, and subsequently challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Using immunolabeling with specific antibodies, we detected the production of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), molecules involved in coral immune responses, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) activity, involved in general responses to thermal stress. A histological approach allowed us to characterize the tissue sites of activation (epithelium and/or gastroderm) under different experimental conditions. The activity patterns of the examined markers after 6 h of LPS stimulation revealed an up-modulation at environmental temperature. Under warmer conditions plus LPS-challenge, TLR4-NF-kB activation was almost completely suppressed, while constituent elevated values were recorded under thermal stress only. An HSP70 up-regulation appeared in both treatments at elevated temperature, with a significantly higher activation in LPS-challenge colonies. Such an approach is useful for further understanding the molecular pathogen-defense mechanisms in corals in order to disentangle the complex interactive effects on the health of these ecologically relevant organisms related to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bisanti
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - C La Corte
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Dara
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - F Bertini
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - M G Parisi
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Chemello
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Cammarata
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - D Parrinello
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
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La Corte C, Dara M, Bertini F, Parrinello D, Piazzese D, Parisi MG. Response of Sabella spallanzanii to multiple stressors. The combined effect of infection and copper sulphate. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109475. [PMID: 36182080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the immune responses of the polychaete Sabella spallanzanii after exposure to copper sulphate, an immunomodulating agent in marine organisms, and the multiple stresses caused by Escherichia coli infection, to validate the species as a model organism in marine-coastal biomonitoring programmes. Polychaetes were housed in laboratory and divided into five experimental groups: 1. Control (no microinjected), 2. filtered seawater + TBS injection (control of point 3), 3. filtered seawater + E. coli injection (control of point 4), 4. CuSO4 + TBS injection (control of point 5), and 5. CuSO4 + E. coli injection. The immune variables, esterase and alkaline phosphatase activity, cytotoxicity and detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase were evaluated in total body extracts of the animals. Moreover, toll-like receptor, allograft inflammatory factor-1, lysozyme and haemagglutinating activity were investigated to highlight possible interactions. Indeed, the results of this work demonstrate the immunomodulating effect of copper sulphate on S. spallanzanii total body extracts related to oxidative stress and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia La Corte
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy. https://twitter.com/@ClaudiaLaCorte
| | - Mariano Dara
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy. https://twitter.com/@MarianoDaraBiol
| | - Federica Bertini
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy. https://twitter.com/@_fede_b27
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Piazzese
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 26, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Dara M, Parisi MG, La Corte C, Benenati G, Parrinello D, Piazzese D, Cammarata M. Sabella spallanzanii mucus bacterial agglutinating activity after arsenic exposure. The equilibrium between predation safety and immune response stability. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 181:113833. [PMID: 35716492 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the Sabella spallanzanii mucus bacterial agglutination response after inorganic arsenic (As) exposure. As is actively adsorbed from the surrounding environment and accumulated at high concentrations in tissues as an anti-predatory strategy. Here we investigated the effect of high As concentrations on its immunobiological response. It may act on mucus lectins and on its ability to agglutinate bacteria. We concluded that As at high concentrations leads to the inhibition of pathogen recognition. Nevertheless, although its biological activity is significant reduced in winter, responses to As concentrations are very similar, and below a certain threshold do not induce alterations, supporting the hypothesis of adaptation to high As concentrations related to involvement in predation defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dara
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - M G Parisi
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - C La Corte
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - G Benenati
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - D Parrinello
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - D Piazzese
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 26, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Cammarata
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building16, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Longo V, Parrinello D, Longo A, Parisi MG, Parrinello N, Colombo P, Cammarata M. The conservation and diversity of ascidian cells and molecules involved in the inflammatory reaction: The Ciona robusta model. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 119:384-396. [PMID: 34687879 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ascidians are marine invertebrate chordates belonging to the earliest branch (Tunicata) in the chordate phylum, therefore, they are of interest for studying the evolution of immune systems. Due to the known genome, the non-colonial Ciona robusta, previously considered to be C. intestinalis type A, is a model species for the study of inflammatory response. The internal defense of ascidians mainly relies on hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph and pharynx. Hemocytes can be in vivo challenged by LPS injection and various granulocyte and vacuolated cell populations differentiated to produce and release inflammatory factors. Molecular biology and gene expression studies revealed complex defense mechanisms involving different inflammatory hemocytes. Furthermore, cloning procedures allowed sequence analyses and molecular studies disclose immune-related gene families including TOLL-like receptors, galectins, C-type lectins, collectins, interlectins, pentraxine-like, peroxinectins, complement factors-like, TNFα-like, IL-17-like, TGF-like, MIF-like. These genes are promptly upregulated by the inflammatory stimulus and show a time course of transcription similar to each other. Domains sequence similarity and phylogenetic relationships with the vertebrate counterparts are shedding some light on immune-related gene evolution. Selective bioassays as well as bioinformatic approaches have allowed the characterization of antimicrobial peptides and the identification of post transcriptional molecular mechanisms able of influencing dynamics of gene regulation are described. In synthesis, the purpose of this article is to further explore the topic of hemocyte and molecules related to internal defence of ascidians involved in the inflammatory reaction, as well as to discuss current and future study options through a detailed literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Longo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Department of Earth and Marine Science, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Department of Earth and Marine Science, University of Palermo, Italy
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Conforto E, Vílchez-Gómez L, Parrinello D, Parisi MG, Esteban MÁ, Cammarata M, Guardiola FA. Role of mucosal immune response and histopathological study in European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) intraperitoneal challenged by Vibrio anguillarum or Tenacibaculum soleae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 114:330-339. [PMID: 34015481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The external mucus layer that covers fish skin contains numerous immune substances scarcely studied that act as the first line of defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study aimed to characterize and describe for the first time several humoral immune defence parameters in the skin mucus of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) after intraperitoneal injection with Vibrio anguillarum or Tenacibaculum soleae. This study evaluated several immune-related enzymes and bactericidal activity against fish pathogenic bacteria in the skin mucus of European eels at 24, 48, and 72 h post-challenge. The results demonstrated that European eel skin mucus showed significant increments in peroxidase and lysozyme activity at 48 and 72 h after V. anguillarum challenge, compared to other experimental groups. In the case of antiprotease activity, an increase was observed at 24 h in the skin mucus of fish challenged with V. anguillarum compared to unchallenged fish, while this activity was undetected at 48 and 72 h. In contrast, protease activity had decreased at 48 and 72 h in the skin mucus of fish challenged with V. anguillarum compared to the unchallenged group. Regarding bactericidal activity, a high growth capacity of T. soleae was observed in the skin mucus of all experimental groups. Interestingly, the skin mucus from fish challenged with V. anguillarum exhibited increased bactericidal activity against this bacterium at 48 h, compared to unchallenged fish. Finally, severe histopathological alterations were observed in the gills and liver at the end of the trial (72 h), whereas the skin showed only an overspread presence of goblet cells in the challenged fish compared to unchallenged fish. The present results may give new insights into the mucosal immune system of this primitive species with potential applications in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Conforto
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luciano Vílchez-Gómez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed.16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal.
