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Naughton F, Hope A, Siegele-Brown C, Grant K, Notley C, Colles A, West C, Mascolo C, Coleman T, Barton G, Shepstone L, Prevost T, Sutton S, Crane D, Greaves F, High J. A smoking cessation smartphone app that delivers real-time 'context aware' behavioural support: the Quit Sense feasibility RCT. Public Health Res (Southampt) 2024; 12:1-99. [PMID: 38676391 DOI: 10.3310/kqyt5412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During a quit attempt, cues from a smoker's environment are a major cause of brief smoking lapses, which increase the risk of relapse. Quit Sense is a theory-guided Just-In-Time Adaptive Intervention smartphone app, providing smokers with the means to learn about their environmental smoking cues and provides 'in the moment' support to help them manage these during a quit attempt. Objective To undertake a feasibility randomised controlled trial to estimate key parameters to inform a definitive randomised controlled trial of Quit Sense. Design A parallel, two-arm randomised controlled trial with a qualitative process evaluation and a 'Study Within A Trial' evaluating incentives on attrition. The research team were blind to allocation except for the study statistician, database developers and lead researcher. Participants were not blind to allocation. Setting Online with recruitment, enrolment, randomisation and data collection (excluding manual telephone follow-up) automated through the study website. Participants Smokers (323 screened, 297 eligible, 209 enrolled) recruited via online adverts on Google search, Facebook and Instagram. Interventions Participants were allocated to 'usual care' arm (n = 105; text message referral to the National Health Service SmokeFree website) or 'usual care' plus Quit Sense (n = 104), via a text message invitation to install the Quit Sense app. Main outcome measures Follow-up at 6 weeks and 6 months post enrolment was undertaken by automated text messages with an online questionnaire link and, for non-responders, by telephone. Definitive trial progression criteria were met if a priori thresholds were included in or lower than the 95% confidence interval of the estimate. Measures included health economic and outcome data completion rates (progression criterion #1 threshold: ≥ 70%), including biochemical validation rates (progression criterion #2 threshold: ≥ 70%), recruitment costs, app installation (progression criterion #3 threshold: ≥ 70%) and engagement rates (progression criterion #4 threshold: ≥ 60%), biochemically verified 6-month abstinence and hypothesised mechanisms of action and participant views of the app (qualitative). Results Self-reported smoking outcome completion rates were 77% (95% confidence interval 71% to 82%) and health economic data (resource use and quality of life) 70% (95% CI 64% to 77%) at 6 months. Return rate of viable saliva samples for abstinence verification was 39% (95% CI 24% to 54%). The per-participant recruitment cost was £19.20, which included advert (£5.82) and running costs (£13.38). In the Quit Sense arm, 75% (95% CI 67% to 83%; 78/104) installed the app and, of these, 100% set a quit date within the app and 51% engaged with it for more than 1 week. The rate of 6-month biochemically verified sustained abstinence, which we anticipated would be used as a primary outcome in a future study, was 11.5% (12/104) in the Quit Sense arm and 2.9% (3/105) in the usual care arm (estimated effect size: adjusted odds ratio = 4.57, 95% CIs 1.23 to 16.94). There was no evidence of between-arm differences in hypothesised mechanisms of action. Three out of four progression criteria were met. The Study Within A Trial analysis found a £20 versus £10 incentive did not significantly increase follow-up rates though reduced the need for manual follow-up and increased response speed. The process evaluation identified several potential pathways to abstinence for Quit Sense, factors which led to disengagement with the app, and app improvement suggestions. Limitations Biochemical validation rates were lower than anticipated and imbalanced between arms. COVID-19-related restrictions likely limited opportunities for Quit Sense to provide location tailored support. Conclusions The trial design and procedures demonstrated feasibility and evidence was generated supporting the efficacy potential of Quit Sense. Future work Progression to a definitive trial is warranted providing improved biochemical validation rates. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN12326962. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: 17/92/31) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 4. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Naughton
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Aimie Hope
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chloë Siegele-Brown
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kelly Grant
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Addiction Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Antony Colles
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Claire West
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Cecilia Mascolo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Toby Prevost
- Nightingale-Saunders Clinical Trials and Epidemiology Unit, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Sutton
- Behavioural Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Crane
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Greaves
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Juliet High
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Hutchinson PJ, Edlmann E, Hanrahan JG, Bulters D, Zolnourian A, Holton P, Suttner N, Agyemang K, Thomson S, Anderson IA, Al-Tamimi Y, Henderson D, Whitfield P, Gherle M, Brennan PM, Allison A, Thelin EP, Tarantino S, Pantaleo B, Caldwell K, Davis-Wilkie C, Mee H, Warburton EA, Barton G, Chari A, Marcus HJ, Pyne S, King AT, Belli A, Myint PK, Wilkinson I, Santarius T, Turner C, Bond S, Kolias AG. A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of a two-week course of dexamethasone for adult patients with a symptomatic Chronic Subdural Haematoma (Dex-CSDH trial). Health Technol Assess 2024; 28:1-122. [PMID: 38512045 PMCID: PMC11017629 DOI: 10.3310/xwzn4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic subdural haematoma is a collection of 'old blood' and its breakdown products in the subdural space and predominantly affects older people. Surgical evacuation remains the mainstay in the management of symptomatic cases. Objective The Dex-CSDH (DEXamethasone in Chronic SubDural Haematoma) randomised trial investigated the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dexamethasone in patients with a symptomatic chronic subdural haematoma. Design This was a parallel, superiority, multicentre, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. Assigned treatment was administered in a double-blind fashion. Outcome assessors were also blinded to treatment allocation. Setting Neurosurgical units in the UK. Participants Eligible participants included adults (aged ≥ 18 years) admitted to a neurosurgical unit with a symptomatic chronic subdural haematoma confirmed on cranial imaging. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned in a 1 : 1 allocation to a 2-week tapering course of dexamethasone or placebo alongside standard care. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the Modified Rankin Scale score at 6 months dichotomised to a favourable (score of 0-3) or an unfavourable (score of 4-6) outcome. Secondary outcomes included the Modified Rankin Scale score at discharge and 3 months; number of chronic subdural haematoma-related surgical interventions undertaken during the index and subsequent admissions; Barthel Index and EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level utility index score reported at discharge, 3 months and 6 months; Glasgow Coma Scale score reported at discharge and 6 months; mortality at 30 days and 6 months; length of stay; discharge destination; and adverse events. An economic evaluation was also undertaken, during which the net monetary benefit was estimated at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. Results A total of 748 patients were included after randomisation: 375 were assigned to dexamethasone and 373 were assigned to placebo. The mean age of the patients was 74 years and 94% underwent evacuation of their chronic subdural haematoma during the trial period. A total of 680 patients (91%) had 6-month primary outcome data available for analysis: 339 in the placebo arm and 341 in the dexamethasone arm. On a modified intention-to-treat analysis of the full study population, there was an absolute reduction in the proportion of favourable outcomes of 6.4% (95% confidence interval 11.4% to 1.4%; p = 0.01) in the dexamethasone arm compared with the control arm at 6 months. At 3 months, the between-group difference was also in favour of placebo (-8.2%, 95% confidence interval -13.3% to -3.1%). Serious adverse events occurred in 60 out of 375 (16.0%) in the dexamethasone arm and 24 out of 373 (6.4%) in the placebo arm. The net monetary benefit of dexamethasone compared with placebo was estimated to be -£97.19. Conclusions This trial reports a higher rate of unfavourable outcomes at 6 months, and a higher rate of serious adverse events, in the dexamethasone arm than in the placebo arm. Dexamethasone was also not estimated to be cost-effective. Therefore, dexamethasone cannot be recommended for the treatment of chronic subdural haematoma in this population group. Future work and limitations A total of 94% of individuals underwent surgery, meaning that this trial does not fully define the role of dexamethasone in conservatively managed haematomas, which is a potential area for future study. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN80782810. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 13/15/02) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 12. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ellie Edlmann
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
- South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | - John G Hanrahan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Diederik Bulters
- Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ardalan Zolnourian
- Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick Holton
- Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nigel Suttner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin Agyemang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon Thomson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian A Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Yahia Al-Tamimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Duncan Henderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter Whitfield
- South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | - Monica Gherle
- South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | - Paul M Brennan
- Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Annabel Allison
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric P Thelin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Tarantino
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beatrice Pantaleo
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carol Davis-Wilkie
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Mee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Warburton
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
| | - Aswin Chari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital & Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hani J Marcus
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Sarah Pyne
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
| | - Andrew T King
- Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Phyo K Myint
- Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Santarius
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carole Turner
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Bond
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angelos G Kolias
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Wagner AP, Galante J, Dufour G, Barton G, Stochl J, Vainre M, Jones PB. Cost-effectiveness of providing university students with a mindfulness-based intervention to reduce psychological distress: economic evaluation of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071724. [PMID: 37996223 PMCID: PMC10668272 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing numbers of young people attending university has raised concerns about the capacity of student mental health services to support them. We conducted a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to explore whether provision of an 8 week mindfulness course adapted for university students (Mindfulness Skills for Students-MSS), compared with university mental health support as usual (SAU), reduced psychological distress during the examination period. Here, we conduct an economic evaluation of MSS+SAU compared with SAU. DESIGN AND SETTING Economic evaluation conducted alongside a pragmatic, parallel, single-blinded RCT comparing provision of MSS+SAU to SAU. PARTICIPANTS 616 university students randomised. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary economic evaluation assessed the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained from the perspective of the university counselling service. Costs relate to staff time required to deliver counselling service offerings. QALYs were derived from the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Dimension 6 Dimension (CORE-6D) preference based tool, which uses responses to six items of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure (CORE-OM; primary clinical outcome measure). Primary follow-up duration was 5 and 7 months for the two recruitment cohorts. RESULTS It was estimated to cost £1584 (2022 prices) to deliver an MSS course to 30 students, £52.82 per student. Both costs (adjusted mean difference: £48, 95% CI £40-£56) and QALYs (adjusted mean difference: 0.014, 95% CI 0.008 to 0.021) were significantly higher in the MSS arm compared with SAU. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was £3355, with a very high (99.99%) probability of being cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20 000 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS MSS leads to significantly improved outcomes at a moderate additional cost. The ICER of £3355 per QALY suggests that MSS is cost-effective when compared with the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence thresholds of £20 000 per QALY. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12615001160527.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Wagner
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) East of England (EoE), Cambridge, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Julieta Galante
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Contemplative Studies Centre, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, UK
| | - Géraldine Dufour
- Therapeutic Consultations Ltd, Cambridge, UK
- European Association for International Education, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jan Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Kinanthropology, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Maris Vainre
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) East of England (EoE), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Hutchinson PJ, Adams H, Mohan M, Devi BI, Uff C, Hasan S, Mee H, Wilson MH, Gupta DK, Bulters D, Zolnourian A, McMahon CJ, Stovell MG, Al-Tamimi YZ, Tewari MK, Tripathi M, Thomson S, Viaroli E, Belli A, King AT, Helmy AE, Timofeev IS, Pyne S, Shukla DP, Bhat DI, Maas AR, Servadei F, Manley GT, Barton G, Turner C, Menon DK, Gregson B, Kolias AG. Decompressive Craniectomy versus Craniotomy for Acute Subdural Hematoma. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:2219-2229. [PMID: 37092792 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2214172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic acute subdural hematomas frequently warrant surgical evacuation by means of a craniotomy (bone flap replaced) or decompressive craniectomy (bone flap not replaced). Craniectomy may prevent intracranial hypertension, but whether it is associated with better outcomes is unclear. METHODS We conducted a trial in which patients undergoing surgery for traumatic acute subdural hematoma were randomly assigned to undergo craniotomy or decompressive craniectomy. An inclusion criterion was a bone flap with an anteroposterior diameter of 11 cm or more. The primary outcome was the rating on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) (an 8-point scale, ranging from death to "upper good recovery" [no injury-related problems]) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included the GOSE rating at 6 months and quality of life as assessed by the EuroQol Group 5-Dimension 5-Level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). RESULTS A total of 228 patients were assigned to the craniotomy group and 222 to the decompressive craniectomy group. The median diameter of the bone flap was 13 cm (interquartile range, 12 to 14) in both groups. The common odds ratio for the differences across GOSE ratings at 12 months was 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.60 to 1.18; P = 0.32). Results were similar at 6 months. At 12 months, death had occurred in 30.2% of the patients in the craniotomy group and in 32.2% of those in the craniectomy group; a vegetative state occurred in 2.3% and 2.8%, respectively, and a lower or upper good recovery occurred in 25.6% and 19.9%. EQ-5D-5L scores were similar in the two groups at 12 months. Additional cranial surgery within 2 weeks after randomization was performed in 14.6% of the craniotomy group and in 6.9% of the craniectomy group. Wound complications occurred in 3.9% of the craniotomy group and in 12.2% of the craniectomy group. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with traumatic acute subdural hematoma who underwent craniotomy or decompressive craniectomy, disability and quality-of-life outcomes were similar with the two approaches. Additional surgery was performed in a higher proportion of the craniotomy group, but more wound complications occurred in the craniectomy group. (Funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research; RESCUE-ASDH ISRCTN Registry number, ISRCTN87370545.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hutchinson
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Hadie Adams
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Midhun Mohan
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Bhagavatula I Devi
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Christopher Uff
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Shumaila Hasan
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Harry Mee
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Mark H Wilson
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Deepak K Gupta
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Diederik Bulters
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Ardalan Zolnourian
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Catherine J McMahon
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Matthew G Stovell
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Yahia Z Al-Tamimi
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Manoj K Tewari
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Manjul Tripathi
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Simon Thomson
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Edoardo Viaroli
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Antonio Belli
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Andrew T King
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Adel E Helmy
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Ivan S Timofeev
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Sarah Pyne
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Dhaval P Shukla
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Dhananjaya I Bhat
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Andrew R Maas
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Franco Servadei
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Geoffrey T Manley
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Garry Barton
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Carole Turner
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - David K Menon
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Barbara Gregson
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
| | - Angelos G Kolias
- From the Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.J.H., H.A., M.M., H.M., M.G.S., E.V., A.E.H., I.S.T., C.T., A.G.K.), and the Division of Anaesthesia (D.K.M.), University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (C.T.), Cambridge, the Neurosurgery Department, Royal London Hospital (C.U., S.H.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial Neurotrauma Centre, Imperial College Academic Health Sciences Centre, St. Mary's Hospital (M.H.W.), London, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (D.B., A.Z.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool (C.J.M., M.G.S.), the Department of Neurosurgery and the Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S.T.), the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham (A.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Manchester (A.T.K.), Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich (S.P., G.B.), and the Neurosurgical Trials Group, Wolfson Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (B.G.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (B.I.D., D.P.S.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Aster RV Hospital (D.I.B.), Bangalore, the Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (D.K.G.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (M.K.T., M.T.) - all in India; the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (A.R.M.); Humanitas Research Hospital-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan (F.S.); and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (G.T.M.)
