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A novel headspace solid-phase microextraction arrow method employing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometric tools for the investigation of wine aging. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342555. [PMID: 38637039 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omics is used as an analytical tool to investigate wine authenticity issues. Aging authentication ensures that the wine has undergone the necessary maturation and developed its desired organoleptic characteristics. Considering that aged wines constitute valuable commodities, the development of advanced omics techniques that guarantee aging authenticity and prevent fraud is essential. RESULTS Α solid phase microextraction Arrow method combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed to identify volatiles in red wines and investigate how aging affects their volatile fingerprint. The method was optimized by examining the critical parameters that affect the solid phase microextraction Arrow extraction (stirring rate, extraction time) process. Under optimized conditions, extraction took place within 45 min under stirring at 1000 rpm. In all, 24 monovarietal red wine samples belonging to the Xinomavro variety from Naoussa (Imathia regional unit of Macedonia, Greece) produced during four different vintage years (1998, 2005, 2008 and 2015) were analyzed. Overall, 237 volatile compounds were tentatively identified and were treated with chemometric tools. Four major groups, one for each vintage year were revealed using the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. The first two Principal Components of Principal Component Analysis explained 86.1% of the total variance, showing appropriate grouping of the wine samples produced in the same crop year. A two-way orthogonal partial least square - discriminant analysis model was developed and successfully classified all the samples to the proper class according to the vintage age, establishing 17 volatile markers as the most important features responsible for the classification, with an explained total variance of 88.5%. The developed prediction model was validated and the analyzed samples were classified with 100% accuracy according to the vintage age, based on their volatile fingerprint. SIGNIFICANCE The developed methodology in combination with chemometric techniques allows to trace back and confirm the vintage year, and is proposed as a novel authenticity tool which opens completely new and hitherto unexplored possibilities for wine authenticity testing and confirmation.
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Dual sorbent coating based magnet-integrated fabric phase sorptive extraction as a front-end to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for multi-class pesticide determination in water samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167353. [PMID: 37769739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnet-integrated fabric phase sorptive extraction (MI-FPSE) is a sample preparation technique that has proved to be a powerful tool for environmental analysis. The fabrication and application of magnet-integrated dual sorbent-based FPSE membrane prepared by combining two different sol-gel sorbent-coated disks of different polarities together with a magnetic bar inserted between the two membranes to allow the stirring, was examined as novel preparation technique that not required samples pretreatments. The dual sorbent-based sample preparation platforms (made up of poly(tetrahydrofuran) and Carbowax 20M) were used for the extraction of seven classes of pesticides from ambient surface water samples prior to their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Initially, different single and dual sol-gel sorbent-based MI-FPSE membranes were evaluated in terms of their extraction efficiency. The MI-FPSE with dual sol-gel sorbents were found to be superior to the single-materials MI-FPSE devices in terms of extraction recovery. The main parameters affecting the MI-FPSE extraction protocol (e.g., adsorption time, sample volume, stirring rate, salt addition, eluent type, desorption time and elution volume) were investigated. The selected extraction protocol enabled detection limits in the range between 0.001 and 0.16 ng mL-1. Furthermore, good relative standard deviation values for the intra-day and inter-day repeatability studies were obtained and were lower than 5.9 and 9.9 %, respectively. The proposed method was successfully used for the multi-class analysis of environmental surface water samples.
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Design and development of second-generation fabric phase sorptive extraction membranes: Proof-of-concept for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides from apple juice prior to GC-MS analysis. Food Chem 2023; 424:136423. [PMID: 37247598 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, different sol-gel sorbent-coated second-generation fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) membranes were synthesized using titania-based sol-gel precursors. The proposed membranes were tested for their efficiency to extract eleven selected organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from apple juice samples. Among the examined materials, sol-gel C18 coated titania-based FPSE membranes showed the highest extraction efficiency. These membranes were used for the optimization and validation of an FPSE method prior to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The detection limits for OPPs ranged between 0.03 and 0.08 ng mL-1. Moreover, the relative standard deviation was < 8.2% and 8.4% for intra-day and inter-day studies, respectively. The relative recoveries were 91-110% (intra-day study) and 90-106% (inter-day study) for all the target analytes, demonstrating good overall method accuracy. Moreover, the novel membranes were reusable at least 5 times. The titania-based membranes were compared to the conventional silica-based membranes and their utilization resulted in higher extraction recoveries.
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Solid-phase microextraction Arrow combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the elucidation of the volatile composition of honey samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2547-2560. [PMID: 36629895 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow method combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS) was developed for the elucidation of the volatile composition of honey samples. The sample preparation protocol was optimized to ensure high extraction efficiency of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are directly associated with the organoleptic properties of honey and its acceptance by the consumers. Following its optimization, SPME Arrow was compared to conventional SPME in terms of sensitivity, precision, and number of extracted VOCs. The utilization of SPME Arrow fibers enabled the determination of 203, 147, and 149 compounds in honeydew honey, flower honey, and pine honey, respectively, while a significantly lower number of compounds (124, 94, and 111 for honeydew honey, flower honey, and pine honey, respectively) was determined using conventional SPME. At the same time, the utilization of SPME Arrow resulted in enhanced sensitivity and precision. All things considered, SPME Arrow and GC × GC-MS can be considered as highly suitable for the elucidation of the volatile composition of complex food samples resulting in high sensitivity and separation efficiency.