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Dara M, Giulianini PG, Manfrin C, Parisi MG, Parrinello D, La Corte C, Vasta GR, Cammarata M. F-type lectin from serum of the Antarctic teleost fish Trematomus bernacchii (Boulenger, 1902): Purification, structural characterization, and bacterial agglutinating activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110633. [PMID: 34126205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing availability of sequenced genomes has enabled a deeper understanding of the complexity of fish lectin repertoires involved in early development and immune recognition. The teleost fucose-type lectin (FTL) family includes proteins that preferentially bind fucose and display tandemly arrayed carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) or are found in mosaic combinations with other domains. They function as opsonins, promoting phagocytosis and the clearance of microbial pathogens. The Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii is a Perciforme living at extremely low temperatures (-1.68 °C) which is considered a model for studying adaptability to the variability of environmental waters. Here, we isolated a Ca++-independent fucose-binding protein from the serum of T. bernacchii by affinity chromatography with apparent molecular weights of 32 and 30 kDa under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively. We have characterized its carbohydrate binding properties, thermal stability and potential ability to recognize bacterial pathogens. In western blot analysis, the protein showed intense cross-reactivity with antibodies specific for a sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fucose-binding lectin. In addition, its molecular and structural aspects, showing that it contains two CRD-FTLs confirmed that T. bernacchii FTL (TbFTL) is a bona fide member of the FTL family, with binding activity at low temperatures and the ability to agglutinate bacteria, thereby suggesting it participates in host-pathogen interactions in low temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Dara
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Chiara Manfrin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Building Q - room 306, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Claudia La Corte
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, IMET, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Parisi MG, Grimaldi A, Baranzini N, La Corte C, Dara M, Parrinello D, Cammarata M. Mesoglea Extracellular Matrix Reorganization during Regenerative Process in Anemonia viridis (Forskål, 1775). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5971. [PMID: 34073146 PMCID: PMC8198993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the anatomical simplicity and the extraordinary ability to regenerate missing parts of the body, Cnidaria represent an excellent model for the study of the mechanisms regulating regenerative processes. They possess the mesoglea, an amorphous and practically acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) located between the epidermis and the gastrodermis of the body and tentacles and consists of the same molecules present in the ECM of vertebrates, such as collagen, laminin, fibronectin and proteoglycans. This feature makes cnidarians anthozoans valid models for understanding the ECM role during regenerative processes. Indeed, it is now clear that its role in animal tissues is not just tissue support, but instead plays a key role during wound healing and tissue regeneration. This study aims to explore regenerative events after tentacle amputation in the Mediterranean anemone Anemonia viridis, focusing in detail on the reorganization of the ECM mesoglea. In this context, both enzymatic, biometric and histological experiments reveal how this gelatinous connective layer plays a fundamental role in the correct restoration of the original structures by modifying its consistency and stiffness. Indeed, through the deposition of collagen I, it might act as a scaffold and as a guide for the reconstruction of missing tissues and parts, such as amputated tentacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Nicolò Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Claudia La Corte
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariano Dara
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy; (C.L.C.); (M.D.); (D.P.); (M.C.)
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Parisi MG, Pirrera J, La Corte C, Dara M, Parrinello D, Cammarata M. Effects of organic mercury on Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocyte function and morphology. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:143-158. [PMID: 32979067 PMCID: PMC7819951 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Filter-feeding organisms accumulate xenobiotics and other substances in their tissues. They can be useful as sentinel organisms in biomonitoring of the marine compartment. Bivalve cellular immunity is ensured by phagocytosis and cytotoxic reactions carried out by hemocytes in a network with humoral responses. These can be affected by chemical contaminants in water that can be immunosuppressors also at a low concentration increasing the sensibility to pathogens. This work is an attempt to individuate cellular markers for pollution detection, investigating the effect of methylmercury (CH3HgCl) at different concentrations on the activity and hemocyte morphology of the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. We assessed the effect of three sub-lethal concentrations of the organometal on the cellular morphology, the efficacy of phagocytosis toward yeast cells, the alteration of the lysosomal membrane and the ability to release cytotoxic molecules. The results provide information on the alteration of hemocyte viability, modification of the morphological and cytoskeletal features and besides the cellular spreading, intrinsic ability of motile cells was used as a complementary investigation method. Exposure to the contaminant affected the percentage of phagocytosis and the phagocytosis index. Moreover, morphological and cytoskeleton alteration, caused by the pollutant, leads to reduced ability to incorporate the target and adhere to the substrate and the low ability of cells to retain neutral red could depend on the effects of methylmercury on membrane permeability. These results reinforce the use of the Mediterranean mussel as model for the evaluation of environmental quality in aquatic ecosystems integrating the novel information about hemocyte functions and morphology sensibility to organic mercury. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Jessica Pirrera
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia La Corte
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariano Dara
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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10