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Naughton F, Hope A, Siegele-Brown C, Grant K, Barton G, Notley C, Mascolo C, Coleman T, Shepstone L, Sutton S, Prevost AT, Crane D, Greaves F, High J. An Automated, Online Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial of a Just-In-Time Adaptive Intervention for Smoking Cessation (Quit Sense). Nicotine Tob Res 2023:7116281. [PMID: 37055073 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Learned smoking cues from a smoker's environment are a major cause of lapse and relapse. Quit Sense, a theory-guided Just-In-Time Adaptive Intervention smartphone app, aims to help smokers learn about their situational smoking cues and provide in-the-moment support to help manage these when quitting. METHODS A two-arm feasibility randomized controlled trial (N = 209) to estimate parameters to inform a definitive evaluation. Smoker's willing to make a quit attempt were recruited using online paid-for adverts and randomized to "usual care" (text message referral to NHS SmokeFree website) or "usual care" plus a text message invitation to install Quit Sense. Procedures, excluding manual follow-up for nonresponders, were automated. Follow-up at 6 weeks and 6 months included feasibility, intervention engagement, smoking-related, and economic outcomes. Abstinence was verified using cotinine assessment from posted saliva samples. RESULTS Self-reported smoking outcome completion rates at 6 months were 77% (95% CI 71%, 82%), viable saliva sample return rate was 39% (95% CI 24%, 54%), and health economic data 70% (95% CI 64%, 77%). Among Quit Sense participants, 75% (95% CI 67%, 83%) installed the app and set a quit date and, of those, 51% engaged for more than one week. The 6-month biochemically verified sustained abstinence rate (anticipated primary outcome for definitive trial), was 11.5% (12/104) among Quit Sense participants and 2.9% (3/105) for usual care (adjusted odds ratio = 4.57, 95% CIs 1.23, 16.94). No evidence of between-group differences in hypothesized mechanisms of action was found. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation feasibility was demonstrated alongside evidence supporting the effectiveness potential of Quit Sense. IMPLICATIONS Running a primarily automated trial to initially evaluate Quit Sense was feasible, resulting in modest recruitment costs and researcher time, and high trial engagement. When invited, as part of trial participation, to install a smoking cessation app, most participants are likely to do so, and, for those using Quit Sense, an estimated one-half will engage with it for more than 1 week. Evidence that Quit Sense may increase verified abstinence at 6-month follow-up, relative to usual care, was generated, although low saliva return rates to verify smoking status contributed to considerable imprecision in the effect size estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Naughton
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Addiction Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Aimie Hope
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Addiction Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chloë Siegele-Brown
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kelly Grant
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Addiction Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Cecilia Mascolo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Coleman
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Stephen Sutton
- Behavioural Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Toby Prevost
- Nightingale-Saunders Clinical Trials and Epidemiology Unit, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - David Crane
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Greaves
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Juliet High
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Holland R, Bond C, Alldred DP, Arthur A, Barton G, Birt L, Blacklock J, Blyth A, Cheilari S, Daffu-O'Reilly A, Dalgarno L, Desborough J, Ford J, Grant K, Harry B, Hill H, Hughes C, Inch J, Maskrey V, Myint P, Norris N, Poland F, Shepstone L, Spargo M, Turner D, Watts L, Zermansky A, Wright D. Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of pharmacist independent prescribers in care homes: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2023; 380:e071883. [PMID: 36787910 PMCID: PMC9926330 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the effectiveness, cost effectiveness (to be reported elsewhere), and safety of pharmacy independent prescribers in care homes. DESIGN Cluster randomised controlled trial, with clusters based on triads of a pharmacist independent prescriber, a general practice, and one to three associated care homes. SETTING Care homes across England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, their associated general practices, and pharmacy independent prescribers, formed into triads. PARTICIPANTS 49 triads and 882 residents were randomised. Participants were care home residents, aged ≥65 years, taking at least one prescribed drug, recruited to 20 residents/triad. INTERVENTION Each pharmacy independent prescriber provided pharmaceutical care to approximately 20 residents across one to three care homes, with weekly visits over six months. Pharmacy independent prescribers developed a pharmaceutical care plan for each resident, did medicines reviews/reconciliation, trained staff, and supported with medicines related procedures, deprescribing, and authorisation of prescriptions. Participants in the control group received usual care. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES The primary outcome was fall rate/person at six months analysed by intention to treat, adjusted for prognostic variables. Secondary outcomes included quality of life (EQ-5D by proxy), Barthel score, Drug Burden Index, hospital admissions, and mortality. Assuming a 21% reduction in falls, 880 residents were needed, allowing for 20% attrition. RESULTS The average age of participants at study entry was 85 years; 70% were female. 697 falls (1.55 per resident) were recorded in the intervention group and 538 falls (1.26 per resident) in the control group at six months. The fall rate risk ratio for the intervention group compared with the control group was not significant (0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.26) after adjustment for all model covariates. Secondary outcomes were not significantly different between groups, with exception of the Drug Burden Index, which significantly favoured the intervention. A third (185/566; 32.7%) of pharmacy independent prescriber interventions involved medicines associated with falls. No adverse events or safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSIONS Change in the primary outcome of falls was not significant. Limiting follow-up to six months combined with a small proportion of interventions predicted to affect falls may explain this. A significant reduction in the Drug Burden Index was realised and would be predicted to yield future clinical benefits for patients. This large trial of an intensive weekly pharmacist intervention with care home residents was also found to be safe and well received. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN 17847169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Holland
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christine Bond
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Antony Arthur
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Linda Birt
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Annie Blyth
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Lindsay Dalgarno
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Joanna Ford
- Geriatric Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kelly Grant
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Bronwen Harry
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Helen Hill
- Stow Healthcare Ltd, Bury St. Edmunds, UK
| | - Carmel Hughes
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jacqueline Inch
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Phyo Myint
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nigel Norris
- School of Education and Lifelong Learning, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Fiona Poland
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Maureen Spargo
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - David Turner
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Laura Watts
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - David Wright
- School of Healthcare, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Gooday C, Game F, Woodburn J, Poland F, Sims E, Dhatariya K, Shepstone L, Barton G, Hardeman W. A randomised feasibility study of serial magnetic resonance imaging to reduce treatment times in Charcot neuroarthropathy in people with diabetes (CADOM). J Foot Ankle Res 2023; 16:2. [PMID: 36703174 PMCID: PMC9878485 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-023-00601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aims to explore the feasibility of using serial MRI without contrast in the monitoring of Charcot neuroarthropathy to reduce duration of immobilisation of the foot, in order to decide whether a large-scale trial is warranted. METHODS A multicentre, randomised, prospective, two arm, open, feasibility study (CADOM) of people with diabetes with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of Charcot neuroarthropathy. Participants were randomised (1:1) to 'standard care plus', including repeated foot temperature measurements and X-rays, or the intervention arm, with additional three-monthly MRI, until remission of Charcot neuroarthropathy or a maximum 12 months (active phase). Participants were then followed-up for a further 6 months, post remission to monitor for relapse of the Charcot neuroarthropathy (follow-up phase). Feasibility outcomes were recruitment, retention, data completeness, adherence to study procedures and safety of the intervention MRI. We also collected clinical efficacy outcomes, this included time in cast/off-loading device which will be the primary outcome of a future definitive trial. Finally, we collected patient reported outcomes, and data on health and social care usage. RESULTS One-hundred and five people were assessed for eligibility at five sites. 64/105 potential participants meet the eligibility criteria to participate in the study. Forty-three participants were randomised: 20 to standard care plus and 23 to MRI intervention. The main reason for ineligibility was a previous episode of Charcot neuroarthropathy. Thirteen participants were withdrawn post-randomisation due to an alternative diagnosis being made. Of the remaining 30 participants, 19 achieved remission, 6 had not gone into remission at the end of the 12 month active phase so exited the study. Five participants were lost to follow-up. Of the MRIs that were not disrupted by COVID-19 pandemic 26/31 (84%) were completed. For the visits that were conducted face-to-face, completion rates of patient-reported outcome measures were between 71 and 100%. There were no safety incidents associated with the intervention MRI. As this was a feasibility study it was not designed to test the effectiveness of serial MRI in diagnosing remission. The time in cast/off-loading device was 235 (±108.3) days for the standard care plus arm compared to 292 (±177.4) days for the intervention arm. There was no statistical difference in the time in cast/off-loading device between the two arms of the study: Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.405 (95% CI 0.140-1.172), p = 0.096. DISCUSSION The findings support a definitive randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of MRI in diagnosing remission in Charcot neuroarthropathy. The rates of recruitment, retention, data, and MRI completeness show that a definitive study is feasible. STUDY REGISTRATION ISRCTN, 74101606 . Registered on 6 November 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gooday
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK ,grid.240367.40000 0004 0445 7876Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, NR4 7UY UK
| | - Frances Game
- grid.508499.9Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, DE22 3NE UK
| | - Jim Woodburn
- grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Fiona Poland
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Institute for Volunteering Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Erika Sims
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Ketan Dhatariya
- grid.240367.40000 0004 0445 7876Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, NR4 7UY UK ,grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Garry Barton
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Wendy Hardeman
- grid.8273.e0000 0001 1092 7967School of Health Sciences - Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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Millard SK, Murphy S, Barton G, Leathersich M, Mills G, Rixon L, Shepstone L, Sims E, Joffe V. Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:210. [PMID: 36114558 PMCID: PMC9479243 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a child’s social, emotional and educational development. With approximately 66,000 children in the UK having a stammer, there is a need to establish an adequate evidence base to inform clinical practice. We describe a feasibility trial to explore the effectiveness of a new therapy programme for children aged 8–14: Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC(8–14)). Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(8–14) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. We will investigate the feasibility of the methods required for a definitive randomised controlled trial to investigate the application of this therapy by NHS speech and language therapists (SLTs), compared with ‘treatment as usual’ (TAU), beyond the specialist context in which it was developed.
Methods
This is a two-arm feasibility cluster-randomised controlled trial of Palin STSC(8–14) with TAU control arm, and randomisation at the level of the SLT. Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected to examine the following: the recruitment and retention of therapists and families, the acceptability of the research processes and the therapeutic intervention and the appropriateness of the therapy outcome measures. Assessments will be completed by children and parents at baseline and 6 months later, including measures of stammering severity; the impact of child’s stammering on both children and parents; child temperament, behaviour and peer relations, anxiety; quality of life; and economic outcomes. There will also be a qualitative process evaluation, including interviews with parents, children, SLTs and SLT managers to explore the acceptability of both the research and therapy methods. Treatment fidelity will be examined through analysis of therapy session records and recordings.
Discussion
The findings of this feasibility trial will inform the decision as to whether to progress to a full-scale randomised controlled trial to explore the effectiveness of Palin STSC(8–14) when compared to Treatment as Usual in NHS SLT services. There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer.
Trial registration
ISRCTN. ISRCTN17058884. Registered on 18 December 2019.
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Kim C, Campbell S, Allkanjari A, Barton G, Lentz A. Penile Invagination and Corporal Excavation for Penile Prosthesis Placement in Severe Corporal Fibrosis. J Sex Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.01.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Berry C, Hodgekins J, French P, Clarke T, Shepstone L, Barton G, Banerjee R, Byrne R, Fraser R, Grant K, Greenwood K, Notley C, Parker S, Wilson J, Yung AR, Fowler D. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of social recovery therapy for the prevention and treatment of long-term social disability among young people with emerging severe mental illness (PRODIGY): randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2022; 220:154-162. [PMID: 35078555 PMCID: PMC7612415 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people with social disability and severe and complex mental health problems have poor outcomes, frequently struggling with treatment access and engagement. Outcomes may be improved by enhancing care and providing targeted psychological or psychosocial intervention. AIMS We aimed to test the hypothesis that adding social recovery therapy (SRT) to enhanced standard care (ESC) would improve social recovery compared with ESC alone. METHOD A pragmatic, assessor-masked, randomised controlled trial (PRODIGY: ISRCTN47998710) was conducted in three UK centres. Participants (n = 270) were aged 16-25 years, with persistent social disability, defined as under 30 hours of structured activity per week, social impairment for at least 6 months and severe and complex mental health problems. Participants were randomised to ESC alone or SRT plus ESC. SRT was an individual psychosocial therapy delivered over 9 months. The primary outcome was time spent in structured activity 15 months post-randomisation. RESULTS We randomised 132 participants to SRT plus ESC and 138 to ESC alone. Mean weekly hours in structured activity at 15 months increased by 11.1 h for SRT plus ESC (mean 22.4, s.d. = 21.4) and 16.6 h for ESC alone (mean 27.7, s.d. = 26.5). There was no significant difference between arms; treatment effect was -4.44 (95% CI -10.19 to 1.31, P = 0.13). Missingness was consistently greater in the ESC alone arm. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for the superiority of SRT as an adjunct to ESC. Participants in both arms made large, clinically significant improvements on all outcomes. When providing comprehensive evidence-based standard care, there are no additional gains by providing specialised SRT. Optimising standard care to ensure targeted delivery of existing interventions may further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Berry
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK,Research & Development, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK,Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Joanne Hodgekins
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK,Research & Development, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul French
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, UK,Pennine Care Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Lancashire, UK
| | - Tim Clarke
- Research & Development, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Robin Banerjee
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Rory Byrne
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rick Fraser
- Research & Development, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Kelly Grant
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kathryn Greenwood
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK,Research & Development, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sophie Parker
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jon Wilson
- Research & Development, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Alison R Yung
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Fowler
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK,Research & Development, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
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Fowler D, Berry C, Hodgekins J, Banerjee R, Barton G, Byrne R, Clarke T, Fraser R, Grant K, Greenwood K, Notley C, Parker S, Shepstone L, Wilson J, French P. Social recovery therapy for young people with emerging severe mental illness: the Prodigy RCT. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-98. [PMID: 34842524 DOI: 10.3310/hta25700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people with social disability and non-psychotic severe and complex mental health problems are an important group. Without intervention, their social problems can persist and have large economic and personal costs. Thus, more effective evidence-based interventions are needed. Social recovery therapy is an individual therapy incorporating cognitive-behavioural techniques to increase structured activity as guided by the participant's goals. OBJECTIVE This trial aimed to test whether or not social recovery therapy provided as an adjunct to enhanced standard care over 9 months is superior to enhanced standard care alone. Enhanced standard care aimed to provide an optimal combination of existing evidence-based interventions. DESIGN A pragmatic, single-blind, superiority randomised controlled trial was conducted in three UK centres: Sussex, Manchester and East Anglia. Participants were aged 16-25 years with persistent social disability, defined as < 30 hours per week of structured activity with social impairment for at least 6 months. Additionally, participants had severe and complex mental health problems, defined as at-risk mental states for psychosis or non-psychotic severe and complex mental health problems indicated by a Global Assessment of Functioning score ≤ 50 persisting for ≥ 6 months. Two hundred and seventy participants were randomised 1 : 1 to either enhanced standard care plus social recovery therapy or enhanced standard care alone. The primary outcome was weekly hours spent in structured activity at 15 months post randomisation. Secondary outcomes included subthreshold psychotic, negative and mood symptoms. Outcomes were collected at 9 and 15 months post randomisation, with maintenance assessed at 24 months. RESULTS The addition of social recovery therapy did not significantly increase weekly hours in structured activity at 15 months (primary outcome treatment effect -4.44, 95% confidence interval -10.19 to 1.31). We found no evidence of significant differences between conditions in secondary outcomes at 15 months: Social Anxiety Interaction Scale treatment effect -0.45, 95% confidence interval -4.84 to 3.95; Beck Depression Inventory-II treatment effect -0.32, 95% confidence interval -4.06 to 3.42; Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States symptom severity 0.29, 95% confidence interval -4.35 to 4.94; or distress treatment effect 4.09, 95% confidence interval -3.52 to 11.70. Greater Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States for psychosis scores reflect greater symptom severity. We found no evidence of significant differences at 9 or 24 months. Social recovery therapy was not estimated to be cost-effective. The key limitation was that missingness of data was consistently greater in the enhanced standard care-alone arm (9% primary outcome and 15% secondary outcome missingness of data) than in the social recovery therapy plus enhanced standard care arm (4% primary outcome and 9% secondary outcome missingness of data) at 15 months. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence for the clinical superiority or cost-effectiveness of social recovery therapy as an adjunct to enhanced standard care. Both arms made large improvements in primary and secondary outcomes. Enhanced standard care included a comprehensive combination of evidence-based pharmacological, psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions. Some results favoured enhanced standard care but the majority were not statistically significant. Future work should identify factors associated with the optimal delivery of the combinations of interventions that underpin better outcomes in this often-neglected clinical group. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN47998710. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment Vol. 25, No. 70. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fowler
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK.,Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Clio Berry
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK.,Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK.,Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Joanne Hodgekins
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Research and Development Department, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Robin Banerjee
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rory Byrne
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy Clarke
- Research and Development Department, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Rick Fraser
- Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Kelly Grant
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kathryn Greenwood
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton and Hove, UK.,Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton and Hove, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sophie Parker
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jon Wilson
- Research and Development Department, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul French
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Research and Innovation Department, Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne, UK
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Sampson M, Clark A, Bachmann M, Garner N, Irvine L, Howe A, Greaves C, Auckland S, Smith J, Turner J, Rea D, Rayman G, Dhatariya K, John WG, Barton G, Usher R, Ferns C, Pascale M. Effects of the Norfolk diabetes prevention lifestyle intervention (NDPS) on glycaemic control in screen-detected type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Med 2021; 19:183. [PMID: 34407811 PMCID: PMC8375190 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this trial was to test if the Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study (NDPS) lifestyle intervention, recently shown to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk groups, also improved glycaemic control in people with newly diagnosed screen-detected type 2 diabetes. METHODS We screened 12,778 participants at high risk of type 2 diabetes using a fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). People with screen-detected type 2 diabetes were randomised in a parallel, three-arm, controlled trial with up to 46 months of follow-up, with a control arm (CON), a group-based lifestyle intervention of 6 core and up to 15 maintenance sessions (INT), or the same intervention with additional support from volunteers with type 2 diabetes trained to co-deliver the lifestyle intervention (INT-DPM). The pre-specified primary end point was mean HbA1c compared between groups at 12 months. RESULTS We randomised 432 participants (CON 149; INT 142; INT-DPM 141) with a mean (SD) age of 63.5 (10.0) years, body mass index (BMI) of 32.4 (6.4) kg/m2, and HbA1c of 52.5 (10.2) mmol/mol. The primary outcome of mean HbA1c at 12 months (CON 48.5 (9.1) mmol/mol, INT 46.5 (8.1) mmol/mol, and INT-DPM 45.6 (6.0) mmol/mol) was significantly lower in the INT-DPM arm compared to CON (adjusted difference -2.57 mmol/mol; 95% CI -4.5, -0.6; p = 0.007) but not significantly different between the INT-DPM and INT arms (-0.55 mmol/mol; 95% CI -2.46, 1.35; p = 0.57), or INT vs CON arms (-2.14 mmol/mol; 95% CI -4.33, 0.05; p = 0.07). Subgroup analyses showed the intervention had greater effect in participants < 65 years old (difference in mean HbA1c compared to CON -4.76 mmol/mol; 95% CI -7.75, -1.78 mmol/mol) than in older participants (-0.46 mmol/mol; 95% CI -2.67, 1.75; interaction p = 0.02). This effect was most significant in the INT-DPM arm (-6.01 mmol/mol; 95% CI -9.56, -2.46 age < 65 years old and -0.22 mmol/mol; 95% CI -2.7, 2.25; aged > 65 years old; p = 0.007). The use of oral hypoglycaemic medication was associated with a significantly lower mean HbA1c but only within the INT-DPM arm compared to CON (-7.0 mmol/mol; 95% CI -11.5, -2.5; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION The NDPS lifestyle intervention significantly improved glycaemic control after 12 months in people with screen-detected type 2 diabetes when supported by trained peer mentors with type 2 diabetes, particularly those receiving oral hypoglycaemics and those under 65 years old. The effect size was modest, however, and not sustained at 24 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN34805606 . Retrospectively registered 14.4.16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sampson
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK.
