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Li Z, Costamagna AC, Beran F, You M. Biology, Ecology, and Management of Flea Beetles in Brassica Crops. Annu Rev Entomol 2024; 69:199-217. [PMID: 38270984 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-033023-015753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Brassica vegetable and oilseed crops are attacked by several different flea beetle species (Chrysomelidae: Alticini). Over the past decades, most research has focused on two Phyllotreta species, Phyllotreta striolata and Phyllotreta cruciferae, which are major pests of oilseed rape in North America. More recently, and especially after the ban of neonicotinoids in the European Union, the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala, has become greatly important and is now considered to be the major pest of winter oilseed rape in Europe. The major challenges to flea beetle control are the prediction of population dynamics in the field, differential susceptibility to insecticides, and the lack of resistant plant cultivars and other economically viable alternative management strategies. At the same time, many fundamental aspects of flea beetle biology and ecology, which may be relevant for the development of sustainable control strategies, are not well understood. This review focuses on the interactions between flea beetles and plants and summarizes the literature on current management strategies with an emphasis on the potential for biological control in flea beetle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China;
| | | | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Population Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany,
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China;
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2
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Gikonyo MW, Ahn SJ, Biondi M, Fritzlar F, Okamura Y, Vogel H, Köllner TG, Şen İ, Hernández-Teixidor D, Lee CF, Letsch H, Beran F. A radiation of Psylliodes flea beetles on Brassicaceae is associated with the evolution of specific detoxification enzymes. Evolution 2024; 78:127-145. [PMID: 37919254 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Flea beetles of the genus Psylliodes have evolved specialized interactions with plant species belonging to several distantly related families, mainly Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, and Fagaceae. This diverse host use indicates that Psylliodes flea beetles are able to cope with different chemical defense metabolites, including glucosinolates, the characteristic defense metabolites of Brassicaceae. Here we investigated the evolution of host use and the emergence of a glucosinolate-specific detoxification mechanism in Psylliodes flea beetles. In phylogenetic analyses, Psylliodes species clustered into four major clades, three of which contained mainly species specialized on either Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, or Fagaceae. Most members of the fourth clade have broader host use, including Brassicaceae and Poaceae as major host plant families. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that Psylliodes flea beetles were initially associated with Brassicaceae and then either shifted to Solanaceae or Fagaceae, or expanded their host repertoire to Poaceae. Despite a putative ancestral association with Brassicaceae, we found evidence that the evolution of glucosinolate-specific detoxification enzymes coincides with the radiation of Psylliodes on Brassicaceae, suggesting that these are not required for using Brassicaceae as hosts but could improve the efficiency of host use by specialized Psylliodes species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda W Gikonyo
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, US
| | - Maurizio Biondi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Frank Fritzlar
- Thüringer Landesamt für Umwelt, Bergbau und Naturschutz, Weimar, Germany
| | - Yu Okamura
- Department of Entomology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - İsmail Şen
- Faculty of Technology, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey
| | - David Hernández-Teixidor
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Chi-Feng Lee
- Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Harald Letsch
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Körnig J, Ortizo K, Sporer T, Yang ZL, Beran F. Different myrosinases activate sequestered glucosinolates in larvae and adults of the horseradish flea beetle. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 163:104040. [PMID: 37995833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases play an important role in the chemical defense of many insects by hydrolyzing and thereby activating glucosylated pro-toxins that are either synthesized de novo or sequestered from the insect's diet. The horseradish flea beetle, Phyllotreta armoraciae, sequesters pro-toxic glucosinolates from its brassicaceous host plants and possesses endogenous β-thioglucosidase enzymes, known as myrosinases, for glucosinolate activation. Here, we identify three myrosinase genes in P. armoraciae (PaMyr) with distinct expression patterns during beetle ontogeny. By using RNA interference, we demonstrate that PaMyr1 is responsible for myrosinase activity in adults, whereas PaMyr2 is responsible for myrosinase activity in larvae. Compared to PaMyr1 and PaMyr2, PaMyr3 was only weakly expressed in our laboratory population, but may contribute to myrosinase activity in larvae. Silencing of PaMyr2 resulted in lower larval survival in a predation experiment and also reduced the breakdown of sequestered glucosinolates in uninjured larvae. This suggests that PaMyr2 is involved in both activated defense and the endogenous turnover of sequestered glucosinolates in P. armoraciae larvae. In activity assays with recombinant enzymes, PaMyr1 and PaMyr2 preferred different glucosinolates as substrates, which was consistent with the enzyme activities in crude protein extracts from adults and larvae, respectively. These differences were unexpected because larvae and adults sequester the same glucosinolates. Possible reasons for different myrosinase activities in Phyllotreta larvae and adults are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Körnig
