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Hu J, Brendle SA, Li JJ, Walter V, Cladel NM, Cooper T, Shearer DA, Balogh KK, Christensen ND. Depo Medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) Promotes Papillomavirus Infections but Does Not Accelerate Disease Progression in the Anogenital Tract of a Mouse Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050980. [PMID: 35632722 PMCID: PMC9147738 DOI: 10.3390/v14050980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contraceptives such as Depo-medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) are used by an estimated 34 million women worldwide. DMPA has been associated with increased risk of several viral infections including Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the current study, we used the mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) anogenital infection model to test two hypotheses: (1) contraceptives such as DMPA increase the susceptibility of the anogenital tract to viral infection and (2) long-term contraceptive administration induces more advanced disease at the anogenital tract. DMPA treatments of both athymic nude mice and heterozygous NU/J (Foxn1nu/+) but ovariectomized mice led to a significantly increased viral load at the anogenital tract, suggesting that endogenous sex hormones were involved in increased viral susceptibility by DMPA treatment. Consistent with previous reports, DMPA treatment suppressed host anti-viral activities at the lower genital tract. To test the impact of long-term contraceptive treatment on the MmuPV1-infected lower genital tract, we included two other treatments in addition to DMPA: 17β-estradiol and a non-hormone based contraceptive Cilostazol (CLZ, Pletal). Viral infections were monitored monthly up to nine months post infection by qPCR. The infected vaginal and anal tissues were harvested and further examined by histological, virological, and immunological analyses. Surprisingly, we did not detect a significantly higher grade of histology in animals in the long-term DMPA and 17β-estradiol treated groups when compared to the control groups in the athymic mice we tested. Therefore, although DMPA promotes initial papillomavirus infections in the lower genital tract, the chronic administration of DMPA does not promote cancer development in the infected tissues in our mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah A. Brendle
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jingwei J. Li
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy M. Cladel
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Timothy Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Karla K. Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.A.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Brendle S, Li JJ, Cladel NM, Shearer DA, Budgeon LR, Balogh KK, Atkins H, Costa-Fujishima M, Lopez P, Christensen ND, Doorbar J, Murooka TT, Hu J. Mouse Papillomavirus L1 and L2 Are Dispensable for Viral Infection and Persistence at Both Cutaneous and Mucosal Tissues. Viruses 2021; 13:1824. [PMID: 34578405 PMCID: PMC8473024 DOI: 10.3390/v13091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus L1 and L2, the major and minor capsid proteins, play significant roles in viral assembly, entry, and propagation. In the current study, we investigate the impact of L1 and L2 on viral life cycle and tumor growth with a newly established mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) infection model. MmuPV1 L1 knockout, L2 knockout, and L1 plus L2 knockout mutant genomes (designated as L1ATGko-4m, L2ATGko, and L1-L2ATGko respectively) were generated. The mutants were examined for their ability to generate lesions in athymic nude mice. Viral activities were examined by qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. We demonstrated that viral DNA replication and tumor growth occurred at both cutaneous and mucosal sites infected with each of the mutants. Infections involving L1ATGko-4m, L2ATGko, and L1-L2ATGko mutant genomes generally resulted in smaller tumor sizes compared to infection with the wild type. The L1 protein was absent in L1ATGko-4m and L1-L2ATGko mutant-treated tissues, even though viral transcripts and E4 protein expression were robust. Therefore, L1 is not essential for MmuPV1-induced tumor growth, and this finding parallels our previous observations in the rabbit papillomavirus model. Very few viral particles were detected in L2ATGko mutant-infected tissues. Interestingly, the localization of L1 in lesions induced by L2ATGko was primarily cytoplasmic rather than nuclear. The findings support the hypothesis that the L2 gene influences the expression, location, transport, and assembly of the L1 protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brendle
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jingwei J. Li
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy M. Cladel
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lynn R. Budgeon
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Karla K. Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Marina Costa-Fujishima
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Paul Lopez
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21 QP, UK;
| | - Thomas T. Murooka