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Max Bachmann
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nikki Garner
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Lisa Irvine
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Amanda Howe
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Colin Greaves
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sara Auckland
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Jane Smith
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine & Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jeremy Turner
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Dave Rea
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Gerry Rayman
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Ipswich General Hospital NHS Trust, Ipswich, UK
| | - Ketan Dhatariya
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - W Garry John
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Department Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rebecca Usher
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Clare Ferns
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Melanie Pascale
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
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13
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Naughton F, Brown C, High J, Notley C, Mascolo C, Coleman T, Barton G, Shepstone L, Sutton S, Prevost AT, Crane D, Greaves F, Hope A. Randomised controlled trial of a just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) smoking cessation smartphone app: the Quit Sense feasibility trial protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048204. [PMID: 33903144 PMCID: PMC8076923 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A lapse (any smoking) early in a smoking cessation attempt is strongly associated with reduced success. A substantial proportion of lapses are due to urges to smoke triggered by situational cues. Currently, no available interventions proactively respond to such cues in real time. Quit Sense is a theory-guided just-in-time adaptive intervention smartphone app that uses a learning tool and smartphone sensing to provide in-the-moment tailored support to help smokers manage cue-induced urges to smoke. The primary aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) is to assess the feasibility of delivering a definitive online efficacy trial of Quit Sense. METHODS AND ANALYSES A two-arm parallel-group RCT allocating smokers willing to make a quit attempt, recruited via online adverts, to usual care (referral to the NHS SmokeFree website) or usual care plus Quit Sense. Randomisation will be stratified by smoking rate (<16 vs ≥16 cigarettes/day) and socioeconomic status (low vs high). Recruitment, enrolment, baseline data collection, allocation and intervention delivery will be automated through the study website. Outcomes will be collected at 6 weeks and 6 months follow-up via the study website or telephone, and during app usage. The study aims to recruit 200 smokers to estimate key feasibility outcomes, the preliminary impact of Quit Sense and potential cost-effectiveness, in addition to gaining insights on user views of the app through qualitative interviews. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been granted by the Wales NHS Research Ethics Committee 7 (19/WA/0361). The findings will be disseminated to the public, the funders, relevant practice and policy representatives and other researchers. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN12326962.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Naughton
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chloë Brown
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliet High
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Cecilia Mascolo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of General Practice, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Stephen Sutton
- Behavioural Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Toby Prevost
- Nightingale-Saunders Clinical Trials & Epidemiology Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Crane
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Greaves
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aimie Hope
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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14
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Wailoo A, Alava MH, Pudney S, Barton G, O'Dwyer J, Gomes M, Irvine L, Meads D, Sadique Z. An International Comparison of EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L for Use in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Value Health 2021; 24:568-574. [PMID: 33840435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the impact of using EQ5D-5L (5L) compared with EQ5D-3L (3L) in cost-effectiveness analyses in 6 countries with 3L and 5L values: Germany, Japan, Korea, The Netherlands, China, and Spain. METHODS Eight cost-effectiveness analyses based on clinical studies with 3L provided 11 pairwise comparisons. We estimated cost-effectiveness by applying the appropriate country values for 3L to observed responses. We re-estimated cost-effectiveness for each country by predicting the 5L tariff score for each respondent, for each country, using a previously published mapping method. We compared results in terms of impact on estimated incremental quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gain and cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS For most countries the impact of moving from 3L to 5L is to lower the incremental QALY gain in the majority of comparisons. The only exception to this was Japan, where 4 out of 11 cases (37%) saw lower QALYs gained when using 5L. The mean and median reductions in health gain, in those case studies where 5L does lead to lower health gain, are largest in The Netherlands (84% mean reduction, 41% median reduction), Germany (68% and 27%), and Spain (30% and 31%). For most countries, those studies where 5L leads to lower health gain see larger reductions than the gains in studies showing the opposite tendency. CONCLUSIONS Overall, 3L and 5L are not interchangeable in these countries. Differences between results are large, but the direction of change can be unpredictable. These findings should prompt further investigation into the reasons for differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Wailoo
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK.
| | | | - Stephen Pudney
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
| | | | | | - Lisa Irvine
- Centre for Research in Public Health and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, UK
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15
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Roberts C, Wheatley-Price P, Asmis T, Barton G, Greene T. P39.03 Developing A Collaborative Northern Roadmap for Lung Cancer Care. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.01.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Sampson M, Clark A, Bachmann M, Garner N, Irvine L, Howe A, Greaves C, Auckland S, Smith J, Turner J, Rea D, Rayman G, Dhatariya K, John WG, Barton G, Usher R, Ferns C, Pascale M. Lifestyle Intervention With or Without Lay Volunteers to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in People With Impaired Fasting Glucose and/or Nondiabetic Hyperglycemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181:168-178. [PMID: 33136119 PMCID: PMC7607494 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nearly half of the older adult population has diabetes or a high-risk intermediate glycemic category, but we still lack trial evidence for effective type 2 diabetes prevention interventions in most of the current high-risk glycemic categories. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a group-based lifestyle intervention (with or without trained volunteers with type 2 diabetes) reduced the risk of progression to type 2 diabetes in populations with a high-risk glycemic category. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study was a parallel, 3-arm, group-based, randomized clinical trial conducted with up to 46 months of follow-up from August 2011 to January 2019 at 135 primary care practices and 8 intervention sites in the East of England. We identified 141 973 people at increased risk of type 2 diabetes, screened 12 778 (9.0%), and randomized those with a high-risk glycemic category, which was either an elevated fasting plasma glucose level alone (≥110 and <126 mg/dL [to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555]) or an elevated glycated hemoglobin level (≥6.0% to <6.5%; nondiabetic hyperglycemia) with an elevated fasting plasma glucose level (≥100 to <110 mg/dL). INTERVENTIONS A control arm receiving usual care (CON), a theory-based lifestyle intervention arm of 6 core and up to 15 maintenance sessions (INT), or the same intervention with support from diabetes prevention mentors, trained volunteers with type 2 diabetes (INT-DPM). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Type 2 diabetes incidence between arms. RESULTS In this study, 1028 participants were randomized (INT, 424 [41.2%] [166 women (39.2%)]; INT-DPM, 426 [41.4%] [147 women (34.5%)]; CON, 178 [17.3%] [70 women (%39.3)]) between January 1, 2011, and February 24, 2017. The mean (SD) age was 65.3 (10.0) years, mean (SD) body mass index 31.2 (5) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), and mean (SD) follow-up 24.7 (13.4) months. A total of 156 participants progressed to type 2 diabetes, which comprised 39 of 171 receiving CON (22.8%), 55 of 403 receiving INT (13.7%), and 62 of 414 receiving INT-DPM (15.0%). There was no significant difference between the intervention arms in the primary outcome (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% CI, 0.77-1.7; P = .51), but each intervention arm had significantly lower odds of type 2 diabetes (INT: OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34-0.85; P = .01; INT-DPM: OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39-0.96; P = .033; combined: OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.87; P = .01). The effect size was similar in all glycemic, age, and social deprivation groups, and intervention costs per participant were low at $153 (£122). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The Norfolk Diabetes Prevention lifestyle intervention reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes in current high-risk glycemic categories. Enhancing the intervention with DPM did not further reduce diabetes risk. These translatable results are relevant for current diabetes prevention efforts. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry Identifier: ISRCTN34805606.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sampson
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Max Bachmann
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Nikki Garner
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England
| | - Lisa Irvine
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Amanda Howe
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Colin Greaves
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.,University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine & Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, England
| | - Sara Auckland
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England
| | - Jane Smith
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England.,University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine & Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, England
| | - Jeremy Turner
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England
| | - Dave Rea
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England
| | - Gerry Rayman
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Ipswich General Hospital, Ipswich, England
| | - Ketan Dhatariya
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England
| | - W Garry John
- Department Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, England
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | - Rebecca Usher
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England
| | - Clare Ferns
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England
| | - Melanie Pascale
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Norwich, England
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Hutchinson PJ, Edlmann E, Bulters D, Zolnourian A, Holton P, Suttner N, Agyemang K, Thomson S, Anderson IA, Al-Tamimi YZ, Henderson D, Whitfield PC, Gherle M, Brennan PM, Allison A, Thelin EP, Tarantino S, Pantaleo B, Caldwell K, Davis-Wilkie C, Mee H, Warburton EA, Barton G, Chari A, Marcus HJ, King AT, Belli A, Myint PK, Wilkinson I, Santarius T, Turner C, Bond S, Kolias AG. Trial of Dexamethasone for Chronic Subdural Hematoma. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:2616-2627. [PMID: 33326713 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic subdural hematoma is a common neurologic disorder that is especially prevalent among older people. The effect of dexamethasone on outcomes in patients with chronic subdural hematoma has not been well studied. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial in the United Kingdom that enrolled adult patients with symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma. The patients were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a 2-week tapering course of oral dexamethasone, starting at 8 mg twice daily, or placebo. The decision to surgically evacuate the hematoma was made by the treating clinician. The primary outcome was a score of 0 to 3, representing a favorable outcome, on the modified Rankin scale at 6 months after randomization; scores range from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death). RESULTS From August 2015 through November 2019, a total of 748 patients were included in the trial after randomization - 375 were assigned to the dexamethasone group and 373 to the placebo group. The mean age of the patients was 74 years, and 94% underwent surgery to evacuate their hematomas during the index admission; 60% in both groups had a score of 1 to 3 on the modified Rankin scale at admission. In a modified intention-to-treat analysis that excluded the patients who withdrew consent for participation in the trial or who were lost to follow-up, leaving a total of 680 patients, a favorable outcome was reported in 286 of 341 patients (83.9%) in the dexamethasone group and in 306 of 339 patients (90.3%) in the placebo group (difference, -6.4 percentage points [95% confidence interval, -11.4 to -1.4] in favor of the placebo group; P = 0.01). Among the patients with available data, repeat surgery for recurrence of the hematoma was performed in 6 of 349 patients (1.7%) in the dexamethasone group and in 25 of 350 patients (7.1%) in the placebo group. More adverse events occurred in the dexamethasone group than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Among adults with symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma, most of whom had undergone surgery to remove their hematomas during the index admission, treatment with dexamethasone resulted in fewer favorable outcomes and more adverse events than placebo at 6 months, but fewer repeat operations were performed in the dexamethasone group. (Funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme; Dex-CSDH ISRCTN number, ISRCTN80782810.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hutchinson
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Ellie Edlmann
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Diederik Bulters
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Ardalan Zolnourian
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Patrick Holton
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Nigel Suttner
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Kevin Agyemang
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Simon Thomson
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Ian A Anderson
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Yahia Z Al-Tamimi
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Duncan Henderson
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Peter C Whitfield
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Monica Gherle
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Paul M Brennan
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Annabel Allison
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Eric P Thelin
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Silvia Tarantino
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Beatrice Pantaleo
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Karen Caldwell
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Carol Davis-Wilkie
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Harry Mee
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Elizabeth A Warburton
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Garry Barton
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Aswin Chari
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Hani J Marcus
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Andrew T King
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Antonio Belli
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Phyo K Myint
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Thomas Santarius
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Carole Turner
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Simon Bond
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
| | - Angelos G Kolias
- From the Divisions of Neurosurgery (P.J.H., E.E., E.P.T., S. Tarantino, K.C., H.M., T.S., C.T., A.G.K.) and Neurology (E.A.W.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and the Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics (I.W.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, and the Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (A.A., B.P., C.D.-W., I.W., S.B.), Cambridge, the Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth (E.E.), and the South West Neurosurgical Centre, Derriford Hospital (E.E., P.C.W., M.G.), Plymouth, Wessex Neurological Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (D.B., A.Z., P.H.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow (N.S., K.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds (S. Thomson, I.A.A.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield (Y.Z.A.-T., D.H.), Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (P.M.B.), Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich (G.B.), the Department of Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London (A.C.), and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (H.J.M.), London, the Department of Neurosurgery, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester (A.T.K.), the National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (A.B.), and the Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (P.K.M.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.P.T.)
