Rhombohedral boron monosulfide as a metal-free photocatalyst

Most of previous photocatalysts contain metal species, thus exploring a metal-free photocatalyst is still challenging. A metal-free photocatalyst has an advantage for the development of economical and non-toxic artificial photosynthesis system and/or environmental purification applications. In this study, rhombohedral boron monosulfide (r-BS) was synthesized by a high-pressure solid-state reaction, and its photocatalytic properties were investigated. r-BS absorbed visible light, and its photocurrent action spectrum also exhibited visible light responsivity. The r-BS evolved hydrogen (H2) from water under ultraviolet (UV) as well as under visible light irradiation, and its internal quantum efficiency reached 1.8% under UV light irradiation. In addition to the H2 evolution reaction, the r-BS photocatalyst drove carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and dye oxidation reactions under UV irradiation. Although bare r-BS was not so stable under strong light irradiation in water, cocatalyst modification improved its stability. These results indicate that r-BS is a new class of non-metal photocatalyst applicable for H2 production, CO2 reduction, and environmental purification reactions.

Direct Imaging of Band Structure for Powdered Rhombohedral Boron Monosulfide by Microfocused ARPES

Boron-based two-dimensional (2D) materials are an excellent platform for nanoelectronics applications. Rhombohedral boron monosulfide (r-BS) is attracting particular attention because of its unique layered crystal structure suitable for exploring various functional properties originating in the 2D nature. However, studies to elucidate its fundamental electronic states have been largely limited because only tiny powdered crystals were available, hindering a precise investigation by spectroscopy such as angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Here we report the direct mapping of the band structure with a tiny (∼20 × 20 μm2) r-BS powder crystal by utilizing microfocused ARPES. We found that r-BS is a p-type semiconductor with a band gap of >0.5 eV characterized by the anisotropic in-plane effective mass. The present results demonstrate the high applicability of micro-ARPES to tiny powder crystals and widen an opportunity to access the yet-unexplored electronic states of various novel materials.

Rhombohedral Boron Monosulfide as a p-Type Semiconductor

Two-dimensional materials have wide ranging applications in electronic devices and catalysts owing to their unique properties. Boron-based compounds, which exhibit a polymorphic nature, are an attractive choice for developing boron-based two-dimensional materials. Among them, rhombohedral boron monosulfide (r-BS) has recently attracted considerable attention owing to its unique layered structure similar to that of transition metal dichalcogenides and a layer-dependent bandgap. However, experimental evidence that clarifies the charge carrier type in the r-BS semiconductor is lacking. In this study, we synthesized r-BS and evaluated its performance as a semiconductor by measuring the Seebeck coefficient and photo-electrochemical responses. The properties unique to p-type semiconductors were observed in both measurements, indicating that the synthesized r-BS is a p-type semiconductor. Moreover, a distinct Fano resonance was observed in Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, which was ascribed to the Fano resonance between the E(2) (TO) phonon mode and electrons in the band structures of r-BS, indicating that the p-type carrier was intrinsically doped in the synthesized r-BS. These results demonstrate the potential future application prospects of r-BS.

Aberrant accumulation of ErbB4 in progressive supranuclear palsy

AIMS

The human epidermal growth factor receptor family consists of four members that belong to the ErbB lineage of proteins (ErbB1-4). Neuregulin-1 (NRG1)/ErbB signalling regulates brain development and function. Abnormalities in this signalling have been implicated in the aetiology or development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. So, we aimed at investigating whether the expression of NRG1 or ErbB proteins are altered in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).

METHODS

The brains of 10 PSP and six control patients were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Whereas C-terminal ErbB4 immunoreacitivity was partially but distinctly present in the cytoplasm and/or in the nucleus of neurons in control patients, it was rarely observed in the neuronal nuclei in PSP patients. In contrast, neurofibrillary tangles, coiled bodies and threads were robustly immunoreactive for C-terminal ErbB4 in PSP. Double immunofluorescence for C-terminal ErbB4 and phospho-tau revealed co-localization of these proteins within neuronal and glial inclusions. To the contrary, there was no difference in the subcellular localization of NRG1, ErbB1, ErbB2, and N-terminal ErbB4 between control and PSP patients. These proteins were localized in the cytoplasm of neurons.