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Parisi MG, Parrinello D, Stabili L, Cammarata M. Cnidarian Immunity and the Repertoire of Defense Mechanisms in Anthozoans. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:E283. [PMID: 32932829 PMCID: PMC7563517 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthozoa is the most specious class of the phylum Cnidaria that is phylogenetically basal within the Metazoa. It is an interesting group for studying the evolution of mutualisms and immunity, for despite their morphological simplicity, Anthozoans are unexpectedly immunologically complex, with large genomes and gene families similar to those of the Bilateria. Evidence indicates that the Anthozoan innate immune system is not only involved in the disruption of harmful microorganisms, but is also crucial in structuring tissue-associated microbial communities that are essential components of the cnidarian holobiont and useful to the animal's health for several functions including metabolism, immune defense, development, and behavior. Here, we report on the current state of the art of Anthozoan immunity. Like other invertebrates, Anthozoans possess immune mechanisms based on self/non-self-recognition. Although lacking adaptive immunity, they use a diverse repertoire of immune receptor signaling pathways (PRRs) to recognize a broad array of conserved microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMP). The intracellular signaling cascades lead to gene transcription up to endpoints of release of molecules that kill the pathogens, defend the self by maintaining homeostasis, and modulate the wound repair process. The cells play a fundamental role in immunity, as they display phagocytic activities and secrete mucus, which acts as a physicochemical barrier preventing or slowing down the proliferation of potential invaders. Finally, we describe the current state of knowledge of some immune effectors in Anthozoan species, including the potential role of toxins and the inflammatory response in the Mediterranean Anthozoan Anemonia viridis following injection of various foreign particles differing in type and dimensions, including pathogenetic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Loredana Stabili
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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11
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Parrinello D, Parisi M, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. Ciona robusta hemocyte populational dynamics and PO-dependent cytotoxic activity. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 103:103519. [PMID: 31610182 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyte populations from the ascidian Ciona robusta, separated through a Percoll discontinuous density gradient, are further characterized by May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining and a cytochemical reaction for phenoloxidase. Variability in cell density, acidophilic property and phenoloxidase activity suggest multiple hemocyte type populations, cell lineages and morphotypes that may be involved in distinct cellular responses. Therefore, unilocular refractile granulocytes, typical of this ascidian species, enriched in a fraction separated from the hemolymph show in vitro phenoloxidase-dependent cytotoxic activity against mammalian erythrocytes and a tumor cell lineage, in addition the properties listed above indicate relationships with vacuolated signet ring cells. Finally, bromo-deoxyuridine with, diamino-phenylindole fluorescent reaction and May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining show that in the hemolymph there are hyaline amoebocytes and granulocytes with potential proliferating activity. Present findings and reviewed images of previously reported inflammatory hemocytes in the tunic and pharynx allow us to speculate on theoretical outlines of hemocyte differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Parrinello
- Department of Heart and Marine Science DISTEM, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Parisi
- Department of Heart and Marine Science DISTEM, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Department of Heart and Marine Science DISTEM, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Department of Heart and Marine Science DISTEM, Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, Italy.
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12
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Stabili L, Parisi MG, Parrinello D, Cammarata M. Cnidarian Interaction with Microbial Communities: From Aid to Animal's Health to Rejection Responses. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E296. [PMID: 30142922 PMCID: PMC6164757 DOI: 10.3390/md16090296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylum Cnidaria is an ancient branch in the tree of metazoans. Several species exert a remarkable longevity, suggesting the existence of a developed and consistent defense mechanism of the innate immunity capable to overcome the potential repeated exposure to microbial pathogenic agents. Increasing evidence indicates that the innate immune system in Cnidarians is not only involved in the disruption of harmful microorganisms, but also is crucial in structuring tissue-associated microbial communities that are essential components of the Cnidarian holobiont and useful to the animal's health for several functions, including metabolism, immune defense, development, and behavior. Sometimes, the shifts in the normal microbiota may be used as "early" bio-indicators of both environmental changes and/or animal disease. Here the Cnidarians relationships with microbial communities and the potential biotechnological applications are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Stabili
- Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, U.O.S. di Taranto, CNR, Via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, via Prov.le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Dipartimento delle Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Dipartimento delle Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Dipartimento delle Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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13
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Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Parisi MG, Vizzini A, Cammarata M. In the ovary of Ciona intestinalis (Type A), immune-related galectin and phenoloxidase genes are differentially expressed by the follicle accessory cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 72:452-458. [PMID: 29146447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Riboprobes (in situ hybridization) and antibodies (immunohistochemistry), previously used to show the upregulation of Ciona intestinalis (Type A) galectins (CiLgals-a, CiLgals-b) and phenoloxidase (CinPO2) immune-related genes, were tested on histological sections of the ovary. The ovarian follicles are composed of oocytes encased by follicular cells (FCs) and test cells (TCs). Results show the transcription upregulation of both CiLgals and CinPO2 genes in the vitellogenic FCs, conversely distinct cytolocalization of the proteins are shown. At vitellogenic stage, the CiLgals are localized in the FCs, in the oocyte cytoplasm, and close to the germinal vesicle (GV), whereas the CinPO2 was never identified in the FCs. In a presumptive advanced phase and at the post-vitellogenic stage the TCs appear to be labelled by the CinPO2 riboprobe, and the protein identified by the antibody suggesting an mRNA transcytosis process from FCs. At post-vitellogenic stage the CiLgals mainly enrich the GV nucleoplasm, whereas the CinPO2 is contained in TCs and in the ooplasm but never found in the GV. This finding sheds new light on a former paper in which TCs were reported to be the only CinPO2-producing cells in the ovarian follicle. Finally, CiLgals and CinPO2 genes transcription and proteins production seem to be associated with accessory cells during their differentiation from vitellogenic to post-vitellogenic stage. The present findings promote further research on the early upregulation of immune-related genes, and the potential multifunctional role of the produced proteins. In addition further insight on the accessory cells involvement in ascidian oogenesis are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giovanna Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, Palermo, Italy.