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18
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Brockwell C, Stockl A, Clark A, Barton G, Pasteur M, Fleetcroft R, Hill J, Wilson AM. Randomised controlled trial of the effect, cost and acceptability of a bronchiectasis self-management intervention. Chron Respir Dis 2020. [PMCID: PMC7716069 DOI: 10.1177/1479973120948077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patient self-management plans (PSMP) are advised for bronchiectasis but their efficacy is not established. We aimed to determine whether, in people with bronchiectasis, the use of our bronchiectasis PSMP – Bronchiectasis Empowerment Tool (BET), compared to standard care, would improve self-efficacy. Methods: In a multi-centre mixed-methods randomised controlled parallel study, 220 patients with bronchiectasis were randomised to receive standard care with or without the addition of our BET plus education sessions explaining its use. BET comprised an action plan, indicating when to seek medical help based on pictorial represented indications for antibiotic therapy, and four educational support sections. At baseline and after 12 months, patients completed the Self-Efficacy to Manage Chronic Disease Scale (SEMCD), St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), EQ-5D-3 L (to calculate Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) and cost questionnaires. Qualitative data were obtained by focus groups. Results: The recruitment to the study was high (63% of eligible patients agreeing to participate) however completion rate was low (57%). BET had no effect on SEMCD (mean difference (0.14 (95% confidence interval (95%CI) −0.37 to 0.64), p = 0.59) or SGRQ, exacerbation rates, overall cost to the NHS or QALYs. Most had developed their own techniques for monitoring their condition and they did not find BET useful as it was difficult to complete. Participant knowledge was good in both groups. Conclusion: The demand for patient support in bronchiectasis was high suggesting a clinical need. However, the BET did not improve self-efficacy, health related quality of life, costs or clinically relevant outcome measures. BET needs to be modified to be less onerous for users and implemented within a wider package of care. Further studies, particularly those evaluating people newly diagnosed with bronchiectasis, are required and should allow for 50% withdrawal rate or utilise less burdensome outcome measures. Clinical trials registration: ISRCTN ISRCTN 18400127. Registered 24 June 2015. Retrospectively Registered
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Brockwell
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrea Stockl
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Mark Pasteur
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Janice Hill
- Norfolk Community Health and Care NHS Trust, Elliot House, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Andrew M Wilson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
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19
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Bond CM, Holland R, Alldred DP, Arthur A, Barton G, Birt L, Blyth A, Desborough J, Ford J, Handford C, Hill H, Hughes CM, Maskrey V, Massey K, Myint PK, Norris N, Poland FM, Shepstone L, Zermansky A, Wright D. Protocol for the process evaluation of a cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of independent pharmacist prescribing in care home: the CHIPPS study. Trials 2020; 21:439. [PMID: 32471514 PMCID: PMC7257128 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prescribing, monitoring and administration of medicines in care homes could be improved. A cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) is ongoing to evaluate the effectiveness of an independent prescribing pharmacist assuming responsibility for medicines management in care homes compared to usual care. Aims and Objectives To conduct a mixed-methods process evaluation of the RCT, in line with Medical Research Council (MRC) process evaluation guidance, to inform interpretation of main trial findings and if the service is found to be effective and efficient, to inform subsequent implementation. Objectives To describe the intervention as delivered in terms of quality, quantity, adaptations and variations across triads and time. To explore the effects of individual intervention components on the primary outcomes. To investigate the mechanisms of impact. To describe the perceived effectiveness of relevant intervention components [including pharmacist independent prescriber (PIP) training and care home staff training] from participant [general practitioner (GP), care home, PIP and resident/relative] perspectives. To describe the characteristics of GP, care home, PIP and resident participants to assess reach. To estimate the extent to which intervention delivery is normalised among the intervention healthcare professionals and related practice staff.
Methods A mix of quantitative (surveys, record reviews) and qualitative (interviews) approaches will be used to collect data on the extent of the delivery of detailed tasks required to implement the new service, to collect data to confirm the mechanism of impact as hypothesised in the logic model, to collect explanatory process and final outcome data, and data on contextual factors which could have facilitated or hindered effective and efficient delivery of the service. Discussion Recruitment is ongoing and the trial should complete in early 2020. The systematic and comprehensive approach that is being adopted will ensure data is captured on all aspects of the study, and allow a full understanding of the implementation of the service and the RCT findings. With so many interrelated factors involved it is important that a process evaluation is undertaken to enable us to identify which elements of the service were deemed to be effective, explain any differences seen, and identify enablers, barriers and future adaptions. Trial registration ISRCTN17847169. Date registered: 15 December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Bond
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
| | - Richard Holland
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David P Alldred
- School of Healthcare, Baines Wing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Antony Arthur
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Linda Birt
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Annie Blyth
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Christine Handford
- Norfolk & Suffolk Primary and Community Care Research Office, hosted by South Norfolk Clinical Commissioning Group, Norwich, UK
| | - Helen Hill
- Athena Care Homes, Unit 2 Rima House, A13 Approach, Ripple Road, Barking, Essex, IG11 0RH, UK
| | - Carmel M Hughes
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Kate Massey
- Norfolk & Suffolk Primary and Community Care Research Office, hosted by South Norfolk Clinical Commissioning Group, Norwich, UK
| | - Phyo K Myint
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Nigel Norris
- School of Education & Lifelong Learning University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Fiona M Poland
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - David Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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20
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Maidment ID, Barton G, Campbell N, Shaw R, Seare N, Fox C, Iliffe S, Randle E, Hilton A, Brown G, Barnes N, Wilcock J, Gillespie S, Damery S. MEDREV (pharmacy-health psychology intervention in people living with dementia with behaviour that challenges): the feasibility of measuring clinical outcomes and costs of the intervention. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:157. [PMID: 32122341 PMCID: PMC7053151 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-5014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People living with dementia in care homes frequently exhibit “behaviour that challenges”. Anti-psychotics are used to treat such behaviour, but are associated with significant morbidity. This study researched the feasibility of conducting a trial of a full clinical medication review for care home residents with behaviour that challenges, combined with staff training. This paper focusses on the feasibility of measuring clinical outcomes and intervention costs. Methods People living with moderate to severe dementia, receiving psychotropics for behaviour that challenges, in care homes were recruited for a medication review by a specialist pharmacist. Care home and primary care staff received training on the management of challenging behaviour. Data were collected at 8 weeks, and 3 and 6 months. Measures were Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home version (NPI-NH), cognition (sMMSE), quality of life (EQ-5D-5 L/DEMQoL) and costs (Client Services Receipt Inventory). Response rates, for clinical, quality of life and health economic measures, including the levels of resource-use associated with the medication review and other non-intervention costs were calculated. Results Twenty-nine of 34 participants recruited received a medication review. It was feasible to measure the effects of the complex intervention on the management of behaviour that challenges with the NPI-NH. There was valid NPI-NH data at each time point (response rate = 100%). The sMMSE response rate was 18.2%. Levels of resource-use associated with the medication review were estimated for all 29 participants who received a medication review. Good response levels were achieved for other non-intervention costs (100% completion rate), and the EQ-5D-5 L and DEMQoL (≥88% at each of the time points where data was collected). Conclusions It is feasible to measure the clinical and cost effectiveness of a complex intervention for behaviour that challenges using the NPI-NH and quality of life measures. Trial registration ISRCTN58330068. Retrospectively registered, 15 October 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Maidment
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Niyah Campbell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Rachel Shaw
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Nichola Seare
- Aston Health Research Innovation Cluster, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Steve Iliffe
- Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Emma Randle
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Research and Innovation Department, The Barberry, 25 Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2FG, UK
| | - Andrea Hilton
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Graeme Brown
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Unit 1, B1, 50 Summer Hill Road, Birmingham, B1 3RB, UK
| | - Nigel Barnes
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Unit 1, B1, 50 Summer Hill Road, Birmingham, B1 3RB, UK
| | - Jane Wilcock
- Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Sarah Gillespie
- Department of Clinical Healthcare, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0FL, UK
| | - Sarah Damery
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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21
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Crossman-Barnes CJ, Sach T, Wilson A, Barton G. The construct validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L, AQL-5D and a bespoke TTO in acute asthmatics. Qual Life Res 2020; 29:619-627. [PMID: 31676971 PMCID: PMC7028833 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-019-02345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measuring quality of life in acute asthmatics is challenging, especially when asthma attacks can occur sporadically. Several questionnaires can be used to measure quality of life in this patient group; however, psychometric testing is limited on questionnaires that can be used to estimate Quality Adjusted Life years. The objective of this study is to assess the construct validity (convergent and discriminative validity) and responsiveness of the EuroQol-5-Dimensions 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L), Asthma Quality of Life Utility Index-5 Dimensions (AQL-5D) and Time Trade-Off (TTO) in acute asthma patients. METHODS Data from a prospective cohort study were used to test the validity and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-5L, AQL-5D and TTO in asthma patients who were recruited from UK accident & emergency departments or hospital wards. The spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic and the standardized response mean were used to test for convergent validity, discriminative validity and responsiveness, respectively. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one participants were included in the available case analysis. The EQ-5D-5L and AQL-5D showed moderate to strong correlations for convergent validity at baseline, week 4 and week 8. The AQL-5D and TTO showed moderate correlations at week 4 and week 8. No statistical significance was observed for discriminative validity at baseline. Both the EQ-5D-5L and the AQL-5D also showed that they were sensitive to change for the recovery responses. CONCLUSIONS The EQ-5D-5L and AQL-5D showed stronger construct validity and responsiveness compared to the TTO. Therefore, both the EQ-5D-5L and AQL-5D should be considered for use in future economic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey Sach
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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22
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Bond CM, Holland R, Alldred DP, Arthur A, Barton G, Blyth A, Desborough J, Ford J, Handford C, Hill H, Hughes CM, Maskrey V, Massey K, Myint PK, Norris N, Poland FM, Shepstone L, Turner D, Zermansky A, Wright D. Protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of independent pharmacist prescribing in care homes: the CHIPPS study. Trials 2020; 21:103. [PMID: 31964398 PMCID: PMC6975047 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescribing, monitoring and administration of medicines in care homes could be improved. Research has identified the need for one person to assume overall responsibility for the management of medicines within each care home. and shown that a pharmacist independent prescriber service is feasible in this context. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To conduct a cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a pharmacist-independent prescribing service in care homes compared to usual general practitioner (GP)-led care. OBJECTIVES To perform a definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) with an internal pilot to determine the intervention's effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and enable modelling beyond the end of the trial. METHODS This protocol is for a cluster RCT with a 3-month internal pilot to confirm that recruitment is achievable, and there are no safety concerns. The unit of randomisation is a triad comprising a pharmacist-independent prescriber (PIP) based in a GP practice with sufficient registered patients resident in one or more care homes to allow recruitment of an average of 20 participants. In the intervention group, the PIP will, in collaboration with the GP: assume responsibility for prescribing and managing residents' medicines including medication review and pharmaceutical care planning; support systematic ordering and administration in the care home, GP practice and supplying pharmacy; train care home and GP practice staff; communicate with GP practice, care home, supplying community pharmacy and study team. The intervention will last 6 months. The primary outcome will be resident falls at 6 months. Secondary outcomes include resident health-related quality of life, falls at 3 months, medication burden, medication appropriateness, mortality and hospitalisations. A full health economic analysis will be undertaken. The target sample size is 880 residents (440) in each arm) from 44 triads. This number is sufficient to detect a decrease in fall rate from 1.5 per individual to 1.178 (relative reduction of 21%) with 80% power and an ICC of 0.05 or less. DISCUSSION Recruitment is on-going and the trial should complete in early 2020. The trial results will have implications for the future management of residents in care homes and the ongoing implementation of independent pharmacist prescribing. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN, ID: 17847169. Registered on 15 December 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Bond
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD
| | - Richard Holland
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David P. Alldred
- School of Healthcare, Baines Wing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Antony Arthur
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Annie Blyth
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Joanna Ford
- Consultant Geriatrician, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Handford
- Norfolk and Suffolk Primary and Community Care Research Office, South Norfolk CCG, Norwich, UK
| | - Helen Hill
- Athena Care Homes, Unit 2 Rima House, A13 Approach, Ripple Road, Barking, Essex, IG11 0RH UK
| | | | | | - Kate Massey
- Norfolk and Suffolk Primary and Community Care Research Office, South Norfolk CCG, Norwich, UK
| | - Phyo K. Myint
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD
| | - Nigel Norris
- School of Education and Lifelong Learning, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Fiona M. Poland
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David Turner
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - David Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Roberts C, Bornais C, Wheatley-Price P, Asmis T, Nicholas G, Barton G. MA22.07 A Culturally Safe Advocacy Model of Care for Inuit Cancer Patients and Their Families. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bornais C, Roberts C, Wheatley-Price P, Asmis T, Dennie C, Maziak D, Nicholas G, Barton G, Alie E, Greene T. EP1.11-01 Lung Cancer Screening and Canada’s Inuit: A Missed Opportunity. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Crossman-Barnes CJ, Sach T, Wilson A, Barton G. Estimating loss in quality of life associated with asthma-related crisis events (ESQUARE): a cohort, observational study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17:58. [PMID: 30971261 PMCID: PMC6458613 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-019-1138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence of quality of life implications of asthma attacks are limited, particularly when measured on a utility scale, which enables calculating Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) and comparisons with other health conditions and services. Therefore, this study sought to estimate the utility loss associated with an asthma-related crisis event (accident and emergency (A&E) attendance or hospital admission). Methods Participants were recruited in a cohort study from A&E and hospital admissions at three UK hospitals. They completed the EuroQol-5 Dimensions 5-Level (EQ-5D-5 L), Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), Time trade-off (TTO), and peak flow and symptom diary over 8 weeks, where three different methods (EQ-5D-5 L, AQLQ, and TTO), were used to estimate utilities. The mean difference between two time points were estimated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results From baseline to week 8, mean increases (95% CI) were estimated to be 0.086 (0.019–0.153), 0.154 (0.112–0.196) and 0.132 (0.063–0.201) for EQ-5D-5 L, AQL-5D (preference-based measure derived from AQLQ), and TTO respectively over 8 weeks (p < 0.01). Conclusion Asthma crisis events are estimated to be associated with a mean utility loss of between 0.086 and 0.132. The utility decrement can be used to assign values to asthma-related crisis events, which can enhance economic evaluations. Trial registration NCT02771678. Registered 13 May 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-019-1138-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey Sach
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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26