CONCLUSIONS

Our present results suggest that NRG1/ErbB4 signalling could be an important event in the pathogenesis of PSP.

Regionally different immunoreactivity for Smurf2 and pSmad2/3 in TDP-43-positive inclusions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AIMS

Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor-2 (Smurf2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, can interact with Smad proteins and promote their ubiquitin-dependent degradation, thereby controlling the cellular levels of these signalling mediators. We previously reported that phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) was sequestered in transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) inclusions in the spinal cord of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent biochemical and immunohistochemical studies on spinal cord and brain of ALS patients demonstrated that the composition of the TDP-43 inclusions is regionally distinct, suggesting different underlying pathogenic processes. We aimed to elucidate regional differences in pathomechanisms and composition of TDP-43 inclusions in relation to pSmad2/3 and Smurf2.

METHODS

The spinal cord and brain tissues of 13 sporadic ALS (SALS) patients were investigated using immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

TDP-43-positive inclusions in lower motor neurones of SALS patients were immunopositive for Smurf2 and pSmad2/3. Multiple immunofluorescence staining for Smurf2, pSmad2/3, TDP-43 and ubiquitin revealed co-localization of these four proteins within the inclusions in lower motor neurones of SALS patients. Furthermore, the loss of nuclear pSmad2/3 immunoreactivity was observed in cells bearing TDP-43 inclusions. In contrast, TDP-43-positive inclusions in the extramotor neurones in the brain of SALS patients were noticeably negative for Smurf2 and pSmad2/3. In addition, pSmad2/3 immunoreactivity was preserved in the nuclei of inclusion-bearing cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This regional difference in the expression of Smurf2 and pSmad2/3 within TDP-43-positive inclusions might be one of the pathomechanisms underlying the loss of lower motor neurones and comparatively spared cortical neurones seen in ALS.

Levodopa challenge test and (123) I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy for diagnosing Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVES

To explore the possibility of a generally applicable tool for the immediate diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) in its early stage, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of an acute levodopa challenge test with that of (123) I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial scintigraphy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A consecutive series of 45 patients with extrapyramidal symptoms were recruited to the acute levodopa challenge and evaluated for improvement by use of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores. Of these patients, 32 of them were also examined by MIBG scintigraphy. The patients were followed up for at least 24 months, and 22 patients were diagnosed as having clinically definite PD.

RESULTS

The sensitivity and specificity of the acute levodopa challenge test to predict clinical diagnosis of PD were 81.8% and 81.8%, respectively, which were better than those obtained by MIBG scintigraphy (62.5% and 62.5%). In both early- and middle-stages of PD, the test gave better sensitivity than MIBG scintigraphy.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering that the well-established and frequently referred clinical diagnostic criteria require longitudinal observation for at least 24 months, the acute levodopa challenge test can be used as an immediate diagnostic tool for PD with sensitivity and specificity comparable to those of MIBG.

Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor-2 in progressive supranuclear palsy

AIMS

Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor-2 (Smurf2) is an E3 ligase that belongs to the HECT domain ubiquitin ligase family. Smurf2 can interact with Smad proteins and promote their ubiquitin-dependent degradation, thereby controlling the cellular levels of these signalling mediators. Phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) was recently identified in phosphorylated tau (phospho-tau) inclusions in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). As Smurf2 is the E3 ligase of pSmad2, we aimed at investigating the relationship among Smurf2, pSmad2/3 and phospho-tau in this study.

METHODS

The brains of six PSP and three control patients without neurological disorder were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

In the control subjects, Smurf2 immunoreactivity was not demonstrable in the neurones and glial cells, and that for pSmad2/3 was observed exclusively in neuronal and glial nuclei. In PSP patients, the pathognomonic neuronal and glial phospho-tau inclusions were immunopositive for both Smurf2 and pSmad2/3. The intensity of pSmad2/3 immunosignals of neuronal and glial nuclei containing phospho-tau inclusions was less than that for the cells without the inclusions. Triple immunofluorescence staining for Smurf2, pSmad2/3 and phospho-tau revealed co-localization of these proteins within the neuronal and glial inclusions; and in some globose neurofibrillary tangles, the Smurf2 immunoreactivity appeared more centrally distributed than that of pSmad2/3 and phospho-tau.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first demonstration of the presence of Smurf2 immunoreactivity in the phospho-tau inclusions in PSP. These findings suggest that Smurf2 plays a significant role in the pathomechanism of PSP by causing abnormal redistribution of neuronal nuclear pSmad2/3 to the cytoplasm.