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14
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Garilli V, Galletti L, Parrinello D. Distinct protoconchs recognised in three of the larger Mediterranean Cerithium species (Caenogastropoda: Cerithiidae). Molluscan Research 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2017.1396633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Garilli
- APEMA-Paleosofia, Research & Educational Service, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Galletti
- APEMA-Paleosofia, Research & Educational Service, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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15
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Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Vizzini A, Testasecca L, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. The Ciona intestinalis immune-related galectin genes (CiLgals-a and CiLgals-b) are expressed by the gastric epithelium. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 62:24-30. [PMID: 28034836 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription of two Ciona intestinalis galectin genes (CiLgals-a and CiLgals-b) is uparegulated by LPS in the pharynxis (hemocytes, vessel epithelium, endostilar zones) which is retained the main organ of the immunity. In this ascidian, for the first time we show, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization methods, that these two immune-related genes are expressed in the gastric epithelium of naïve ascidians, whereas the galectins appear to be only contained in the intestine columnar epithelium. In addition, according to previous results on the pharynx, the genes are also expressed and galectins produced by hemocytes scattered in the connective tissue surrounding the gut. The genes expression and galectin localization in several tissues, including the previous findings on the transcription upregulation, the constitutive expression of these genes by endostylar zones and by the gastric epithelium suggest a potential multifunctional role of these galectins. In this respect, it is of interest to define where the CiLgals are normally found as related to the tissue functions. Such an approach should be a starting point for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lelia Testasecca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
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16
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Parrinello D, Bellante A, Parisi MG, Sanfratello MA, Indelicato S, Piazzese D, Cammarata M. The ascidian Styela plicata hemocytes as a potential biomarker of marine pollution: In vitro effects of seawater and organic mercury. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 136:126-134. [PMID: 27842278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metals, such as mercury, contribute substantially to anthropogenic pollution in many estuarine environments. Animals living in those environments, particularly invertebrate filter feeders like tunicates, can be used as bioindicators. In an attempt to identify cellular markers for revealing pollution, this study examined in vitro the effects of different concentrations of methyl mercury on Styela plicata hemocytes. The harvested hemocytes from S. plicata that were exposed to the metal had a significant mortality, cellular count and morphometric alterations. These findings provided evidence of MeHg immunotoxic effects on S. plicata, resulting in hemocyte death and morphological changes induced by cytoskeleton alterations. Thus, a morphometric cellular parameter, such as spreading ability, was used as a complementary method for differentiation between hemocytes treated with a marine solution (as a negative control) and hemocytes incubated with methylmercury and/or Sicilian seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - A Bellante
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M G Parisi
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M A Sanfratello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - S Indelicato
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - D Piazzese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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17
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Vizzini A, Bonura A, Longo V, Sanfratello MA, Parrinello D, Cammarata M, Colombo P. LPS injection reprograms the expression and the 3' UTR of a CAP gene by alternative polyadenylation and the formation of a GAIT element in Ciona intestinalis. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:174-83. [PMID: 27514009 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The diversification of cellular functions is one of the major characteristics of multicellular organisms which allow cells to modulate their gene expression, leading to the formation of transcripts and proteins with different functions and concentrations in response to different stimuli. CAP genes represent a widespread family of proteins belonging to the cysteine-rich secretory protein, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related 1 superfamily which, it has been proposed, play key roles in the infection process and the modulation of immune responses in host animals. The ascidian Ciona intestinalis represents a group of proto-chordates with an exclusively innate immune system that has been widely studied in the field of comparative and developmental immunology. Using this biological system, we describe the identification of a novel APA mechanism by which an intronic polyadenylation signal is activated by LPS injection, leading to the formation of a shorter CAP mRNA capable of expressing the first CAP exon plus 19 amino acid residues whose sequence is contained within the first intron of the annotated gene. Furthermore, such an APA event causes the expression of a translational controlling cis-acting GAIT element which is not present in the previously isolated CAP isoform and identified in the 3'-UTR of other immune-related genes, suggesting an intriguing scenario in which both transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms are involved in the activation of the CAP gene during inflammatory response in C. intestinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Bonura
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Longo
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy.
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18
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Vazzana M, Salerno G, Vizzini A, Parrinello D, Di Bella ML, Arizza V. Effect of in vitro exposure to cadmiumand copper on sea bass blood cells. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Palermo, Italy
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19
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Trapani MR, Parisi MG, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Benenati G, Palla F, Cammarata M. Specific inflammatory response of Anemonia sulcata (Cnidaria) after bacterial injection causes tissue reaction and enzymatic activity alteration. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 135:15-21. [PMID: 26836977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of multicellular organisms was marked by adaptations to protect against pathogens. The mechanisms for discriminating the ''self'' from ''non-self" have evolved into a long history of cellular and molecular strategies, from damage repair to the co-evolution of host-pathogen interactions. We investigated the inflammatory response in Anemonia sulcata (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) following injection of substances that varied in type and dimension, and observed clear, strong and specific reactions, especially after injection of Escherichia coli and Vibrio alginolyticus. Moreover, we analyzed enzymatic activity of protease, phosphatase and esterase, showing how the injection of different bacterial strains alters the expression of these enzymes and suggesting a correlation between the appearance of the inflammatory reaction and the modification of enzymatic activities. Our study shows for the first time, a specific reaction and enzymatic responses following injection of bacteria in a cnidarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Trapani
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - M G Parisi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - D Parrinello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - M A Sanfratello
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - G Benenati
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - F Palla
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - M Cammarata
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy.