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Edlmann E, Thelin EP, Caldwell K, Turner C, Whitfield P, Bulters D, Holton P, Suttner N, Owusu-Agyemang K, Al-Tamimi YZ, Gatt D, Thomson S, Anderson IA, Richards O, Gherle M, Toman E, Nandi D, Kane P, Pantaleo B, Davis-Wilkie C, Tarantino S, Barton G, Marcus HJ, Chari A, Belli A, Bond S, Gafoor R, Dawson S, Whitehead L, Brennan P, Wilkinson I, Kolias AG, Hutchinson PJA. Dex-CSDH randomised, placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone for chronic subdural haematoma: report of the internal pilot phase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5885. [PMID: 30971773 PMCID: PMC6458174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dex-CSDH trial is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone for patients with a symptomatic chronic subdural haematoma. The trial commenced with an internal pilot, whose primary objective was to assess the feasibility of multi-centre recruitment. Primary outcome data collection and safety were also assessed, whilst maintaining blinding. We aimed to recruit 100 patients from United Kingdom Neurosurgical Units within 12 months. Trial participants were randomised to a 2-week course of dexamethasone or placebo in addition to receiving standard care (which could include surgery). The primary outcome measure of the trial is the modified Rankin Scale at 6 months. This pilot recruited ahead of target; 100 patients were recruited within nine months of commencement. 47% of screened patients consented to recruitment. The primary outcome measure was collected in 98% of patients. No safety concerns were raised by the independent data monitoring and ethics committee and only five patients were withdrawn from drug treatment. Pilot trial data can inform on the design and resource provision for substantive trials. This internal pilot was successful in determining recruitment feasibility. Excellent follow-up rates were achieved and exploratory outcome measures were added to increase the scientific value of the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Edlmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Box 167, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Eric P Thelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Box 167, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carole Turner
- Division of Neurosurgery, Box 167, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter Whitfield
- Southwest Neurosurgical Centre, Plymouth University Hospitals NHS trust, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Diederik Bulters
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Rd, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patrick Holton
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Rd, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nigel Suttner
- Institute of Neurosciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Kevin Owusu-Agyemang
- Institute of Neurosciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Yahia Z Al-Tamimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Daniel Gatt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Simon Thomson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Ian A Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Oliver Richards
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Monica Gherle
- Southwest Neurosurgical Centre, Plymouth University Hospitals NHS trust, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Emma Toman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Phillip Kane
- Department of Neurosurgery, The James Cook University Hospital, Marton Road, Middlesbrough, TS4 3BW, UK
| | - Beatrice Pantaleo
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Box 401, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carol Davis-Wilkie
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Box 401, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Silvia Tarantino
- Division of Neurosurgery, Box 167, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Hani J Marcus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Aswin Chari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barts Health NHS trust, Whitechapel Road, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre & University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research (West), Room WX 2.61, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Simon Bond
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Box 401, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,MRC Biostatistics Unit, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Rafael Gafoor
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Box 401, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sarah Dawson
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Box 401, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,MRC Biostatistics Unit, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Lynne Whitehead
- Clinical Trials Pharmacy, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospitals NHS Trust, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Box 401, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Angelos G Kolias
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Division of Neurosurgery, Box 167, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter J A Hutchinson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Division of Neurosurgery, Box 167, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Ford JA, Jones AP, Wong G, Barton G, Clark A, Sims E, Swart AM, Steel N. Improving primary care Access in Context and Theory (I-ACT trial): a theory-informed randomised cluster feasibility trial using a realist perspective. Trials 2019; 20:193. [PMID: 30947737 PMCID: PMC6449944 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary care access can be challenging for older, rural, socio-economically disadvantaged populations. Here we report the I-ACT cluster feasibility trial which aims to assess the feasibility of trial design and context-sensitive intervention to improve primary care access for this group and so expand existing theory. Methods Four general practices were recruited; three randomised to intervention and one to usual care. Intervention practices received £1500, a support manual and four meetings to develop local, innovative solutions to improve the booking system and transport. Patients aged over 64 years old and without household car access were recruited to complete questionnaires when booking an appointment or attending the surgery. Outcome measures at 6 months included: self-reported ease of booking an appointment and transport; health care use; patient activation; capability; and quality of life. A process evaluation involved observations and interviews with staff and participants. Results Thirty-four patients were recruited (26 female, eight male, mean age 81.6 years for the intervention group and 79.4 for usual care) of 1143 invited (3% response rate). Most were ineligible because of car access. Twenty-nine participants belonged to intervention practices and five to usual care. Practice-level data was available for all participants, but participant self-reported data was unavailable for three. Fifty-six appointment questionnaires were received based on 150 appointments (37.3%). Practices successfully designed and implemented the following context-sensitive interventions: Practice A: a stacked telephone system and promoting community transport; Practice B: signposting to community transport, appointment flexibility, mobility scooter charging point and promoting the role of receptionists; and Practice C: local taxi firm partnership and training receptionists. Practices found the process acceptable because it gave freedom, time and resource to be innovative or provided an opportunity to implement existing ideas. Data collection methods were acceptable to participants, but some found it difficult remembering to complete booking and appointment questionnaires. Expanded theory highlighted important mechanisms, such as reassurance, confidence, trust and flexibility. Conclusions Recruiting older participants without access to a car proved challenging. Retention of participants and practices was good but only about a third of appointment questionnaires were returned. This study design may facilitate a shift from one-size-fits-all interventions to more context-sensitive interventions. Trial registration ISRCTN18321951, Registered on 6 March 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3299-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ford
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Chancellors Drive, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Andy P Jones
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Chancellors Drive, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Geoff Wong
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Chancellors Drive, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Allan Clark
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Chancellors Drive, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Erika Sims
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ann Marie Swart
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nick Steel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Chancellors Drive, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Kolias AG, Edlmann E, Thelin EP, Bulters D, Holton P, Suttner N, Owusu-Agyemang K, Al-Tamimi YZ, Gatt D, Thomson S, Anderson IA, Richards O, Whitfield P, Gherle M, Caldwell K, Davis-Wilkie C, Tarantino S, Barton G, Marcus HJ, Chari A, Brennan P, Belli A, Bond S, Turner C, Whitehead L, Wilkinson I, Hutchinson PJ. Correction to: Dexamethasone for adult patients with a symptomatic chronic subdural haematoma (Dex-CSDH) trial: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:175. [PMID: 30885268 PMCID: PMC6423751 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angelos G Kolias
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Ellie Edlmann
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Eric P Thelin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diederik Bulters
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Rd, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patrick Holton
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Rd, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nigel Suttner
- Institute of Neurosciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin Owusu-Agyemang
- Institute of Neurosciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yahia Z Al-Tamimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Daniel Gatt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Simon Thomson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Ian A Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Oliver Richards
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Peter Whitfield
- Southwest Neurosurgical Centre, Plymouth University Hospitals NHS trust, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Monica Gherle
- Southwest Neurosurgical Centre, Plymouth University Hospitals NHS trust, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carol Davis-Wilkie
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit (CCTU), Coton House, Level 6, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 401, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Silvia Tarantino
- Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Hani J Marcus
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aswin Chari
- Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS trust, Whitechapel Road, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospitals NHS Trust, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre & University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research (West), Room WX 2.61, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Simon Bond
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit (CCTU), Coton House, Level 6, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 401, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,MRC Biostatistics Unit, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Carole Turner
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lynne Whitehead
- Clinical Trials Pharmacy, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit (CCTU), Coton House, Level 6, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 401, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Bale P, Easton V, Bacon H, Jerman E, Watts L, Barton G, Clark A, Armon K, MacGregor AJ. The effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention strategy for the treatment of symptomatic joint hypermobility in childhood: a randomised, single Centre parallel group trial (The Bendy Study). Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019; 17:2. [PMID: 30621718 PMCID: PMC6325876 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-018-0298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Joint hypermobility is common in childhood and can be associated with musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. Current management is delivered by a multidisciplinary team, but evidence of effectiveness is limited. This clinical trial aimed to determine whether a structured multidisciplinary, multisite intervention resulted in improved clinical outcomes compared with standard care. METHOD A prospective randomised, single centre parallel group trial comparing an 8-week individualised multidisciplinary intervention programme (bespoke physiotherapy and occupational therapy in the clinical, home and school environment) with current standard management (advice, information and therapy referral if deemed necessary). The primary endpoint of the study was between group difference in child reported pain from baseline to 12 months as assessed using the Wong Baker faces pain scale. Secondary endpoints were parent reported pain (100 mm visual analogue scale), parent reported function (child health assessment questionnaire), child reported quality of life (child health utility 9-dimensional assessment), coordination (movement assessment battery for children version 2) and grip strength (handheld dynamometer). RESULTS 119 children aged 5 to 16 years, with symptomatic hypermobility were randomised to receive an individualised multidisciplinary intervention (I) (n = 59) or standard management (S) (n = 60). Of these, 105 completed follow up at 12 months. No additional significant benefit could be shown from the intervention compared to standard management. However, there was a statistically significant improvement in child and parent reported pain, coordination and grip strength in both groups. The response was independent of the degree of hypermobility. CONCLUSION This is the first randomised controlled trial to compare a structured multidisciplinary, multisite intervention with standard care in symptomatic childhood hypermobility. For the majority, the provision of education and positive interventions aimed at promoting healthy exercise and self-management was associated with significant benefit without the need for more complex interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered prospectively with the national database at the Clinical Research Network (UKCRN Portfolio 9366). The trial was registered retrospectively with ISRCTN ( ISRCTN86573140 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bale
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK.
| | - Vicky Easton
- grid.240367.4Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | - Holly Bacon
- grid.240367.4Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | - Emma Jerman
- grid.439334.aNorfolk Community Health and Care NHS Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Laura Watts
- grid.240367.4Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK ,0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eNorwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eNorwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Allan Clark
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eNorwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kate Armon
- grid.240367.4Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | - Alex J. MacGregor
- grid.240367.4Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK ,0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eNorwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Twigg MJ, Wright D, Barton G, Kirkdale CL, Thornley T. The pharmacy care plan service: Evaluation and estimate of cost-effectiveness. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 15:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Kolias AG, Edlmann E, Thelin EP, Bulters D, Holton P, Suttner N, Owusu-Agyemang K, Al-Tamimi YZ, Gatt D, Thomson S, Anderson IA, Richards O, Whitfield P, Gherle M, Caldwell K, Davis-Wilkie C, Tarantino S, Barton G, Marcus HJ, Chari A, Brennan P, Belli A, Bond S, Turner C, Whitehead L, Wilkinson I, Hutchinson PJ. Dexamethasone for adult patients with a symptomatic chronic subdural haematoma (Dex-CSDH) trial: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:670. [PMID: 30514400 PMCID: PMC6280536 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is a common neurosurgical condition, typically treated with surgical drainage of the haematoma. However, surgery is associated with mortality and morbidity, including up to 20% recurrence of the CSDH. Steroids, such as dexamethasone, have been identified as a potential therapy for reducing recurrence risk in surgically treated CSDHs. They have also been used as a conservative treatment option, thereby avoiding surgery altogether. The hypothesis of the Dex-CSDH trial is that a two-week course of dexamethasone in symptomatic patients with CSDH will lead to better functional outcome at six months. This is anticipated to occur through reduced number of hospital admissions and surgical interventions. Methods Dex-CSDH is a UK multi-centre, double-blind randomised controlled trial of dexamethasone versus placebo for symptomatic adult patients diagnosed with CSDH. A sample size of 750 patients has been determined, including an initial internal pilot phase of 100 patients to confirm recruitment feasibility. Patients must be recruited within 72 h of admission to a neurosurgical unit and exclusions include patients already on steroids or with steroid contraindications, patients who have a cerebrospinal fluid shunt and those with a history of psychosis. The decision regarding surgical intervention will be made by the clinical team and patients can be included in the trial regardless of whether operative treatment is planned or has been performed. The primary outcome measure is the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at six months. Secondary outcomes include the number of CSDH-related surgical interventions during follow-up, length of hospital stay, mRS at three months, EQ-5D at three and six months, adverse events, mortality and a health-economic analysis. Discussion This multi-centre trial will provide high-quality evidence as to the effectiveness of dexamethasone in the treatment of CSDH. This has implications for patient morbidity and mortality as well as a potential economic impact on the overall health service burden from this condition. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN80782810. Registered on 7 November 2014. EudraCT, 2014-004948-35. Registered on 20 March 2015. Dex-CSDH trial protocol version 3, 27 Apr 2017. This protocol was developed in accordance with the SPIRIT checklist. Available as a separate document on request. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-3050-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos G Kolias
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Ellie Edlmann
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Eric P Thelin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diederik Bulters
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Rd, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patrick Holton
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Rd, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nigel Suttner
- Institute of Neurosciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin Owusu-Agyemang
- Institute of Neurosciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yahia Z Al-Tamimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Daniel Gatt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Simon Thomson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Ian A Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Oliver Richards
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Peter Whitfield
- Southwest Neurosurgical Centre, Plymouth University Hospitals NHS trust, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Monica Gherle
- Southwest Neurosurgical Centre, Plymouth University Hospitals NHS trust, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carol Davis-Wilkie
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit (CCTU), Coton House, Level 6, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 401, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Silvia Tarantino
- Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Hani J Marcus
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aswin Chari
- Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS trust, Whitechapel Road, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospitals NHS Trust, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre & University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research (West), Room WX 2.61, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Simon Bond
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit (CCTU), Coton House, Level 6, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 401, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,MRC Biostatistics Unit, Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Carole Turner
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lynne Whitehead