HtrA2/Omi-immunoreactive intraneuronal inclusions in the anterior horn of patients with sporadic and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AIMS

HtrA2/Omi is a mitochondrial serine protease that promotes the apoptotic processes, but the relationship between HtrA2/Omi and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is still unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether abnormal expression of HtrA2/Omi occurs in patients with ALS.

METHODS

We prepared autopsied spinal cord tissues from 7 control subjects, 11 patients with sporadic ALS (SALS) and 4 patients with Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1)-related familial ALS (FALS). We then performed immunohistochemical studies on HtrA2/Omi using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from all of the cases.

RESULTS

In the control subjects, the anterior horn cells were mildly to moderately immunostained with HtrA2/Omi. In the patients with SALS, strong HtrA2/Omi immunoreactivity was found in some skein-like inclusions and round hyaline inclusions as well as many spheroids, but Bunina bodies were immunonegative for HtrA2/Omi. In the patients with SOD1-related FALS, Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions were observed in three cases and conglomerate inclusions were observed in the remaining case, and both types of inclusions were intensely immunopositive for HtrA2/Omi.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that abnormal accumulations of HtrA2/Omi may occur in several types of motor neuronal inclusions in the anterior horn from SALS and SOD1-linked FALS cases, and that HtrA2/Omi may be associated with the pathogenesis of both types of ALS.

Phrenic nerve conduction in the early stage of Guillain-Barre syndrome might predict the respiratory failure

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether phrenic nerve conduction in the early phase of Guillain- Barre syndrome (GBS) predicts the need for respiratory assistance during the subsequent clinical course.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We performed electrophysiological examinations of conventional peripheral nerve conduction and phrenic nerve conduction for GBS patients within 14 days from the onset. We excluded patients who had already been treated with immuno-related therapy and respiratory assistance.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients were enrolled. Three patients with the sum of phrenic nerve latency longer than 30 ms and the sum of bilateral diaphragmatic compound muscle action potential amplitude smaller than 0.3 mV required respiratory assistance after the conduction test.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed that not only delayed distal latency but also decreased amplitude may predict the need for respiratory assistance during the subsequent disease course.

Thoracoamniotic Shunting with Double-Basket Catheters for Fetal Chylothorax in the Second Trimester

The progress of a fetal severe pleural effusion at mid-trimester is extremely poor. We encountered a fetus that developed a severe left pleural effusion at 21 weeks of gestation. The pleural effusion was removed by thoracocentesis at 22 weeks. Cytology revealed abundant lymphocytes, suggesting chylothorax. However, a reaccumulation of pleural effusion with hydrops was subsequently noted, and a thoracoamniotic shunt with double-basket catheters was installed at 23 weeks. The pleural effusion decreased after 24 weeks and completely disappeared at 26 weeks. At 40 weeks of gestation, a female infant was born by vaginal delivery, with no evidence of pleural effusion. We would like to stress that thoracoamniotic shunt with double-basket catheters in the second trimester is effective for pleural effusion with hydrops.

Low-dose subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin type A for facial synkinesis and hyperlacrimation

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the efficacy of low dose of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for facial synkinesis and hyperlacrimation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Eleven patients suffering from facial synkinesis after Bell's palsy or facial nerve injury were treated with a low dose of BTX-A, 0.5-1.25 U per point into several points. One patient showing hyperlacrimation was also treated with BTX-A. The whole observational period was 43 months.

RESULTS

On average, 5.76 U of BTX-A, which was lower than that of previous reports, was injected per treatment. In seven cases, synkinesis disappeared completely after three or fewer sessions of BTX-A injection. The mean interval between treatments was 14.5 weeks. Hyperlacrimation was completely suppressed after a single subcutaneous injection of BTX-A. Only mild subcutaneous hemorrhage was observed as adverse reactions.

CONCLUSION

Facial synkinesis can be treated with a lower dose of BTX-A without relevant adverse reactions.