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Department Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kris Ortizo
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Department Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Population Ecology Group, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
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4
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Jeckel AM, Beran F, Züst T, Younkin G, Petschenka G, Pokharel P, Dreisbach D, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Robert CAM. Metabolization and sequestration of plant specialized metabolites in insect herbivores: Current and emerging approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001032. [PMID: 36237530 PMCID: PMC9552321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet, that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with PSMs is crucial to understand their biology, population dynamics, and evolution. This review summarizes current and emerging cutting-edge methods that can be used to characterize the metabolic fate of PSMs, from ingestion to excretion or sequestration. It further emphasizes a workflow that enables not only to study PSM metabolism at different scales, but also to tackle and validate the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in PSM resistance by herbivores. This review thus aims at facilitating research on PSM-mediated plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prayan Pokharel
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Dreisbach
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Christine Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert,
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Yang ZL, Seitz F, Grabe V, Nietzsche S, Richter A, Reichelt M, Beutel R, Beran F. Rapid and Selective Absorption of Plant Defense Compounds From the Gut of a Sequestering Insect. Front Physiol 2022; 13:846732. [PMID: 35309070 PMCID: PMC8928188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.846732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many herbivorous insects exploit defense compounds produced by their host plants for protection against predators. Ingested plant defense compounds are absorbed via the gut epithelium and stored in the body, a physiological process that is currently not well understood. Here, we investigated the absorption of plant defense compounds from the gut in the horseradish flea beetle, Phyllotreta armoraciae, a specialist herbivore known to selectively sequester glucosinolates from its brassicaceous host plants. Feeding experiments using a mixture of glucosinolates and other glucosides not found in the host plants showed a rapid and selective uptake of glucosinolates in adult beetles. In addition, we provide evidence that this uptake mainly takes place in the foregut, whereas the endodermal midgut is the normal region of absorption. Absorption via the foregut epithelium is surprising as the apical membrane is covered by a chitinous intima. However, we could show that this cuticular layer differs in its structure and overall thickness between P. armoraciae and a non-sequestering leaf beetle. In P. armoraciae, we observed a thinner cuticle with a less dense chitinous matrix, which might facilitate glucosinolate absorption. Our results show that a selective and rapid uptake of glucosinolates from the anterior region of the gut contributes to the selective sequestration of glucosinolates in P. armoraciae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ling Yang
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabian Seitz
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Elektronenmikroskopisches Zentrum, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Franziska Beran,
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Abstract
Plant defense compounds play a key role in the evolution of insect-plant associations by selecting for behavioral, morphological, and physiological insect adaptations. Sequestration, the ability of herbivorous insects to accumulate plant defense compounds to gain a fitness advantage, represents a complex syndrome of adaptations that has evolved in all major lineages of herbivorous insects and involves various classes of plant defense compounds. In this article, we review progress in understanding how insects selectively accumulate plant defense metabolites and how the evolution of specific resistance mechanisms to these defense compounds enables sequestration. These mechanistic considerations are further integrated into the concept of insect-plant coevolution. Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses, combined with approaches based on analytical chemistry that are centered in phylogenetic frameworks, will help to reveal adaptations underlying the sequestration syndrome, which is essential to understanding the influence of sequestration on insect-plant coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany;
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany;
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7