- Clinical Trials Pharmacy, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit (CCTU), Coton House, Level 6, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 401, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. .,Division of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Fineberg NA, Baldwin DS, Drummond LM, Wyatt S, Hanson J, Gopi S, Kaur S, Reid J, Marwah V, Sachdev RA, Pampaloni I, Shahper S, Varlakova Y, Mpavaenda D, Manson C, O’Leary C, Irvine K, Monji-Patel D, Shodunke A, Dyer T, Dymond A, Barton G, Wellsted D. Optimal treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled feasibility study of the clinical-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and their combination in the management of obsessive compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 33:334-348. [PMID: 30113928 PMCID: PMC6166704 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Established treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) include cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication. Combined treatment may outperform monotherapy, but few studies have investigated this. A total of 49 community-based adults with OCD were randomly assigned to CBT, SSRI, or SSRI+CBT. Sertraline (50-200 mg/day) was given as the SSRI for 52 weeks. A 16-h-manualized individual CBT was delivered over 8 weeks with four follow-up sessions. Assessors were 'blinded' to treatment allocation. A preliminary health economic evaluation was conducted. At week 16, combined treatment (n=13) was associated with the largest improvement, sertraline (n=7) the next largest and CBT (n=9) the smallest on the observed case analysis. The effect size (Cohen's d) comparing the improvement in Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale on CBT versus combined treatment was -0.39 and versus sertraline was -0.27. Between 16 and 52 weeks, the greatest clinical improvement was seen with sertraline, but participant discontinuation prevented reliable analysis. Compared with sertraline, the mean costs were higher for CBT and for combined treatment. The mean Quality Adjusted Life Year scores for sertraline were 0.1823 (95% confidence interval: 0.0447-0.3199) greater than for CBT and 0.1135 (95% confidence interval: -0.0290-0.2560), greater than for combined treatment. Combined treatment appeared the most clinically effective option, especially over CBT, but the advantages over SSRI monotherapy were not sustained beyond 16 weeks. SSRI monotherapy was the most cost-effective. A definitive study can and should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi A. Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
- University of Cambridge Clinical Medical School, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge
| | - David S. Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, College Keep, Southampton
| | - Lynne M. Drummond
- London and St George’s Mental Health NHS Trust
- St George’s Hospital, University of London, London
| | | | - Jasmine Hanson
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Srinivas Gopi
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Jemma Reid
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
| | - Virender Marwah
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Ricky A. Sachdev
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | | | - Sonia Shahper
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Yana Varlakova
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Davis Mpavaenda
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Christopher Manson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - Cliodhna O’Leary
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - Karen Irvine
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
| | - Deela Monji-Patel
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Ayotunde Shodunke
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Parkway, Welwyn Garden City
| | - Tony Dyer
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Amy Dymond
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Balal S, Udoh A, Pappas Y, Cook E, Barton G, Hassan A, Hayden K, Bourne RRA, Ahmad S, Pardhan S, Harrison M, Sharma B, Wasil M, Sharma A. The feasibility of finger prick autologous blood (FAB) as a novel treatment for severe dry eye disease (DED): protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e026770. [PMID: 30385451 PMCID: PMC6252631 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with severe dry eye disease (DED) often have limited treatment options with standard non-surgical management focused on the use of artificial tears for lubrication and anti-inflammatory drugs. However, artificial tears do not address the extraordinary complexity of human tears. Crudely, human tears with its vast constituents is essentially filtered blood. Blood and several blood-derived products including autologous serum, have been studied as tear substitutes. This study proposes to test the use of whole, fresh, autologous blood obtained from a finger prick for treatment of severe DED. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The research team at the two participating sites will approach patients with severe DED for this study. Recruitment will take place over 12 months and we expect to recruit 60 patients in total. The primary outcome of this feasibility study is to estimate the proportion of eligible patients approached who consent to and comply with study procedures including treatment regimen and completion of required questionnaires. The secondary outcome measures, although not powered for in this feasibility, include corneal inflammation (assessed by the Oxford corneal staining guide), patient pain and symptoms scores (assessed by the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score), and objective signs of DED as indicated by visual acuity (assessed by Schirmer's test, tear break-up time, lower and/or upper tear meniscus height measurement). Other secondary outcomes include patients' quality of life (assessed using the validated EQ-5D-5L Questionnaire), cost to the National Health Service (NHS) and patient (assessed via use of NHS services and privately purchased over-the-counter treatment related to DED) and safety measure of pressure within the eye (assessed by the Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Score). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol and any subsequent amendments, along with any accompanying material provided to the participant in addition to any advertising material used in this trial have been approved by the East of England - Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 17/EE/0508). Written approval from the committee was obtained and subsequently submitted to the respective Trust's Research and Development (R&D) office with final NHS R&D approval obtained. Data obtained from this study will be published in a suitable peer-review journal and will also presented at international ophthalmic conferences including the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the Royal College of Ophthalmology Annual Congress, the Association for Research and Vision and Ophthalmology, and the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Information will be provided to patient groups and charities such as the Sjogren's Society and the Royal National Institute of Blind People. This will also be shared with the study participants as well as with relevant patient groups and charities. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03395431; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafi Balal
- Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Arit Udoh
- Clinical Trial Unit, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Yannis Pappas
- The Research Centre for Health Organisation and Delivery, Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK
| | - Erica Cook
- The Research Centre for Health Organisation and Delivery, Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ali Hassan
- Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen Hayden
- Clinical Trial Unit, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Rupert Richard Alexander Bourne
- Vision and Eye Research Unit (VERU), School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shahina Pardhan
- Vision and Eye Research Unit (VERU), School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Harrison
- Clinical Trial Unit, School of Medicine, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | | | | | - Anant Sharma
- Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Maidment ID, Damery S, Campbell N, Seare N, Fox C, Iliffe S, Hilton A, Brown G, Barnes N, Wilcock J, Randle E, Gillespie S, Barton G, Shaw R. Medication review plus person-centred care: a feasibility study of a pharmacy-health psychology dual intervention to improve care for people living with dementia. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:340. [PMID: 30340480 PMCID: PMC6194710 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Behaviour that Challenges" is common in people living with dementia, resident in care homes and historically has been treated with anti-psychotics. However, such usage is associated with 1800 potentially avoidable deaths annually in the UK. This study investigated the feasibility of a full clinical trial of a specialist dementia care pharmacist medication review combined with a health psychology intervention for care staff to limit the use of psychotropics. This paper focuses on feasibility; including recruitment and retention, implementation of medication change recommendations and the experiences and expectations of care staff. METHODS West Midlands care homes and individuals meeting the inclusion criteria (dementia diagnosis; medication for behaviour that challenges), or their personal consultee, were approached for consent. A specialist pharmacist reviewed medication. Care home staff received an educational behaviour change intervention in a three-hour session promoting person-centred care. Primary healthcare staff received a modified version of the training. The primary outcome measure was the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home version at 3 months. Other outcomes included quality of life, cognition, health economics and prescribed medication. A qualitative evaluation explored expectations and experiences of care staff. RESULTS Five care homes and 34 of 108 eligible residents (31.5%) were recruited, against an original target of 45 residents across 6 care homes. Medication reviews were conducted for 29 study participants (85.3%) and the pharmacist recommended stopping or reviewing medication in 21 cases (72.4%). Of the recommendations made, 57.1% (12 of 21) were implemented, and implementation (discontinuation) took a mean of 98.4 days. In total, 164 care staff received training and 21 were interviewed. Care staff reported a positive experience of the intervention and post intervention adopting a more holistic patient-centred approach. CONCLUSIONS The intervention contained two elements; staff training and medication review. It was feasible to implement the staff training, and the training appeared to increase the ability and confidence of care staff to manage behaviour that challenges without the need for medication. The medication review would require significant modification for full trial partly related to the relatively limited uptake of the recommendations made, and delay in implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN58330068 . Registered 15 October 2017. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Maidment
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Sarah Damery
- 0000 0004 1936 7486grid.6572.6Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Niyah Campbell
- 0000 0004 0376 4727grid.7273.1School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK
| | - Nichola Seare
- 0000 0004 0376 4727grid.7273.1Aston Health Research Innovation Cluster, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK
| | - Chris Fox
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eNorwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Steve Iliffe
- 0000000121901201grid.83440.3bResearch Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - Andrea Hilton
- 0000 0004 0412 8669grid.9481.4Faculty of Health Science, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - Graeme Brown
- grid.450453.3Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Unit 1, B1, 50 Summer Hill Road, Birmingham, B1 3RB UK
| | - Nigel Barnes
- grid.450453.3Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Unit 1, B1, 50 Summer Hill Road, Birmingham, B1 3RB UK
| | - Jane Wilcock
- 0000000121901201grid.83440.3bResearch Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill St, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - Emma Randle
- National Centre for Mental Health, Research and Innovation Department, The Barberry, 25 Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2FG UK
| | - Sarah Gillespie
- 0000 0001 0726 8331grid.7628.bDepartment of Clinical Healthcare, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0FL UK
| | - Garry Barton
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eNorwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Earlham Road, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Rachel Shaw
- 0000 0004 0376 4727grid.7273.1School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK
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Smith JR, Musgrave S, Payerne E, Noble M, Sims EJ, Clark AB, Barton G, Pinnock H, Sheikh A, Wilson AM. At-risk registers integrated into primary care to stop asthma crises in the UK (ARRISA-UK): study protocol for a pragmatic, cluster randomised trial with nested health economic and process evaluations. Trials 2018; 19:466. [PMID: 30157917 PMCID: PMC6116486 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2816-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite effective treatments and long-standing management guidelines, there are approximately 1400 hospital admissions for asthma weekly in the United Kingdom (UK), many of which could be avoided. In our previous research, a secondary analysis of the intervention (ARRISA) suggested an improvement in the management of at-risk asthma patients in primary care. ARRISA involved identifying individuals at risk of adverse asthma events, flagging their electronic health records, training practice staff to develop and implement practice-wide processes of care when alerted by the flag, plus motivational reminders. We now seek to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ARRISA in reducing asthma-related crisis events. METHODS We are undertaking a pragmatic, two-arm, multicentre, cluster randomised controlled trial, plus health economic and process evaluation. We will randomise 270 primary care practices from throughout the UK covering over 10,000 registered patients with 'at-risk asthma' identified according to a validated algorithm. Staff in practices randomised to the intervention will complete two 45-min eLearning modules (an individually completed module giving background to ARRISA and a group-completed module to develop practice-wide pathways of care) plus a 30-min webinar with other practices. On completion of training at-risk patients' records will be coded so that a flag appears whenever their record is accessed. Practices will receive a phone call at 4 weeks and a reminder video at 6 weeks and 6 months. Control practices will continue to provide usual care. We will extract anonymised routine patient data from primary care records (with linkage to secondary care data) to determine the percentage of at-risk patients with an asthma-related crisis event (accident and emergency attendances, hospitalisations and deaths) after 12 months (primary outcome). We will also capture the time to crisis event, all-cause hospitalisations, asthma control and any changes in practice asthma management for at-risk and all patients with asthma. Cost-effectiveness analysis and mixed-methods process evaluations will also be conducted. DISCUSSION This study is novel in terms of using a practice-wide intervention to target and engage with patients at risk from their asthma and is innovative in the use of routinely captured data with record linkage to obtain trial outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN95472706 . Registered on 5 December 2014.
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Crossman‐Barnes C, Peel A, Fong‐Soe‐Khioe R, Sach T, Wilson A, Barton G. Economic evidence for nonpharmacological asthma management interventions: A systematic review. Allergy 2018; 73:1182-1195. [PMID: 29105788 PMCID: PMC6033175 DOI: 10.1111/all.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthma management, education and environmental interventions have been reported as cost‐effective in a previous review (Pharm Pract (Granada), 2014;12:493), but methods used to estimate costs and outcomes were not discussed in detail. This review updates the previous review by providing economic evidence on the cost‐effectiveness of studies identified after 2012, and a detailed assessment of the methods used in all identified studies. Twelve databases were searched from 1990 to January 2016, and studies included economic evaluations, asthma subjects and nonpharmacological interventions written in English. Sixty‐four studies were included. Of these, 15 were found in addition to the earlier review; 53% were rated fair in quality and 47% high. Education and self‐management interventions were the most cost‐effective, in line with the earlier review. Self‐reporting was the most common method used to gather resource‐use data, accompanied by bottom‐up approaches to estimate costs. Main outcome measures were asthma‐related hospitalizations (69%), quality of life (41%) and utility (38%), with AQLQ and the EQ‐5D being the most common questionnaires measured prospectively at fixed time points. More rigorous costing methods are needed with a more common quality of life tool to aid greater replicability and comparability amongst asthma studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Peel
- Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | | | - T. Sach
- Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - A. Wilson
- Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - G. Barton
- Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK
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Loveday DT, Barr LV, Loizou CL, Barton G, Smith G. A comparative prospective cohort health economic analysis comparing ankle fusion, isolated great toe fusion and hallux valgus surgery. Foot Ankle Surg 2018; 24:54-59. [PMID: 29413775 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed the health economics and outcomes of three common foot and ankle operations. METHODS Between July 2013 and October 2014 all patients undergoing ankle fusion (AF) for osteoarthritis, first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion for osteoarthritis (MF) or hallux valgus surgery (HV) were included. Patients having additional procedures were excluded. Patients completed the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOX-FQ), the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and the EQ-VAS on presentation and at least 6 months post-operatively. RESULTS 63 patients undergoing AF (n=22), MF (n=22), or HV (n=32) completed preoperative and postoperative questionnaires. 76 completed preoperative questionnaires and 63 completed the follow up questionnaires. The follow up questionnaires were completed at a median of 12 months (range 6-24 months) following surgery. The mean age at surgery was 59 years (range 26-85 years). Pre-operative MOX-FQ and EQ-5D-5L scores differed significantly between the three groups with AF and MF patients reporting worse scores compared to HV patients. MOX-FQ and EQ-5D-5L significantly improved in all groups from pre-operative levels. MOX-FQ AF from 53.8 (CI 56.8-50.8) to 22.9 (CI 30.9-14.9), MF from 43.0 (CI 46.4-39.6) to 12.1 (CI 18.3-5.9), HV from 35.4 (CI 39.0-31.7) to 15.6 (CI 21.1-10.1). EQ-5D-5L: AF from 0.30 (CI 0.43-0.17) to 0.66 (CI 0.77-0.55), MF from 0.45(CI 0.52-0.38) to 0.83 (CI 0.90-0.76), HV from 0.71(CI 0.74-0.68) to 0.82 (CI 0.88-0.76). There was no significant difference in the EQ-VAS suggesting it may not be representative of foot and ankle health. Health economics analysis using the EQ-5D-5L data to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) suggested all three procedures were favourable compared to threshold levels of cost-effectiveness. There were differences in estimated costs between the three operations with AF at £2950 (threshold cost <£5400) and MF at £1197 (threshold cost <£5780) and HV varying from £625 to £1688 (threshold cost <£1640). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that the joint-specific (MOX-FQ) and generic health (EQ-5D-5L) outcome scores of patients improved after AF, MF and HV. The greatest benefit from surgery was gained in the arthritic patient groups. In the future, the use of large population patient reported outcome measures data may also potentially have implications for prioritisation of healthcare provision, acting as an indicator of foot and ankle surgical procedures that produce the most benefit to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Loveday
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK.
