1
|
Wallace M, Hagan L, Curran KG, Williams SP, Handanagic S, Bjork A, Davidson SL, Lawrence RT, McLaughlin J, Butterfield M, James AE, Patil N, Lucas K, Hutchinson J, Sosa L, Jara A, Griffin P, Simonson S, Brown CM, Smoyer S, Weinberg M, Pattee B, Howell M, Donahue M, Hesham S, Shelley E, Philips G, Selvage D, Staley EM, Lee A, Mannell M, McCotter O, Villalobos R, Bell L, Diedhiou A, Ortbahn D, Clayton JL, Sanders K, Cranford H, Barbeau B, McCombs KG, Holsinger C, Kwit NA, Pringle JC, Kariko S, Strick L, Allord M, Tillman C, Morrison A, Rowe D, Marlow M. COVID-19 in Correctional and Detention Facilities - United States, February-April 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:587-590. [PMID: 32407300 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6919e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 2.1 million U.S. adults are housed within approximately 5,000 correctional and detention facilities† on any given day (1). Many facilities face significant challenges in controlling the spread of highly infectious pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Such challenges include crowded dormitories, shared lavatories, limited medical and isolation resources, daily entry and exit of staff members and visitors, continual introduction of newly incarcerated or detained persons, and transport of incarcerated or detained persons in multiperson vehicles for court-related, medical, or security reasons (2,3). During April 22-28, 2020, aggregate data on COVID-19 cases were reported to CDC by 37 of 54 state and territorial health department jurisdictions. Thirty-two (86%) jurisdictions reported at least one laboratory-confirmed case from a total of 420 correctional and detention facilities. Among these facilities, COVID-19 was diagnosed in 4,893 incarcerated or detained persons and 2,778 facility staff members, resulting in 88 deaths in incarcerated or detained persons and 15 deaths among staff members. Prompt identification of COVID-19 cases and consistent application of prevention measures, such as symptom screening and quarantine, are critical to protecting incarcerated and detained persons and staff members.
Collapse
|
2
|
Blain AE, Lewis M, Banerjee E, Kudish K, Liko J, McGuire S, Selvage D, Watt J, Martin SW, Skoff TH. An Assessment of the Cocooning Strategy for Preventing Infant Pertussis-United States, 2011. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 63:S221-S226. [PMID: 27838676 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants are at greatest risk for severe pertussis. In 2006, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended that adolescents and adults, especially those with infant contact, receive a single dose of Tdap (tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine). To assess the effectiveness of cocooning, we conducted a case-control evaluation of infant close contacts. METHODS Pertussis cases aged <2 months with onset between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2011 were identified in Emerging Infections Program Network sites. For each case, we recruited 3 controls from birth certificates and interviewed identified adult close contacts (CCs) or parents of CCs aged <18 years. Pertussis vaccination was verified through medical providers and/or immunization registries. RESULTS Forty-two cases were enrolled, with 154 matched controls. Around enrolled infants, 859 CCs were identified (600 adult and 259 nonadult). An average of 5.4 CCs was identified per case and 4.1 CCs per control. Five hundred fifty-four (64.5%) CCs were enrolled (371 adult and 183 non-adult CCs); 119 (32.1% of enrolled) adult CCs had received Tdap. The proportion of Tdap-vaccinated adult CCs was similar between cases and controls (P = .89). The 600 identified adult CCs comprised 172 potential cocoons; 71 (41.3%) potential cocoons had all identified adult CCs enrolled. Of these, 9 were fully vaccinated and 43.7% contained no Tdap-vaccinated adults. The proportion of fully vaccinated case (4.8%) and control (10.0%) cocoons was similar (P = .43). CONCLUSIONS Low Tdap coverage among adult CCs reinforces the difficulty of implementing the cocooning strategy and the importance of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infant pertussis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Blain
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melissa Lewis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kathy Kudish
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford
| | - Juventila Liko
- Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland
| | | | | | - James Watt
- California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland
| | - Stacey W Martin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tami H Skoff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Epson EE, Cronquist A, Lamba K, Kimura AC, Hassan R, Selvage D, McNeil CS, Varan AK, Silvaggio JL, Fan L, Tong X, Spradling PR. Risk factors for hospitalisation and associated costs among patients with hepatitis A associated with imported pomegranate arils, United States, 2013. Public Health 2016; 136:144-51. [PMID: 27156991 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess hospitalisation risk factors and economic effects associated with a multistate hepatitis A outbreak in 2013. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Eligible outbreak-related cases confirmed by September 1, 2013, were defined as acute hepatitis symptoms and positive IgM anti-hepatitis A during March 15-August 12 among patients who consumed the food vehicle or had the outbreak genotype. We reviewed medical records, comparing demographic and clinical characteristics among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients; we used logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with hospitalization. We interviewed patients regarding symptom duration and healthcare usage and estimated per-patient and total costs. Health departments reported outbreak-related personnel hours. RESULTS Medical records were reviewed for 147/159 (92%) eligible patients; median age was 48 (range: 1-84) years, and 64 (44%) patients were hospitalized. Having any chronic medical condition was independently associated with hospitalisation (odds ratio, 3.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.68-8.62). Interviews were completed for 114 (72%) eligible patients; estimated per-patient cost of healthcare and productivity loss was $13,467 for hospitalized and $2138 for non-hospitalized patients and $1,304,648 for all 165 outbreak-related cases. State and local public health personnel expenditures included 82 h and $3221/outbreak-related case. CONCLUSIONS Hospitalisations in this outbreak were associated with chronic medical conditions and resulted in substantial healthcare usage and lost productivity. These data can be used to inform future evaluation of expansion of hepatitis A vaccination recommendations to include adults with chronic medical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Epson