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Exploring the volatile profile of whiskey samples using solid-phase microextraction Arrow and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463241. [PMID: 35763950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel sample preparation method for the extraction and preconcentration of volatile organic compounds from whiskey samples prior to their determination by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Sample preparation of the volatile compounds, important for the organoleptic characteristics of different whiskeys and their acceptance and liking by the consumers, is based on the use of the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow. After optimization, the proposed method was compared with conventional SPME regarding the analysis of different types of whiskey (i.e., Irish whiskey, single malt Scotch whiskey and blended Scotch whiskey) and was shown to exhibit an up to a factor of six higher sensitivity and better repeatability by a factor of up to five, depending on the compound class. A total of 167 volatile organic compounds, including terpenes, alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids, ketones, were tentatively-identified using the SPME Arrow technique, while a significantly lower number of compounds (126) were determined by means of conventional SPME. SPME Arrow combined with GC × GC-MS was demonstrated to be a powerful analytical tool for the exploration of the volatile profile of complex samples, allowing to identify differences in important flavour compounds for the three different types of whiskey investigated.
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Multielemental Method for Maternal Breast Milk Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Acid Digestion. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as a Powerful Analytical Tool for the Discrimination of Truffle Species According to Their Volatiles. Front Nutr 2022; 9:856250. [PMID: 35558753 PMCID: PMC9085510 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.856250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides the first assessment of the volatile metabolome map of Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Borchii originating from Greece using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For the extraction of the volatile fraction, the SPME protocol was optimized after examining the effects of sample mass, extraction temperature, and extraction time using the one-variable at-a-time approach (OVAT). The optimum parameters involved the extraction of 100 mg of homogenized truffle for 45 min at 50°C. Overall, 19 truffle samples were analyzed, and the acquired data were normalized and further processed with chemometrics. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (HCA) was used to identify the groups of the two species. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was employed to develop a chemometric model that could discriminate the truffles according to the species and reveal characteristic volatile markers for Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Borchii grown in Greece.
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Multielemental Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES) Method for the Determination of Nutrient and Toxic Elements in Wild Mushrooms Coupled to Unsupervised and Supervised Chemometric Tools for Their Classification by Species. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2046020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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9
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Fabric phase sorptive extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as an innovative analytical technique for the determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in herbal infusions and tea samples. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7149-7156. [PMID: 35424701 PMCID: PMC8982215 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents a fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) protocol for the isolation and preconcentration of four selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tea samples and herbal infusions, followed by their separation and quantification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In FPSE, extraction of the target analytes is performed utilizing a flexible fabric substrate that is coated with a highly efficient sol–gel sorbent. In this work, eighteen different FPSE membranes were examined, with the highest extraction recoveries being observed with the sol–gel C18 coated FPSE membrane. The main parameters that influence the adsorption and desorption of the PAHs were optimized and the proposed method was validated. The detection limits and the quantification limits were 0.08–0.17 ng mL−1 and 0.25–0.50 ng mL−1, respectively, for the different target compounds with a 10 mL sample. The relative standard deviations for intra-day and inter-day repeatability were less than 7.9% and 8.5%, respectively. The sol–gel C18 coated FPSE membrane could be used for at least 5 subsequent sample preparation cycles. Finally, the proposed protocol was successfully employed for the determination of PAHs in a wide range of tea and herbal infusion samples. A fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) protocol for the isolation and preconcentration of four selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tea samples and herbal infusions is presented, followed by their quantitative analysis by GC-MS.![]()
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A Rapid GC-FID Method for the Determination of Fatty Acids in Walnut Oils and Their Use as Markers in Authenticity Studies. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Exploring sol-gel zwitterionic fabric phase sorptive extraction sorbent as a new multi-mode platform for the extraction and preconcentration of triazine herbicides from juice samples. Food Chem 2021; 373:131517. [PMID: 34772569 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triazine herbicides are a class of common pesticides which are widely used to control the weeds in many agricultural crops. Although many studies have described methodologies for the determination of triazine herbicides in aqueous samples, the attention given to agricultural crops and their products is far more limited. In this study, a novel sol-gel zwitterionic multi-mode fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) platform was developed for the matrix clean-up, extraction and preconcentration of five triazine herbicides from fruit juice samples prior to their determination by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The novel zwitterionic multi-mode sorbent was characterized and its performance for fruit juice analysis was evaluated. Compared to other sol-gel sorbents, the novel zwitterionic sorbent helped cleaning all the acidic interferences from fruit juices. The herein reported FPSE protocol was optimized and validated. Under optimum conditions, the FPSE method showed good accuracy, precision and sensitivity. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for all analytes were 0.15 ng mL-1 and 0.50 ng mL-1, respectively. The enhancement factors of this method ranged between 36.7 and 51.8. The relative standard deviation for intra-day precision was below 5.6% and for inter-day precision was below 8.8%. Finally, the proposed FPSE-HPLC-DAD method was successfully employed for the analysis of various fruit juice samples.