| | - Lynne V Barr
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | | | - Garry Barton
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - George Smith
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
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Hunter SM, Johansen-Berg H, Ward N, Kennedy NC, Chandler E, Weir CJ, Rothwell J, Wing AM, Grey MJ, Barton G, Leavey NM, Havis C, Lemon RN, Burridge J, Dymond A, Pomeroy VM. Functional Strength Training and Movement Performance Therapy for Upper Limb Recovery Early Poststroke-Efficacy, Neural Correlates, Predictive Markers, and Cost-Effectiveness: FAST-INdiCATE Trial. Front Neurol 2018; 8:733. [PMID: 29472884 PMCID: PMC5810279 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in physiological deficits underlying upper limb paresis after stroke could influence how people recover and to which physical therapy they best respond. OBJECTIVES To determine whether functional strength training (FST) improves upper limb recovery more than movement performance therapy (MPT). To identify: (a) neural correlates of response and (b) whether pre-intervention neural characteristics predict response. DESIGN Explanatory investigations within a randomised, controlled, observer-blind, and multicentre trial. Randomisation was computer-generated and concealed by an independent facility until baseline measures were completed. Primary time point was outcome, after the 6-week intervention phase. Follow-up was at 6 months after stroke. PARTICIPANTS With some voluntary muscle contraction in the paretic upper limb, not full dexterity, when recruited up to 60 days after an anterior cerebral circulation territory stroke. INTERVENTIONS Conventional physical therapy (CPT) plus either MPT or FST for up to 90 min-a-day, 5 days-a-week for 6 weeks. FST was "hands-off" progressive resistive exercise cemented into functional task training. MPT was "hands-on" sensory/facilitation techniques for smooth and accurate movement. OUTCOMES The primary efficacy measure was the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Neural measures: fractional anisotropy (FA) corpus callosum midline; asymmetry of corticospinal tracts FA; and resting motor threshold (RMT) of motor-evoked potentials. ANALYSIS Covariance models tested ARAT change from baseline. At outcome: correlation coefficients assessed relationship between change in ARAT and neural measures; an interaction term assessed whether baseline neural characteristics predicted response. RESULTS 288 Participants had: mean age of 72.2 (SD 12.5) years and mean ARAT 25.5 (18.2). For 240 participants with ARAT at baseline and outcome the mean change was 9.70 (11.72) for FST + CPT and 7.90 (9.18) for MPT + CPT, which did not differ statistically (p = 0.298). Correlations between ARAT change scores and baseline neural values were between 0.199, p = 0.320 for MPT + CPT RMT (n = 27) and -0.147, p = 0.385 for asymmetry of corticospinal tracts FA (n = 37). Interaction effects between neural values and ARAT change between baseline and outcome were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in upper limb improvement between FST and MPT. Baseline neural measures did not correlate with upper limb recovery or predict therapy response. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials: ISRCT 19090862, http://www.controlled-trials.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Hunter
- School of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute for Applied Clinical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Ward
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh C. Kennedy
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Chandler
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher John Weir
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Wing
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Grey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Barton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Malachy Leavey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Havis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Roger N. Lemon
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Burridge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Dymond
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie M. Pomeroy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Hernandez Alava M, Wailoo A, Grimm S, Pudney S, Gomes M, Sadique Z, Meads D, O'Dwyer J, Barton G, Irvine L. EQ-5D-5L versus EQ-5D-3L: The Impact on Cost Effectiveness in the United Kingdom. Value Health 2018; 21:49-56. [PMID: 29304940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To model the relationship between the three-level (3L) and the five-level (5L) EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire and examine how differences have an impact on cost effectiveness in case studies. METHODS We used two data sets that included the 3L and 5L versions from the same respondents. The EuroQol Group data set (n = 3551) included patients with different diseases and a healthy cohort. The National Data Bank data set included patients with rheumatoid disease (n = 5205). We estimated a system of ordinal regressions in each data set using copula models to link responses of the 3L instrument to those of the 5L instrument and its UK tariff, and vice versa. Results were applied to nine cost-effectiveness studies. RESULTS Best-fitting models differed between the EuroQol Group and the National Data Bank data sets in terms of the explanatory variables, copulas, and coefficients. In both cases, the coefficients of the covariates and latent factors between the 3L and the 5L instruments were significantly different, indicating that moving between instruments is not simply a uniform re-alignment of the response levels for most dimensions. In the case studies, moving from the 3L to the 5L caused a decrease of up to 87% in incremental quality-adjusted life-years gained from effective technologies in almost all cases. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios increased, often substantially. Conversely, one technology with a significant mortality gain saw increased incremental quality-adjusted life-years. CONCLUSIONS The 5L shifts mean utility scores up the utility scale toward full health and compresses them into a smaller range, compared with the 3L. Improvements in quality of life are valued less using the 5L than using the 3L. The 3L and the 5L can produce substantially different estimates of cost effectiveness. There is no simple proportional adjustment that can be made to reconcile these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Hernandez Alava
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Allan Wailoo
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Sabine Grimm
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Pudney
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Manuel Gomes
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Zia Sadique
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lisa Irvine
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Rowe FJ, Conroy EJ, Bedson E, Cwiklinski E, Drummond A, García- Fiñana M, Howard C, Pollock A, Shipman T, Dodridge C, MacIntosh C, Johnson S, Noonan C, Barton G, Sackley C. Choice of outcome measures for the VISION pilot trial of interventions for hemianopia. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:551-553. [PMID: 28980307 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Rowe
- Department of Health Services Research; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - E. J. Conroy
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - E. Bedson
- Clinical Trials Research Unit; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - E. Cwiklinski
- Clinical Trials Research Unit; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - A. Drummond
- School of Health Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | | | - C. Howard
- Department of Orthoptics; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester UK
| | - A. Pollock
- Nursing Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow UK
| | - T. Shipman
- Department of Orthoptics; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Sheffield UK
| | - C. Dodridge
- Department of Orthoptics; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust; Oxford UK
| | - C. MacIntosh
- Department of Orthoptics; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust; Oxford UK
| | - S. Johnson
- Eye Clinic Impact Team; Royal National Institute for the Blind; Birmingham UK
| | - C. Noonan
- Department of Ophthalmology; Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Liverpool UK
| | - G. Barton
- Department of Elderly Care; Warrington and Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Warrington UK
| | - C. Sackley
- Division of Health and Social Care; King's College; London UK
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Rowe FJ, Conroy EJ, Bedson E, Cwiklinski E, Drummond A, García-Fiñana M, Howard C, Pollock A, Shipman T, Dodridge C, MacIntosh C, Johnson S, Noonan C, Barton G, Sackley C. A pilot randomized controlled trial comparing effectiveness of prism glasses, visual search training and standard care in hemianopia. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:310-321. [PMID: 28028819 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pilot trial to compare prism therapy and visual search training, for homonymous hemianopia, to standard care (information only). METHODS Prospective, multicentre, parallel, single-blind, three-arm RCT across fifteen UK acute stroke units. PARTICIPANTS Stroke survivors with homonymous hemianopia. INTERVENTIONS Arm a (Fresnel prisms) for minimum 2 hours, 5 days per week over 6 weeks. Arm b (visual search training) for minimum 30 minutes, 5 days per week over 6 weeks. Arm c (standard care-information only). INCLUSION CRITERIA Adult stroke survivors (>18 years), stable hemianopia, visual acuity better than 0.5 logMAR, refractive error within ±5 dioptres, ability to read/understand English and provide consent. OUTCOMES Primary outcomes were change in visual field area from baseline to 26 weeks and calculation of sample size for a definitive trial. Secondary measures included Rivermead Mobility Index, Visual Function Questionnaire 25/10, Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living, Euro Qual, Short Form-12 questionnaires and Radner reading ability. Measures were post-randomization at baseline and 6, 12 and 26 weeks. RANDOMIZATION Randomization block lists stratified by site and partial/complete hemianopia. BLINDING Allocations disclosed to patients. Primary outcome assessor blind to treatment allocation. RESULTS Eighty-seven patients were recruited: 27-Fresnel prisms, 30-visual search training and 30-standard care; 69% male; mean age 69 years (SD 12). At 26 weeks, full results for 24, 24 and 22 patients, respectively, were compared to baseline. Sample size calculation for a definitive trial determined as 269 participants per arm for a 200 degree2 visual field area change at 90% power. Non-significant relative change in area of visual field was 5%, 8% and 3.5%, respectively, for the three groups. Visual Function Questionnaire responses improved significantly from baseline to 26 weeks with visual search training (60 [SD 19] to 68.4 [SD 20]) compared to Fresnel prisms (68.5 [SD 16.4] to 68.2 [18.4]: 7% difference) and standard care (63.7 [SD 19.4] to 59.8 [SD 22.7]: 10% difference), P=.05. Related adverse events were common with Fresnel prisms (69.2%; typically headaches). CONCLUSIONS No significant change occurred for area of visual field area across arms over follow-up. Visual search training had significant improvement in vision-related quality of life. Prism therapy produced adverse events in 69%. Visual search training results warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Rowe
- Department of Health Services Research; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - E. J. Conroy
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - E. Bedson
- Clinical Trials Research Unit; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - E. Cwiklinski
- Clinical Trials Research Unit; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - A. Drummond
- School of Health Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - M. García-Fiñana
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - C. Howard
- Department of Orthoptics; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester UK
| | - A. Pollock
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow UK
| | - T. Shipman
- Department of Orthoptics; Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Sheffield UK
| | - C. Dodridge
- Department of Orthoptics; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust; Oxford UK
| | - C. MacIntosh
- Department of Orthoptics; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust; Oxford UK
| | - S. Johnson
- Eye Clinic Impact Team; Royal National Institute for the Blind; Birmingham UK
| | - C. Noonan
- Department of Ophthalmology; Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Liverpool UK
| | - G. Barton
- Department of Elderly Care; Warrington and Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Warrington UK
| | - C. Sackley
- Division of Health and Social Care; King's College; London UK
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Fowler D, French P, Banerjee R, Barton G, Berry C, Byrne R, Clarke T, Fraser R, Gee B, Greenwood K, Notley C, Parker S, Shepstone L, Wilson J, Yung AR, Hodgekins J. Prevention and treatment of long-term social disability amongst young people with emerging severe mental illness with social recovery therapy (The PRODIGY Trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:315. [PMID: 28693622 PMCID: PMC5504604 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young people who have social disability associated with severe and complex mental health problems are an important group in need of early intervention. Their problems often date back to childhood and become chronic at an early age. Without intervention, the long-term prognosis is often poor and the economic costs very large. There is a major gap in the provision of evidence-based interventions for this group, and therefore new approaches to detection and intervention are needed. This trial provides a definitive evaluation of a new approach to early intervention with young people with social disability and severe and complex mental health problems using social recovery therapy (SRT) over a period of 9 months to improve mental health and social recovery outcomes. METHODS This is a pragmatic, multi-centre, single blind, superiority randomised controlled trial. It is conducted in three sites in the UK: Sussex, Manchester and East Anglia. Participants are aged 16 to 25 and have both persistent and severe social disability (defined as engaged in less than 30 hours per week of structured activity) and severe and complex mental health problems. The target sample size is 270 participants, providing 135 participants in each trial arm. Participants are randomised 1:1 using a web-based randomisation system and allocated to either SRT plus optimised treatment as usual (enhanced standard care) or enhanced standard care alone. The primary outcome is time use, namely hours spent in structured activity per week at 15 months post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes assess typical mental health problems of the group, including subthreshold psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, depression and anxiety. Time use, secondary outcomes and health economic measures are assessed at 9, 15 and 24 months post-randomisation. DISCUSSION This definitive trial will be the first to evaluate a novel psychological treatment for social disability and mental health problems in young people presenting with social disability and severe and complex non-psychotic mental health problems. The results will have important implications for policy and practice in the detection and early intervention for this group in mental health services. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial Registry: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) Registry. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN47998710 (registered 29/11/2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fowler
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Paul French
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robin Banerjee
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Clio Berry
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
- Research & Development, Sussex Education Centre, Millview Hospital, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ UK
| | - Rory Byrne
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy Clarke
- Research & Development, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, 80 St Stephens, Norwich, UK
| | - Rick Fraser
- Research & Development, Sussex Education Centre, Millview Hospital, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Brioney Gee
- Research & Development, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, 80 St Stephens, Norwich, UK
| | - Kathryn Greenwood
- School of Psychology, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
- Research & Development, Sussex Education Centre, Millview Hospital, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Nevill Avenue, Hove, BN3 7HZ UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Sophie Parker
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
| | - Jon Wilson
- Research & Development, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, 80 St Stephens, Norwich, UK
| | - Alison R. Yung
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Joanne Hodgekins
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk UK
- Research & Development, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, 80 St Stephens, Norwich, UK
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Mengoni SE, Irvine K, Thakur D, Barton G, Dautenhahn K, Guldberg K, Robins B, Wellsted D, Sharma S. Feasibility study of a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of using a humanoid robot to improve the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (Kaspar RCT): a study protocol. BMJ Open 2017. [PMID: 28645986 PMCID: PMC5726066 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interventions using robot-assisted therapy may be beneficial for the social skills development of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are lacking. The present research aims to assess the feasibility of conducting an RCT evaluating the effectiveness of a social skills intervention using Kinesics and Synchronisation in Personal Assistant Robotics (Kaspar) with children with ASD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Forty children will be recruited. Inclusion criteria are the following: aged 5-10 years, confirmed ASD diagnosis, IQ over 70, English-language comprehension, a carer who can complete questionnaires in English and no current participation in a private social communication intervention. Children will be randomised to receive an intervention with a therapist and Kaspar, or with the therapist only. They will receive two familiarisation sessions and six treatment sessions for 8 weeks. They will be assessed at baseline, and at 10 and 22 weeks after baseline. The primary outcome of this study is to evaluate whether the predetermined feasibility criteria for a full-scale trial are met. The potential primary outcome measures for a full-scale trial are the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Social Skills Improvement System. We will conduct a preliminary economic analysis. After the study has ended, a sample of 20 participants and their families will be invited to participate in semistructured interviews to explore the feasibility and acceptability of the study's methods and intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Parents/carers will provide informed consent, and children will give assent, where appropriate. Care will be taken to avoid pressure or coercion to participate. Aftercare is available from the recruiting NHS Trust, and a phased withdrawal protocol will be followed if children become excessively attached to the robot. The results of the study will be disseminated to academic audiences and non-academic stakeholders, for example, families of children with ASD, support groups, clinicians and charities. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN14156001); Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana E Mengoni
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Karen Irvine
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Garry Barton
- Health Economics Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Karen Guldberg
- Autism Centre for Education and Research, School of Education, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ben Robins
- School of Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - David Wellsted
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Millar AN, Daffu-O’Reilly A, Hughes CM, Alldred DP, Barton G, Bond CM, Desborough JA, Myint PK, Holland R, Poland FM, Wright D. Development of a core outcome set for effectiveness trials aimed at optimising prescribing in older adults in care homes. Trials 2017; 18:175. [PMID: 28403876 PMCID: PMC5389003 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescribing medicines for older adults in care homes is known to be sub-optimal. Whilst trials testing interventions to optimise prescribing in this setting have been published, heterogeneity in outcome reporting has hindered comparison of interventions, thus limiting evidence synthesis. The aim of this study was to develop a core outcome set (COS), a list of outcomes which should be measured and reported, as a minimum, for all effectiveness trials involving optimising prescribing in care homes. The COS was developed as part of the Care Homes Independent Pharmacist Prescribing Study (CHIPPS). METHODS A long-list of outcomes was identified through a review of published literature and stakeholder input. Outcomes were reviewed and refined prior to entering a two-round online Delphi exercise and then distributed via a web link to the CHIPPS Management Team, a multidisciplinary team including pharmacists, doctors and Patient Public Involvement representatives (amongst others), who comprised the Delphi panel. The Delphi panellists (n = 19) rated the importance of outcomes on a 9-point Likert scale from 1 (not important) to 9 (critically important). Consensus for an outcome being included in the COS was defined as ≥70% participants scoring 7-9 and <15% scoring 1-3. Exclusion was defined as ≥70% scoring 1-3 and <15% 7-9. Individual and group scores were fed back to participants alongside the second questionnaire round, which included outcomes for which no consensus had been achieved. RESULTS A long-list of 63 potential outcomes was identified. Refinement of this long-list of outcomes resulted in 29 outcomes, which were included in the Delphi questionnaire (round 1). Following both rounds of the Delphi exercise, 13 outcomes (organised into seven overarching domains: medication appropriateness, adverse drug events, prescribing errors, falls, quality of life, all-cause mortality and admissions to hospital (and associated costs)) met the criteria for inclusion in the final COS. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a COS for effectiveness trials aimed at optimising prescribing in older adults in care homes using robust methodology. Widespread adoption of this COS will facilitate evidence synthesis between trials. Future work should focus on evaluating appropriate tools for these key outcomes to further reduce heterogeneity in outcome measurement in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Millar
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - David P. Alldred
- School of Healthcare, Baines Wing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Christine M. Bond
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Phyo K. Myint
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Richard Holland
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Fiona M. Poland