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Osborne AJ, Atkins HM, Balogh KK, Brendle SA, Shearer DA, Hu J, Sample CE, Christensen ND. Antibody-Mediated Immune Subset Depletion Modulates the Immune Response in a Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) Model of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Comp Med 2020; 70:312-322. [PMID: 32972486 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a γ-herpesvirus which infects over 90% of the adult human population. Most notably, this virus causes infectious mononucleosis but it is also associated with cancers such as Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphoma. EBV is a species-specific virus and has been studied in many animal models, including nonhuman primates, guinea pigs, humanized mice, and tree shrews. However, none of these animal models are considered the "gold standard" for EBV research. Recently, rabbits have emerged as a viable alternative model, as they are susceptible to EBV infection. In addition, the EBV infection progresses after immune suppression with cyclosporine A (CsA), modeling the reactivation of EBV after latency. We sought to refine this model for acute or active EBV infections by performing antibody-mediated depletion of certain immune subsets in rabbits. Fourteen 16 to 20-wk old, NZW rabbits were intravenously inoculated with EBV and concurrently treated with either anti-CD4 T-cell antibody, anti-pan-T-cell antibody (anti CD45), CSA, or, as a control, anti-HPV antibody. Rabbits that received the depleting antibodies were treated with CsA 3 times at a dose of 15 mg/kg SC once per day for 4 d starting at the time of EBV inoculation then the dose was increased to 20 mg/kg SC twice weekly for 2 wk. Weights, temperatures, and clinical signs were monitored, and rabbits were anesthetized once weekly for blood collection. When compared with the control group, anti-CD4-treated rabbits had fewer clinical signs and displayed higher levels of viral DNA via qPCR in splenocytes; however, flow cytometry results showed only a partial depletion of CD4 T-cells. Treatment with anti-pan-T-cell antibody did not result in noticeable T-cell depletion. These data suggest the EBV-infected rabbit is a promising model for testing antiviral medications and prophylactic vaccines for EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Osborne
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah M Atkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Karla K Balogh
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah A Brendle
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Debra A Shearer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Clare E Sample
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania;,
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4
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Morris GF, Carson RB, Shearer DA, Jopkiewicz WT. Comparison of the Automatic Dumas (Coleman Model 29A Nitrogen Analyzer II) and Kjeldahl Methods for the Determination of Total Nitrogen in Agricultural Materials. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/51.1.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A wide variety of agricultural materials were analyzed for total nitrogen by the Kjeldahl and automatic Dumas methods. The recoveries of nitrogen compared favorably by both methods when a catalystassisted combustion technique was used in the automatic Dumas method. Statistical evaluation of the experimental data, as measured by standard deviation, showed that the Kjeldahl method was generally more precise than the automatic Dumas method
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Morris
- Canada Department of Agriculture, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada
| | - R B Carson
- Canada Department of Agriculture, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada
| | - D A Shearer
- Canada Department of Agriculture, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada
| | - W T Jopkiewicz
- Canada Department of Agriculture, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada
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5
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Cladel NM, Jiang P, Li JJ, Peng X, Cooper TK, Majerciak V, Balogh KK, Meyer TJ, Brendle SA, Budgeon LR, Shearer DA, Munden R, Cam M, Vallur R, Christensen ND, Zheng ZM, Hu J. Papillomavirus can be transmitted through the blood and produce infections in blood recipients: Evidence from two animal models. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1108-1121. [PMID: 31340720 PMCID: PMC6713970 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1637072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) contribute to most cervical cancers and are considered to be sexually transmitted. However, papillomaviruses are often found in cancers of internal organs, including the stomach, raising the question as to how the viruses gain access to these sites. A possible connection between blood transfusion and HPV-associated disease has not received much attention. Here we show, in rabbit and mouse models, that blood infected with papillomavirus yields infections at permissive sites with detectable viral DNA, RNA transcripts, and protein products. The rabbit skin tumours induced via blood infection displayed decreased expression of SLN, TAC1, MYH8, PGAM2, and APOBEC2 and increased expression of SDRC7, KRT16, S100A9, IL36G, and FABP9, as seen in tumours induced by local infections. Furthermore, we demonstrate that blood from infected mice can transmit the infection to uninfected animals. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of papillomavirus infections and virus-induced hyperplasia in the stomach tissues of animals infected via the blood. These results indicate that blood transmission could be another route for papillomavirus infection, implying that the human blood supply, which is not screened for papillomaviruses, could be a potential source of HPV infection as well as subsequent cancers in tissues not normally associated with the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Cladel
- a The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- c Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Frederick , MD , USA.,d Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei J Li
- a The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Xuwen Peng
- e Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- f Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- c Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Karla K Balogh
- a The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- g CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA.,h Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Sarah A Brendle