Clinicopathologic investigation of a family with expanded SCA8 CTA/CTG repeats

We investigated a family manifesting progressive ataxia, with expanded SCA8 CTA/CTG repeats. Neuropathologically, degeneration of Purkinje, inferior olivary, and nigral neurons and periaqueductal gliosis were evident. The sites of Purkinje cell loss were occupied by fibrillary accumulations. The remaining Purkinje cells showed somatic sprouts, and intracytoplasmic 1C2-positive granular structures were recognizable. This characteristic distribution of neurodegeneration and Purkinje cell cytopathology were distinct from those of other hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias previously reported.

Messenger RNA degradation may be inhibited in sporadic inclusion body myositis

OBJECTIVE

To integrate an immune-mediated mechanism and the disturbed protein expression in sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM).

BACKGROUND

In IBM, abnormal fibers harbor inclusions of some proteins found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABP1) is the RNA binding protein that attaches to the poly(A) tail of mRNA and is involved in translation and mRNA degradation. Under stresses, mRNA combined with PABP1 forms cytoplasmic granules called stress granules.

METHODS

Using 12 muscle biopsies with sporadic IBM and 46 controls, the authors localized PABP1 by immunohistochemistry, and poly(A)-containing RNA (poly(A)+ RNA) using the in situ hybridization method. They also immuno-localized HuR, one of the components of stress granules.

RESULTS

In IBM, a proportion of fibers, including those vacuolated, showed an abnormal accumulation of PABP1 immuno-positive deposits. An immunofluorescence study indicated that large PABP1 positive deposits formed conglomerates with poly(A)+ RNA and PABP1 colocalized with HuR. Although PABP1-positive cytoplasmic inclusions were found in disease controls, their aggregates combined with poly(A)+ RNA were only detected in IBM.

CONCLUSIONS

The localization of PABP1 positive deposits in inclusion body myositis (IBM) and other diseases may correspond to the stress granules that are formed under exposure to cellular stresses and the sites of mRNA turnover. The concomitant aggregation of poly(A)+ RNA that is specifically found in IBM may be due to the inhibition of mRNA degradation, which may affect translation. The authors speculate that an autoantibody against mRNA degradation machinery could play a role in this inhibition.

In situ identification of hepatitis C virus RNA in muscle

The authors examined skeletal muscle specimens from four patients with myositis and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. PCR analysis identified HCV RNA in muscle homogenates from two patients. In situ hybridization signals for HCV RNA were detected within muscle fibers as well as in infiltrating lymphocytes from the same patients. The results may relate to the pathomechanism of myositis in patients with HCV infection.

Adiponectin mRNA levels in parametrial adipose tissue and serum adiponectin levels are reduced in mice during late pregnancy

Adiponectin, a fat-derived factor, is downregulated in insulin resistance and obesity; insulin resistance has been demonstrated during late pregnancy in both humans and in rodents. The present study examines the physiological change of adiponectin gene expression as well as the circulating levels of adiponectin during pregnancy. We examined the relative quantity of adiponectin mRNA produced in the adipose tissues of pregnant compared to virgin mice. We also measured serum adiponectin levels and parametrial adipocyte size in mice throughout pregnancy. Adiponectin mRNA was significantly reduced by 74 +/- 8 % and 63 +/- 4 % at days 15 and 18 of pregnancy, respectively, compared to virgin mice. Serum adiponectin concentration decreased on days 15 (30.7 +/- 8.5 microg/ml) and 18 (27.9 +/- 8.7 microg/ml) of pregnancy, and the values were significantly lower than that of virgin mice (56.8 +/- 6.6 microg/ml). Parametrial adipocytes from mice on days 15 and 18 of pregnancy were significantly larger than in virgin mice or during early pregnancy. Fat-cell size was closely correlated to degradation of adiponectin gene expression and serum adiponectin levels. These results suggest that changes of adiponectin expression affect metabolic status in pregnant mice.

MAP kinase phosphatase-1 is induced in abnormal fibers in inclusion body myositis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate alterations in protein kinases and phosphatases that regulate the activity of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM).

BACKGROUND

In vacuolated fibers in IBM, several studies reported upregulation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) subclass of MAPK family. Whereas MAPK kinases (MKK) activate MAPK, MAPK phosphatases (MKP) inactivate MAPK. MKP-1 is involved in muscle fiber differentiation and it is downregulated during myotube formation.

