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Effects of empagliflozin on progression of chronic kidney disease: a prespecified secondary analysis from the empa-kidney trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:39-50. [PMID: 38061371 PMCID: PMC7615591 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce progression of chronic kidney disease and the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a wide range of patients. However, their effects on kidney disease progression in some patients with chronic kidney disease are unclear because few clinical kidney outcomes occurred among such patients in the completed trials. In particular, some guidelines stratify their level of recommendation about who should be treated with SGLT2 inhibitors based on diabetes status and albuminuria. We aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin on progression of chronic kidney disease both overall and among specific types of participants in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial. METHODS EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA), and included individuals aged 18 years or older with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or with an eGFR of 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher. We explored the effects of 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily versus placebo on the annualised rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR slope), a tertiary outcome. We studied the acute slope (from randomisation to 2 months) and chronic slope (from 2 months onwards) separately, using shared parameter models to estimate the latter. Analyses were done in all randomly assigned participants by intention to treat. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. FINDINGS Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and then followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5-2·4). Prespecified subgroups of eGFR included 2282 (34·5%) participants with an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1·73 m2, 2928 (44·3%) with an eGFR of 30 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, and 1399 (21·2%) with an eGFR 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or higher. Prespecified subgroups of uACR included 1328 (20·1%) with a uACR of less than 30 mg/g, 1864 (28·2%) with a uACR of 30 to 300 mg/g, and 3417 (51·7%) with a uACR of more than 300 mg/g. Overall, allocation to empagliflozin caused an acute 2·12 mL/min per 1·73 m2 (95% CI 1·83-2·41) reduction in eGFR, equivalent to a 6% (5-6) dip in the first 2 months. After this, it halved the chronic slope from -2·75 to -1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (relative difference 50%, 95% CI 42-58). The absolute and relative benefits of empagliflozin on the magnitude of the chronic slope varied significantly depending on diabetes status and baseline levels of eGFR and uACR. In particular, the absolute difference in chronic slopes was lower in patients with lower baseline uACR, but because this group progressed more slowly than those with higher uACR, this translated to a larger relative difference in chronic slopes in this group (86% [36-136] reduction in the chronic slope among those with baseline uACR <30 mg/g compared with a 29% [19-38] reduction for those with baseline uACR ≥2000 mg/g; ptrend<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Empagliflozin slowed the rate of progression of chronic kidney disease among all types of participant in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial, including those with little albuminuria. Albuminuria alone should not be used to determine whether to treat with an SGLT2 inhibitor. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly.
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Yamada N, Yamagata K, Yamaguchi M, Yamaji Y, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Yamanaka A, Yamano T, Yamanouchi Y, Yamasaki N, Yamasaki Y, Yamasaki Y, Yamashita C, Yamauchi T, Yan Q, Yanagisawa E, Yang F, Yang L, Yano S, Yao S, Yao Y, Yarlagadda S, Yasuda Y, Yiu V, Yokoyama T, Yoshida S, Yoshidome E, Yoshikawa H, Young A, Young T, Yousif V, Yu H, Yu Y, Yuasa K, Yusof N, Zalunardo N, Zander B, Zani R, Zappulo F, Zayed M, Zemann B, Zettergren P, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang N, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Zhong H, Zhou N, Zhou S, Zhu D, Zhu L, Zhu S, Zietz M, Zippo M, Zirino F, Zulkipli FH. Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:51-60. [PMID: 38061372 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EMPA-KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. METHODS EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. FINDINGS Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5-2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62-0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16-1·59), representing a 50% (42-58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1). INTERPRETATION In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council.
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Shichi Y, Gomi F, Ueda Y, Nonaka K, Hasegawa F, Hasegawa Y, Hinata N, Yoshimura H, Yamamoto M, Takahashi K, Arai T, Ishiwata T. Multiple cystic sphere formation from PK-8 cells in three-dimensional culture. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101339. [PMID: 36105614 PMCID: PMC9464880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture of cancer cells mimics the in vivo environment. Recently, we reported that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines with epithelial and mesenchymal features formed differently shaped spheres in 3D culture. However, only PK-8 cells, the epithelial PDAC cell line with the highest E-cadherin expression among the eight PDAC cell lines, formed multiple cystic spheres in 3D culture. Optical coherence tomography revealed interconnected cysts inside the spheres. A weak inter-cellular adhesion, individual cell degeneration, necrosis, and secretory granules in the cytoplasm were observed in the PK-8 spheres using electron microscopy. The expression of MUC1, MUC5AC, and amylase was increased in PK-8 cells in the 3D culture compared with that in 2D culture. These findings suggest that highly E-cadherin-expressing epithelial PK-8 cells form multiple cystic spheres, which may be promoted by enhanced mucin and amylase synthesis in 3D culture. PK-8 cells highly express E-cadherin in multiple cystic spheres in 3D culture. The cysts within the PK-8 spheres are interconnected. Individual cell degeneration and necrosis was observed in PK-8 spheres. MUC1, MUC5, and amylase levels increased in PK-8 spheres.
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Moriyama T, Hasegawa F, Miyabe Y, Akiyama K, Karasawa K, Uchida K, Nitta K. Intracellular trafficking pathway of albumin in glomerular epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 574:97-103. [PMID: 34450430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular trafficking pathway of albumin in podocytes remains controversial. We therefore analysed albumin endocytosis through caveolae, subsequent transcytosis, and exocytosis. In Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis in vitro, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) treatment significantly decreased the expression of caveolin-1 and albumin in cultured human podocytes after incubation with albumin; additionally, MBCD interfered with albumin endocytosis through caveolae in the experiment using Transwell plates. In the immunofluorescence analysis, albumin was incubated with cultured human podocytes, and colocalisation analysis with organelles and cytoskeletons in the podocytes showed that albumin particles colocalised with caveolin-1 and Fc-receptor but not clathrin in endocytosis, colocalised with actin cytoskeleton but not microtubules in transcytosis, and colocalised with early endosomes and lysosomes but not proteasome, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi apparatus. In the electron microscopic analysis of podocytes in nephrotic syndrome model mice, gold-labelled albumin was shown as endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis with caveolae. These results indicate the intracellular trafficking of albumin through podocytes. Albumin enters through caveolae with the Fc-receptor, moves along actin, and reaches the early endosome, where some of them are sorted for lysosomal degradation, and others are directly transported outside the cells through exocytosis. This intracellular pathway may be a new aetiological hypothesis for albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Moriyama
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fumio Hasegawa
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoei Miyabe
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Akiyama
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Karasawa
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kosaku Nitta
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Matsubara T, Saito Y, Kurashige T, Higashihara M, Hasegawa F, Ogasawara M, Iida A, Nishino I, Adachi T, Kubota A, Murayama S. Neuropathy/intranuclear inclusion bodies in oculopharyngodistal myopathy: A case report. eNeurologicalSci 2021; 24:100348. [PMID: 34466670 PMCID: PMC8385282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Matsubara
- Department of Neuropathology (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital & Institute of Gerontology (TMGHIG), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Neuropathology (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital & Institute of Gerontology (TMGHIG), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Fumio Hasegawa
- Department of Neuropathology (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital & Institute of Gerontology (TMGHIG), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Ogasawara
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Genome Center, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Adachi
- Department of Neuropathology (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital & Institute of Gerontology (TMGHIG), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kubota
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital & Institute of Gerontology (TMGHIG), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, TMGHIG, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, (Brain Bank for Neurodevelopmental, Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders), Osaka, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital & Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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Sasaki N, Hirabayashi K, Michishita M, Takahashi K, Hasegawa F, Gomi F, Itakura Y, Nakamura N, Toyoda M, Ishiwata T. Abstract 135: Increased expression of ganglioside GM2 correlates with aggressiveness of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
(a) Purpose: Gangliosides are molecules composed of glycosphingolipids linked with one or more sialic acids, and are known to be key components of lipid rafts, which act as platforms for signal transduction. Changes in ganglioside levels affect the expression of raft-associated proteins on the cell surface and lead to reduced membrane fluidity, thus, resulting in cellular dysfunction, such as impaired signal transduction. The ganglioside GM2 is one of the major series of gangliosides that has several biological functions, such as in cell adhesion and signal transduction. GM2 is highly expressed in several types of human malignant tumors, such as melanomas, gliomas, and neuroblastomas, but is absent or weakly expressed in normal tissues. However, the association between gangliosides and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been elucidated yet. Thus, in this study, we aimed to clarify the expression and role of ganglioside GM2 in PDAC.