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Sporer T, Körnig J, Wielsch N, Gebauer-Jung S, Reichelt M, Hupfer Y, Beran F. Hijacking the Mustard-Oil Bomb: How a Glucosinolate-Sequestering Flea Beetle Copes With Plant Myrosinases. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:645030. [PMID: 34093609 PMCID: PMC8173161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Myrosinase enzymes play a key role in the chemical defense of plants of the order Brassicales. Upon herbivory, myrosinases hydrolyze the β-S-linked glucose moiety of glucosinolates, the characteristic secondary metabolites of brassicaceous plants, which leads to the formation of different toxic hydrolysis products. The specialist flea beetle, Phyllotreta armoraciae, is capable of accumulating high levels of glucosinolates in the body and can thus at least partially avoid plant myrosinase activity. In feeding experiments with the myrosinase-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana tgg1 × tgg2 (tgg) mutant and the corresponding Arabidopsis Col-0 wild type, we investigated the influence of plant myrosinase activity on the metabolic fate of ingested glucosinolates in adult P. armoraciae beetles. Arabidopsis myrosinases hydrolyzed a fraction of ingested glucosinolates and thereby reduced the glucosinolate sequestration rate by up to 50% in adult beetles. These results show that P. armoraciae cannot fully prevent glucosinolate hydrolysis; however, the exposure of adult beetles to glucosinolate hydrolysis products had no impact on the beetle's energy budget under our experimental conditions. To understand how P. armoraciae can partially prevent glucosinolate hydrolysis, we analyzed the short-term fate of ingested glucosinolates and found them to be rapidly absorbed from the gut. In addition, we determined the fate of ingested Arabidopsis myrosinase enzymes in P. armoraciae. Although we detected Arabidopsis myrosinase protein in the feces, we found only traces of myrosinase activity, suggesting that P. armoraciae can inactivate plant myrosinases in the gut. Based on our findings, we propose that the ability to tolerate plant myrosinase activity and a fast glucosinolate uptake mechanism represent key adaptations of P. armoraciae to their brassicaceous host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Körnig
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Gebauer-Jung
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hupfer
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Shukla SP, Beran F. Gut microbiota degrades toxic isothiocyanates in a flea beetle pest. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4692-4705. [PMID: 33006166 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts of herbivorous insects have been suggested to aid in the detoxification of plant defense compounds; however, quantitative studies on microbial contribution to plant toxin degradation remain scarce. Here, we demonstrate microbiome-mediated degradation of plant-derived toxic isothiocyanates in the cabbage stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala, a major pest of oilseed rape. Suppression of microbiota in antibiotic-fed beetles resulted in up to 11.3-fold higher levels of unmetabolized isothiocyanates compared to control beetles but did not affect other known detoxification pathways in P. chrysocephala. We characterized the microbiome of laboratory-reared and field-collected insects using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and isolated bacteria belonging to the three core genera Pantoea, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. Only Pantoea isolates rapidly degraded isothiocyanates in vitro, and restored isothiocyanate degradation in vivo when reintroduced in antibiotic-fed beetles. Pantoea was consistently present across beetle life stages and in field and lab populations. In addition, Pantoea was detected in undamaged tissues of the host plant Brassica rapa, indicating that P. chrysocephala could possibly acquire an isothiocyanate detoxifying bacterium through their diet. Our results demonstrate that both insect endogenous mechanisms and the microbiota can contribute to the detoxification of plant defense compounds and together they can better account for the fate of ingested plant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu P Shukla
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Chen J, Ullah C, Reichelt M, Beran F, Yang ZL, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A, Vassão DG. The phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum detoxifies plant glucosinolate hydrolysis products via an isothiocyanate hydrolase. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3090. [PMID: 32555161 PMCID: PMC7303113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassicales plants produce glucosinolates and myrosinases that generate toxic isothiocyanates conferring broad resistance against pathogens and herbivorous insects. Nevertheless, some cosmopolitan fungal pathogens, such as the necrotrophic white mold Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, are able to infect many plant hosts including glucosinolate producers. Here, we show that S. sclerotiorum infection activates the glucosinolate-myrosinase system, and isothiocyanates contribute to resistance against this fungus. S. sclerotiorum metabolizes isothiocyanates via two independent pathways: conjugation to glutathione and, more effectively, hydrolysis to amines. The latter pathway features an isothiocyanate hydrolase that is homologous to a previously characterized bacterial enzyme, and converts isothiocyanate into products that are not toxic to the fungus. The isothiocyanate hydrolase promotes fungal growth in the presence of the toxins, and contributes to the virulence of S. sclerotiorum on glucosinolate-producing plants. Some plants produce toxic isothiocyanates that protect them against pathogens. Here, Chen et al. show that the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum converts isothiocyanates into non-toxic compounds via glutathione conjugation and, more effectively, via hydrolysis to amines using an isothiocyanate hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Daniel G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Johannes Körnig
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
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11