METHODS

Immunolocalization of MKK1 through MKK4 and MKP-1 to MKP-3 was tested in muscle specimens from 10 patients with IBM and controls.

RESULTS

In IBM, strong and focal deposits of MKP-1 were observed in vacuolated fibers. The MKP-1-positive deposits were colocalized with ERK. MKP-2, MKP-3, and MKK were not associated with vacuolated fibers.

CONCLUSIONS

In IBM, MKP-1 is abnormally induced in vacuolated fibers probably to inactivate ERK. Although direct activators other than those tested in the current study might induce ERK, the absence of activation of MKK suggests that the aggregation of ERK protein itself causes the seeming upregulation of the protein kinase in IBM. Like ERK and its nuclear substrate, MKP-1 is an enzyme that forms aggregates in vacuolated fibers and is involved in myogenesis.

Renal and metabolic effects of caffeine in obese (fa/fa(cp)), diabetic, hypertensive ZSF1 rats

In Western society, the triad of hypertension, metabolic syndrome and obesity (which caries a high risk for renal disease) is increasing, as is the intake of caffeine. However, no information is available regarding the metabolic or renal consequences of caffeine consumption in this complex disease entity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic caffeine consumption on renal function and metabolic status in obese ZSF1 rats, an animal model of obesity, hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. Fifteen, 18-week-old male, obese ZSF1 rats were randomized to drink tap water (Cont, n = 8) or 0.1% solution of caffeine (Caff, n = 7) for 8 weeks. Metabolic and renal function measurements were performed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Caffeine treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced body weight, food, and fluid consumption and improved insulin sensitivity (fasting insulin 129.6+/-8.1 vs 97.5+/-3.6 microIU/mL; fed insulin 146.3+/-8.5 vs 110.6+/-3.4 microIU/mL; fasting glucose 138.7+/-13.4 vs 145+/-8.0 mg/dL; fed glucose 373+/-19.4 vs 283.3+/-19.6 mg/dL, Cont vs Caff, respectively). After 8 weeks of caffeine treatment, animals were less glycosuric as compared with control group. Area under glucose curves (AUC-glucose) in oral glucose tolerance test did not differ between the two groups (AUC- glucose: 592.5+/-42.7 vs 589.5+/-20.5 mg/dL x h, Cont vs Caff), whereas caffeine treatment significantly decreased AUC of insulin (AUC-insulin: 257.77+/-12.9 vs 198.0+/-5.9 microIU/mL x h, Cont vs. Caff, p<0.05). No differences were found with regard to plasma triglycerides and glycerol levels; however, caffeine significantly increased cholesterol levels after 4 and 8 weeks (2F-Anova, p<0.001). Moreover, caffeine significantly decreased creatinine clearance after 4 and 8 weeks (CrCl, Cont: 3.5+/-0.4, Caff: 2.2+/-0.2 L/kg/day, p<0.05) and increased protein/CrCl ratio (Cont: 323+/-30, Caff: 527+/-33 mg/L/day). Caffeine treatment for 8 weeks tended to increase plasma norepinephrine levels (p<0.06), but the two groups did not differ with regard to plasma renin activity, blood pressure, renal blood flow or and renal vascular resistance. The study indicates that caffeine improves insulin sensitivity but increases plasma cholesterol levels and impairs renal function in obesity with the metabolic syndrome and hypertension. Our results imply that the health consequences of chronic caffeine consumption may depend heavily on underlying pathophysiology process.