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - A Cronquist
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA
| | - K Lamba
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - A C Kimura
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - R Hassan
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - D Selvage
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - C S McNeil
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - A K Varan
- County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J L Silvaggio
- CDC/CSTE Applied Epidemiology Fellowship Program, Atlanta, GA, USA; Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L Fan
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - X Tong
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P R Spradling
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martin SW, Pawloski L, Williams M, Weening K, DeBolt C, Qin X, Reynolds L, Kenyon C, Giambrone G, Kudish K, Miller L, Selvage D, Lee A, Skoff TH, Kamiya H, Cassiday PK, Tondella ML, Clark TA. Pertactin-negative Bordetella pertussis strains: evidence for a possible selective advantage. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:223-7. [PMID: 25301209 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent increase in Bordetella pertussis without the pertactin protein, an acellular vaccine immunogen, has been reported in the United States. Determining whether pertactin-deficient (PRN(-)) B. pertussis is evading vaccine-induced immunity or altering the severity of illness is needed. METHODS We retrospectively assessed for associations between pertactin production and both clinical presentation and vaccine history. Cases with isolates collected between May 2011 and February 2013 from 8 states were included. We calculated unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Among 753 isolates, 640 (85%) were PRN(-). The age distribution differed between cases caused by PRN(-) B. pertussis and cases caused by B. pertussis producing pertactin (PRN(+)) (P = .01). The proportion reporting individual pertussis symptoms was similar between the 2 groups, except a higher proportion of PRN(+) case-patients reported apnea (P = .005). Twenty-two case-patients were hospitalized; 6% in the PRN(+) group compared to 3% in the PRN(-) group (P = .11). Case-patients having received at least 1 pertussis vaccine dose had a higher odds of having PRN(-) B. pertussis compared with unvaccinated case-patients (adjusted OR = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-4.0). When restricted to case-patients at least 1 year of age and those age-appropriately vaccinated, the adjusted OR increased to 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2-6.1). CONCLUSIONS The significant association between vaccination and isolate pertactin production suggests that the likelihood of having reported disease caused by PRN(-) compared with PRN(+) strains is greater in vaccinated persons. Additional studies are needed to assess whether vaccine effectiveness is diminished against PRN(-) strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey W Martin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lucia Pawloski
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Chas DeBolt
- Washington State Department of Health, Seattle
| | - Xuan Qin
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Miller
- Colorado Department of Health and Environment, Denver
| | | | - Adria Lee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tami H Skoff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hajime Kamiya
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Thomas A Clark
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iwamoto P, Selvage D. Control and Containment of a Norovirus Outbreak in a Skilled Nursing Facility Unit. Am J Infect Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.03.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Thompson DL, Jungk J, Hancock E, Smelser C, Landen M, Nichols M, Selvage D, Baumbach J, Sewell M. Risk factors for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)-related hospitalization and death among racial/ethnic groups in New Mexico. Am J Public Health 2011; 101:1776-84. [PMID: 21778495 PMCID: PMC3154223 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed risk factors for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)-related hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death among New Mexico residents. METHODS We calculated population rate ratios using Poisson regression to analyze risk factors for H1N1-related hospitalization. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of hospitalizations during September 14, 2009 through January 13, 2010, using logistic regression to assess risk factors for mechanical ventilation and death among those hospitalized. RESULTS During the study period, 926 laboratory-confirmed H1N1-related hospitalizations were identified. H1N1-related hospitalization was significantly higher among American Indians (risk ratio [RR] = 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2, 3.2), Blacks (RR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.2, 2.4), and Hispanics (RR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.5, 2.0) than it was among non-Hispanic Whites, and also was higher among persons of younger age and lower household income. Mechanical ventilation was significantly associated with age 25 years and older, obesity, and lack of or delayed antiviral treatment. Death was significantly associated with male gender, cancer during the previous 12 months, and liver disorder. CONCLUSIONS This analysis supports recent national efforts to include American Indian/Alaska Native race as a group at high risk for complications of influenza with respect to vaccination and antiviral treatment recommendations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Spradling PR, Selvage D, Drobeniuc J, Sharapov U, Stulberg D, Smelser C. A diagnostic and public health quandary: acute viral hepatitis in a hospital cafeteria worker. J Clin Virol 2011; 51:215-8. [PMID: 21640644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Spradling