- a The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Lynn R Budgeon
- a The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Debra A Shearer
- a The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Regina Munden
- e Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Maggie Cam
- g CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Raghavan Vallur
- i Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Neil D Christensen
- a The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,i Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- c Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- a The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
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Patel II, Shearer DA, Fogarty SW, Fullwood NJ, Quaroni L, Martin FL, Weisz J. Infrared microspectroscopy identifies biomolecular changes associated with chronic oxidative stress in mammary epithelium and stroma of breast tissues from healthy young women: implications for latent stages of breast carcinogenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 15:225-35. [PMID: 24107651 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the decades-long latent stages of breast carcinogenesis have been limited to when hyperplastic lesions are already present. Investigations of earlier stages of breast cancer (BC) latency have been stymied by the lack of fiducial biomarkers needed to identify where in histologically normal tissues progression toward a BC might be taking place. Recent evidence suggests that a marker of chronic oxidative stress (OxS), protein adducts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), can meet this need. Specifically: (1) 4HNE immunopositive (4HNE+) mammary epithelial (ME) cells were found to be prevalent in normal (reduction mammoplasty) tissues of most women (including many teenagers) studied, representative of those living in the United States' high risk-posing environment and: (2) marked (> 1.5-fold) differences were identified between tissues of healthy young women with many vs. few 4HNE+ ME cells in the relative levels of transcripts for 42 of the 84 OxS-associated genes represented in SABioscience Oxidative-Stress/Oxidative-Defense PCR array. Herein we used synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to identify molecular changes associated with 4HNE adducts in basal and luminal ME cells in terminal ductal units (TDLU), which are the cells of origin of BC, and associated intralobular and interlobular stroma, known contributors to carcinogenesis. Multivariate analysis-derived wavenumbers differentiated 4HNE+ and 4HNE- cells in each of the anatomical compartments. Specifically, principal component and linear discriminant analyses of mid-infrared spectra obtained from these cells revealed unambiguous, statistically highly significant differences in the "biochemical fingerprint" of 4HNE+ vs. 4HNE- luminal and basal ME cells, as well as between associated intralobular and interlobular stroma. These findings demonstrate further SR-FTIR microspectroscopy's ability to identify molecular changes associated with altered physiological and/or pathophysiological states, in this case with a state of chronic OxS that provides a pro-carcinogenic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran I Patel
- Center for Biophotonics; Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster University; Lancaster, UK
| | - Debra A Shearer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; Pennsylvania State University; Hershey, PA USA
| | - Simon W Fogarty
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Lancaster University; Lancaster, UK
| | - Nigel J Fullwood
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Faculty of Health and Medicine; Lancaster University; Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Francis L Martin
- Center for Biophotonics; Lancaster Environment Centre; Lancaster University; Lancaster, UK
| | - Judith Weisz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; Pennsylvania State University; Hershey, PA USA; Department of Pathology; College of Medicine; Pennsylvania State University; Hershey, PA USA
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Cunningham DJ, West DJ, Owen NJ, Shearer DA, Finn CV, Bracken RM, Crewther BT, Scott P, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. Strength and power predictors of sprinting performance in professional rugby players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2013; 53:105-111. [PMID: 23584316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The ability to accelerate and attain high levels of speed is an essential component of success in team sports; however, the physical qualities that underpin these activities remain unclear. This study aimed to determine some of the key strength and power predictors of speed within professional rugby union players. METHODS Twenty professional male rugby union players participated in this study. Subjects were tested for speed (0-10 m sprint and a flying 10 m sprint), strength (3 repetition maximum squat), lower body power (countermovement jumps [CMJ] and drop jumps [DJ]), reactive strength and leg spring stiffness. The strength and power variables were expressed as absolute values and relative values for analysis. RESULTS Both relative strength (r=-0.55, P<0.05) and relative power (-0.82, P<0.01) were negatively correlated with 10 m time. Leg spring stiffness and DJ contact time were also related to the flying 10 m time (r=-0.46 and 0.47, respectively, P<0.05) while reactive strength index was negatively related to both the 10 m and flying 10 m times (r=-0.60 and r=-0.62, P<0.05). CONCLUSION This study provides an insight into those physical attributes that underpin sprinting performance in professional rugby union players and specifically highlights the importance of relative strength and power in the expression and development of different speed components (e.g. acceleration, maximum velocity).