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On the use of metal-organic frameworks for the extraction of organic compounds from environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59015-59039. [PMID: 32077018 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The determination of trace metals and organic contaminants in environmental samples, such as water, air, soil, and sediment, is until today a challenging process for the analytical chemistry. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are novel porous nanomaterials that are composed of metal ions and an organic connector. These materials are gaining more and more attention due to their superior characteristics, such as high surface area, tunable pore size, mechanical and thermal stability, luminosity, and charge transfer ability between metals and ligands. Among the various applications of MOFs are gas storage, separation, catalysis, and drug delivery. Recently, MOFs have been successfully introduced in the field of sample preparation for analytical chemistry and they have been used for sample pretreatment of various matrices. This review focuses on the applications of MOFs as novel adsorbents for the extraction of organic compounds from environmental samples.
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Multi-Element Analysis Based on an Automated On-Line Microcolumn Separation/Preconcentration System Using a Novel Sol-Gel Thiocyanatopropyl-Functionalized Silica Sorbent Prior to ICP-AES for Environmental Water Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154461. [PMID: 34361614 PMCID: PMC8347399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A sol-gel thiocyanatopropyl-functionalized silica sorbent was synthesized and employed for an automated on-line microcolumn preconcentration platform as a front-end to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for the simultaneous determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Hg(II), and V(II). The developed system is based on an easy-to-repack microcolumn construction integrated into a flow injection manifold coupled directly to ICP-AES’s nebulizer. After on-line extraction/preconcentration of the target analyte onto the surface of the sorbent, successive elution with 1.0 mol L−1 HNO3 was performed. All main chemical and hydrodynamic factors affecting the effectiveness of the system were thoroughly investigated and optimized. Under optimized experimental conditions, for 60 s preconcentration time, the enhancement factor achieved for the target analytes was between 31 to 53. The limits of detection varied in the range of 0.05 to 0.24 μg L−1, while the limits of quantification ranged from 0.17 to 0.79 μg L−1. The precision of the method was expressed in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD%) and was less than 7.9%. Furthermore, good method accuracy was observed by analyzing three certified reference materials. The proposed method was also successfully employed for the analysis of environmental water samples.
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Designing a moderately hydrophobic sol-gel monolithic Carbowax 20 M sorbent for the capsule phase microextraction of triazine herbicides from water samples prior to HPLC analysis. Talanta 2021; 234:122710. [PMID: 34364502 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The determination of triazine herbicides in water samples is of utmost importance, due to their persistence and excessive use. However, since the concentration of triazine pesticides in real samples is low, an extraction/preconcentration step is typically required. Capsule phase microextraction (CPME) is a recently introduced sample preparation technique in which highly efficient sol-gel sorbents are encapsulated in a tubular polymer membrane. This particular design integrates the filtration and stirring mechanism into one extraction device, enabling the application of CPME for in situ sampling. In this study, CPME coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was employed for the first time for the determination of six triazine herbicides (i.e., simazine, cyanazine, atrazine, prometryn, terbuthylazine and propazine) in water samples. Microextraction capsules containing a moderately hydrophobic sol-gel Carbowax 20 M sorbent provided the highest extraction efficiency towards the examined pesticides. The main parameters affecting the adsorption and desorption steps of the CPME procedure were investigated and optimized. Under the selected conditions, limits of detection (signal/noise = 3.3) were 0.15 ng mL-1 for the target analytes. Moreover, the relative standard deviation for the within-day and between-days repeatability were less than 7.2% and 9.9%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of mineral water, tap water, rainwater and lake water samples. The reported protocol could overcome the need for sample filtration prior to the sample preparation of the water samples, resulting in simplification of the overall sample handling, improved data quality with minimal loss of analytes and reduced sample preparation cost.
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Exploring the volatile metabolome of conventional and organic walnut oils by solid-phase microextraction and analysis by GC-MS combined with chemometrics. Food Chem 2021; 363:130331. [PMID: 34139518 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to establish a correlation between the agronomical practices and the volatile profile of high-value agricultural products. In this study, the volatile metabolome of walnut oils from conventional and organic farming type was explored by HS-SPME-GC-MS. The SPME protocol was optimized after evaluating the effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, and sample mass. The optimum parameters involved the extraction of 0.500 g walnut oil at 40 °C within 60 min. Twenty Greek walnut oils produced with conventional and organic farming were analyzed and 41 volatile compounds were identified. The determined compounds were semi-quantified, and further processed with chemometrics. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used. A robust classification model was developed using sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) for the discrimination of walnut oils into conventional and organic, establishing volatile markers that could be used to guarantee the type of farming.
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Recent advances in the extraction of triazine herbicides from water samples. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:113-133. [PMID: 34047458 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are excessively used in agriculture to improve the quality of crops by eliminating the negative effects of pests. Among the different groups of pesticides, triazine pesticides are a group of compounds that contain a substituted C3 H3 N3 heterocyclic ring, and they are widely used. Triazine pesticides can be dangerous for humans as well as for the aquatic environment because of their high toxicity and endocrine disrupting effect. However, the concentration of these chemical compounds in water samples is low. Moreover, other compounds that may exist in the water samples can interfere with the determination of triazine pesticides. As a result, it is important to develop sample preparation methods that provide preconcentration of the target analyte and sufficient clean-up of the samples. Recently, a wide variety of novel microextraction and miniaturized extraction techniques (e.g., solid-phase microextraction and liquid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fabric phase sorptive extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction) have been developed. In this review, we aim to discuss the recent advances regarding the extraction of triazine pesticides from environmental water samples. Emphasis will be given to novel sample preparation methods and novel sorbents developed for sorbent-based extraction techniques.