(b) Experimental procedures: GM2 expression in eight human PDAC cell lines was examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. The morphology, growth, and stemness of GM2- and GM2+ sorted-cells were compared by transmission electron microscopy, growth assays, real-time PCR analysis of the markers of stemness, and sphere forming assays. Cell motility was evaluated by invasion assay. For comparing tumorigenicity between the GM2- and GM2+ sorted-cells, heterotopic implantations were performed. The expression levels and clinico-pathological roles of GM2 in patients with PDAC were examined by immunohistochemical analysis of 117 pancreatic tissue samples.
(c) Results: The fraction of GM2+ cells was the highest (21.4%) in MIA PaCa-2 from among the eight cell lines, as revealed by FACS analysis. GM2-expressing MIA PaCa-2 cells had higher growth rates under adherent growth conditions. In 3D-culture, which enriches cancer stem cells (CSCs), most MIA PaCa-2 cells expressed GM2 and the cells responded to TGF-β1 treatment to promote invasion. Transplantation of the GM2-expressing cells into nude mice resulted in development of larger tumors as compared to that for control cells that did not express GM2. In the PDAC cases, GM2 expression was significantly associated with younger age, larger tumor size, advanced stage, and higher histological grade.
(d) Conclusions: We show that a PDAC cell line overexpressing GM2 exhibits high growth rate and high tumor initiation in 2D-culture. Further, pancreatic CSC-like cells expressing GM2 exhibit responsiveness against TGF-β1, resulting in enhanced invasion in 3D-culture. Furthermore, GM2 expression is associated with the growth and advanced stage of human PDAC. Further studies will be required for the development of an early detection method for GM2-overexpressing pancreatic cancers and to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting GM2.
Citation Format: Norihiko Sasaki, Kenichi Hirabayashi, Masaki Michishita, Kimimasa Takahashi, Fumio Hasegawa, Fujiya Gomi, Yoko Itakura, Naoya Nakamura, Masashi Toyoda, Toshiyuki Ishiwata. Increased expression of ganglioside GM2 correlates with aggressiveness of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 135.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fumio Hasegawa
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fujiya Gomi
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Itakura
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Toyoda
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Sasaki N, Hirabayashi K, Michishita M, Takahashi K, Hasegawa F, Gomi F, Itakura Y, Nakamura N, Toyoda M, Ishiwata T. Ganglioside GM2, highly expressed in the MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line, is correlated with growth, invasion, and advanced stage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19369. [PMID: 31852956 PMCID: PMC6920443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides, a group of glycosphingolipids, are known to be cell surface markers and functional factors in several cancers. However, the association between gangliosides and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been well elucidated. In this study, we examined the expression and roles of ganglioside GM2 in PDAC. GM2+ cells showed a higher growth rate than GM2− cells in the adherent condition. When GM2– and GM2+ cells were cultured three-dimensionally, almost all cells in the spheres expressed GM2, including cancer stem cell (CSC)-like cells. A glycolipid synthesis inhibitor reduced GM2 expression and TGF-β1 signaling in these CSC-like cells, presumably by inhibiting the interaction between GM2 and TGFβ RII and suppressing invasion. Furthermore, suppression of GM2 expression by MAPK inhibition also reduced TGF-β1 signaling and suppressed invasion. GM2+ cells formed larger subcutaneous tumors at a high incidence in nude mice than did GM2– cells. In PDAC cases, GM2 expression was significantly associated with younger age, larger tumor size, advanced stage and higher histological grade. These findings suggest that GM2 could be used as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Hirabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kimimasa Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Fumio Hasegawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Fujiya Gomi
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoko Itakura
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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Moriyama T, Karasawa K, Hasegawa F, Uchida K, Nitta K. Sertraline Reduces Albuminuria by Interfering with Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis through Glomerular Endothelial and Epithelial Cells. Am J Nephrol 2019; 50:444-453. [PMID: 31655808 DOI: 10.1159/000503917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previously, we reported the caveolae-mediated intracellular trafficking pathway of albumin through glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) as a new etiological hypothesis of urinary albumin excretion. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, sertraline (Ser), inhibits dynamin, which plays a pivotal role in the fission of caveolae from the cell membrane during caveolae endocytosis. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated whether Ser reduces albuminuria levels by interfering with albumin endocytosis through caveolae into GEnCs and podocytes as a novel treatment for glomerulonephritis. METHODS After treating the cells with Ser, albumin and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression levels were evaluated by immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot (WB) analyses. The albuminuria level was determined by histology in a puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephrotic syndrome mouse model (PAN mice) treated with or without Ser. RESULTS IF and WB analyses showed that the albumin expression level was significantly decreased by Ser treatment; however, Cav-1 expression was not decreased in GEnCs or podocytes based on the IF results. In PAN mice treated with or without Ser, Cav-1 expression increased, and the foot process effacement of podocytes and swelling of GEnCs were observed. However, proteinuria levels were not increased in PAN mice treated with Ser relative to that in normal control mice (p = 0.17), and a significant increase was observed in PAN mice without Ser treatment (p = 0.0027). CONCLUSIONS Ser interfered with albumin internalization through the caveolae into GEnCs and podocytes and reduced albuminuria. Dynamin inhibitors may serve as a novel therapeutic option for reducing albuminuria in glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Moriyama