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cunningham
- Health and Sport Portfolio, Talbot Building, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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Wang N, Eckert KA, Zomorrodi AR, Xin P, Pan W, Shearer DA, Weisz J, Maranus CD, Clawson GA. Down-regulation of HtrA1 activates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and ATM DNA damage response pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39446. [PMID: 22761798 PMCID: PMC3383700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the serine protease HtrA1 is decreased or abrogated in a variety of human primary cancers, and higher levels of HtrA1 expression are directly related to better response to chemotherapeutics. However, the precise mechanisms leading to HtrA1 down regulation during malignant transformation are unclear. To investigate HtrA1 gene regulation in breast cancer, we characterized expression in primary breast tissues and seven human breast epithelial cell lines, including two non-tumorigenic cell lines. In human breast tissues, HtrA1 expression was prominent in normal ductal glands. In DCIS and in invasive cancers, HtrA1 expression was greatly reduced or lost entirely. HtrA1 staining was also reduced in all of the human breast cancer cell lines, compared with the normal tissue and non-tumorigenic cell line controls. Loss of HtrA1 gene expression was attributable primarily to epigenetic silencing mechanisms, with different mechanisms operative in the various cell lines. To mechanistically examine the functional consequences of HtrA1 loss, we stably reduced and/or overexpressed HtrA1 in the non-tumorigenic MCF10A cell line. Reduction of HtrA1 levels resulted in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition with acquisition of mesenchymal phenotypic characteristics, including increased growth rate, migration, and invasion, as well as expression of mesenchymal biomarkers. A concomitant decrease in expression of epithelial biomarkers and all microRNA 200 family members was also observed. Moreover, reduction of HtrA1 expression resulted in activation of the ATM and DNA damage response, whereas overexpression of HtrA1 prevented this activation. Collectively, these results suggest that HtrA1 may function as a tumor suppressor by controlling the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and may function in chemotherapeutic responsiveness by mediating DNA damage response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristin A. Eckert
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ali R. Zomorrodi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ping Xin
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Weihua Pan
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Judith Weisz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Costas D. Maranus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Clawson
- Gittlen Cancer Research Institute & Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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9
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Weisz J, Shearer DA, Murata E, Patrick SD, Han B, Berg A, Clawson GA. Identification of mammary epithelial cells subject to chronic oxidative stress in mammary epithelium of young women and teenagers living in USA: implication for breast carcinogenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:101-13. [PMID: 22231390 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.2.18873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge of changes in the mammary epithelium relevant to breast carcinogenesis is limited to when histological changes are already present because of a lack of biomarkers needed to identify where such molecular changes might be ongoing at earlier during the of decades-long latent stages of breast carcinogenesis. Breast reduction tissues from young women and teenagers, representative of USA's high breast cancer incidence population, were studies using immunocytochemistry and targeted PCR arrays in order to learn whether a marker of chronic oxidative-stress [protein adducts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE)] can identify where molecular changes relevant to carcinogenesis might be taking place prior to any histological changes. 4HNE-immunopositive (4HNE+) mammary epithelial cell-clusters were identified in breast tissue sections from most women and from many teenagers (ages 14-30 y) and, in tissues from women ages 17-27 y with many vs. few 4HNE+ cells, the expression of 30 of 84 oxidative-stress associated genes was decreased and only one was increased > 2-fold. This is in contrast to increased expression of many of these genes known to be elicited by acute oxidative-stress. The findings validate using 4HNE-adducts to identify where molecular changes of potential relevance to carcinogenesis are taking place in histologically normal mammary epithelium and highlight differences between responses to acute vs. chronic oxidative-stress. We posit that the altered gene expression in 4HNE+ tissues reflect adaptive responses to chronic oxidative-stress that enable some cells to evade mechanisms that have evolved to prevent propagation of cells with oxidatively-damaged DNA and to accrue heritable changes needed to establish a cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Weisz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; College of Medicine; Pennsylvania State University; Hershey, PA USA.