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Yang ZL, Kunert G, Sporer T, Körnig J, Beran F. Glucosinolate Abundance and Composition in Brassicaceae Influence Sequestration in a Specialist Flea Beetle. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:186-197. [PMID: 31953704 PMCID: PMC7056735 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The horseradish flea beetle Phyllotreta armoraciae exclusively feeds on Brassicaceae, which contain glucosinolates as characteristic defense compounds. Although glucosinolates are usually degraded by plant enzymes (myrosinases) to toxic isothiocyanates after ingestion, P. armoraciae beetles sequester glucosinolates. Between and within brassicaceous plants, the glucosinolate content and composition can differ drastically. But how do these factors influence sequestration in P. armoraciae? To address this question, we performed a five-day feeding experiment with three Arabidopsis thaliana lines that differ four-fold in glucosinolate content and the composition of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates. We quantified the amounts of ingested, sequestered, and excreted glucosinolates, and analyzed the changes in glucosinolate levels and composition in beetles before and after feeding on Arabidopsis. P. armoraciae accumulated almost all ingested glucosinolate types. However, some glucosinolates were accumulated more efficiently than others, and selected glucosinolates were modified by the beetles. The uptake of new glucosinolates correlated with a decrease in the level of stored glucosinolates so that the total glucosinolate content remained stable at around 35 nmol/mg beetle fresh weight. Beetles excreted previously stored as well as ingested glucosinolates from Arabidopsis, which suggests that P. armoraciae regulate their endogenous glucosinolate level by excretion. The metabolic fate of ingested glucosinolates, i.e. the proportions of sequestered and excreted glucosinolates, depended on glucosinolate type, content, and composition in the food plant. Overall, P. armoraciae sequestered and excreted up to 41% and 31% of the total ingested aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates from Arabidopsis, respectively. In summary, we show that glucosinolate variability in Brassicaceae influences the composition but not the level of sequestered glucosinolates in P. armoraciae beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ling Yang
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Körnig
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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12
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Ahn SJ, Betzin F, Gikonyo MW, Yang ZL, Köllner TG, Beran F. Identification and evolution of glucosinolate sulfatases in a specialist flea beetle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15725. [PMID: 31673017 PMCID: PMC6823443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates, a characteristic group of specialized metabolites found in Brassicales plants, are converted to toxic isothiocyanates upon herbivory. Several insect herbivores, including the cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala), prevent glucosinolate activation by forming desulfo-glucosinolates. Here we investigated the molecular basis of glucosinolate desulfation in P. chrysocephala, an important pest of oilseed rape. Enzyme activity assays with crude beetle protein extracts revealed that glucosinolate sulfatase (GSS) activity is associated with the gut membrane and has narrow substrate specificity towards the benzenic glucosinolate sinalbin. In agreement with GSS activity localization in vivo, we identified six genes encoding arylsulfatase-like enzymes with a predicted C-terminal transmembrane domain, of which five showed GSS activity upon heterologous expression in insect cells. PcGSS1 and PcGSS2 used sinalbin and indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate as substrates, respectively, whereas PcGSS3, PcGSS4, and PcGSS5 showed weak activity in enzyme assays. RNAi-mediated knock-down of PcGSS1 and PcGSS2 expression in adult beetles confirmed their function in vivo. In a phylogenetic analysis of coleopteran and lepidopteran arylsulfatases, the P. chrysocephala GSSs formed a cluster within a coleopteran-specific sulfatase clade distant from the previously identified GSSs of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, suggesting an independent evolution of GSS activity in ermine moths and flea beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joon Ahn
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States
| | - Franziska Betzin
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Matilda W Gikonyo
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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13
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Beran F, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Tholl D. Chemical convergence between plants and insects: biosynthetic origins and functions of common secondary metabolites. New Phytol 2019; 223:52-67. [PMID: 30707438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the phylogenetic distance between plants and insects, these two groups of organisms produce some secondary metabolites in common. Identical structures belonging to chemical classes such as the simple monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, iridoid monoterpenes, cyanogenic glycosides, benzoic acid derivatives, benzoquinones and naphthoquinones are sometimes found in both plants and insects. In addition, very similar glucohydrolases involved in activating two-component defenses, such as glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides, occur in both plants and insects. Although this trend was first noted many years ago, researchers have long struggled to find convincing explanations for such co-occurrence. In some cases, identical compounds may be produced by plants to interfere with their function in insects. In others, plant and insect compounds may simply have parallel functions, probably in defense or attraction, and their co-occurrence is a coincidence. The biosynthetic origin of such co-occurring metabolites may be very different in insects as compared to plants. Plants and insects may have different pathways to the same metabolite, or similar sequences of intermediates, but different enzymes. Further knowledge of the ecological roles and biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites may shed more light on why plants and insects produce identical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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14