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Kazunori Karasawa
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Hasegawa
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosaku Nitta
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sasaki N, Toyoda M, Hasegawa F, Fujiwara M, Gomi F, Ishiwata T. Fetal bovine serum enlarges the size of human pancreatic cancer spheres accompanied by an increase in the expression of cancer stem cell markers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:112-117. [PMID: 31027735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major histological type of pancreatic cancer and remains one of the most lethal cancers with a high mortality rate owing to its aggressive growth, high metastatic rate, and recurrence. Recent studies on cancer stem cells (CSCs) have suggested that the aggressive growth, high metastatic rate, and recurrence might be caused by the ability of CSCs to self-renew, differentiate, and drive tumorigenesis. Thus, CSCs are expected to be a therapeutic target for PDAC. Sphere forming assay of cancer cells, including PDAC cells, is commonly performed using epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 containing serum-free medium to identify and isolate the enriched CSCs. Recently, we observed that PDAC spheres cultured in fetal bovine serum containing medium are morphologically similar to spheres cultured in the growth factor containing medium. In this study, we cultured two PDAC cell lines, PANC-1 and PK-1, in growth factor containing serum-free medium or serum containing medium, and compared the morphology of the spheres formed in detail by electron microscopy and examined the expression of major CSC marker genes. Both the PDAC cells formed larger spheres in the serum containing medium than in the growth factor containing medium. PK-1 cells formed more morphologically differentiated spheres, with peripheral flat lining cells, in the serum containing medium. Expression levels of most of the CSC markers were higher in the spheres of the two PDAC cells in both the culture mediums than in the cells cultured under adherent conditions. The expression levels of CSC markers in PDAC spheres cultured in the growth factor containing medium were not necessarily higher than that in the spheres cultured in the serum containing medium. These findings suggest that sphere forming assay using serum containing medium, by which large PDAC spheres with enriched CSCs are formed, may be useful for deciphering the characteristics of CSCs and for developing anti-CSC therapies for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Fumio Hasegawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masakazu Fujiwara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medical Science, Nippon Medical School, Kanagawa, 211-8533, Japan
| | - Fujiya Gomi
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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Sasaki N, Hasegawa F, Michishita M, Matsuda Y, Arai T, Ishikawa N, Itakura Y, Aida J, Takubo K, Toyoda M, Ishiwata T. Abstract 3057: ABCG2-positive cells derived from ABCG2-negative pancreatic cancer cells in 3D-culture conditions show high stemness and anti-cancer drug resistance. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), an important multidrug resistance transporter, can mediate the efflux of various chemotherapy drugs and contribute to drug resistance in cancer cells. The correlation between ABCG2 expression and cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes has been examined in hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as in glioma, breast, prostate, and colon cancer; however, the results remain controversial. In this study, we compared the characteristics of low- (ABCG2-) and high-expressing (ABCG2+) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells using a human pancreatic cancerous cell line (PANC-1) because the role of ABCG2 in CSC-related malignant characteristics in PDAC is not well elucidated.
ABCG2- and ABCG2+ PDAC cells were separated using flow cytometric cell sorting. In adherent cell culture conditions, 10% of all PANC-1 cells were ABCG2+. Using transmission electron microscopy, we found that ABCG2+ cells showed more abundant and longer microvilli on the cell surface than ABCG2- cells. Unexpectedly, ABCG2+ cells did not demonstrate significantly greater drug resistance against 5-FU, gemcitabine, and vincristine than ABCG2- cells, as assessed using a WST-8 assay. Furthermore, ABCG2- cells exhibited better sphere formation ability and higher stemness marker expression, including that of Sox2, Oct4, ALDH1, CD44v9, and Nestin, than ABCG2+ cells, as observed using qRT-PCR. Cell growth rates and motilities, examined using the Boyden chamber and scratch assays, were higher in ABCG2- cells than in ABCG2+ cells. However, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) ability, assessed by examining the alteration of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail, and Vimentin expression after TGFβ addition, was comparable between ABCG2- and ABCG2+ cells.
In 3D-culture conditions using ultra low-attachment plates, ABCG2- cells formed spheres containing a large number of ABCG2+ cells, and expression of stemness markers in these spheres was higher than that of spheres derived from ABCG2+ cells. Furthermore, spheres derived from ABCG2- cells included large populations of ABCG2+ cells and exhibited high resistance against anti-cancer drugs, presumably depending on ABCG2 expression.
We found that in adherent culture conditions, ABCG2+ PDAC cells do not exhibit stemness and malignant behaviors, but ABCG2+ cells derived from ABCG2- cells after sphere formation have high stemness and anti-cancer drug resistance. This suggests that ABCG2- cells have the capacity to generate ABCG2+ cells, and the malignant potential of ABCG2+ cells in PDAC depends on the environment. The 3D-culture system was expected to mimic in vivo environments. Therefore, ABCG2+ cells in pancreatic cancer tumors may exhibit high stemness and anti-cancer drug resistance. Thus, ABCG2+ cells should be considered as novel therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer.