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Green Bioanalytical Applications of Graphene Oxide for the Extraction of Small Organic Molecules. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092790. [PMID: 34065150 PMCID: PMC8126010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioanalysis is the scientific field of the quantitative determination of xenobiotics (e.g., drugs and their metabolites) and biotics (e.g., macromolecules) in biological matrices. The most common samples in bioanalysis include blood (i.e., serum, plasma and whole blood) and urine. However, the analysis of alternative biosamples, such as hair and nails are gaining more and more attention. The main limitations for the determination of small organic compounds in biological samples is their low concentration in these matrices, in combination with the sample complexity. Therefore, a sample preparation/analyte preconcentration step is typically required. Currently, the development of novel microextraction and miniaturized extraction techniques, as well as novel adsorbents for the analysis of biosamples, in compliance with the requirements of Green Analytical Chemistry, is in the forefront of research in analytical chemistry. Graphene oxide (GO) is undoubtedly a powerful adsorbent for sample preparation that has been successfully coupled with a plethora of green extraction techniques. GO is composed of carbon atoms in a sp2 single-atom layer of a hybrid connection, and it exhibits high surface area, as well as good mechanical and thermal stability. In this review, we aim to discuss the applications of GO and functionalized GO derivatives in microextraction and miniaturized extraction techniques for the determination of small organic molecules in biological samples.
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Ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples with a magnetic polyaniline modified graphene oxide nanocomposite. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462104. [PMID: 33857676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite modified with polyaniline (Fe3O4@GO-PANI) was synthesized and applied for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e. fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) (i.e. 2-nitrofluorene, 9-nitroanthracene, 1-nitropyrene and 3-nitrofluoranthene) prior to their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The prepared nanomaterial was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The main experimental parameters affecting the extraction and desorption steps of the MSPE procedure were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, coefficients of determination (r2) ranged between 0.9970 and 0.9995, limits of detection (LODs, S/N = 3) ranged between 0.04-0.05 ng mL-1 for PAHs and 0.01-0.11 ng mL-1 for N-PAHs, while the relative standard deviation for intra-day and inter-day repeatability were lower than 10.0% for PAHs and N-PAHs. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of tap, mineral and river water samples. Relative recoveries in spiked water samples ranged between from 91.6 to 114% and from 92.3 to 110% for PAHs and N-PAHs, respectively. The proposed method is simple, rapid, sensitive and the Fe3O4@GO-PANI sorbent can be reused for at least 15 times without significant decrease in extraction recovery.
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Advances in the Chromatographic Separation and Determination of Bioactive Compounds for Assessing the Nutrient Profile of Nuts. CURR ANAL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411016999200729111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background::
Nuts have been incorporated into guidelines for healthy eating since they
contain considerable amounts of antioxidants and their effects are related to health benefits since they
contribute to the prevention of nutritional deficiencies. The micronutrient characterization is based
mainly on the determination of phenolics, which is the most abundant class of bioactive compounds
in nuts. Terpenes constitute another class of bioactive compounds that are present in nuts and show
high volatility. The analysis of phenolic compounds and terpenes is a very demanding task that requires
optimization of the chromatographic conditions to improve the separation of the components.
Moreover, nuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and they are therefore considered as cardioprotective.
Gas chromatography is the predominant instrumental analytical technique for the determination
of derivatized fatty acids and terpenes in food matrices, while high performance liquid chromatography
is currently the most popular technique for the determination of phenolic compounds.
Objective::
This review summarizes all the recent advances in the optimization of the chromatographic
conditions for the determination of phenolic compounds, fatty acids and terpenes in nuts.
Conclusion::
The state-of-the art in the technology available is critically discussed, exploring new
analytical approaches to reduce the time of analysis and improve the performance of the chromatographic
systems in terms of precision, reproducibility, limits of detection and quantification and
overall quality of the results.
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Green Miniaturized Extraction and Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Foods and Beverages. CURR ANAL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411016999201110095115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental
contaminants consisting of two or more fused benzene rings. PAHs can be introduced into foodstuffs
through different ways, such as smoking, roasting and grilling for meat and fish, absorption
from the environment for edible oils, chemical treatment of crops for plant-based products, or
contamination through packaging during storage. Due to the low concentrations of PAHs in foodstuffs,
a clean-up and preconcentration sample preparation technique is of high importance. Until
recently, solid-phase and liquid-liquid extraction were the most popular sample preparation techniques
for the extraction of PAHs from food matrices. However, due to the fundamental drawbacks
of those extraction procedures, a plethora of novel methods, including micro-extraction
techniques and miniaturized extraction techniques, have been developed. Moreover, a wide variety
of novel adsorbent materials (e.g., metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based materials, etc.)
have been synthesized and applied for PAHs’ extraction.
Objective:
This review aims to discuss recent advances in the extraction techniques of PAHs
from food samples, utilizing novel sample preparation approaches and adsorbents.
Conclusion:
Compared with the traditional sample preparation techniques, the herein discussed
green miniaturized extraction and microextraction techniques offer multiple benefits, including
simplicity, reduced sample preparation time, as well as reduced consumption of organic solvents.
