Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and genotypic characterization of erythromycin-resistant strains in porto alegre, Brazil

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 64 strains of S. pneumoniae obtained from three hospitals in Porto Alegre, Brazil, isolated between 2004 and 2005. was determined, using the agar-dilution method. The prevalence of resistant (intermediate and full resistance) strains to trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, and ceftriaxone were 68%, 28%, 18%, 15%, 3%, and 1%, respectively. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin. Among 18 penicillin-resistant strains, 7 were resistant to at least two other antimicrobial drugs. All erythromycin-resistant strains, except one, contained the erm(B) and/or mef(A/E) genes, with a predominance of the former. The resistance rate to penicillin and erythromycin in Porto Alegre remained stable. The combination of trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole should not be recommended to treat pneumococcal infections, because of the high rate of resistant strains.

Effect of asimadoline, a kappa opioid agonist, on pain induced by colonic distension in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

BACKGROUND

Visceral hypersensitivity plays a major role in irritable bowel syndrome pathophysiology. Opioid kappa receptors on afferent nerves may modulate it and be the target for new irritable bowel syndrome treatments.

AIM

This study evaluated the effect of the kappa opioid agonist asimadoline on perception of colonic distension and colonic compliance in irritable bowel syndrome patients.

METHOD

Twenty irritable bowel syndrome female patients (Rome II criteria; 40 +/- 13 years) and hypersensitivity to colonic distension (Pain threshold < or = 32 mmHg) were included in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial comparing the effect of a single oral dose of asimadoline 0.5 mg or placebo on sensory thresholds (defined as a constant and sustained sensation) elicited by left colon phasic distension (5 mmHg steps, 5 min) up to a sensation of abdominal pain. Colonic compliance was compared by the slope of the pressure-volume curves.

RESULTS

On asimadoline, pain threshold (mean +/- s.d.) (29.8 +/- 7.2 mmHg) was higher than on placebo (26.3 +/- 7.8 mmHg), difference not statistically significant (P = 0.1756, ANOVA). Area under curve of pain intensity rated at each distension step was significantly lower on asimadoline (89.3 +/- 33.9, ANOVA) than on placebo (108.1 +/- 29.7) (P = 0.0411). Thresholds of perception of nonpainful distensions were not altered on asimadoline, as compared with placebo. Colonic compliance was not different on placebo and asimadoline.

CONCLUSION

Asimadoline decreases overall perception of pain over a wide range of pressure distension of the colon in irritable bowel syndrome patients, without altering its compliance. These data suggest that further studies should explore the potential benefit of asimadoline in treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome patients.

Screening for hearing loss in juvenile detention centers

Results of hearing screenings for 226 incarcerated adolescents are presented. Screenings consisted of visual otoscopy check, pure-tone screening, and tympanometry. Failures were defined as excessive cerumen impeding a clear view of the tympanum, failure to respond at 25 dB HL for 1000 through 6000 Hz, or a Jerger Type B or C tympanogram. An overall failure rate of 35.5 percent was found, with 9.8 percent failing otoscopy, 7.5 percent failing tympanometry, and 25.3 percent failing pure-tone screening. Implications for medical and audiologic evaluation in the population are discussed.

Prepubertal initiation of sexual experiences and older first partner predict promiscuous sexual behavior of delinquent adolescent males--unrecognized child abuse?

Sexual experiences of 1580 delinquent adolescent males ages 9-19 years admitted to a juvenile detention center from January 1985 to July 1990 were determined through a structured health history interview. A total of 89.6% admitted to prior sexual activity; 26.8% claimed sexual experience by age 11 years. Only 3.2% reported sexual abuse or incest. Of 334 sexually active adolescents who revealed both age of their first partner and their age of first intercourse, 42% had their first experience with a female 2 or more years older. Males who had their first sexual experience before age 11 years or with a female 2 or more years older, reported significantly larger numbers of sexual partners in their lifetime and during the year preceding their incarceration. Girls with similar first sexual experiences in terms of age of initiation and age difference from partner are considered to be abused. Practitioners who work with children and adolescents need to recognize the possibility of sexual activity among pre-adolescent males and to be aware of its implications.

Use of injectable progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate) in adolescent health care

To assess medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) prescription practices in adolescent health care practices, an anonymous questionnaire was distributed to 160 American and Canadian physicians attending the 1991 meetings of either the Society for Adolescent Medicine or the North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Of 54 (33.7%) physicians who responded, 33 (61.1%) reported prior prescription of an injectable progestin (DMPA) as a form of birth control. Of those, 15 (45.5%) had prescribed it to 10 or more adolescents. Twelve (57%) pediatricians but only 3 (25%) gynecologists reported prescribing DMPA to 10 or more adolescents (p = 0.074). Female physicians were more likely to have prescribed DMPA to adolescents than male physicians (p = 0.009). Mental retardation was considered the strongest "potential indication" for DMPA administration by 48 physicians responding to a 5-point Likert scale. The study suggests that physicians with interest or expertise in Adolescent Medicine are using DMPA as a form of birth control for selected young women in spite of the lack of Food and Drug Administration approval. A centralized DMPA registry is suggested to monitor adverse outcomes in users.