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Larkin JW, Binks SL, Li Y, Selvage D. The role of oestradiol in sexually dimorphic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrena axis responses to intracerebroventricular ethanol administration in the rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:24-32. [PMID: 19912475 PMCID: PMC2818645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic ethanol (EtOH) administration activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of rats in a sexually dimorphic manner. The present studies tested the role played by the central nervous system (CNS) in this phenomenon. To localise the effects of the drug to the brain, we utilised an experimental paradigm whereby a small, nontoxic amount of the drug was delivered via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection. EtoH administered i.c.v. rapidly diffuses throughout the cerebrospinal fluid and brain, and does not cause neuronal damage or have any long-term physiological or behavioural effects. Experimental groups included intact males, intact cycling females, and ovariectomised (OVX) animals with or without replacement oestradiol (E(2)). Intracerebroventricular EtOH-induced HPA hormonal activation was determined by measuring plasma adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) levels. Activation of brain areas that both regulate HPA function and are responsive to gonadal hormones was determined using expression of the transcription factor c-fos (Fos) as a marker of neuronal activity. We observed sex- and oestrous cycle- dependent differences in HPA activation by EtOH as measured by both these parameters. ACTH secretion was highest in females in pro-oestrus or oestrus, just prior to or after the endogenous peak of E(2), as was Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the locus coreuleus (LC) of the brainstem. In OVX animals, E(2) replacement caused an increase in PVN and LC Fos expression in response to i.c.v. EtOH compared to OVX controls, but a decrease in ACTH secretion. Taken together, these results indicate that at the level of the CNS, EtOH stimulates HPA activity more robustly at times when the effects of E(2) are high, but that E(2) alone is not responsible for this effect. The data further suggest that the LC plays an important role in the circuitry, which appears to be different from that activated following the systemic administration of EtOH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Larkin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ten Eyck G, Larkin J, David C, Puljan D, Jaramillo L, Selvage D. [P193]: The role of serotonin in frog development: Metamorphic and directly developing modes. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.09.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
10
|
Abstract
The study was designed to determine whether the ability of central oxytocin (OT) to stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on the afternoon of proestrus (PE) in the cycling female rat is mediated at the level of GnRH terminals within the median eminence (ME), or at higher hypothalamic levels where GnRH cell bodies and axons are located. Determining the location of this OT effect in vivo has proven difficult. Therefore, an in vitro system utilizing ME or basal hypothalamic (BH) explants containing GnRH terminals, or GnRH neurons including the cell bodies, axons and terminals, respectively, were harvested from regular cycling female rats at 15:00 h on PE or diestrus (DI). The explants were allowed to preincubate in Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate Buffer containing glucose, ascorbic acid, calcium, and a metalloprotease inhibitor (KRBG) and enriched with 95% O(2)/5% CO(2) at 37 degrees C until a stable baseline release of GnRH was achieved (30 min). The 0.05 level of probability was used as the minimum criterion of significance in all experiments. The ability of OT (10(-15)--10(-9) M) to stimulate the release of GnRH was determined in both ME and BH explants on PE and DI. The results demonstrated a sensitive, dose-dependent ability of OT to stimulate GnRH release from PE BH explants which was observed only in PE. Furthermore, OT failed to significantly stimulate GnRH release from ME explants on either PE or DI. The data indicate that the PE BH explant paradigm can be used to examine the manner and mechanisms by which OT influences GnRH release on the afternoon of PE. Furthermore, the results indicate for the first time that the stimulatory action of OT by itself on preovulatory GnRH release in cycling female rats is not mediated at the level of the GnRH terminals within the ME, but requires neuronal interactions and mechanisms within the BH explants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Selvage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 50812-1552, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sumova A, Maywood ES, Selvage D, Ebling FJ, Hastings MH. Serotonergic antagonists impair arousal-induced phase shifts of the circadian system of the syrian hamster. Brain Res 1996; 709:88-96. [PMID: 8869560 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Single episodes of arousal of Syrian hamsters 2 h before projected activity onset (i.e., CT 10) phase-advanced their free-running circadian rhythm of wheel-running. Serial arousal once every 23 h or once every 23.5 h for 7 days caused large composite phase-advances to the wheel-running rhythm, the latter period being more effective in supporting an interval of stable entrainment. Pre-treatment of hamsters at CT 6 with the serotonergic antagonist ritanserin (1-5 mg/kg, which acts at both 5-HT2 and the putative 5-HT7 receptor, impaired the phase-advancing response to arousal at CT 10 but the drug was without effect on phase advances induced by exposure to light. Pre-treatment with a second serotonergic antagonist, ketanserin (1-5 mg/kg), which is without effect at 5-HT7 but has high affinity for 5-HT2 receptors, was also effective in attenuating the phase advancing effect of arousal at CT 10. However, neither agent was able to achieve complete blockade of the phase advances. These results are discussed in relation to in vitro and in vivo studies in the rat which have identified a role for 5-HT7 receptors in serotonin-mediated circadian entrainment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sumova
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hastings MH, Best JD, Ebling FJ, Maywood ES, McNulty S, Schurov I, Selvage D, Sloper P, Smith KL. Entrainment of the circadian clock. Prog Brain Res 1996; 111:147-74. [PMID: 8990913 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M H Hastings
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|