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Rare Earths as Authenticity Markers for the Discrimination of Greek and Turkish Pistachios Using Elemental Metabolomics and Chemometrics. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020349. [PMID: 33562196 PMCID: PMC7915317 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pistachios are a nutritionally beneficial food source widely consumed all over the world. Pistachios exhibit high content of antioxidants, vitamins and other beneficial micronutrients, including nutrient elements and rare earth elements (REEs). Considering that the concentration of REEs depends on the climate and soil characteristics that vary among different geographical regions, REEs could constitute markers responsible for the geographical discrimination of this nut type. In this study, Greek pistachios with a protected designation of origin (PDO) label from Aegina Island and Fthiotida and Turkish pistachios from Adana were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess their REE profile. La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb were determined and quantified. The quantification results were further analyzed using the main effect plot, permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) to investigate the similarities between the pistachios. A decision tree (DT) was developed for the classification of pistachios according to their geographical origin proving to be a promising and reliable tool for verifying the authenticity of food products on the basis of their REE profile.
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Magnetic solid-phase extraction of caffeine from surface water samples with a micro–meso porous activated carbon/Fe 3O 4 nanocomposite prior to its determination by GC-MS. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19492-19499. [PMID: 35479258 PMCID: PMC9033622 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01564h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel micro–meso porous activated carbon/Fe3O4 (Bm) composite was synthesized from the active charcoal precursor BAX-1500 and used in the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of caffeine prior to its determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main factors affecting the extraction and desorption steps of the MSPE procedure were investigated and optimized. These factors include extraction time, sorbent mass and salt addition for the adsorption step and type of eluent, desorption time and volume of desorption solution for the desorption step. Under optimum conditions, the absolute extraction recovery was found to be 91.1% and good linearity was observed in the investigated concentration range of 0.6–12.5 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.9997). The limit of detection was 0.18 ng mL−1 and the limit of quantification was 0.60 ng mL−1. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of surface water samples. The proposed MSPE method is simple, rapid, sensitive and environmentally friendly. A novel magnetic solid phase material based on a micro–meso porous activated carbon/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was used to extract caffeine from surface water samples. The method is efficient and rapid, and has minimum solvent consumption.![]()
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Sample Preparation Using Graphene-Oxide-Derived Nanomaterials for the Extraction of Metals. Molecules 2020; 25:E2411. [PMID: 32455827 PMCID: PMC7287798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide is a compound with a form similar to graphene, composed of carbon atoms in a sp2 single-atom layer of a hybrid connection. Due to its significant surface area and its good mechanical and thermal stability, graphene oxide has a plethora of applications in various scientific fields including heterogenous catalysis, gas storage, environmental remediation, etc. In analytical chemistry, graphene oxide has been successfully employed for the extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds, metal ions, and proteins. Since graphene oxide sheets are negatively charged in aqueous solutions, the material and its derivatives are ideal sorbents to bind with metal ions. To date, various graphene oxide nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized and evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of metal ions from biological, environmental, agricultural, and food samples. In this review article, we aim to discuss the application of graphene oxide and functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites for the extraction of metal ions prior to their determination via an instrumental analytical technique. Applications of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the modification of graphene oxide and its functionalized derivatives are also discussed.
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Recent Advances in the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:E2182. [PMID: 32392764 PMCID: PMC7249015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a group of chemical compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene rings. PAHs exhibit hydrophobicity and low water solubility, while some of their members are toxic substances resistant to degradation. Due to their low levels in environmental matrices, a preconcentration step is usually required for their determination. Nowadays, there is a wide variety of sample preparation techniques, including micro-extraction techniques (e.g., solid-phase microextraction and liquid phase microextraction) and miniaturized extraction techniques (e.g., dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fabric phase sorptive extraction etc.). Compared to the conventional sample preparation techniques, these novel techniques show some benefits, including reduced organic solvent consumption, while they are time and cost efficient. A plethora of adsorbents, such as metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based materials and molecularly imprinted polymers, have been successfully coupled with a wide variety of extraction techniques. This review focuses on the recent advances in the extraction techniques of PAHs from environmental matrices, utilizing novel sample preparation approaches and adsorbents.
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Extraction of Metal Ions with Metal-Organic Frameworks. Molecules 2019; 24:E4605. [PMID: 31888229 PMCID: PMC6943743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline porous materials composed of metal ions or clusters coordinated with organic linkers. Due to their extraordinary properties such as high porosity with homogeneous and tunable in size pores/cages, as well as high thermal and chemical stability, MOFs have gained attention in diverse analytical applications. MOFs have been coupled with a wide variety of extraction techniques including solid-phase extraction (SPE), dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE), and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) for the extraction and preconcentration of metal ions from complex matrices. The low concentration levels of metal ions in real samples including food samples, environmental samples, and biological samples, as well as the increased number of potentially interfering ions, make the determination of trace levels of metal ions still challenging. A wide variety of MOF materials have been employed for the extraction of metals from sample matrices prior to their determination with spectrometric techniques.