Citation Format: Norihiko Sasaki, Fumio Hasegawa, Masaki Michishita, Yoko Matsuda, Tomio Arai, Naoshi Ishikawa, Yoko Itakura, Junko Aida, Kaiyo Takubo, Masashi Toyoda, Toshiyuki Ishiwata. ABCG2-positive cells derived from ABCG2-negative pancreatic cancer cells in 3D-culture conditions show high stemness and anti-cancer drug resistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3057.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumio Hasegawa
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Matsuda
- 3Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- 3Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Itakura
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Sasaki N, Ishiwata T, Hasegawa F, Michishita M, Kawai H, Matsuda Y, Arai T, Ishikawa N, Aida J, Takubo K, Toyoda M. Stemness and anti-cancer drug resistance in ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 highly expressed pancreatic cancer is induced in 3D culture conditions. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1135-1146. [PMID: 29444383 PMCID: PMC5891171 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is related to tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSC) in several cancers. However, the effects of ABCG2 on CSC-related malignant characteristics in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are not well elucidated. In this study, we compared the characteristics of low (ABCG2-) and high (ABCG2+)-ABCG2-expressing PDAC cells after cell sorting. In adherent culture condition, human PDAC cells, PANC-1, contained approximately 10% ABCG2+ cell populations, and ABCG2+ cells displayed more and longer microvilli compared with ABCG2- cells. Unexpectedly, ABCG2+ cells did not show significant drug resistance against fluorouracil, gemcitabine and vincristine, and ABCG2- cells exhibited higher sphere formation ability and stemness marker expression than those of ABCG2+ cells. Cell growth and motility was greater in ABCG2- cells compared with ABCG2+ cells. In contrast, epithelial-mesenchymal transition ability between ABCG2- and ABCG2+ cells was comparable. In 3D culture conditions, spheres derived from ABCG2- cells generated a large number of ABCG2+ cells, and the expression levels of stemness markers in these spheres were higher than spheres from ABCG2+ cells. Furthermore, spheres containing large populations of ABCG2+ cells exhibited high resistance against anti-cancer drugs presumably depending on ABCG2. ABCG2+ cells in PDAC in adherent culture are not correlated with stemness and malignant behaviors, but ABCG2+ cells derived from ABCG2- cells after sphere formation have stemness characteristics and anti-cancer drug resistance. These findings suggest that ABCG2- cells generate ABCG2+ cells and the malignant potential of ABCG2+ cells in PDAC varies depending on their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine)Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and CarcinogenesisResearch Team for Geriatric PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
| | - Fumio Hasegawa
- Division of Aging and CarcinogenesisResearch Team for Geriatric PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary PathologySchool of Veterinary MedicineNippon Veterinary and Life Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Kawai
- Research and Development DepartmentLPixleTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
| | - Naoshi Ishikawa
- Division of Aging and CarcinogenesisResearch Team for Geriatric PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
| | - Junko Aida
- Division of Aging and CarcinogenesisResearch Team for Geriatric PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Division of Aging and CarcinogenesisResearch Team for Geriatric PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine)Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of GerontologyTokyoJapan
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Ishiwata T, Hasegawa F, Michishita M, Sasaki N, Ishikawa N, Takubo K, Matsuda Y, Arai T, Aida J. Electron microscopic analysis of different cell types in human pancreatic cancer spheres. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2485-2490. [PMID: 29434962 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are pluripotent and self-renewable, contribute to the initiation and metastasis of cancer, and are responsible for resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive type of cancer that is associated with a high incidence of distant metastasis and recurrence. Sphere formation reveals cell proliferation under nonadherent conditions and is commonly used to identify CSCs; measurements of the number, area and volume of the spheres are used to estimate stemness of PDAC cells. However, detailed morphological analysis of such spheres has not been performed. The aim of the present study was to examine the morphology of spheres isolated from PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PANC-1 cells formed round to irregular oblong spheres within 1 week following seeding in ultra-low-attachment plates. These spheres exhibited higher levels of expression of CSC markers, including nestin, sex determining region Y-box 2, and CD44 containing variant exon 9, compared with adherent cells. SEM analysis revealed that the spheres exhibited a grape-like appearance, harboring cancer cells with smooth or rough surfaces. Similarly, TEM analysis detected cancer cells with varying surface types within the spheres: Those with smooth surfaces, irregular large protrusions, protrusions and a small number of microvilli, and those with many microvilli throughout the entire cell surface. These morphological differences among cancer cells may be indicative of different stages in the differentiation process, from CSCs to non-CSCs, within the spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Fumio Hasegawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Naoshi Ishikawa
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Junko Aida
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Furuhashi K, Noguchi T, Okada S, Hasegawa F, Kaizu Y, Imou K. The surface structure of Botryococcus braunii colony prevents the entry of extraction solvents into the colony interior. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Atobe S, Saga K, Hasegawa F, Furuhashi K, Tashiro Y, Suzuki T, Okada S, Imou K. Effect of amphiphilic polysaccharides released from Botryococcus braunii Showa on hydrocarbon recovery. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hasegawa F, Yokoyama S, Imou K. Methanol or ethanol produced from woody biomass: which is more advantageous? Bioresour Technol 2010; 101 Suppl 1:S109-S111. [PMID: 19632825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two conversion technologies--methanol synthesis and ethanol fermentation--were compared and CO(2) mitigation effect was estimated. The biomethanol production process was revealed as being preferable to the bioethanol process in terms of thermal efficiency, carbon conversion and environmental burden except electrical energy consumption. When biofuels are employed in internal combustion engines, biomethanol has greater potential for gasoline substitution, but the difference in expected CO(2) reduction is rather small due to higher power consumption in methanol production. Consequently, from a short-term perspective, bioethanol is preferable since it can readily substitute the gasoline for conventional vehicles. From a long-term perspective, however, biomethanol has greater potential for gasoline substitution and CO(2) mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Hasegawa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yanagihara K, Takigahira M, Takeshita F, Komatsu T, Nishio K, Hasegawa F, Ochiya T. A photon counting technique for quantitatively evaluating progression of peritoneal tumor dissemination. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7532-9. [PMID: 16885351 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently established a mouse model of peritoneal dissemination of human gastric carcinoma, including the formation of ascites, by orthotopic transplantation of cultured gastric carcinoma cells. To clarify the processes of expansion of the tumors in this model, nude mice were sacrificed and autopsied at different points of time after the orthotopic transplantation of the cancer cells for macroscopic and histopathologic examination of the tumors. The cancer cells grew actively in the gastric submucosa and invaded the deeper layers to reach the serosal plane. The tumor cells then underwent exfoliation and became free followed by the formation of metastatic lesions initially in the greater omentum and subsequent colonization and proliferation of the tumors on the peritoneum. Although this model allowed the detection of even minute metastases, it was not satisfactory from the viewpoint of quantitative and objective evaluation. To resolve these problems, we introduced a luciferase gene into this tumor cell line with a high metastasizing potential and carried out in vivo photon counting analysis. This photon counting technique was found to allow objective and quantitative evaluation of the progression of peritoneal dissemination on a real-time basis. This animal metastatic model is useful for monitoring the responses of tumors to anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Central Animal Laboratory, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Honda K, Yamada T, Hayashida Y, Idogawa M, Sato S, Hasegawa F, Ino Y, Ono M, Hirohashi S. Actinin-4 increases cell motility and promotes lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:51-62. [PMID: 15633123 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Enhanced