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Gikonyo MW, Biondi M, Beran F. Adaptation of flea beetles to Brassicaceae: host plant associations and geographic distribution of Psylliodes Latreille and Phyllotreta Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Zookeys 2019; 856:51-73. [PMID: 31293348 PMCID: PMC6603994 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.856.33724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cosmopolitan flea beetle genera Phyllotreta and Psylliodes (Galerucinae, Alticini) are mainly associated with host plants in the family Brassicaceae and include economically important pests of crucifer crops. In this review, the host plant associations and geographical distributions of known species in these genera are summarised from the literature, and their proposed phylogenetic relationships to other Alticini analysed from published molecular phylogenetic studies of Galerucinae. Almost all Phyllotreta species are specialised on Brassicaceae and related plant families in the order Brassicales, whereas Psylliodes species are associated with host plants in approximately 24 different plant families, and 50% are specialised to feed on Brassicaceae. The current knowledge on how Phyllotreta and Psylliodes are adapted to the characteristic chemical defence in Brassicaceae is reviewed. Based on our findings we postulate that Phyllotreta and Psylliodes colonised Brassicaceae independently from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda W. Gikonyo
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Maurizio Biondi
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 Coppito-L’Aquila, ItalyUniversity of L’AquilaCoppito-L’AquilaItaly
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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15
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Beran F, Sporer T, Paetz C, Ahn SJ, Betzin F, Kunert G, Shekhov A, Vassão DG, Bartram S, Lorenz S, Reichelt M. One Pathway Is Not Enough: The Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala Uses Multiple Strategies to Overcome the Glucosinolate-Myrosinase Defense in Its Host Plants. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1754. [PMID: 30581445 PMCID: PMC6292997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala) is a key pest of oilseed rape in Europe, and is specialized to feed on Brassicaceae plants armed with the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system. Upon tissue damage, the β-thioglucosidase enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes glucosinolates (GLS) to form toxic isothiocyanates (ITCs) which deter non-adapted herbivores. Here, we show that P. chrysocephala selectively sequester GLS from their host plants and store these throughout their life cycle. In addition, P. chrysocephala metabolize GLS to desulfo-GLS, which implies the evolution of GLS sulfatase activity in this specialist. To assess whether P. chrysocephala can largely prevent GLS hydrolysis in ingested plant tissue by sequestration and desulfation, we analyzed the metabolic fate of 4-methylsulfinylbutyl (4MSOB) GLS in adults. Surprisingly, intact and desulfo-GLS together accounted for the metabolic fate of only 26% of the total ingested GLS in P. chrysocephala, indicating that most ingested GLS are nevertheless activated by the plant myrosinase. The presence of 4MSOB-ITC and the corresponding nitrile in feces extracts confirmed the activation of ingested GLS, but the detected amounts of unmetabolized ITCs were low. P. chrysocephala partially detoxifies ITCs by conjugation with glutathione via the conserved mercapturic acid pathway. In addition to known products of the mercapturic acid pathway, we identified two previously unknown cyclic metabolites derived from the cysteine-conjugate of 4MSOB-ITC. In summary, the cabbage stem flea beetle avoids ITC formation by specialized strategies, but also relies on and extends the conserved mercapturic acid pathway to prevent toxicity of formed ITCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Betzin
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anton Shekhov
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel G. Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille Lorenz
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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16
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Feistel F, Paetz C, Lorenz S, Beran F, Kunert G, Schneider B. Idesia polycarpa (Salicaceae) leaf constituents and their toxic effect on Cerura vinula and Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera) larvae. Phytochemistry 2017; 143:170-179. [PMID: 28822319 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Idesia polycarpa (Salicaceae) resulted in the structure elucidation of nine previously undescribed phenolic natural products along with six known compounds. The compounds are structurally related to salicinoids that are known defense compounds from Salix and Populus species. The I. polycarpa diet was toxic, as shown in feeding experiments with larvae of Lymantria dispar, an herbivorous broadleaf tree generalist insect, and with larvae of Cerura vinula, a specialist adapted to poplar. The survival rate and mass gain of larvae was significantly lower when they fed on I. polycarpa leaves, compared to larvae fed on Populus nigra leaves. Potential reasons for the poor performance of both herbivores on I. polycarpa leaves are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Feistel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille Lorenz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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17
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Zhou W, Kügler A, McGale E, Haverkamp A, Knaden M, Guo H, Beran F, Yon F, Li R, Lackus N, Köllner TG, Bing J, Schuman MC, Hansson BS, Kessler D, Baldwin IT, Xu S. Tissue-Specific Emission of (E)-α-Bergamotene Helps Resolve the Dilemma When Pollinators Are Also Herbivores. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1336-1341. [PMID: 28434859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