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Pavlovic J, Floros J, Phelps DS, Wigdahl B, Welsh P, Weisz J, Shearer DA, Pree ALD, Myers R, Howett MK. Differentiation of xenografted human fetal lung parenchyma. Early Hum Dev 2008; 84:181-93. [PMID: 17555893 PMCID: PMC2753467 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize xenografted human fetal lung tissue with respect to developmental stage-specific cytodifferentiation. Human fetal lung tissue (pseudoglandular stage) was grafted either beneath the renal capsule or the skin of athymic mice (NCr-nu). Tissues were analyzed from 3 to 42 days post-engraftment for morphological alterations by light and electron microscopy (EM), and for surfactant protein mRNA and protein by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC), respectively. The changes observed resemble those seen in human lung development in utero in many respects, including the differentiation of epithelium to the saccular stage. Each stage occurred over approximately one week in the graft in contrast to the eight weeks of normal in utero development. At all time points examined, all four surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D) were detected in the epithelium by ICC. Lamellar bodies were first identified by EM in 14 day xenografts. By day 21, a significant increase in lamellar body expression was observed. Cellular proliferation, as marked by PCNA ICC and elastic fiber deposition resembled those of canalicular and saccular in utero development. This model in which xenografted lung tissue in different stages of development is available may facilitate the study of human fetal lung development and the impact of various pharmacological agents on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pavlovic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joanna Floros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence /Request for reprints: Joanna Floros, Ph.D., Evan Pugh Professor of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, e-mail: , or Mary K. Howett, Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive; Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - David S. Phelps
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Patricia Welsh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Judith Weisz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Alphonse Leure du Pree
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Roland Myers
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Mary K. Howett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Correspondence /Request for reprints: Joanna Floros, Ph.D., Evan Pugh Professor of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, e-mail: , or Mary K. Howett, Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive; Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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MacNeill C, Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Lin Z, Floros J, Shearer DA, Weisz J. Surfactant protein A, an innate immune factor, is expressed in the vaginal mucosa and is present in vaginal lavage fluid. Immunology 2004; 111:91-99. [PMID: 14678203 PMCID: PMC1782386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2003.01782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Revised: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A), first identified as a component of the lung surfactant system, is now recognized to be an important contributor to host defence mechanisms. SP-A can facilitate phagocytosis by opsonizing bacteria, fungi and viruses, stimulate the oxidative burst by phagocytes and modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production by phagocytic cells. SP-A can also provide a link between innate and adaptive immune responses by promoting differentiation and chemotaxis of dendritic cells. Because of the obvious relevance of these mechanisms to the host defence and 'gate keeping' functions of the lower genital tract, we examined human vaginal mucosa for SP-A protein and transcripts and analysed vaginal lavage fluid for SP-A. By immunocytochemistry, SP-A was identified in two layers of the vaginal epithelium: the deep intermediate layer (the site of newly differentiated epithelial cells); and the superficial layer (comprising dead epithelial cells), where SP-A is probably extracellular and associated with a glycocalyx. Transcripts of SP-A were identified by Northern blot analysis in RNA isolated from vaginal wall and shown, by sequencing of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products, to be derived from each of the two closely related SP-A genes, SP-A1 and SP-A2. SP-A was identified in vaginal lavage fluid by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and confirmed by mass spectrometry. This study provides evidence, for the first time, that SP-A is produced in a squamous epithelium, namely the vaginal mucosa, and has a localization that would allow it to contribute to both the innate and adaptive immune response. The findings support the hypothesis that in the vagina, as in lung, SP-A is an essential component of the host-defence system. A corollary hypothesis is that qualitative and quantitative alterations of normal SP-A may play a role in the pathogenesis of lower genital tract inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin MacNeill
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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MacNeill C, Umstead TM, Phelps DS, Lin Z, Floros J, Shearer DA, Weisz J. Surfactant protein A, an innate immune factor, is expressed in the vaginal mucosa and is present in vaginal lavage fluid. Immunology 2004; 111:91-9. [PMID: 14678203 PMCID: PMC1782386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Revised: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A), first identified as a component of the lung surfactant system, is now recognized to be an important contributor to host defence mechanisms. SP-A can facilitate phagocytosis by opsonizing bacteria, fungi and viruses, stimulate the oxidative burst by phagocytes and modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production by phagocytic cells. SP-A can also provide a link between innate and adaptive immune responses by promoting differentiation and chemotaxis of dendritic cells. Because of the obvious relevance of these mechanisms to the host defence and 'gate keeping' functions of the lower genital tract, we examined human vaginal mucosa for SP-A protein and transcripts and analysed vaginal lavage fluid for SP-A. By immunocytochemistry, SP-A was identified in two layers of the vaginal epithelium: the deep intermediate layer (the