motility of cancer cells by remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton seems crucial in the process of cancer invasion and metastasis. We previously identified an actin-binding protein, actinin-4, as a new biomarker of cancer invasion and an indicator of prognosis for patients with breast cancer. However, its involvement in the mechanisms of cancer invasion and metastasis remains undetermined. The current study tested the role of actinin-4 in the motility and metastatic potential of colorectal cancer cells. METHODS & RESULTS Quantitative immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that the expression level of the actinin-4 protein was increased in 73.1% (19/26) of the cases of colorectal cancer over the corresponding normal intestinal epithelium. The increased expression of actinin-4 was most significant in dedifferentiated cancer cells at the invasive front. A colorectal cancer cell clone capable of inducing actinin-4 using the tetracycline-regulatory system (designated DLD1 Tet-off ACTN-4) was established. Upon the induction of actinin-4, DLD1 Tet-off ACTN-4 cells spread filopodia and significantly increased their motility ( P = .00027); actinin-4 protein was concentrated at the leading edges of these actin-rich podia. When injected into the mesocecum of severe combined immunodeficient mice, DLD1 Tet-off ACTN4 cells, but not the control cells, metastasized into regional mesenteric lymph nodes, resembling the behavior of clinical cancers. The expression of actinin-4 in focally dedifferentiated cancer cells at the invasive front was significantly correlated with the frequency of lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer ( P = .038). CONCLUSIONS Actinin-4 actively increases cell motility and promotes lymph node metastasis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Honda
- Chemotherapy Division and Cancer Proteomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuoh-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Hasegawa T, Hasegawa F, Hirose T, Sano T, Matsuno Y. Expression of smooth muscle markers in so called malignant fibrous histiocytomas. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:666-71. [PMID: 12944549 PMCID: PMC1770045 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.9.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2003] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To obtain further information regarding the frequency and degree of positivity for smooth muscle markers in a large number of malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs), as an aid to accurate diagnosis. METHOD The immunohistochemical features of 100 MFHs were studied and the results were compared with those for 30 leiomyosarcomas. Eighteen cases of MFH with smooth muscle actin (SMA) positivity were examined ultrastructurally. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for smooth muscle markers, such as desmin, SMA, muscle specific actin (MSA) and h-caldesmon (HCD), which is a specific marker for smooth muscle cells and their tumours, was found in 28, 30, 29, and 29 of 30 leiomyosarcomas. Immunoreactivity for desmin, SMA, MSA, and HCD was found in 17, 30, 14, and two of the MFHs. On electron microscopic examination, approximately half of the cases contained a varying proportion of myofibroblastic cells. The others had only fibroblastic or undifferentiated tumour cells. At least 30% of the cases were found to display features consistent with limited smooth muscle or myofibroblastic differentiation. CONCLUSION A large subset of so called MFH in fact shows poorly differentiated smooth muscle or myofibroblastic features, and perhaps such tumours should be regarded as pleomorphic leiomyosarcomas and/or pleomorphic myofibroblastic sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Centre Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Masutani M, Nozaki T, Watanabe M, Ochiya T, Hasegawa F, Nakagama H, Suzuki H, Sugimura T. Involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in trophoblastic cell differentiation during tumorigenesis. Mutat Res 2001; 477:111-7. [PMID: 11376692 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp) monitors DNA strand breaks and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates nuclear proteins using NAD as a substrate. The participation of Parp in DNA damage responses has been demonstrated by recent studies using Parp knockout mice. On the other hand, accumulated evidence has shown that Parp is involved in the regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. In this study, the role of Parp in tumorigenesis and differentiation was studied with Parp-/- embryonic stem (ES) cells. When Parp+/+, Parp+/-, and Parp-/- ES cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice, teratocarcinoma-like tumors developed from ES cells. However, only tumors derived from Parp-/- ES cells showed trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) containing single or multiple megalo-nuclei. These TGCs are located in a large blood-lake like hemorrhage. This example suggests that Parp is not essential for tumor formation, however, it is involved in trophoblastic cell differentiation and could consequently affect tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masutani
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kuroda M, Mimaki Y, Hasegawa F, Yokosuka A, Sashida Y, Sakagami H. Steroidal glycosides from the bulbs of Camassia leichtlinii and their cytotoxic activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:726-31. [PMID: 11411525 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical analysis of the bulbs of Camassia leichtlinii (Liliaceae) resulted in the isolation of six new spirostanol saponins, a new furostanol saponin, a cholestane glucoside, and four known steroidal saponins. The structures of the new saponins were determined by detailed analysis of their spectral data, including two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and by the results of hydrolytic cleavage. Cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds against human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-2) cells and normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuroda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Science, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Japan.
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Naishiro Y, Yamada T, Takaoka AS, Hayashi R, Hasegawa F, Imai K, Hirohashi S. Restoration of epithelial cell polarity in a colorectal cancer cell line by suppression of beta-catenin/T-cell factor 4-mediated gene transactivation. Cancer Res 2001; 61:2751-8. [PMID: 11289158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Beta-catenin acts as a transcriptional coactivator by forming a complex with T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) DNA-binding proteins. Aberrant transactivation of a certain set of target genes by beta-catenin and TCF4 complexes has been implicated in familial and sporadic colorectal tumorigenesis. A colorectal cancer cell line, DLD-1, becomes irregularly multilayered, when maintained confluent for 2-3 weeks, and forms numerous dome-like polypoid foci piled-up over the surface of cell sheets. By the use of a strict tetracycline-regulation system, we found that the continuous suppression of beta-catenin/TCF4-mediated gene transactivation by dominant-negative TCF4B (deltaN30) reduced these piled-up foci and restored a simple monolayer of polarized columnar cells resembling normal intestinal epithelium. The restoration of epithelial cell polarity was evident in two ways: (a) the formation of microvilli over the apical surface; and (b) the distribution of a tight junction protein, ZO-1, to the lateral plasma membrane. Retroviral expression of stabilized beta-catenin (deltaN89) induced the formation of similar piled-up foci in untransformed IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells. Sulindac, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug effective against colorectal tumorigenesis in familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome, suppressed the formation of foci. The loss of epithelial cell polarity may be a critical cellular event driving beta-catenin/TCF4-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Naishiro
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Tokuzen R, Iwahori Y, Asamoto M, Iigo M, Hasegawa F, Satoh T, Ishidate M, Tsuda H. Establishment and characterization of three new rat renal cell carcinoma cell lines from N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine-induced basophilic cell tumors. Pathol Int 2001; 51:65-71. [PMID: 11169143 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2001.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new rat cell lines (designated as BP13, BP30 and BP36B), derived from rat basophilic-type renal cell carcinomas induced with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine, were established and characterized. Passaged up to 100 times in vitro for 3 years, each cell line forms epithelial monolayers with cell cycles for BP13, BP30 and BP36B of 29, 21 and 17 h, respectively. Positive glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) activity in their cytoplasm, but negative succinate dehydrogenase (SD) and slightly positive carbonic anhydrase type II (CA) localization indicates an origin from proximal tubules. Ultrastructural examination showed the presence of variable numbers of mitochondria and many microvilli and intracellular junctions on the plasma membrane. BP13 and BP30 were found to be tetraploid and BP36B diploid. BP13 has one marker chromosome 15p+, and BP36B an isochromosome of 1q. Anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity in immunosuppressed nude mice of BP13 and BP36B, but not BP30, proved their neoplastic nature. These three cell lines should provide useful tools for studying the biological characteristics of renal cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tokuzen