Renal function and structure in diabetic, hypertensive, obese ZDFxSHHF-hybrid rats

The obese ZDFxSHHF-fa/fa(cp) model was developed by crossing lean female Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF +/fa) and lean male Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp), +/fa) rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine renal function and morphology, hemodynamics, and metabolic status in ZDFxSHHF rats. Two sets of experiments were conducted. First, we evaluated heart and kidney function and metabolic status in aged (46 weeks old) male obese ZDFxSHHF and age matched obese SHHF rats, lean Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) and lean normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the second set of experiments, renal function and structure as well as metabolic and lipid status were determined in lean (LN) and obese (OB) adult (29-weeks of age) ZDFxSHHF rats. At 46 weeks of age ZDFxSHHF rats are hypertensive expressing marked cardiac hypertrophy associated with diastolic dysfunction and preserved contractile function. Fasted hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are accompanied by moderate hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Obese aged ZDFxSHHF have marked renal hypertrophy, a 3-8 fold decrease in creatinine clearance (compared with SHHF, SHR and WKY), a high percent of segmental + global glomerulosclerosis (59.8%+/-10.8), and severe tubulointerstitial and vascular changes. Obese ZDFxSHHF rats die at an early age (approximately 12 months) from end-stage renal failure. Studies conducted in 29-week animals showed that, although both LN and OB 29-week old animals are hypertensive, OB animals have more severely compromised renal function and structure as compared with lean litter-mates (kidney weight: 2.56+/-0.16 vs. 1.61+/-0.12 g; creatinine clearance: 0.42+/-0.04 vs. 1.24+/-0.13 L/g kid/day; renal vascular resistance 12.39+/-1.4 vs. 6.14+/-0.42 mmHg/mL/min/g kid; protein excretion: 556+/-16 vs. 159+/-9mg/day/g kid, p < 0.05, OB vs. LN, respectively). Obesity is also associated with hyperglycemia (424+/-37 vs. 115+/-11 mg/dL), hyperinsulinemia (117.2+/-8.8 vs. 42.3+/-3.5 microU/mL), hypertriglyceridemia (5200+/-702 vs. 194+/-23 mg/dL), hypercholesterolemia (632+/-39 vs. 109+/-4mg/dL), and presence of segmental + global glomerulosclerosis (20.1+/-3.2% vs. 0.1+/-0.1%) with prominent tubular and interstitial changes (p < 0.05, OB vs. LN, respectively). In summary, the present study indicates that the crossing of rat strains of nephropathy produces hybrids that carry a high risk for severe renal dysfunction. The ZDFxSHHF rats express insulin resistance, hypertension, dislipidemia and obesity and develop severe renal dysfunction. In addition, the hybrids do not develop some of the complications (hydronephrosis or congestive heart failure) common for the parental strains that may compromise studies of renal function and structure. Therefore, the ZDFxSHHF rat may be a useful model fore valuating risk factors and pharmacological interventions in chronic renal failure.

Analysis of the genetic alterations in a case of juvenile multiple colon carcinoma with hypogammaglobulinemia

BACKGROUND

We have previously reported the clinical characterization of a case of juvenile multiple colorectal carcinoma with hypogammaglobulinemia. Several recent studies have determined that agammaglobulinemia was caused by the loss of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) function. However, any genetic alterations associated with carcinoma formation in individuals with this immunodeficient disease have not been reported.

METHODS

DNA from eight carcinoma tissues and nine adenoma tissues from this reported case were examined for mutations in p53 by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis, K-ras by mutant allele specific analysis, and replication error or loss of heterozygosity of the TP53 locus on chromosome #17.

RESULTS

We found that p53 and K-ras were mutated in the carcinoma tissues. However, each tumor showed unequal and diverse results.

CONCLUSIONS

The progression of individual tumor was not due to a common genetic event caused directly under the influence of the primary disease at the genetic level.

Change of the involvement of 5-HT3 receptor in the gastric motor stimulating actions of KW-5139 (Leu13-motilin acetate) in the recovered and post-operative periods in dogs