Condom usage by a population of delinquent southern male adolescents

Of sexually active delinquent male adolescents admitted to a detention facility over a 6-month period from 1987 to 1988, 69% reported condom usage. Review of the medical records of a similar group of detainees from the same facility in 1984 revealed a 44% reported condom usage rate, suggesting a marked increase in utilization. Stated reasons for condom use in 1987-1988 included prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (63%) and pregnancy (33%). More than one reason was given by 20%.

Early sexual activity of delinquent adolescents

Sexual experiences of 1255 adolescents admitted to a juvenile detention facility were assessed through their responses to a health history questionnaire. More than 80% reported sexual experience. Age at first intercourse acknowledged by females was early (mean 13 years) but rarely prepubertal and was similar for blacks and nonblacks. Males commonly reported beginning sexual experience before age 10 years (40% in blacks and 20% in nonblacks). Sexual activity continued in most, with 73% of the sexually experienced teens reporting intercourse in the month prior to admission. Reports of recent sexual activity increased with age in all race/gender groups. For females, 26% reported sexual misuse compared to 2% of the males. Willingness to answer questions about sexual experiences varied with the question and increased with age. Prepubertal sexual activity is a more common phenomenon than is generally acknowledged. To what extent the experiences reported in our study represent the norm for behavior among individuals of similar background requires further study.

Hepatitis B virus transmission in a public school: effects of mentally retarded HBsAG carrier students

In 1980, 18 institutionalized children, carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), were enrolled into two special education schools, and staff and students were monitored for HBV markers. Eleven HBV exposures were observed and those exposed were given hepatitis B immune globulin. After 3.5 years, no remaining staff showed serological evidence of HBV infection but three of 61 susceptible students did so. The three students probably acquired the infection outside the school. At the conclusion of the project, one school located in the community decided not to institute a vaccine program for students or staff. The other school, located inside the mental retardation institution, established an organized vaccine initiative. Indications for use of hepatitis vaccine in schools should be individualized to accommodate for differences in student and staff interaction, physical design of the school, and number and behaviors of HBsAg carrier students.

Hepatitis B transmission in school contacts of retarded HBsAg carrier students

A prospective study was performed to assess the rate of transmission of hepatitis B from mentally retarded carrier students to susceptible mentally retarded peer students or school staff. Eighteen hepatitis B carriers were integrated into a public school program for the developmentally disabled, and serum hepatitis B markers were monitored in staff and students over 14 months. During this time no susceptible staff acquired hepatitis B serologic markers. Of susceptible students, 1.8% demonstrated seroconversion, but the route of infection is likely to have been outside the classroom environment. The results indicate that the risk of hepatitis B transmission is low in this particular school program.

Low dose single weekly injections of growth hormone: response during first year of therapy of hypopituitarism

Initial year growth responses to single weekly injections of 2.5 units human growth hormone (hGH) in 29 patients with hypopituitarism (130 units/yr/patient) were compared to responses in a series using smaller doses in conjunction with androgen (48 to 112 units/yr); the US collaborative study experience with the standard dose (2 units 3 times/wk = 312 units/yr), and with two size-adjusted doses (0.06 units/kg 3 times/wk = 212 +/- 94 SD units/yr, 0.03 units/kg 3 times/wk = 116 +/- 33 units/yr); and to the British experience with much larger doses (1,040 units/yr). During the first year of hGH treatment our patients grew an average 13% faster than the androgen-supplemented and collaborative study-0.03 units/kg/dose groups. They had a similar pace to the collaborative study-312 units/yr and 0.06 units/kg/dose patients, but grew 15% more slowly than did the British patients. Growth response correlated positively with age and negatively with hGH dose per kilogram of body weight. Of 17 patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency ten developed hypothyroidism with hGH therapy, leading to a policy of routine adjunctive thyroxine replacement.

Cerebral edema complicating diabetic ketoacidosis in childhood

Three patients who developed fatal cerebral edema in the diabetes camp setting were reviewed with 14 previously reported instances in persons under 21 years of age. Seven occurred in the initial episode of diabetic ketoacidosis. Minimal blood glucose levels less than 250 mg/dl were recorded in 8/17. Rate of fluid administration, rate of Na or K infusion, and hyponatremia or hypokalemia were not consistent factors. Two of the 17 patients received oral fluids only. An etiologic role for rate of blood glucose correction or speed of hydration was not substantiated by this experience and review.

Primary hypogonadism in the Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome

A 28-year-old man with mental retardation and multiple congenital malformations was found to have the classical features of Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome. Endocrine evaluations showed primary hypogonadism as the underlying endocrine abnormality rather than hypopituitarism as suggested in earlier reports.