- Experimental Pathology and Chemotherapy Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Abstract
We present a rare case of primary extracranial meningioma in a 36-year-old man, who had a solitary multinodular mass located in the plantar muscle of the foot. The histology of specimens from simple excision was typical of meningioma, showing bland spindle cell proliferation with a whorl pattern. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the tumor cells showed diffuse and strong positivity for epithelial membrane antigen as well as moderate reactivity for cytokeratin and vimentin. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were characterized by thin bipolar cytoplasmic processes and joined by multiple small desmosomes. There were frequent pinocytotic vesicles and a distinct external lamina on the cell surface. These findings suggest that this primary ectopic meningioma, arising in the soft tissue, may have been derived from perineurial cells of the peripheral nerve, but was morphologically distinguishable from perineurioma. Primary extracranial meningioma should be included in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue spindle cell tumors, especially those of peripheral nerve origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Tomaru
- Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center Hospital and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Hasegawa T, Seki K, Hasegawa F, Matsuno Y, Shimodo T, Hirose T, Sano T, Hirohashi S. Dedifferentiated liposarcoma of retroperitoneum and mesentery: varied growth patterns and histological grades--a clinicopathologic study of 32 cases. Hum Pathol 2000; 31:717-27. [PMID: 10872666 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2000.8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to obtain further information regarding cellular differentiation and proliferative characteristics of dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDL) arising in the retroperitoneum and mesentery for accurate diagnosis and prognostic criteria. The patients included 20 men and 12 women, mean age, 60 years (range, 33 to 80 years). Twenty-seven tumors were located in the retroperitoneum and 5 in the mesentery. Tumor size ranged from 9 to 51 cm (mean, 24 cm). Follow-up was available on all patients and ranged from 4 to 243 months (mean, 64 months). Twenty-four (75%) patients developed local recurrences, 3 (9%) had distant metastasis, and 16 (50%) died of the disease. The predominant histology of dedifferentiation (DD) included fibrosarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) in 15 (47%), myxofibrosarcoma (myxoid MFH) in 5 (16%), mixed type in 10 (31%), and a whorling pattern in 2 (6%). Divergent differentiation, such as osseous, osteosarcomatous, chondrosarcomatous, and leiomyosarcomatous, was observed in 9 (28%). Immunoreactivity for vimentin, desmin, CD34, neurofilament, alpha-smooth muscle actin, p53, and MDM2 was observed in 32 (100%), 14 (44%), 8 (25%), 13 (41%), 14 (44%), 19 (59%), and 18 (56%) of DD areas, respectively. On the basis of a histological grading using MIB-1 (MIB-1 index range, 3% to 80%; mean, 27%) to replace mitosis counts (1 to 35/10 high-power fields [HPF]; mean, 13/10 HPF), 16 tumors each were classified as low-grade (grade 2) and high-grade (grade 3). The mixed type with poorly differentiated areas including scattered lipoblasts could be mistaken for myxoid liposarcoma but lacked the C/EBP-homologous protein-translocated in liposarcomat (CHOP-TLS) fusion genes specific for myxoid liposarcoma. Period to the first recurrence and histological grade using the MIB-1 index were associated with overall survival. Identification of DD areas, especially a poorly recognized variant of the mixed type, careful follow-up to detect early recurrence, and histological malignancy grading combined with proliferation indices are important in providing an accurate prognosis for all patients with retroperitoneal and mesenteric liposarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- National Cancer Center Research Institute and Hospital, Department of Pathology, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsuda H, Takarabe T, Hasegawa F, Fukutomi T, Hirohashi S. Large, central acellular zones indicating myoepithelial tumor differentiation in high-grade invasive ductal carcinomas as markers of predisposition to lung and brain metastases. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24:197-202. [PMID: 10680887 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200002000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-grade invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) of the breast with large, central acellular zones on their cut surfaces are usually associated with the myoepithelial immunophenotype of carcinoma cells, which includes the expression of S-100 protein, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and keratin 14. To clarify the clinical significance of these features of IDCs, the authors compared the incidence of the myoepithelial immunophenotype immunohistochemically, patient prognosis, and metastatic sites of the tumor between 20 high-grade IDCs with large, central acellular zones and 40 control high-grade IDCs without these zones. The myoepithelial immunophenotype was detected in 16 IDCs (80%) with large, central acellular zones but in only seven IDCs (18%) without. The risk ratio of metastasis, especially in the brain and lung, and death from cancer were significantly higher (p = 0.0096 and p = 0.030) for the 20 IDCs with large, central acellular zones than for those without by Cox's univariate analysis. Using Cox's multivariate analysis, large, central acellular zones in IDCs were an indicator of high risk of brain and lung metastases and of death by cancer independent of nodal status and tumor size. Examination of large, central acellular zones and myoepithelial immunophenotype in high-grade IDCs appears helpful in predicting patient prognosis and preferential metastatic sites of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuda
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Hasegawa T, Matsuno Y, Shimoda T, Hasegawa F, Sano T, Hirohashi S. Extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors: their histological variability and potentially aggressive behavior. Hum Pathol 1999; 30:1464-73. [PMID: 10667425 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(99)90169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The histological variability of solitary fibrous tumors may contribute to the difficulty in diagnosing these neoplasms, especially when they arise in extrathoracic sites. Like intrathoracic lesions, the behavior of extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors is currently unpredictable because these types of tumor have only recently been recognized. This study therefore was undertaken to examine the clinical behavior and histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of 24 extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors with long-term follow-up. The patients comprised 10 men and 14 women, between 30 and 85 years of age (mean, 51 years). Ten tumors were located in the retroperitoneum or pelvis, 5 in the trunk, 4 in the extremities, 2 in the orbital region, and 1 each in the kidney, uterine cervix, and meninges. All of the tumors showed a classic morphological appearance, diffuse and strong immunoreactivity for both vimentin and CD34, and variable reactivity for bcl-2. All 7 cases examined ultrastructurally contained fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Six tumors contained multinucleated giant cells, and in 4 cases these lined pseudovascular spaces with mononuclear cells, thus resembling giant cell angiofibroma and giant cell fibroblastoma. Other potentially similar spindle cell neoplasms mixed with adipose tissue, such as dendritic fibromyxolipoma, lipomatous hemangiopericytoma, cellular angiofibroma, and spindle cell lipoma, were considered in the differential diagnosis. One tumor displayed atypical histological features in the form of increased cellularity and nuclear pleomorphism, but this patient has remained free of disease for 14 years. Another 2 patients developed local recurrences at 6 months and 5 years, and a further patient developed pulmonary metastases that were diagnosed after 7 years. These tumors lacked any atypical histological features in the primary lesions. No patient has so far died of the disease. In conclusion, most extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors appear to pursue a benign course, although, because some have the potential to recur or metastasize, careful long-term follow-up is necessary for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Divisions, National Cancer Center Research Institute and Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Nozaki T, Masutani M, Watanabe M, Ochiya T, Hasegawa F, Nakagama H, Suzuki H, Sugimura T. Syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells in teratocarcinoma-like tumors derived from Parp-disrupted mouse embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:13345-50. [PMID: 10557323 PMCID: PMC23950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp) catalyzes poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction and is involved in DNA repair and cell death induction upon DNA