We have previously reported that KW-5139, a motilin analogue, evokes gastrointestinal motor stimulating action in the post-operative period as well as in the recovered period of conscious dogs. In this report, we compared the mechanisms of the KW-5139-induced contractions in the post-operative period with those in the recovered period using beagle dogs implanted force transducers in the gastric antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. In addition, we also examined the mechanisms of the prostaglandin F2alpha-induced contractions in both periods. The gastric contractions evoked by KW-5139 (0.5 microg kg(-1), i.v.) were inhibited by the pretreatment of ondansetron (0.1 mg kg(-1), i.v.), a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in the recovered period, but were not affected in the post-operative period even by higher doses of ondansetron (0.3-1 mg kg(-1), i.v.). The KW-5139-induced contractions in the small and large intestine were not inhibited by ondansetron in the both periods. The contractions evoked by KW-5139 (0.5 microg kg(-1), i.v.) in the gastric antrum, duodenum, jejunum and colon were significantly inhibited by the pretreatment with atropine (0.05 mg kg(-1), i.v.), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, in the recovered period as same extent as in the post-operative period. The contractions evoked by prostaglandin F2alpha (50 microg kg(-1), i.v.) in the any recording sites were not affected by the pretreatment with ondansetron (0.1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) in the recovered period. On the other hand, atropine (0.05 mg kg(-1), i.v.) tended to inhibit the gastric and colonic contractions. These effects of ondansetron and atropine on the prostaglandin F2alpha-induced contractions were not different between in the post-operative and recovered periods. The present results indicate that 5-HT3 receptors are involved in the KW-5139-induced motor stimulating action in the recovered period but not in the post-operative period. The mechanisms of the alteration were discussed.

New consensus research on neuropathological aspects of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene mutations: inclusions containing SOD1 in neurons and astrocytes

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily involves the motor neuron system. Approximately 5-10% of ALS is familial. Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene mutations are shown to be associated with about 20% of familial ALS (FALS) patients. The neuronal Lewy-body-like hyaline inclusion (LBHI) and astrocytic hyaline inclusion (Ast-HI) are morphological hallmarks of certain SOD1-linked FALS patients with SOD1 gene mutant and transgenic mice expressing human SOD1 with G85R mutation. From the detailed immunohistochemical analyses, the essential common protein of both inclusions is SOD1. Ultrastructurally, both inclusions consist of granule-coated fibrils 15-25 nm in diameter. Based on the immuno-electron microscopical finding that these abnormal granule-coated fibrils are positive for SOD1, the formation (or aggregation) of the abnormal fibrils containing SOD1 would be essential evidence in diseases caused by various SOD1 mutations. The granule-coated fibrils are also modified by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The AGEs themselves are insoluble molecules with direct toxic effects on cells. AGE formation of SOD1 composing the granule-coated fibrils (probable AGE-modified mutant SOD1) may amplify their aggregation and produce a more marked toxicity.

A new amyloidogenic transthyretin variant, [D38A], detected by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry

A new variant of transthyretin (TTR) was detected by mass spectrometry (MS) in a 63-year-old Japanese female patient suffering from amyloidosis. TTR was analyzed by 2-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization MS. Variant TTR showed extra peaks in addition to normal TTR peaks. The extra peaks were about 44 Da smaller than normal TTR peaks, and the abundance of variant peaks showed about 80% of the corresponding normal free and adduct peaks. Direct genomic DNA sequencing of TTR exon 2 showed both adenine and cytosine in the position corresponding to the second base of codon 38. This codes for a variant alanine (GCT) as well as the normal aspartic acid (GAT), indicating that the case is heterozygous for the substitution, [D38A].

Caffeine increases renal renin secretion in a rat model of genetic heart failure

In a previous study, we showed that caffeine (CAFF) increases basal renin secretion by blocking intrarenal adenosine receptors and, when sympathetic activity is increased, augments renin release in part by blockade of brain adenosine receptors, leading to increased central sympathetic tone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CAFF treatment on neurohumoral status and heart performance in experimental heart failure. Two series of experiments were performed. First, the effects of CAFF (10 mg/kg +150 microg/min over 40 min) on heart performance (time-pressure variables) and neurohumoral status were studied in conscious, 9-month-old Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp) rats. Second, caffeine (0.1% in drinking water) was given for 10 days to 14-month-old SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp) rats, and cardiac performance, renal function, and neurohumoral status determined in vivo. CAFF infusion increased heart rate, left ventricular peak systolic pressure, and workload in hypertensive (SHRs and SHHF), but not in normotensive (WKY) animals and had no effects on cardiac contractility in all three strains. CAFF increased plasma renin activity (PRA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E) levels in all three strains [treatment effect, p<0.001, 2F analysis of variance (ANOVA)], and these effects were greater in hypertensive (SHRs and SHHF) animals as compared with normotensive WKY rats (p<0.015). Ten-day CAFF treatment in 14-month-old SHHF did not change measured cardiac time-pressure variables, or hemodynamic or renal excretory function parameters that can affect renin secretion. However, CAFF treatment significantly increased renal renin secretion (71.1+/-19.2 vs. 9.5+/-5.8 ng Ang I/h/min/kg for caffeine and control group, respectively; p<0.01). In summary, acute administration of CAFF increases workload, but has no effects on cardiac contractility in conscious SHHF rats. The cardiac effects are accompanied by increased renin release and NE and E plasma levels. Moreover, this study provides the first evidence that short-term caffeine consumption increases renal renin secretion in heart failure, an effect most likely due to the blockade of intrarenal adenosine receptors. It is possible that long-term activation of neurohumoral mechanisms by CAFF could have adverse effects in heart failure.