More than 87% of flowering plant species are animal-pollinated [1] and produce floral scents and other signals to attract pollinators. These floral cues may however also attract antagonistic visitors, including herbivores [2]. The dilemma is exacerbated when adult insects pollinate the same plant that their larvae consume. It remains largely unclear how plants maximize their fitness under these circumstances. Here we show that in the night-flowering wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, the emission of a sesquiterpene, (E)-α-bergamotene, in flowers increases adult Manduca sexta moth-mediated pollination success, while the same compound in leaves is known to mediate indirect defense against M. sexta larvae [3, 4]. Forward and reverse genetic analyses demonstrated that both herbivory-induced and floral (E)-α-bergamotene are regulated by the expression of a monoterpene-synthase-derived sesquiterpene synthase (NaTPS38). The expression pattern of NaTPS38 also accounts for variation in (E)-α-bergamotene emission among natural accessions. These results highlight that differential expression of a single gene that results in tissue-specific emission of one compound contributes to resolving the dilemma for plants when their pollinators are also herbivores. Furthermore, this study provides genetic evidence that pollinators and herbivores interactively shape the evolution of floral signals and plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Zhou
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Kügler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Haverkamp
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felipe Yon
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Danny Kessler
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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18
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Beran F, Gershenzon J. Microbes matter: herbivore gut endosymbionts play a role in breakdown of host plant toxins. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1306-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; 07745 Jena Germany
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19
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Schuman MC, van Dam NM, Beran F, Harpole WS. How does plant chemical diversity contribute to biodiversity at higher trophic levels? Curr Opin Insect Sci 2016; 14:46-55. [PMID: 27436646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants, perhaps Earth's most accomplished chemists, produce thousands of specialized metabolites having no direct role in cell division or growth. These phytochemicals vary by taxon, with many taxa producing characteristic substance classes; and within taxa, with individual variation in structural variety and production patterns. Observations of corresponding variation in herbivore metabolism, behavior, and diet breadth motivated the development of chemical ecology research. We discuss the importance of plant biodiversity in general and phytochemical diversity in particular for biodiversity and ecological interactions at higher trophic levels. We then provide an overview of the descriptive, molecular and analytical tools which allow modern biologists to investigate phytochemical diversity and its effects on higher trophic levels, from physiological mechanisms to ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute for Ecology, Jena, Germany; Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; The Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsplatz 10, 06108 Halle, Germany
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20
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Beran F, Rahfeld P, Luck K, Nagel R, Vogel H, Wielsch N, Irmisch S, Ramasamy S, Gershenzon J, Heckel DG, Köllner TG. Novel family of terpene synthases evolved from trans-isoprenyl diphosphate synthases in a flea beetle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2922-7. [PMID: 26936952 PMCID: PMC4801258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523468113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes play important roles in insect communication, for example as pheromones. However, no sesquiterpene synthases, the enzymes involved in construction of the basic carbon skeleton, have been identified in insects to date. We investigated the biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene (6R,7S)-himachala-9,11-diene in the crucifer flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata, a compound previously identified as a male-produced aggregation pheromone in several Phyllotreta species. A (6R,7S)-himachala-9,11-diene-producing sesquiterpene synthase activity was detected in crude beetle protein extracts, but only when (Z,E)-farnesyl diphosphate [(Z,E)-FPP] was offered as a substrate. No sequences resembling sesquiterpene synthases from plants, fungi, or bacteria were found in the P. striolata transcriptome, but we identified nine divergent putative trans-isoprenyl diphosphate synthase (trans-IDS) transcripts. Four of these putative trans-IDSs exhibited terpene synthase (TPS) activity when heterologously expressed. Recombinant PsTPS1 converted (Z,E)-FPP to (6R,7S)-himachala-9,11-diene and other sesquiterpenes observed in beetle extracts. RNAi-mediated knockdown of PsTPS1 mRNA in P. striolata males led to reduced emission of aggregation pheromone, confirming a significant role of PsTPS1 in pheromone biosynthesis. Two expressed enzymes showed genuine IDS activity, with PsIDS1 synthesizing (E,E)-FPP, whereas PsIDS3 produced neryl diphosphate, (Z,Z)-FPP, and (Z,E)-FPP. In a phylogenetic analysis, the PsTPS enzymes and PsIDS3 were clearly separated from a clade of known coleopteran trans-IDS enzymes including PsIDS1 and PsIDS2. However, the exon-intron structures of IDS and TPS genes in P. striolata are conserved, suggesting that this TPS gene family evolved from trans-IDS ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Peter Rahfeld