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Cadman B, Wright D, Bale A, Barton G, Desborough J, Hammad EA, Holland R, Howe H, Nunney I, Irvine L. Pharmacist provided medicines reconciliation within 24 hours of admission and on discharge: a randomised controlled pilot study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013647. [PMID: 28302636 PMCID: PMC5372064 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UK government currently recommends that all patients receive medicines reconciliation (MR) from a member of the pharmacy team within 24 hours of admission and subsequent discharge. The cost-effectiveness of this intervention is unknown. A pilot study to inform the design of a future randomised controlled trial to determine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a pharmacist-delivered service was undertaken. METHOD Patients were recruited 7 days a week from 5 adult medical wards in 1 hospital over a 9 month period and randomised using an automated system to intervention (MR within 24 hours of admission and at discharge) or usual care which may include MR (control). Recruitment and retention rates were determined. Length of stay (LOS), quality of life (EQ-5D-3L), unintentional discrepancies (UDs) and emergency readmission (ER) within 3 months were tested as outcome measures. The feasibility of identifying and measuring intervention-associated resources was determined. RESULT 200 patients were randomised to either intervention or control. Groups were comparable at baseline. 95 (99%) patients in the intervention received MR within 24 hours, while 62 (60.8%) control patients received MR at some point during admission. The intervention resolved 250 of the 255 UDs identified at admission. Only 2 UDs were identified in the intervention group at discharge compared with 268 in the control. The median LOS was 94 hours in the intervention arm and 118 hours in the control, with ER rates of 17.9% and 26.7%, respectively. Assuming 5% loss to follow-up 1120 patients (560 in each arm) are required to detect a 6% reduction in 3-month ER rates. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that changes in outcome measures resulting from MR within 24 hours were in the appropriate direction and readmission within 3 months is the most appropriate primary outcome measure. A future study to determine cost-effectiveness of the intervention is feasible and warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN23949491.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Cadman
- Pharmacy Department, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Amanda Bale
- Pharmacy Department, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Holland
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Helen Howe
- Pharmacy Department, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Nunney
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lisa Irvine
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Arthur A, Aldus C, Sarre S, Maben J, Wharrad H, Schneider J, Barton G, Argyle E, Clark A, Nouri F, Nicholson C. Can Health-care Assistant Training improve the relational care of older people? (CHAT) A development and feasibility study of a complex intervention. Health Serv Deliv Res 2017. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr05100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundOlder people account for an increasing proportion of those receiving NHS acute care. The quality of health care delivered to older people has come under increased scrutiny. Health-care assistants (HCAs) provide much of the direct care of older people in hospital. Patients’ experience of care tends to be based on the relational aspects of that care including dignity, empathy and emotional support.Objective(s)We aimed to understand the relational care training needs of HCAs caring for older people, design a relational care training intervention for HCAs and assess the feasibility of a cluster randomised controlled trial to test the new intervention against HCA training as usual (TAU).Design(1) A telephone survey of all NHS hospital trusts in England to assess current HCA training provision, (2) focus groups of older people and carers, (3) semistructured interviews with HCAs and other care staff to establish training needs and inform intervention development and (4) a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial.Setting(1) All acute NHS hospital trusts in England, and (2–4) three acute NHS hospital trusts in England and the populations they serve.Participants(1) Representatives of 113 out of the total of 161 (70.2%) NHS trusts in England took part in the telephone survey, (2) 29 older people or carer participants in three focus groups, (3) 30 HCA and 24 ‘other staff’ interviewees and (4) 12 wards (four per trust), 112 HCAs, 92 patients during the prerandomisation period and 67 patients during the postrandomisation period.InterventionsFor the feasibility trial, a training intervention (Older People’s Shoes™) for HCAs developed as part of the study was compared with HCA TAU.Main outcome measuresPatient-level outcomes were the experience of emotional care and quality of life during patients’ hospital stay, as measured by the Patient Evaluation of Emotional Care during Hospitalisation and the EuroQol-5 Dimensions questionnaires. HCA outcomes were empathy, as measured by the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire, and attitudes towards older people, as measured by the Age Group Evaluation and Description Inventory. Ward-level outcomes were the quality of HCA–patient interaction, as measured by the Quality of Interaction Scale.Results(1) One-third of trust telephone survey participants reported HCA training content that we considered to be ‘relational care’. Training for HCAs is variable across trusts and is focused on new recruits. The biggest challenge for HCA training is getting HCAs released from ward duties. (2) Older people and carers are aware of the pressures that ward staff are under but good relationships with care staff determine whether or not their experience of hospital is positive. (3) HCAs have training needs related to ‘difficult conversations’ with patients and relatives; they have particular preferences for learning styles that are not always reflected in available training. (4) In the feasibility trial, 187 of the 192 planned ward observation sessions were completed; the response to HCA questionnaires at baseline and at 8 and 12 weeks post randomisation was 64.2%, 46.4% and 35.7%, respectively, and 57.2% of eligible patients returned completed questionnaires.LimitationsThis was an intervention development and feasibility study so no conclusions can be drawn about the clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of the intervention.ConclusionsThe intervention had high acceptability among nurse trainers and HCA learners. Viability of a definitive trial is conditional on overcoming specific methodological (patient recruitment processes) and contextual (involvement of wider ward team) challenges.Future workMethods to ease the burden of questionnaire completion without compromising ethics or methodological rigour need to be explored.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN10385799.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full inHealth Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 5, No. 10. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Arthur
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Clare Aldus
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sophie Sarre
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jill Maben
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Heather Wharrad
- School of Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Justine Schneider
- School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Elaine Argyle
- School of Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Fiona Nouri
- School of Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Nicholson
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King’s College London, London, UK
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Pascale M, Murray N, Bachmann M, Barton G, Clark A, Howe A, Greaves C, Sampson M. Study Protocol: The Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study [NDPS]: a 46 month multi - centre, randomised, controlled parallel group trial of a lifestyle intervention [with or without additional support from lay lifestyle mentors with Type 2 diabetes] to prevent transition to Type 2 diabetes in high risk groups with non - diabetic hyperglycaemia, or impaired fasting glucose. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:31. [PMID: 28056894 PMCID: PMC5217324 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This 7 year NIHR programme [2011–2018] tests the primary hypothesis that the NDPS diet and physical activity intervention will reduce the risk of transition to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in groups at high risk of Type 2 diabetes. The NDPS programme recognizes the need to reduce intervention costs through group delivery and the use of lay mentors with T2DM, the realities of normal primary care, and the complexity of the current glycaemic categorisation of T2DM risk. Methods NDPS identifies people at highest risk of T2DM on the databases of 135 general practices in the East of England for further screening with ab fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA1c]. Those with an elevated fasting plasma glucose [impaired fasting glucose or IFG] with or without an elevated HbA1c [non -diabetic hyperglycaemia; NDH] are randomised into three treatment arms: a control arm receiving no trial intervention, an arm receiving an intensive bespoke group-based diet and physical activity intervention, and an arm receiving the same intervention with enhanced support from people with T2DM trained as diabetes prevention mentors [DPM]. The primary end point is cumulative transition rates to T2DM between the two intervention groups, and between each intervention group and the control group at 46 months. Participants with screen detected T2DM are randomized into an equivalent prospective controlled trial with the same intervention and control arms with glycaemic control [HbA1c] at 46 months as the primary end point. Participants with NDH and a normal fasting plasma glucose are randomised into an equivalent prospective controlled intervention trial with follow up for 40 months. The intervention comprises six education sessions for the first 12 weeks and then up to 15 maintenance sessions until intervention end, all delivered in groups, with additional support from a DPM in one treatment arm. Discussion The NDPS programme reports in 2018 and will provide trial outcome data for a group delivered diabetes prevention intervention, supported by lay mentors with T2DM, with intervention in multiple at risk glycaemic categories, and that takes into account the realities of normal clinical practice. Trial registration ISRCTN34805606 (Retrospectively registered 16.3.16) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3929-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Pascale
- Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK.,Directorate of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Nikki Murray
- Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK.,Directorate of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Max Bachmann
- Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Health Economics Group, Norwich Medical School, University Of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Amanda Howe
- Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Colin Greaves
- University of Exeter Collaboration for Academic Primary Care (APEx), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Mike Sampson
- Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, UK. .,Directorate of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK.
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Mengoni SE, Gates B, Parkes G, Wellsted D, Barton G, Ring H, Khoo ME, Monji-Patel D, Friedli K, Zia A, Irvine L, Durand MA. Wordless intervention for people with epilepsy and learning disabilities (WIELD): a randomised controlled feasibility trial. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012993. [PMID: 28186943 PMCID: PMC5128894 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of a full-scale randomised controlled trial of a picture booklet to improve quality of life for people with epilepsy and learning disabilities. TRIAL DESIGN A randomised controlled feasibility trial. Randomisation was not blinded and was conducted using a centralised secure database and a blocked 1:1 allocation ratio. SETTING Epilepsy clinics in 1 English National Health Service (NHS) Trust. PARTICIPANTS Patients with learning disabilities and epilepsy who had: a seizure within the past 12 months, meaningful communication and a carer with sufficient proficiency in English. INTERVENTION Participants in the intervention group used a picture booklet with a trained researcher, and a carer present. These participants kept the booklet, and were asked to use it at least twice more over 20 weeks. The control group received treatment as usual, and were provided with a booklet at the end of the study. OUTCOME MEASURES 7 feasibility criteria were used relating to recruitment, data collection, attrition, potential effect on epilepsy-related quality of life (Epilepsy and Learning Disabilities Quality of Life Scale, ELDQOL) at 4-week, 12-week and 20-week follow-ups, feasibility of methodology, acceptability of the intervention and potential to calculate cost-effectiveness. OUTCOME The recruitment rate of eligible patients was 34% and the target of 40 participants was reached. There was minimal missing data and attrition. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed; data from the outcome measures suggest a benefit from the intervention on the ELDQOL behaviour and mood subscales at 4 and 20 weeks follow-up. The booklet and study methods were positively received, and no adverse events were reported. There was a positive indication of the potential for a cost-effectiveness analysis. CONCLUSIONS All feasibility criteria were fully or partially met, therefore confirming feasibility of a definitive trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN80067039.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana E Mengoni
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Bob Gates
- Institute for Practice, Interdisciplinary Research and Enterprise (INSPIRE), University of West London, London, UK
| | - Georgina Parkes
- Learning Disabilities Services, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - David Wellsted
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School and Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Howard Ring
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mary Ellen Khoo
- Research and Development, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - Deela Monji-Patel
- Research and Development, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
- Division 4, Mental Health, NIHR Clinical Research Network: Eastern, UK
| | - Karin Friedli
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Asif Zia
- Learning Disabilities Services, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - Lisa Irvine
- Norwich Medical School and Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Durand
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Mengoni SE, Gates B, Parkes G, Wellsted D, Barton G, Ring H, Khoo ME, Monji-Patel D, Friedli K, Zia A, Durand MA. "Sometimes, it just stops me from doing anything": A qualitative exploration of epilepsy management in people with intellectual disabilities and their carers. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:133-139. [PMID: 27736660 PMCID: PMC5140003 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy affects 1 in 5 people with an intellectual disability (ID), but little is known about their experiences of living with epilepsy. A qualitative study was conducted to investigate the impact and management of epilepsy in people with ID. MATERIALS AND METHODS People with epilepsy and ID and their carers were invited to take part in semi-structured interviews. Eleven participants with ID and their carers were interviewed together, one participant with ID and their carer were interviewed separately, two interviews took place with the participant with ID only, and one interview took place with the carer only. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed thematically (dual independent coding for 30% of the transcripts). RESULTS Three themes emerged (participant characteristics, living with epilepsy, epilepsy management and information needs) which indicated the following: 1) diversity regarding health profiles, communication abilities, severity of epilepsy, perceived control of epilepsy, and support needs; 2) a reduction in severity and frequency of seizures for a sizeable proportion of participants through antiepileptic drugs; 3) the lifelong impact of epilepsy and related seizures on participants' activities and quality of life; 4) the perceived burden of epilepsy and difficulty managing the condition for a large proportion of participants; 5) high levels of satisfaction with epilepsy-related services and care; and 6) an overall lack of written accessible information about epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS This study has highlighted a significant impact of epilepsy and related seizures on the daily lives and quality of life of people with ID. Although a sizeable proportion of participants and their carers considered their epilepsy to be well controlled, the majority reported difficulties managing epilepsy and minimizing its impact on their wellbeing. Excluding care staff and the support provided by epilepsy clinics, the participants had not accessed any adapted self-management or information resources about epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana E Mengoni
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Bob Gates
- Institute for Practice, Interdisciplinary Research and Enterprise (INSPIRE), University of West London, UK
| | - Georgina Parkes
- Learning Disabilities Services, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - David Wellsted
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School and Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Howard Ring
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Box 189, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Mary Ellen Khoo
- Research and Development, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - Deela Monji-Patel
- Research and Development, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK; NIHR Clinical Research Network: Eastern, Division 4, Mental Health, UK
| | - Karin Friedli
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Asif Zia
- Learning Disabilities Services, Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Durand
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, Department of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Bhattacharya D, Aldus CF, Barton G, Bond CM, Boonyaprapa S, Charles IS, Fleetcroft R, Holland R, Jerosch-Herold C, Salter C, Shepstone L, Walton C, Watson S, Wright DJ. The feasibility of determining the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of medication organisation devices compared with usual care for older people in a community setting: systematic review, stakeholder focus groups and feasibility randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess 2016; 20:1-250. [PMID: 27385430 PMCID: PMC4947898 DOI: 10.3310/hta20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication organisation devices (MODs) provide compartments for a patient's medication to be organised into the days of the week and the recommended times the medication should be taken. AIM To define the optimal trial design for testing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of MODs. DESIGN The feasibility study comprised a systematic review and focus groups to inform a randomised controlled trial (RCT) design. The resulting features were tested on a small scale, using a 2 × 2 factorial design to compare MODs with usual packaging and to compare weekly with monthly supply. The study design was then evaluated. SETTING Potential participants were identified by medical practices. PARTICIPANTS Aged over 75 years, prescribed at least three solid oral dosage form medications, unintentionally non-adherent and self-medicating. Participants were excluded if deemed by their health-care team to be unsuitable. INTERVENTIONS One of three MODs widely used in routine clinical practice supplied either weekly or monthly. OBJECTIVES To identify the most effective method of participant recruitment, to estimate the prevalence of intentional and unintentional non-adherence in an older population, to provide a point estimate of the effect size of MODs relative to usual care and to determine the feasibility and acceptability of trial participation. METHODS The systematic review included MOD studies of any design reporting medication adherence, health and social outcomes, resource utilisation or dispensing or administration errors. Focus groups with patients, carers and health-care professionals supplemented the systematic review to inform the RCT design. The resulting design was implemented and then evaluated through questionnaires and group discussions with participants and health-care professionals involved in trial delivery. RESULTS Studies on MODs are largely of poor quality. The relationship between adherence and health outcomes is unclear. Of the limited studies reporting health outcomes, some reported a positive relationship while some reported increased hospitalisations associated with MODs. The pre-trial focus groups endorsed the planned study design, but suggested a minimum recruitment age of 50-60 years. A total of 35.4% of patients completing the baseline questionnaire were excluded because they already used a MOD. Active recruitment yielded a higher consent rate, but passive recruitment was more cost-effective. The prevalence of intentional non-adherence was 24.7% [n = 71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 19.7% to 29.6%] of participants. Of the remaining 76 participants, 46.1% (95% CI 34.8% to 57.3%) were unintentionally non-adherent. There was no indication of a difference in adherence between the study arms. Participants reported a high level of satisfaction with the design. Five adverse/serious adverse events were identified in the MOD study arms and none was identified in the control arms. There was no discernible difference in health economic outcomes between the four study arms; the mean intervention cost was £20 per month greater for MOD monthly relative to usual supply monthly. CONCLUSIONS MOD provision to unintentionally non-adherent older people may cause medication-related adverse events. The primary outcome for a definitive MOD trial should be health outcomes. Such a trial should recruit patients by postal invitation and recruit younger patients. FUTURE WORK A study examining the association between MOD initiation and adverse effects is necessary and a strategy to safely introduce MODs should be explored. A definitive study testing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of MODs is also required. STUDY REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN 30626972 and UKCRN 12739. FUNDING This project was funded by National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 50. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debi Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Clare F Aldus
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Christine M Bond
- Centre of Academic Primary Care, Foresterhill Health Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sathon Boonyaprapa
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ian S Charles
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Richard Holland
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Steve Watson
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David J Wright
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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