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Development and Validation of Routine Analysis Methods for the Determination of Essential, Nonessential, and Toxic Minor and Trace Elements in Cereal and Cereal Flour Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Atomic Emission Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/88.6.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Various digestion procedures were carefully investigated and accurately evaluated with respect to their effect on the analysis of cereals and cereal flours. Multielement methods were selected and well developed for the determination of essential (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn), nonessential (Ag, Al, Ba, Bi, In, and Ga), and toxic (Cd and Pb) minor and trace elements by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Only Ag could be determined, either with aqueous standard or standard addition calibration methods, while the standard addition methods were more accurate for the determination of other elements. The recoveries were mostly within the range of 84.1–113% for the expected values of all analytes with respect to certified reference material NIST SRM 1586a (rice flour). The results proved that, for cereals and cereal flours, the use of H2O2 for wet digestion and HNO3 for dry ashing were not necessary. Linear regression analysis and Student's paired t-test were applied to evaluate the significant differences between different procedures and type of samples.
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EDXRF Spectrometry and Complementary Non-Destructive Analytical Techniques in the Archaeometric Study of Copper Artefacts. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190327170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
For more than a decade, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)
spectrometry is the primary analytical technique in archaeometric research and especially in the study
of ancient copper artefacts. EDXRF has established itself as the fundamental archaeometric analytical
technique because of features like: the ability to analyze samples in a non destructive or non invasive
way, no requirements for sample preparation, portability, in situ analysis, simultaneous determination
of many elements and finally its easy in use. At the same time there is an explosion of related
research publications which provide new possibilities to museums and archaeology scientists. On the
other hand, due to its limitations it cannot provide information for every analytical question.
Objective:
The goal of this article is to present an overview of the capabilities of the contemporary
EDXRF spectrometry for the study of ancient copper artifacts and the necessity to be implemented,
depending on the analytical question, in correlation with complementary analytical techniques which
are presented through related case studies.
Conclusion:
The demand for studying artefacts in situ, the evolution of the instrumentation and the
access of more scientists (historians, archaeologists, curators etc.) to archaeometry will maintain
EDXRF spectrometry as the central analytical technique. Limitations like inability for light elements
detection, penetration depth, low (relatively) sensitivity can be partially overcome with the implementation
of other analytical techniques which will provide complementary information. Moreover,
progress in non-invasive analysis and new portable instruments combining elemental and molecular
techniques expand significantly the capabilities of in situ analysis.
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Investigating the performance characteristics of the barrier discharge ionization detector and comparison to the flame ionization detector for the gas chromatographic analysis of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1628247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Determination of Cisplatin and Carboplatin Anticancer Drugs by Non-suppressed Ion Chromatography with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Detector. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1366498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Inducing bioactivity of dental ceramic/bioactive glass composites by Nd:YAG laser. Dent Mater 2016; 32:e284-e296. [PMID: 27682895 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aims of this study were to investigate the optimal conditions of laser irradiation of a novel Bioactive Glass/Dental Ceramic-BP67 composite for acceleration of hydroxyapatite-HA formation and to assess cellular responses on the precipitated HA region. METHODS BP67 (Bioactive Glass: 33.3%, Dental Ceramic: 66.7%) was fabricated by the sol-gel method. A laser assisted biomimetic-LAB process was applied to BP67 sintered specimens immersed in 1.5-times concentrated simulated body fluid-1.5×-SBF. The effect of various energy densities of pulsed nanosecond Nd-YAG (1064nm) laser and irradiation exposure times (30min, 1 and 3h) were evaluated for HA precipitation. The HA film was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and micro Raman techniques. ICP-AES was used for revealing changes in chemical composition of the 1.5×-SBF during irradiation. Cell viability and morphological characteristics of periodontal ligament fibroblasts-PDLFs, human gingival fibroblasts-HGFs and SAOS-2 osteoblasts on the HA surface were evaluated by MTT assays and SEM. RESULTS At optimal energy fluence of 1.52J/cm2 and irradiation time for 3h followed by immersion in 1.5×-SBF at 60°C, a dense HA layer was formed on laser-irradiated BP67 within 7 days. The resulting HA film was tightly bonded to the underlying substrate and had mineral composition similar to cementum. MTT assay showed a consistent reduction of cell proliferation on the HA layer in comparison to conventional control ceramic and BP67 for all 3 cell lines studied. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest LAB is an effective method for acceleration of HA formation on materials with low bioactivity, while cellular responses need further investigation.
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31
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Extraction, separation and identification of anthocyanins from red wine by-product and their biological activities. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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32
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The Potential of Desirability Function Strategy in Chemometric Optimization of ICP-AES for Platinum Group Elements and Gold. CURR ANAL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411011666150810203745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Enhancement of Aerosol Cisplatin Chemotherapy with Gene Therapy Expressing ABC10 protein in Respiratory System. J Cancer 2014; 5:344-50. [PMID: 24723977 PMCID: PMC3982181 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled therapy for lung cancer is a local form of treatment. Currently inhaled non-specific cytotoxic agents have been evaluated as a future treatment for local disease control and distant metastasis control. There are few information regarding the influence of local transporters and gene expression of the respiratory epithelium to the absorption of administered drugs. In the current work we used adenoviral-type 5(dE1/E3) (Cytomegalovirus promoter) with human ABCA10 transgene (Ad-h-ABCA10) purchased from Vector Labs® in order to investigate whether gene therapy can be used as a pre-treatment to enhance the efficiency of inhaled cisplatin. We included the following groups to our work: a) control, b) aerosol vector, c) aerosol vector plus cisplatin, d) aerosol cisplatin, e) intratumoral cisplatin administration, f) intratumoral vector plus cisplatin administration. The results indicate that the aerosol cisplatin group had a long term survival with the intratumoral cisplatin group following. The enhancement of the ABCA family locally to the respiratory system prior to the aerosol cisplatin administration can be used safely and efficiently. Future treatment design of local therapies should include the investigation of local transporters and genes.