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Raimund Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Irmisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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21
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Schläger S, Beran F, Groot AT, Ulrichs C, Veit D, Paetz C, Karumuru BRM, Srinivasan R, Schreiner M, Mewis I. Pheromone Blend Analysis and Cross-Attraction among Populations of Maruca vitrata from Asia and West Africa. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:1155-62. [PMID: 26625875 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, is a pantropical pest on leguminous crops. (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol, and (E)-10-hexadecenal were described previously as sex pheromone components for this nocturnal moth. A blend of these components in a ratio of 100:5:5 attracted males in field trapping experiments in Benin, but not in Taiwan, Thailand, or Vietnam. This finding suggests geographic variation in the pheromone blend between Asian and West African populations of M. vitrata. We, therefore, determined the pheromone compositions of single pheromone glands of females from the three Asian regions and from Benin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, we compared the responses of males from Taiwan and Benin to calling females and to gland extracts of females from both regions in laboratory no-choice and two-choice assays. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienol, as well as the absence of (E)-10-hexadecenal in all four populations. The relative amounts of the detected compounds did not vary significantly among the insect populations. The behavioral bioassays showed that Taiwanese and Beninese males were similarly attracted to females from both regions, as well as to their gland extracts. As a result, we did not find geographic variation in the sexual communication system of M. vitrata between West African and Asian insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schläger
- Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany.
| | - Franziska Beran
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ulrichs
- Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Veit
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bhanu R M Karumuru
- Bio-Control Research Laboratories, Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd., 36/2, Sriramanahalli. Nr. Rajankunte, Dodballapur Road, Bangalore, 561 203, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramasamy Srinivasan
- AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, Entomology Unit, 60 Yi-min Liao, Shanhua, 74151, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Inga Mewis
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Straße 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Boachon B, Junker RR, Miesch L, Bassard JE, Höfer R, Caillieaudeaux R, Seidel DE, Lesot A, Heinrich C, Ginglinger JF, Allouche L, Vincent B, Wahyuni DSC, Paetz C, Beran F, Miesch M, Schneider B, Leiss K, Werck-Reichhart D. CYP76C1 (Cytochrome P450)-Mediated Linalool Metabolism and the Formation of Volatile and Soluble Linalool Oxides in Arabidopsis Flowers: A Strategy for Defense against Floral Antagonists. Plant Cell 2015; 27:2972-90. [PMID: 26475865 PMCID: PMC4682319 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The acyclic monoterpene alcohol linalool is one of the most frequently encountered volatile compounds in floral scents. Various linalool oxides are usually emitted along with linalool, some of which are cyclic, such as the furanoid lilac compounds. Recent work has revealed the coexistence of two flower-expressed linalool synthases that produce the (S)- or (R)-linalool enantiomers and the involvement of two P450 enzymes in the linalool oxidation in the flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana. Partially redundant enzymes may also contribute to floral linalool metabolism. Here, we provide evidence that CYP76C1 is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes a cascade of oxidation reactions and is the major linalool metabolizing oxygenase in Arabidopsis flowers. Based on the activity of the recombinant enzyme and mutant analyses, we demonstrate its prominent role in the formation of most of the linalool oxides identified in vivo, both as volatiles and soluble conjugated compounds, including 8-hydroxy, 8-oxo, and 8-COOH-linalool, as well as lilac aldehydes and alcohols. Analysis of insect behavior on CYP76C1 mutants and in response to linalool and its oxygenated derivatives demonstrates that CYP76C1-dependent modulation of linalool emission and production of linalool oxides contribute to reduced floral attraction and favor protection against visitors and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Boachon
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, 5020 Slazburg, Austria
| | - Laurence Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Institut de Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Etienne Bassard
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy," and Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Höfer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Robin Caillieaudeaux
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dana E Seidel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, 5020 Slazburg, Austria
| | - Agnès Lesot
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Clément Heinrich
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Institut de Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Ginglinger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lionel Allouche
- Plateforme d'Analyses pour la Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Plateforme d'Analyses pour la Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dinar S C Wahyuni
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology, Leiden University, 2311E2 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Institut de Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kirsten Leiss