Diminution of bone mass in childhood diabetes

Photon absorption measurements of forearm bone density in 196 insulin-dependent patients, age 6--26 years, were compared with findings in 124 controls. Expected density, gm. Ca/cm.2 bone width (M/W), was calculated from regressions of M/W on ulnar length for white and black male and female controls. There were no significant correlations between M/W differences from expected and serum Ca, Mg, P, or alkaline phosphatase levels, estimated physical activity level, insulin dosage, or the presence of joint contracture. White females averaged 8.2 per cent (+/- 1 S.E.M.) loss of M/W, as against white male average loss of 4.7 per cent +/- 1 and black female loss of 2 per cent +/- 2 (p less than 0.001); the black male population was too small for separate analysis. M/W loss greater than 10 per cent was seen in 29 per cent of white males, 19 per cent of blacks, and 48 per cent of white females (p less than 0.02). When the groups were further divided into those with duration of diabetes less than or equal to five years and those with duration greater than five years, significant reduction in M/W average loss over time was seen with white females (10.6 per cent +/- 1.2 to 3.7 per cent+/- 1.5, p less than 0.0001). Expression of this defect in bone mineralization is controlled by race and sex acting independently of each other.

Regional services for children and youth with diabetes

A regional diabetes program for children and youth comprising outreach clinics, frequent routine and emergency telephone contact, and a camping program was developed within the State Children's Medical Services (Crippled Children's) Program. The pediatric nurse specialist in diabetes served as the pivotal professional in the education and supervision of patients. Cost benefit was calculated from estimated hospital days prevented based on average length of admissions at diagnosis (14 days) and hospital days in the year prior to referral of those with established diabetes. During the first year 369 hospital days were prevented, for an estimated savings of $65,000; the second year 547 hospital days were avoided, a value of $96,000. Total annual program costs to the state and private patients (including camp fees) were $36,000. Although hospital costs are an apparent and useful reference to justify funding, the main value of the program must be in the prevention of secondary physical and emotional disability. This requires continuous commitment and availability of persons who know the patient and family, who can interpret information related to metabolic control of diabetes, and who are able to influence the family and community to respond appropriately to the youngster's needs.

Hypopituitarism following extirpation of a pharyngeal pituitary

A neonate without external malformation had undergone removal of a nasopharyngeal mass containing anterior and posterior pituitary tissue. Numerous endocrine evaluations since that time have confirmed polyhormonal hypopituitarism. Endocrine replacement has resulted in a healthy, normal child except for short stature. The literature dealing with pharyngeal pituitary, congenital absence of the pituitary, cyclopia, and other malformations of the pituitary suggests only vague theories to explain the infrequent anomalies found in this area. We propose that laminagrams of the sphenoid of newborns with sighus may aid in early diagnosis and appropriate replacement therapy.

The role of urine sugar in diabetic management

The concentration of reducing sugar in the urine is commonly used in the management of diabetes in children. Supplemental doses of regular insulin are administered in response to the concentration of urine sugar according to a protocol termed the "sliding scale." This practice assumes that the concentration of sugar in urine is a good indicator of the plasma glucose concentration. This assumption was tested by comparing urine sugar concentrations in first and second voided urines with the plasma glucose concentrations in 220 children with diabetes. The correlation was good (r = .92) for both the first and second voided urine specimens. Thus, urine sugar concentrations in general define the level of plasma glucose. The large standard deviation of the plasma glucose at each concentration of urine sugar, however, limits the usefulness of urine sugar as an accurate reflection of the coincident plasma glucose concentration. The urine sugar concentration, although useful for the general management of diabetes, provides significant risk when used to guide frequent adjustments in insulin administration. Therefore, the "sliding scale" should not be used in the treatment of children with diabetes.

Good diabetic control - a study in mass delusion

The terms "diabetic control" and "diabetic management" are not synonymous. Diabetic control implies normal glucose metabolism, typically monitored by periodic determinations of plasma glucose and urine reducing sugar concentrations. A group of 220 diabetic children attending a camp complied 74% of the time with the request to collect and test their urine for URS. Fifty percent of random URS values determined by the children varied from those obtained on the same specimens of urine by laboratory technicians. Good diabetic control defined URS less than 25gm/24 hours was found in 18 of 54 children.

Joint contracture--common manifestation of childhood diabetes mellitus

Sixty-five of 229 seven to eighteen-year-old campers with diabetes were found to have contractures of finger joints; in two thirds of affected children only the fifth finger was involved. Stiff resistance to passive finger manipulation and thickened adherent skin over the dorsa of the hands were additional features. Short stature was associated with involvement of more than one finger; the shortest youngsters also had contractures of large joints. Joint changes were independent of age, sex, age of onset of diabetes, and control of diabetes, but correlated with duration of the diabetes.