damages. Meanwhile, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of chromosome-associated proteins is suggested to be implicated in the regulation of gene expression and cellular differentiation, both of which are important in tumorigenesis. To investigate directly the role of Parp deficiency in tumorigenicity and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells during tumor formation, studies were conducted by using wild-type J1 (Parp(+/+)) ES cells and Parp(+/-) and Parp(-/-) ES clones generated by disrupting Parp exon 1. These ES cells, irrespective of the Parp genotype, produced tumors phenotypically similar to teratocarcinoma when injected s.c. into nude mice. Remarkably, all tumors derived from Parp(-/-) clones contained syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells (STGCs), which possess single or multiple megalo-nuclei. The STGCs were present within large areas of intratumoral hemorrhage. In contrast, neither STGC nor hemorrhage was observed in tumors of both wild-type J1 cells and Parp(+/-) clones. Electron microscopic examination showed that the STGCs possess microvilli on the cell surface and contained secretory granules in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the cytoplasms of STGCs were strongly stained with antibody against mouse prolactin, which could similarly stain trophoblasts in placenta. These morphological and histochemical features indicate that the STGCs in teratocarcinoma-like tumors derived from Parp(-/-) clones belong to the trophoblast cell lineage. Our findings thus suggest that differentiation of ES cells into STGCs was possibly induced by the lack of Parp during the development of teratocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nozaki
- Division of Biochemistry, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
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Esumi H, Chin K, Kurashima Y, Hasegawa F, Ogura T, Yoneda M, Ozawa T. Reversible cell cycle arrest with concomitant p21/WAF1 overexpression and mitochondrial destruction by nitric oxide. IUBMB Life 1997; 42:779-87. [PMID: 19856295 DOI: 10.1080/15216549700203211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep-G2 cells were treated with the NO-generating compounds, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine(SNAP) or (+/-)-(E)-4-ethyl-2-(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitroso-3-hexenamide, cells stopped growing. Most cells were found to be in either G1 or G2/M phase and the dye-exclusion test revealed that the cells were alive. Electron microscopic examination confirmed the integrity of cells and nuclei. Nuclear staining with the DNA-binding dye H33258 revealed that cells did not undergo apoptosis although dramatic changes in mitochondrial morphology were noticed within 6 hr of treatment with SNAP by electron microscopy. Western and northern blot analysesrevealed that cells overexpressed p21/WAF1. The growth arrest was released by withdrawal of the NO-generating compound and cells started to divide within 24 hr after withdrawal of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Esumi
- Investigative Treatment Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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Isurugi K, Hasegawa F, Shibahara N, Mori H, Shima H, Harada N, Hasegawa T, Honma S, Imasaki K, Nawata H. Incomplete testicular feminization syndrome: studies on androgen receptor(AR) function, AR gene analysis, and aromatase activities at puberty and long-term observations of clinical and hormonal features from infancy to puberty. Endocr J 1996; 43:557-64. [PMID: 8980896 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.43.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A female infant with partial androgen insensitivity (PAIS) was first seen at 4 months of age with slight virilization of the genitalia and externally palpable testes. Sex chromosome was 46,XY. She received left orchidectomy and exploratory laparotomy at 2 yr of age. At exploratory laparotomy, neither a uterus nor fallopian tubes were found. The right testis was preserved by fixing it at the external inguinal ring expecting spontaneous pubertal maturation. After discharge, serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) were measured annually, and the steroid responses to hCG stimulation were examined every two yr. At the age of 10 yr, she developed breasts and a very feminine body habitus. At 12 yr, she received a clitoroplasty and right orchidectomy. The fibroblast cultures were made from the genital skin whereby androgen receptor (AR) binding was assessed by radioreceptor assay using 3H-DHT as the ligand, and thermoinstability of AR was noted despite normal maximum binding (Bmax) and dissociation constant (Kd) at 22 degrees C. But another binding experiment with 3H-Mibolerone resulted in the lack of receptor binding. AR gene analysis with direct sequencing of coding exons of the gene revealed no abnormality of the AR gene. 5 alpha-reductase activity was normal. Aromatase activity appeared to be enhanced in the genital skin fibroblast (GSF) cells as well as in the testicular tissue. The results of these studies indicated that the patient had PAIS with impaired AR functions and increased aromatase activity. After the discharge, the patient has maintained feminine phenotype, receiving estrogen therapy with mestranol 0.02 mg/day po.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isurugi
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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Abstract
A 52-year-old woman was admitted because of a vaginal-wall tumor adjacent to the external urethral orifice. The tumor had been causing disturbances in micturition for the past year. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography images indicated a 6 x 3 cm solid mass in the anterior vaginal wall. The tumor was enucleated surgically through a median longitudinal incision of the anterior vaginal wall. Micturitional disturbances were rectified after surgery. Histologically, the tumor was a mixture of a high-cellularity area with a mitosis rate of 7 per 30 high-power fields, and a less cellular area without mitosis. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for both areas. The prognostic implications of the tumor are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isurugi
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
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Takahashi S, Hasegawa F, Isurugi K. [Application of antiandrogens on prostatic diseases]. Nihon Rinsho 1994; 52:809-14. [PMID: 7513031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antiandrogen therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic carcinoma has been introduced in clinical practice. Steroidal antiandrogens such as progestational agents suppress prostatic growth through pituitary gonadotropin suppression as well as by blocking intraprostatic androgen action. Although clinical efficacy of the therapy appears to be promising in some clinical trials, the side effect of sexual function disturbances remains to be solved especially in BPH patients. The new treatment modality for advanced prostatic carcinoma has been introduced; the total androgen blockade therapy, utilizing a pure antiandrogen (Flutamide) in combination with an LH-RH agonist, has been proposed by some authors, but the overall efficacy has not been established yet. Clinical trials for two pure antiandrogens (Flutamide and Casodex) are currently in progress in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College
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Hasegawa F, Okada S, Aoyama N, Suzuki T, Takasaki N, Miyazaki S. [A case of urinary bladder hernia]. Hinyokika Kiyo 1992; 38:837-40. [PMID: 1381867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A 77-year-old male visited our hospital complaining of swelling in the right scrotal and inguinal region, urinary urgency and difficulty of urination. Physical examination revealed an elastic soft mass in the right inguinal region toward the right scrotum. Rectal examination proved that the prostate was moderately enlarged. Cystogram and urethrography showed hernia of the bladder into the right scrotum and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urodynamic studies demonstrated organic obstruction in the lower urinary tract. Transurethral resection of the prostate was done for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Later, surgical treatment for the bladder hernia was performed by replacing the bladder into the pelvic cavity and closing the hernial ring without resection of the bladder wall. The bladder hernia proved to be a para-peritoneal type. The postoperative course was uneventful. The previous reports of urinary bladder hernia are reviewed and the incidence, etiology, diagnosis the treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hasegawa
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical School
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Sakakibara T, Okada S, Hasegawa F, Kanbara A, Kanehara H, Hamada K, Takasaki N. [A case of giant vesical calculus after ileocystostomy]. Hinyokika Kiyo 1988; 34:2181-4. [PMID: 3071127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A 52-year-old female, who had undergone nephrectomy and ileocystostomy for right-renal tuberculosis and contracted bladder 19 years earlier was seen with anemia and metabolic acidosis. Radiographic findings demonstrated that the patient suffered from a giant vesical calculus. Cystolithotomy was performed and the removed calculus weighed 460 g. Of the 66 cases of giant vesical calculus weighing more than 200 g reported in our country only 7 were in females.