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Inhaled cisplatin deposition and distribution in lymph nodes in stage II lung cancer patients. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1307-13. [PMID: 23980678 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer therapies during the last decade have focused on targeting the genome of cancer cells, and novel routes for administering lung cancer therapies have been investigated for decades. Aerosol therapies for several systematic diseases and systemic infections were introduced into the market a decade ago. One of the main issues of aerosol therapies has been the ability to investigate the deposition of a drug compound throughout the systematic circulation and lymph node circulation. Until now, none of the published studies have efficiently shown the deposition of a chemotherapy pharmaceutical within the lymph node tissue. In our current work we present, for the first time, with the novel CytoViva® (AL, USA) technique, the deposition of cisplatin aerosol therapy in surgically resected stage II lymph nodes from lung cancer patients. Finally, we present the distribution of cisplatin in correlation with the cisplatin concentration in different lymph stations and comment on the possible mechanisms of distribution.
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In situ derivatization of metals and organometallics using borate reagents in gas chromatographic speciation studies. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:47-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Editorial (Mini Hot-Topic: Metal Speciation and Metallomics). CURR ANAL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2174/157341113805219045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Use of modified Doehlert-type experimental design in optimization of a hybrid electrospray ionization ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique for glutathione determination. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:489-499. [PMID: 23280982 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The capabilities of modified non-spherical Doehlert-type experimental designs to optimize the performance of a hybrid mass spectrometer were investigated in this paper for the first time. The optimization process was completed in three successive steps with groups of variables avoiding any univariable approach. Glutathione (GSH, reduced) was selected as a very interesting analyte since it is considered to be one of the most abundant tripeptides in human organism and its action against xenobiotics and oxidative radicals is well known. METHODS In particular, a tandem technique based on sequential ion management by an ion trap followed by a time-of-flight mass analyzer (ITTOFMS) was introduced commercially in recent years and investigated for glutathione determination. Glutathione was injected in a stream of a typical mobile phase used in liquid chromatography (LC) and analyzed after electrospray ionization (ESI) in tandem MS. RESULTS The three main steps of the LC/MS system, namely the LC mobile phase, the ESI interface and the MS analyzer, were independently optimized in terms of maximum sensitivity. In this context quadratic models were found and their prediction power was evaluated. A calibration study was performed at default and optimum conditions in order to quantitatively estimate the sensitivity enhancement of the employed technique for this analyte. Satisfactory precision (RSD 5.7%) and detectability (LOD 0.07 µmol L(-1) ) were achieved. CONCLUSIONS The results highlighted the possibilities offered by the employment of multifactorial optimization towards the improvement of performance of tandem mass spectrometry techniques.
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Editorial [Mini Hot-Topic Metal Speciation and Metallomics]. CURR ANAL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411011309020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Direct determination of toxic trace metals in honey and sugars using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 65:92-7. [PMID: 18969769 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the determination of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn and Zn in honey and sugars without prior digestion or ashing of the sample was developed, using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The critical instrumental parameters such as sample flow rate and radio frequency incident power were thoroughly optimized. The effect of matrix type and its concentration was also examined for glucose/fructose, sucrose and honey matrices. The sensitivity was investigated using calibration curves obtained in presence of the above matrices. The obtained recoveries for Cd, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni and Mn at the mugl(-1) level were satisfactory and practically independent of the matrix used for the calibration standards. The recoveries of Pb and Zn were less sufficient. Various commercial samples of honey, sugar, glucose and fructose were analyzed with respect to their toxic metal content. The method can be applied for routine analysis, quality and environmental pollution control purposes at the mugl(-1) level of concentration, after suitable dilution of the samples.
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Storage stability studies for tributyltin determination in human urine samples using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:299-305. [PMID: 22825966 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) method was employed in order to study the effect of storage conditions of human urine samples spiked with tributyltin (TBT) using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. To render the analyte more volatile, the derivatization (ethylation) was made in situ by sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt(4) ), which was added directly to dilute unpreserved urine samples and in buffers of similar acidity. The stability of TBT in human urine matrix was compared with the stability of TBT in buffer solutions of similar pH value. Critical parameters of storage conditions such as temperature and time, which affect the stability of TBT in this kind of matrix, were examined extensively. The tests showed that the stability of TBT remains practically satisfactory for a maximum of 2 days of storage either at +4 or 20°C. Greater variations were observed in the concentration of TBT in human urine samples at +4°C and lower ones at -20°C over a month's storage. The freeze-thaw cycles have negative effect on the stability and should be kept to a minimum. The results from spiked urine samples are also discussed in comparison to those acquired from buffer solutions of equal TBT concentration.