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20
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Vizzini A, Di Falco F, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Cammarata M. Transforming growth factor β (CiTGF-β) gene expression is induced in the inflammatory reaction of Ciona intestinalis. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 55:102-110. [PMID: 26493014 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) is a well-known component of a regulatory cytokines superfamily that has pleiotropic functions in a broad range of cell types and is involved, in vertebrates, in numerous physiological and pathological processes. In the current study, we report on Ciona intestinalis molecular characterisation and expression of a transforming growth factor β homologue (CiTGF-β). The gene organisation, phylogenetic tree and modelling supported the close relationship with the mammalian TGF suggesting that the C. intestinalis TGF-β gene shares a common ancestor in the chordate lineages. Functionally, real-time PCR analysis showed that CiTGF-β was transcriptionally upregulated in the inflammatory process induced by LPS inoculation, suggesting that is involved in the first phase and significant in the secondary phase of the inflammatory response in which cell differentiation occurs. In situ hybridisation assays revealed that the genes transcription was upregulated in the pharynx, the main organ of the ascidian immune system, and expressed by cluster of hemocytes inside the pharynx vessels. These data supported the view that CiTGF-β is a potential molecule in immune defence systems against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Di Falco
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Sanfratello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
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21
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Vizzini A, Bonura A, Longo V, Sanfratello MA, Parrinello D, Cammarata M, Colombo P. Isolation of a novel LPS-induced component of the ML superfamily in Ciona intestinalis. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 53:70-78. [PMID: 26159403 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ML superfamily represents a group of proteins playing important roles in lipid metabolism and innate immune response. In this study, we report the identification of the first component of the ML superfamily in the invertebrate Ciona intestinalis by means of a subtractive hybridization strategy. Sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis showed that this protein forms a specific clade with vertebrate components of the Niemann-Pick type C2 protein and, for this reason, it has been named Ci-NPC2. The putative Ci-NPC2 is a 150 amino acids long protein with a short signal peptide, seven cysteine residues, three putative lipid binding site and a three-dimensional model showing a characteristic β-strand structure. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the Ci-NPC2 protein is positively upregulated after LPS inoculum with a peak of expression 1 h after challenge. Finally, in-situ hybridization demonstrated that the Ci-NPC2 protein is preferentially expressed in hemocytes inside the vessel lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Bonura
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Longo
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, Palermo, Italy.
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22
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Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Vizzini A, Cammarata M. The expression of an immune-related phenoloxidase gene is modulated inCiona intestinalisovary, test cells, embryos and larva. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol ) 2015; 324:141-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory; Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; University of Palermo; Via Archirafi Palermo Italy
| | - Maria A. Sanfratello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory; Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; University of Palermo; Via Archirafi Palermo Italy
| | - Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory; Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; University of Palermo; Via Archirafi Palermo Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory; Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; University of Palermo; Via Archirafi Palermo Italy
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Vizzini A, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Trapani MR, Mangano V, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. Upregulated transcription of phenoloxidase genes in the pharynx and endostyle of Ciona intestinalis in response to LPS. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 126:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Vizzini A, Di Falco F, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Mazzarella C, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. Ciona intestinalis interleukin 17-like genes expression is upregulated by LPS challenge. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 48:129-137. [PMID: 25305501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In humans, IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the clearance of extracellular bacteria promoting cell infiltration and production of several cytokines and chemokines. Here, we report on three Ciona intestinalis IL-17 homologues (CiIL17-1, CiIL17-2, CiIL17-3). The gene organization, phylogenetic tree and modeling supported the close relationship with the mammalian IL-17A and IL-17F suggesting that the C. intestinalis IL-17 genes share a common ancestor in the chordate lineages. Real time PCR analysis showed a prompt expression induced by LPS inoculation suggesting that they are involved in the first phase of inflammatory response. In situ hybridization assays disclosed that the genes transcription was upregulated in the pharynx, the main organ of the ascidian immune system, and expressed by hemocytes (granulocytes and univacuolar refractile granulocyte) inside the pharynx vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Di Falco
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Sanfratello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzarella
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
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Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Vizzini A, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. Ciona intestinalis galectin (CiLgals-a and CiLgals-b) genes are differentially expressed in endostyle zones and challenged by LPS. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 42:171-176. [PMID: 25449708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization assays were performed to answer the question whether the endostyle, that is the initial gastro-intestinal trait of Ciona intestinalis pharynx, is involved in galectin (CiLgals-a and CiLgals-b) production during the pharynx inflammatory response to LPS inoculation. Specific anti-CiLgal-a and anti-CiLgals-b antibodies, and oligonucleotide probes, that mark inflammatory hemocytes inside the pharynx vessels and vessel epithelium as shown by a previous paper, were assayed on endostyle histological sections. For the first time, we show that galectins are produced by endostyle zones, and both CiLgals-a and -b genes are upregulated by LPS. CiLgals-a and CiLgals-b are constitutively expressed in the endostyle zone 2 and 3, respectively, both genes are upregulated by LPS in the zone 2, and CiLgals-b in the zone 3 and 4. The antibody-reacting material contained in intracellular and extracellular large vesicles suggest an unexpected vesicle-dependent transporting mechanism of galectins not provided with signal peptide. Differential expression and gene upregulation in not-treated and LPS-treated specimens, support the role of endostyle galectins both in filter feeding and defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Parrinello
- University of Palermo, Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Via Archirafi, 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Sanfratello
- University of Palermo, Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Via Archirafi, 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aiti Vizzini
- University of Palermo, Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Via Archirafi, 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- University of Palermo, Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Via Archirafi, 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- University of Palermo, Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Via Archirafi, 18, Palermo, Italy.