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology, Leiden University, 2311E2 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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23
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Beran F, Geiselhardt S, Vargas G, Windsor DM. Cuticular extracts from Acromis sparsa (Coleoptera: Cassidinae) mediate arrestment behavior of the commensal canestriniid mite Grandiella rugosita. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:996-1002. [PMID: 25224678 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0494-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Astigmatid mites in the family Canestriniidae are often closely associated with tortoise leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). For example, the survival of the commensal canestriniid mite Grandiella rugosita depends on dispersal to the cassidine beetle Acromis sparsa. Here, we tested whether the beetle cuticle provides chemical cues for host recognition for G. rugosita. In two-choice assays with cuticular extracts from A. sparsa and the co-occurring, non-host cassidine Chelymorpha alternans offered simultaneously, mites clearly preferred the area treated with extract from their host. In no-choice assays, G. rugosita spent three times longer and moved three times slower on host cuticular extracts compared to non-host extracts and the solvent control. Analyses of the chemical composition of cuticular extracts from males and females of A. sparsa and C. alternans revealed complex mixtures of mainly methyl branched hydrocarbons, which clearly separated both species in a principal component analysis. We found no qualitative difference between males and females of either species, but in C. alternans quantitative differences between males and females were detected. Our results demonstrate that G. rugosita is able to discriminate between cuticular extracts from its host A. sparsa and the non-host C. alternans. The components eliciting the observed arrestment behavior remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Entomology, Hans-Knoell-Str.8, Jena, D-07745, Germany,
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24
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Ginglinger JF, Boachon B, Höfer R, Paetz C, Köllner TG, Miesch L, Lugan R, Baltenweck R, Mutterer J, Ullmann P, Beran F, Claudel P, Verstappen F, Fischer MJ, Karst F, Bouwmeester H, Miesch M, Schneider B, Gershenzon J, Ehlting J, Werck-Reichhart D. Gene coexpression analysis reveals complex metabolism of the monoterpene alcohol linalool in Arabidopsis flowers. Plant Cell 2013; 25:4640-57. [PMID: 24285789 PMCID: PMC3875741 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family encompasses the largest family of enzymes in plant metabolism, and the functions of many of its members in Arabidopsis thaliana are still unknown. Gene coexpression analysis pointed to two P450s that were coexpressed with two monoterpene synthases in flowers and were thus predicted to be involved in monoterpenoid metabolism. We show that all four selected genes, the two terpene synthases (TPS10 and TPS14) and the two cytochrome P450s (CYP71B31 and CYP76C3), are simultaneously expressed at anthesis, mainly in upper anther filaments and in petals. Upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, the TPS enzymes colocalize in vesicular structures associated with the plastid surface, whereas the P450 proteins were detected in the endoplasmic reticulum. Whether they were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or in N. benthamiana, the TPS enzymes formed two different enantiomers of linalool: (-)-(R)-linalool for TPS10 and (+)-(S)-linalool for TPS14. Both P450 enzymes metabolize the two linalool enantiomers to form different but overlapping sets of hydroxylated or epoxidized products. These oxygenated products are not emitted into the floral headspace, but accumulate in floral tissues as further converted or conjugated metabolites. This work reveals complex linalool metabolism in Arabidopsis flowers, the ecological role of which remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ginglinger
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit Boachon
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - René Höfer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Laurence Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphael Lugan
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Raymonde Baltenweck
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascaline Ullmann
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Franziska Beran
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Patricia Claudel
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J.C. Fischer
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Francis Karst
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Ehlting
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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25
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Beran F, Mewis I, Srinivasan R, Svoboda J, Vial C, Mosimann H, Boland W, Büttner C, Ulrichs C, Hansson BS, Reinecke A. Male Phyllotreta striolata (F.) Produce an Aggregation Pheromone: Identification of Male-specific compounds and Interaction with Host Plant Volatiles. J Chem Ecol 2010; 37:85-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Modern plant production cannot do without chemical pesticides, houever, this requires continued supervision. This control is especially necessary with regard to the incidence of pests and the methods for their elimination with special consideration of residue control. Ecologic plant protection in accordance with the environment will be one of the most important factors in guaranteeing human food in future.
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27
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Beran F. [Plant protection agents and pesticides from the toxicological viewpoint]. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1969; 210:227-33. [PMID: 5363464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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