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Okada S, Ohara H, Tonami H, Hasegawa F, Inoue H, Kanbara A, Takasaki N, Miyazaki S. [Retrograde nephrostomy for percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. Hinyokika Kiyo 1988; 34:613-8. [PMID: 3400544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Between June, 1985 and November, 1986, 25 patients at our institute underwent retrograde nephrostomy placement to provide percutaneous access to the kidney for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) of renal or upper ureteral calculi. Overall, retrograde nephrostomy was successfully completed through the desired calyx in 80% of the patients and calculi were successfully removed by the subsequent PNL. There were 5 failures primarily due to wrong indication and inexperience with the technique. The procedures had been done without significant complications in this series including unsuccessful cases. On the basis of our experiences, it is practically important for successful retrograde nephrostomy to fix the tip of the catheter firmly in the desired calyx until the puncture wire is advanced into the renal parenchyma. It is also important to aim the puncture wire at the skin in a favorable direction to avoid adjacent visceral penetration. Retrograde nephrostomy is a useful aid for percutaneous calculus removal particularly in patients with nondilated intrarenal collecting systems, because this new technique allows precise tract placement to the kidney required for efficient calculus manipulation with less risk than that associated with conventional percutaneous nephrostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okada
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical School
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Matsuse K, Hasegawa F, Ra S, Takasaki N, Kawai S. [A case of ureteral disruption caused by a traffic accident]. Hinyokika Kiyo 1985; 31:671-6. [PMID: 3898774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the ureter is very rarely caused by a blunt trauma, only 12 cases having been reported in Japan. A 20-year-old male suffered from a blunt abdominal trauma in a traffic accident. Although his urinalysis showed no abnormalities, a dull pain in the left flank region persisted for over a week after the injury. Under the suspicion of renal or ureteral injury, an excretory urogram (DIP) was conducted. The form of renal pelvis and calyces was almost normal on both sides, while extravasation of contrast medium was recognized around the lower pole of the left kidney. The retrograde pyelogram of the left side revealed that catheterization was possible up to 30 cm from the ureteral orifice, but the injected medium leaked into the retroperitoneal space making it impossible to visualize the left renal pelvis and calyces. An operation was performed under the diagnosis of left ureteral injury on the 19th day after trauma. The left ureter was completely disrupted 2 cm distally from the ureteropelvic junction. An end to end anastomosis of the ureter was done with 6-0 Dexon sutures. The DIP taken on the 25th day after the operation showed slight dilatation of the left pelvis and calyces. However, the renogram conducted 6 months after the operation demonstrated a normal pattern on both sides.
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Hasegawa F. [Studies on catabolism of ether lipids. -Solubilization of alkylglycerol monooxygenase from rat liver microsome (author's transl)]. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1981; 56:17-25. [PMID: 7262815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The author has investigated the condition for solubilization of alkylglycerol monooxygenase from rat liver microsome. The solubilization of this enzyme has been done by using Triton X-100, because this enzyme is considered to be relatively stable in the presence of 0.5% Triton X-100. It is suggested that there are factors leading to decrement of enzyme activity during the procedure of DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. Since the enzyme activity is markedly stimulated by phosphatidyl choline or catalase in the enzyme system obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, it is presumed that the enzyme activity is markedly reduced because of removing the H2O2-scavenging system as well as the lipids, which are necessary to activate or stabilize the enzyme, from the microsomal enzyme system. Key words: Alkyglycerol monoxygenase, Solubilization, Microsome.
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Cyong JC, Okada H, Ishihara K, Hasegawa F. Effect of ethanol on cyclic nucleotide levels and the electron microscopic morphology of murine mammary tumor cells. Kitasato Arch Exp Med 1978; 51:73-80. [PMID: 232731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kakizoe T, Hasegawa F, Kawachi T, Sugimura T. Isolation of transitional epithelial cells from the rat urinary bladder. Invest Urol 1977; 15:242-4. [PMID: 412812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed to isolate transitional cells from the mucous lining of the rat urinary bladder by treatment with ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid and sonication. The isolated cells were examined by phase contrast microscopy, Giemsa staining, and scanning electron microscopy. Two types of isolated cells were distinguished: large ones which were characterized as superficial cells and smaller ones which seemed to be intermediate basal cells.
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Ono T, Ozasa S, Hasegawa F, Imai Y. Involvement of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the rat liver squalene epoxidase system. Biochim Biophys Acta 1977; 486:401-7. [PMID: 403952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal squalene epoxidase has previously been solubilized with Triton X-100 and resolved into fractions, FA and FB, by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (Ono T. and Bloch K (1975) J biol. Chem. 250, 1571-1579). It has now been found that FB is identical with NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (denoted FPT, EC 1.6.2.3). Although both NADPH and NADH served as electron donors, the former was preferred for squalene epoxidase activity in the reconstituted system of FA and FB. FB is characterized by its ability to reduce cytochrome c by NADPH. In place of FB, partially purified FPT was tested for its ability to support squalene epoxidation in the presence of FA. A stepwise purification of the deoxycholate-solubilized FPT yielded an increase in specific FPT activity with a parallel increase in squalene epoxidase activity. Bromelain-solubilized FPT was less effective. Rabbit antisera preparations to the purified FPT solubilized with trypsin were shown to inhibit concomitantly FPT activity and squalene epoxidase activity. These observations support the concept that squalene epoxidation is primarily mediated via a flavoprotein, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, and a terminal oxidase, squalene epoxidase, which is distinct from cytochrome P-450.
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Hasegawa F. [Ideal form of biochemical education in medicine]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 1971; 16:479-81. [PMID: 5103901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Makino K, Jo Y, Murakami Y, Murakami K, Hasegawa F. 5-hydroxykynuramine (mausamine). Med J Osaka Univ 1968; 19:27-30. [PMID: 4885724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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45
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Hasegawa F, Tominaga M. [Ascites attractant of ascites hepatoma]. Arerugi 1968; 17:285-7. [PMID: 4300314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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