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Vizzini A, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Mangano V, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. Ciona intestinalis peroxinectin is a novel component of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase gene superfamily upregulated by LPS. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 41:59-67. [PMID: 23562573 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxinectins function as hemoperoxidase and cell adhesion factor involved in invertebrate immune reaction. In this study, the ascidian (Ciona intestinalis) peroxinectin gene (CiPxt) and its expression during the inflammatory response have been examined. CiPxt is a new member of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase gene superfamily that contains both the peroxidase domain and the integrin KGD (Lys-Gly-Asp) binding motif. A phylogenetic tree showed that CiPxt is very close to the chordate group and appears to be the outgroup of mammalian MPO, EPO and TPO clades. The CiPxt molecular structure model resulted superimposable to the human myeloperoxidase. The CiPxt mRNA expression is upregulated by LPS inoculation suggesting it is involved in C. intestinalis inflammatory response. The CiPxt was expressed in hemocytes (compartment/morula cells), vessel epithelium, and unilocular refractile granulocytes populating the inflamed tunic matrix and in the zones 7, 8 and 9 of the endostyle, a special pharynx organs homolog to the vertebrate thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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Vizzini A, Bonura A, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Longo V, Colombo P. LPS challenge regulates gene expression and tissue localization of a Ciona intestinalis gene through an alternative polyadenylation mechanism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63235. [PMID: 23646203 PMCID: PMC3639994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A subtractive hybridization strategy for the identification of differentially expressed genes was performed between LPS-challenged and naive Ciona intestinalis. This strategy allowed the characterization of two transcripts (Ci8short and Ci8long) generated by the use of two Alternative Polyadenylation sites. The Ci8long transcript contains a protein domain with relevant homology to several components of the Receptor Transporting Protein (RTP) family not present in the Ci8short mRNA. By means of Real Time PCR and Northern Blot, the Ci8short and Ci8long transcripts showed a different pattern of gene expression with the Ci8short mRNA being strongly activated after LPS injection in the pharynx. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that the activation of the APA site also influenced the tissue localization of the Ci8short transcript. This analysis showed that the Ci8long mRNA was expressed in hemocytes meanwhile the Ci8short mRNA was highly transcribed also in vessel endothelial cells and in the epithelium of pharynx. These findings demonstrated that regulation of gene expression based on different polyadenylation sites is an ancestral powerful strategy influencing both the level of expression and tissue distribution of alternative transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Bonura
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Longo
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Istituto di Biomedicina ed Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Celi M, Filiciotto F, Parrinello D, Buscaino G, Damiano MA, Cuttitta A, D'Angelo S, Mazzola S, Vazzana M. Physiological and agonistic behavioural response of Procambarus clarkii to an acoustic stimulus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 216:709-18. [PMID: 23125346 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of an acoustic stimulus on the haemolymph and agonistic behaviour of the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. The experiment was conducted in a tank equipped with a video recording system using six groups (three control and three test groups) of five adult crayfish (30 specimens in total). After 1 h of habituation, the behaviour of the crayfish was monitored for 2 h. During the second hour, the animals in the test groups were exposed to a linear sweep (frequency range 0.1-25 kHz; peak amplitude 148 dB(rms) re. 1 μPa at 12 kHz) acoustic stimulus for 30 min. Exposure to the noise produced significant variations in haemato-immunological parameters as well as a reduction in agonistic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Celi
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Department of Environmental Biology and Biodiversity, Division of Animal Biology and Anthropology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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Vizzini A, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Salerno G, Cammarata M, Parrinello N. Inducible galectins are expressed in the inflamed pharynx of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 32:101-109. [PMID: 22085774 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although ascidians belong to a key group in chordate phylogenesis, amino acid sequences of Ciona intestinalis galectin-CRDs (CiLgals-a and -b) have been retained too divergent from vertebrate galectins. In the present paper, to contribute in disclosing Bi-CRD galectin evolution a novel attempt was carried out on CiLgals-a and -b CRDs phylogenetic analysis, and their involvement in ascidian inflammatory responses was shown. CiLgals resulted aligned with Bi-CRD galectins from vertebrates (Xenopus tropicalis, Gallus gallus, Mus musculus, Homo sapiens), cephalochordates (Branchiostoma floridae), echinoderms (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) and a mono-CRD galectin from the ascidian Clavelina picta. The CiLgals-a N-terminal and C-terminal CRDs contain the signature sequence involved in carbohydrate binding, whereas the CiLgals-b C-CRD presents only three out of seven key aminoacids and it could not be suitable as sugar binding motif. Sequence similarity between clusters suggests an evolutionary model based on CRD domain gene duplication and sequence diversification. In particular CiLgals-b N-CRD and C-CRD were similar to each other and both grouped with the ascidian C. picta mono-CRD. Homology modeling process shows a CiLgals molecular structure superimposed to chicken and mouse galectins. The CiLgals-a and CiLgals-b genes were upregulated by LPS inoculation suggesting that they are inducible and expressed in the inflamed pharynx as revealed by real-time PCR analysis. Finally, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical assays showed their localization in the inflamed tissues, while immunoblotting analysis indicated that CiLgals can form oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Department of Environmental Biology and Biodiversity, Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Arizza V, Parrinello D, Cammarata M, Vazzana M, Vizzini A, Giaramita FT, Parrinello N. A lytic mechanism based on soluble phospholypases A2 (sPLA2) and β-galactoside specific lectins is exerted by Ciona intestinalis (ascidian) unilocular refractile hemocytes against K562 cell line and mammalian erythrocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 30:1014-1023. [PMID: 21288494 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis exert in vitro Ca²+-dependent cytotoxic activity toward mammalian erythrocytes and K562 cells. To examine the lytic mechanism, hemocyte populations were separated (B1-B6 bands) through a Percoll discontinuous density gradient, the hemocyte cytotoxic activity (HCA) and the lytic activity of the hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS) were assayed. In addition the separated hemocytes were cultured and the cell-free culture medium (CFM) assayed after 3 h culture. Results support that unilocular refractile hemocytes (URGs), enriched in B5, are cytotoxic. The B5-HLS contains lysins and the activity of B5-CFM shows that lysins can be released into a culture medium. The B5 activity was blocked by D-galactose, α-lactose, lactulose, LacNAc, thiodigalactoside (TDG), L-fucose, D-mannose, D-glucose, sphingomyelin (SM), and soluble phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) inhibitors (dibucain, quinacrine). Accordingly, HLS chemico-physical properties (alkaline medium, high thermostability, Ca²+-dependence, trypsin treatment, protease inhibitors) and SEM observations of the affected targets suggested that sPLA2 could be responsible for changes and large alterations of the target cell membrane. An apoptotic activity, as recorded by a caspase 3, 7 assay, was found by treating K562 cells with very diluted HLS. A lytic mechanism involving sPLA2 and lectins promptly released by URGs and morula cells respectively is suggested, whereas target cell membrane SM could be a modulator of the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Arizza