site of newly differentiated epithelial cells); and the superficial layer (comprising dead epithelial cells), where SP-A is probably extracellular and associated with a glycocalyx. Transcripts of SP-A were identified by Northern blot analysis in RNA isolated from vaginal wall and shown, by sequencing of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction products, to be derived from each of the two closely related SP-A genes, SP-A1 and SP-A2. SP-A was identified in vaginal lavage fluid by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and confirmed by mass spectrometry. This study provides evidence, for the first time, that SP-A is produced in a squamous epithelium, namely the vaginal mucosa, and has a localization that would allow it to contribute to both the innate and adaptive immune response. The findings support the hypothesis that in the vagina, as in lung, SP-A is an essential component of the host-defence system. A corollary hypothesis is that qualitative and quantitative alterations of normal SP-A may play a role in the pathogenesis of lower genital tract inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin MacNeill
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Gestl SA, Green MD, Shearer DA, Frauenhoffer E, Tephly TR, Weisz J. Expression of UGT2B7, a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase implicated in the metabolism of 4-hydroxyestrone and all-trans retinoic acid, in normal human breast parenchyma and in invasive and in situ breast cancers. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:1467-79. [PMID: 11943730 PMCID: PMC1867225 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), affects the actions and disposition of diverse endo- and xenobiotics. In the case of catecholestrogens (CEs), glucuronidation is likely to block their oxidation to quinone estrogens that are the putative mediators of CEs' actions as initiators of cancers. The goal of this study was to determine whether UGT2B7, the isoenzyme with a high affinity for 4-hydroxyestrone, is expressed in human breast parenchyma. Glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyestrone has relevance to breast carcinogenesis because quinone metabolites of 4-hydroxylated CEs can form potentially mutagenic depurinating DNA adducts, and because in breast tissue estrone is likely to be the predominant estrogen available for 4-hydroxylation. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, immunoblot analyses, and assays of glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyestrone, we show that UGT2B7 is expressed in human mammary epithelium, and that its expression is dramatically reduced in invasive breast cancers. In many in situ carcinomas, however, 4-hydroxyestrone immunostaining was not only preserved but even more intense than in normal mammary epithelium. The finding of reduced UGT2B7 protein and glucuronidation of 4-hydroxyestrone in invasive cancers suggests a tumor-suppressor function for the enzyme. Recent identification of all-trans retinoic acid as a substrate of UGT2B7 suggests that this function includes the generation of retinoyl-beta-glucuronide, a potent mediator of actions of retinoids important for maintaining epithelia in a differentiated state. Current knowledge does not provide any ready explanation for the apparent increase in UGT2B7 expression in carcinomas in situ. However, this finding, together with reduced immunostaining at loci showing breach of the basement membrane (microinvasion), suggests involvement of UGT2B7-catalyzed reaction(s) in protection against invasion of surrounding tissue by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley A Gestl
- Departments of Obstetrics andGynecology andPathology, Pennsylvania State UniversityCollege of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Hidiroglou M, Ho SK, Ivan M, Shearer DA. Manganese status of pasturing ewes, of pregnant ewes and doe rabbits on low manganese diets and of dairy cows with cystic ovaries. Can J Comp Med 1978; 42:100-7. [PMID: 647449 PMCID: PMC1277800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to obtain information on the manganese (Mn) status of ewes, doe rabbits and dairy cows with cystic ovaries. Manganese was not concentrated specifically in any one tissue or organ but the use of 54Mn has indicated that the isotope was retained by the liver for a longer time. Significantly lower (P less than 0.01) levels of Mn were observed in the liver, kidney and blood of pregnant ewes fed a synthetic diet containing low levels (5 ppm) of Mn than those that were supplemented with 60 ppm Mn. It would appear that the determination of blood Mn concentration would provide a valuable diagnostic tool for the assessment of the Mn status of the pregnant ewe and could be more reliable than data based on tissue (liver, kidney, ovary) levels of Mn. The cortical stroma of dairy cows with cystic ovaries had lower Mn contents than those cows that were without cystic ovaries. The data on blood suggests that cystic ovaries cannot be diagnosed by blood Mn levels if Mn was indeed a contributing factor of the development of this condition. The doe rabbit responded to supplemental dietary Mn in a manner analogous to the ewes.
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Shearer DA, Cloutier RO, Hidiroglou M. Chelate extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of nanogram amounts of manganese in blood and animal tissue. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1977; 60:155-9. [PMID: 188801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of manganese in blood and animal tissue has been developed involving wet digestion of the sample by perchloric and nitric acids, complexing with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, and extracting with methyl isobutyl ketone at pH 6.7. The methyl isobutyl ketone is removed, and the residue is dissolved in 0.05N HCl in acetone-water (9 + 1) and is aspirated into an air-acetylene flame of an atomic absorption spectrometer. The limit of detectability is about 10 ng Mn/ml in the solution aspirated or 2 ng Mn/ml in bovine blood for a 20 ml sample.
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Shearer DA, Carson RB. The Determination of Oil Content and Crude Fat by the Use of Anhydrous Ether, Skellysolve B, and Slcellysolve F. J AOAC Int 1958. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/41.2.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Shearer
- Chemistry Division, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada
| | - R B Carson
- Chemistry Division, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada
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