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Speciation analysis of triethyl-lead and tributyl-tin compounds in human urine by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1132-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Microwave-assisted acid extraction methodology for trace elements determination in mastic gum of Pistacia lentiscus using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2011; 22:31-35. [PMID: 21046681 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To ensure food safety, accurate knowledge of the levels of several trace elements is necessary. This is also true for natural products of plants and resins used for human consumption or therapeutic treatment, like the mastic gum of Pistacia lentiscus. The rapid analysis of gum and resin matrices is a challenge because there are problems with the decomposition of such complicated matrices. OBJECTIVE To develop an efficient multielemental analytical method for the determination of trace elements and to compare different procedures for analyte extraction when microwave-assisted digestion is applied. METHODOLOGY The inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES) technique was applied and the optimum ICP conditions like radiofrequency power, argon flow rate and nebuliser sample uptake flowrate were found. The microwave-assisted procedure was compared with that with conventional heating. Since mastic and resinous materials are difficult for dissolution and extraction of trace element, influential acid mixtures containing hydrofluoric acid proved to be capable of quantitative extraction of the analytes. RESULTS The digestion of mastic resin or similar matrices is significantly facilitated by using microwave radiation instead of conventional heating since the obtained recovery for several analytes is much higher. It was proved that the acid mixture of HCl-HNO(3)-HF was the most efficient for complete sample digestion and recovery of the analytes. CONCLUSIONS The performance characteristics of the developed method were evaluated against certified reference material and the method was proved reliable and applicable to the analysis of mastic gum and possibly to similar resinous matrices.
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Poly(etheretherketone)-turnings a novel sorbent material for lead determination by flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry and factorial design optimization. Talanta 2010; 81:996-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Speciation of inorganic and tetramethyltin by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1610-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Comparison of tetraethylborate and tetraphenylborate for selenite determination in human urine by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, after headspace solid phase microextraction. Talanta 2010; 80:1311-7. [PMID: 20006093 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two different derivatizing reagents were tested for the development of a fast and sensitive method for the determination of selenites (Se(IV)) in human urine. The reagents were sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt(4)) and tetraphenylborate (NaBPh(4)), respectively, and the procedure is based on in situ derivatization of selenites in aqueous medium. Selenite ions are converted to diethylselenide (DESe) or diphenylselenide (DPhSe) and subsequently collected from the headspace by solid phase microextraction using a silica fiber coated with polydimethylsiloxane (HS-SPME). Finally, they are quantitated by GC/MS in SIM mode. Ethylation over phenylation was proved preferable for the headspace extraction because of the higher volatility of the diethyl-derivative of selenites. The optimization of the HS-SPME conditions was performed both in aqueous and urinary solutions. Under the optimum conditions for HS-SPME, the gas chromatographic conditions were also optimized. Between the two alkylation reagents tetraethylborate was proved more efficient and the quantitation was satisfactory. Aqueous certified reference materials were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of the method. The precision of the method was 4.2% and the calculated detection limit was 0.05microgL(-1) for human urine.
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Effect of sample matrix on sensitivity of mercury and methylmercury quantitation in human urine, saliva, and serum using GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3884-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Evaluation and comparison of two combinations of pneumatic nebulizers and spray chambers for direct slurry aspiration and multielement analysis of infant milk powders by axial-viewing inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:716-720. [PMID: 18559162 DOI: 10.1366/000370208784658066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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48
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Optimization and comparison of two digestion methods for multi-element analysis of certified reference plant materials by ICP-AES. Application of Plackett-Burman and central composite designs. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Development of a slurry introduction method for multi-element analysis of antibiotics by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using various types of spray chamber and nebulizer configurations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:951-8. [PMID: 17045773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A direct sample introduction inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES) method, for multi-element analysis of powdered antibiotic drugs was developed using the slurry formation technique. The slurry of powdered sample is formed in dilute nitric acid solution in presence of Triton X-100 surfactant. Two different configurations of spray chamber and nebulizer were tested for direct aspiration of slurry into the plasma: (i) cyclonic spray chamber combined with babington-type nebulizer and (ii) scott-type double-pass spray chamber combined with cross-flow nebulizer. The latter configuration proved to be less tolerable to slurry aspiration. RF power generator, nebulizer argon gas flow rate, nebulizer sample uptake flow rate and slurry sample concentration were optimized. The sensitivity of the proposed method was compared to the corresponding sensitivity obtained from aqueous solutions for each analyte. The performance characteristics of the slurry aspiration method were evaluated against the complete acid-digestion method followed ICP-AES. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the analysis of commercial antibiotics.
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Development of a rapid multi-element method of analysis of antitussive syrups by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and direct sample introduction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1212-9. [PMID: 16621409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new rapid method was developed and optimized for routine multi-element determination of traces of metals in antitussive syrups using direct introduction of diluted syrup into the nebulization system of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Using a Scott-type double-pass spray chamber combined with a cross-flow nebulizer, the optimum ICP conditions, like RF incident power, argon gas flow rate and nebulizer sample uptake flow rate were found. A critical objective of the study was to evaluate the matrix effect on the intensity and consequently on the sensitivity of the developed method. Thus, the maximum syrup concentration which could be introduced into the argon plasma, was estimated. The sensitivity variation was calculated as compared to the corresponding sensitivity obtained from aqueous solutions for each analyte. The performance characteristics of the proposed method were evaluated for quantitative and semi-quantitative determination and finally, the method was applied to the analysis of various commercial antitussives.
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