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Manachini B, Arizza V, Parrinello D, Parrinello N. Hemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 106:360-5. [PMID: 21147119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Originally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes (~50%), granulocytes (~35%), prohemocytes (~8%), oenocytes (~4%) and spherulocytes (~3%). SEM observations were also carried out. Some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply (~12%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Manachini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale G. Reverberi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Parrinello N, Vizzini A, Salerno G, Sanfratello MA, Cammarata M, Arizza V, Vazzana M, Parrinello D. Inflamed adult pharynx tissues and swimming larva of Ciona intestinalis share CiTNFα-producing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 341:299-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-0993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Salerno G, Parisi MG, Parrinello D, Benenati G, Vizzini A, Vazzana M, Vasta GR, Cammarata M. F-type lectin from the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): purification, cDNA cloning, tissue expression and localization, and opsonic activity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 27:143-153. [PMID: 19162197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently described biochemical and structural aspects of fucose-binding lectins from the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis) led to the identification of a novel lectin family ("F-type" lectins) characterized by a unique sequence motif and a characteristic structural fold. The F-type fold is shared not only with other members of this lectin family, but also with apparently unrelated proteins ranging from prokaryotes to vertebrates. Here we describe the purification, biochemical and molecular properties, and the opsonic activity of an F-type lectin (DlFBL) isolated from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) serum. DlFBL exhibits two tandemly arranged carbohydrate-recognition domains that display the F-type sequence motif. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that DlFBL is specifically expressed and localized in hepatocytes and intestinal cells. Exposure of formalin-killed Escherichia coli to DlFBL enhanced their phagocytosis by D. labrax peritoneal macrophages relative to the unexposed controls, suggesting that DlFBL may function as an opsonin in plasma and intestinal mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salerno
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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Vizzini A, Pergolizzi M, Vazzana M, Salerno G, Di Sano C, Macaluso P, Arizza V, Parrinello D, Cammarata M, Parrinello N. FACIT collagen (1alpha-chain) is expressed by hemocytes and epidermis during the inflammatory response of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Dev Comp Immunol 2007; 32:682-692. [PMID: 18045687 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous cloning and sequencing study, real-time PCR and in situ hybridization assays of the inflamed body wall of LPS-injected Ciona intestinalis showed the enhanced gene expression of a collagen with FACIT structural features (Ci-type IX-Col 1alpha-chain). By using specific antibodies raised against an opportunely chosen Ci-type IX-Col synthetic peptide, the fibroblast property of hemocytes challenged in vitro with LPS (at 4h) was displayed by flow cytometry, while immunocytochemistry identified hemocytes with large granules (morula cells) as collagen-producing cells. Hemocyte lysate supernatant analyzed in immunoblotting contained a 60 kDa band identifiable as 1alpha-chain-Ci-type IX-Col. Observations of body wall sections (immunohistochemistry method) supported the role of hemocytes and showed that epidermis expressed Ci-type IX-Col 1alpha-chain in the time course of the inflammatory reaction (within 24h). Transcript and protein were mainly found in the epidermis that outlined the proximal side of the tunic matrix (at 24h after LPS injection), in cells associated with the epidermis at 4 and 192 h. In conclusion, the C. intestinalis inflammatory response to LPS challenge appeared to be composed of a complex reaction set, and for the first time we showed in ascidians a granulation tissue with FACIT-collagen production that could participate in inflammation and wound healing. Like in vertebrates, C. intestinalis acute inflammatory reactions result in a regulated pattern of tissue repair with collagen expression during remodelling. Ci-type IX-Col could be involved in a network of non-fibril-forming collagens that participates in the organization of extracellular matrix and defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Arizza V, Giaramita FT, Parrinello D, Cammarata M, Parrinello N. Cell cooperation in coelomocyte cytotoxic activity of Paracentrotus lividus coelomocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 147:389-94. [PMID: 17329136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The coelomic fluid from the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus contains several coelomocyte types including amoebocytes and uncoloured spherulocytes involved in immune defences. In the present paper, we show a Ca(2+)-dependent cytotoxic activity for the unfractionated coelomocytes assayed in vitro, with rabbit erythrocytes and the K562 tumour cell line. In a plaque-forming assay, whole coelomocyte preparations as well as density gradient separated coelomocyte populations revealed that cell populations enriched in uncoloured spherulocytes, exerted high cytotoxic activity by releasing lysins in the presence of amoebocytes. This cooperative effect could be dependent on soluble factors released by amoebocytes. With regard to this, we show that an enhanced cytotoxic activity was found by adding the supernatant from sonicated amoebocytes or hemocyte culture medium into spherulocyte preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Arizza
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Parrinello N, Arizza V, Cammarata M, Giaramita FT, Pergolizzi M, Vazzana M, Vizzini A, Parrinello D. Inducible lectins with galectin properties and human IL1α epitopes opsonize yeast during the inflammatory response of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 329:379-90. [PMID: 17457616 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies on inducible ascidian lectins may shed light on the evolutionary emergence of cytokine functions. Here, we show that the levels of opsonins, with IL1alpha-epitopes, increase in Ciona intestinalis hemolymph as a response to an inflammatory stimulus and, in particular, to intratunic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The inflammatory agent promptly (within 4 h) enhances Ca(2+)-independent serum hemagglutinating and opsonizing activities, which are both inhibited by D-galactose and D-galactosides (alpha-lactose, N-acetyl-D-lactosamine, thio-digalactoside), suggesting that anti-rabbit erythrocyte lectins with galectin properties are involved as opsonins. Inducible galectin molecules contain interleukin-1alpha (IL1alpha) epitopes, and their activities are specifically inhibited by anti-human recombinant IL1alpha antibody. Analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed that the density of the bands of several serum proteins increases within 4 h after LPS injection, correlated with the enhanced serum activity. Moreover, Western blot patterns demonstrate that several serum proteins (59, 37, 30, 23, 15 kDa) cross-react with the antibody as early as 4 h post-injection. Although we have not been able to establish whether, in adition to galectins, various types of D-galactose-specific lectins are contained in the serum, we show, for the first time in invertebrates, that galectin molecules with opsonic properties can be enhanced in response to a non-specific inflammatory stimulus, and that their release can be further stimulated by LPS. Finally, we reveal that multiple galectins share human IL1alpha epitopes, probably because of steric configuration and the oligomerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
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Parrinello N, Arizza V, Chinnici C, Parrinello D, Cammarata M. Phenoloxidases in ascidian hemocytes: characterization of the pro-phenoloxidase activating system. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 135:583-91. [PMID: 12892750 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The phenoloxidase (PO) activity of the hemocytes lysate supernatant from three ascidians species, assayed by means of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride, have been compared. PO-containing hemocytes were identified by a cytochemical reaction and the enzymatic activity measured by a spectrophotometric assay of lysate supernatant from hemocyte populations separated on a discontinuous Percoll density gradient. In Styela plicata, the enzyme appeared to be contained in morula cells only. In Ciona intestinalis, PO activity was shown in univacuolar refractile granulocyte and granular hemocyte. In Phallusia mammillata both compartment cell and granular hemocytes were positive. Enzymatic assay following electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) or SDS-PAGE indicated that hemocyte lysate presented orthodiphenoloxidase (catecholase) activity. The enzymes from the three species differed in molecular size, activating substances and trypsin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Parrinello
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Vazzana M, Parrinello D, Cammarata M. Chemiluminescence response of beta-glucan stimulated leukocytes isolated from different tissues and peritoneal cavity of Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2003; 14:423-434. [PMID: 12711275 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2002.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory burst of leukocytes isolated from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) pronephros, peritoneal cavity (P.C.), spleen and blood, was measured by a chemiluminescence (CL) assay after stimulation with beta-glucan. The CL response by P.C. and pronephros leukocytes was significantly higher than that expressed by a similar number of cells separated from spleen and blood. This probably reflects the observation that the proportion of macrophages and neutrophils was highest in the populations of leukocytes from peritoneal cavity and pronephros. Comparative observations showed a higher degree of yeast phagocytosis by leukocytes taken from peritoneal cavity than the pronephros. Moreover phagocytic index evaluated by microscopical observations, indicated that peritoneal macrophages internalised more yeast cells than neutrophils (identified by the peroxidase reaction). Scanning electron microscopy observations were also carried out. Inhibition experiments by a myeloperoxidase inhibitor sodium azide, iodonium-diphenyl-chloride which inhibits NADPH-oxidase, and exogenous superoxide dismutase, which catalyses O-2 dismutation to H(2)O(2), supported the correlation between CL and respiratory burst. Treatment with ouabain and DNP suggested that in this response, Ca(++) pump channels and calmodulin are involved in a metabolic energy-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Department of Animal Biology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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Ruvulo G, Cassara G, Di Bella M, Parrinello D, Cittadini E, De Leo G. R-026. Morphological evaluation by electron microscopy of the acrosome reaction in normozoospermic sperm samples after treatment with human follicular fluid. Hum Reprod 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.suppl_2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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De Leo G, Parrinello N, Parrinello D, Cassara' G, Russo D, Di Bella MA. Encapsulation response of Ciona intestinalis (Ascidiacea) to intratunical erythrocyte injection. J Invertebr Pathol 1997; 69:14-23. [PMID: 9028923 DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1996.4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopic studies on the encapsulation induced by erythrocyte injection into the tunic of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis were carried out. The observations reported in the present paper complete the description previously given of capsule architecture and contribute to the characterization of the cells involved in the inflammatory reaction. The inflamed area is surrounded by an ample and peculiar "three-layered coat" respectively composed of flattened and packed extratunical hemocytes, the monolayered epithelium, and a layer of intratunical electron-dense particles. The latter are also clustered, variously arranged, and distributed in the tunic ground substance. The epithelial cells appear to be undergoing an active secretory phase; in several regions they also show discontinuities and organule and surface changes. The infiltrating hemocytes, mainly globular and unilocular granulocytes, appear frequently to be degranulating and in relation with electron-dense particles, net-like fibrous materials, and fine membranes. The involvement of morula-shaped granulocytes is discussed, as well as possible relationships with the melanization process, and finally analogies in the structural organization with the inflammatory reactions induced in other invertebrates. A schematic drawing, based on all available observations of the capsule architecture, is presented in order to reconstruct the entire inflamed area and illustrate the relative fine features.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Leo
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biology, Palermo, Italy
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de Leo G, Parrinello N, Parrinello D, Cassara G, di Bella MA. Encapsulation response of Ciona intestinalis (Ascidiacea) to intratunical erythrocyte injection. I. The inner capsular architecture. J Invertebr Pathol 1996; 67:205-12. [PMID: 8812600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the ascidian Ciona intestinalis have shown that an encapsulation response is experimentally induced by inserting vertebrate erythrocytes into the tunic, which initiates a massive inflammatory cell infiltration to isolate the injured area. Several hemocytes contribute to capsule formation, destruction of the foreign cells, tunic regeneration, and wound healing. The fine features of some inflammatory cell types are described although the complete capsular structure is not yet reported. Accordingly, the present investigation further examines various aspects of this cellular reaction against erythrocytes and, for the first time, presents the involvement of extratunical circulating hemocytes and mantle epithelium in capsule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Leo
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, Italy
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de Leo G, Parrinello N, Parrinello D, Cassara' G, di Bella MA. Encapsulation Response ofCiona intestinalis(Ascidiacea) to Intratunical Erythrocyte Injection. J Invertebr Pathol 1996. [DOI: 10.1006/jipa.1996.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ruvolo G, Cassarà G, Di Bella MA, Parrinello D, Manno M, Cimino C, Bajamonte M, Cittadini E, De Leo G. Activation of the acrosome reaction after treatment with human follicular fluid. A morphofunctional evaluation useful for in vitro fertilization. Acta Eur Fertil 1995; 26:125-30. [PMID: 9098473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies aided by transmission electron microscopy were made in order to evaluate the occurrence and efficiency of the human follicular fluid in the activation of the processes leading to the acrosome reaction; quantitative, qualitative and morphological data and relative evaluations are here presented. The effects of the human follicular fluid were compared with those determined by other types of treatment, semen untreated, Pellet-Swim-up, and Centrifugation on Discontinuous Percoll Gradient. The transmission electron microscope observations permitted to evaluate the percentage of sperm with an activation of the acrosome reaction in the different groups. The analysis of the data showed a statistically relevant difference (P < 0.001) among the first group (Control group) and the SU group, the MP group and the hFF group, regarding the sperm with AR activation. The sperm treatment with 50% diluted hFF represents an important option to the preparation protocols of the semen samples useful for ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ruvolo
- Istituto Materno Infantile, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, Italy
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