Immunopotentiating activity of nigerooligosaccharides for the T helper 1-like immune response in mice

The immunopotentiating activity of nigerooligosaccharides (NOS), a mixture of nigerose, nigerosyl glucose and nigerosyl maltose, was studied in vitro and in vivo in mice. Mitogen-induced proliferation of splenocytes from normal mice was augmented in a dose-dependent manner by nigerose of NOS. NOS enhanced interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by normal splenocytes in the presence of the potent IL-12 inducer, heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137, in vitro. Consistent with the in vitro finding, L. plantarum L-137-induced IL-12 production and IL-2-induced IFN-gamma production were augmented in mice fed with a 14.6% NOS diet for 2 weeks compared with mice fed with a control diet. Notably, mice fed with the NOS diet showed significantly longer survival time than the control mice after the induction of an endogenous infection by administering 5-fluorouracil in a lethal dose. Taken together, these results suggest that NOS may exert immunopotentiating activity through the activation of an IL-12-dependent T helper 1-like immune response.

Automated and simultaneous identification of microsatellite instability by fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in four loci

Genomic instability is sometimes due to impairment of DNA repair systems, which results in a change in the number of microsatellite repeats in tumor cells, produced by slippage during DNA replication. Such abnormal repeats are manifested as microsatellite instability (MSI). We have devised a simple assay using four-color fluorescence for the detection of MSI by an automatic sequencer. Using this method, MSI and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at four microsatellite loci can be identified simultaneously. We have also developed an algorithm and software for automated analysis of MSI and LOH with this method. Using our method for the detection of MSI in four microsatellite loci and the algorithm and software that we developed, 18 (94.7%) of 19 patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), meeting the Amsterdam Minimum Criteria, were found to exhibit MSI.

[Neuropathology of the motor neuron disease--Bunina body]

Bunina body is known to occur in cases of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ALS with dementia (a so-called Mitsuyama type), and Guamanian ALS, and seems to lend a diagnostic priority to the presence of Bunina bodies. Absence of Bunina body in a subset of familial ALS with posterior column and spinocerebellar tract involvement or motor neuron disease with basophilic inclusion also adds credence to the specificity of Bunina body in ALS. However, despite its bright eosinophilia, distinct expression of cystatin C, and conspicuous ultrastructure, the origin of Bunina body is still unknown and remain several unsolved problems. Bunina bodies are usually seen within the cytoplasm or dendrites of degenerated and/or sometimes normal-looking large neurons. However, so far, no Bunina body has been found within the axoplasm. Bunina bodies are mainly distributed in the lower motor neurons. Only a single report described it in the Betz cell. Furthermore, several recent studies have revealed the occurrence in neurons which are so far considered to be exempt from the pathology of ALS, i.e. the oculomotor nucleus, Onufurowicz's nucleus, Clarke's nucleus, reticular formation of the brain stem, and subthalamic nucleus. In addition to the occurrence in neurons other than motor neurons, ultrastructurally similar or identical inclusions are reported in neurons of aged rats, the olfactory bulb of aged human, the spinal cord of a patient without ALS, and gangliocytoma. Bunina body probably represents a facet of the degenerating process of a neuron. A high incidence in ALS, particularly in lower motor neurons, awaits a further study of the pathogenesis of Bunina body.

Heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 suppresses naturally fed antigen-specific IgE production by stimulation of IL-12 production in mice

BACKGROUND

Food allergy is caused by production of IgE against dietary antigen induced by T(H2) response. IL-12 inhibits T(H2) responses and strongly suppresses IgE production. We have recently established a murine model for IgE production with a predominant T(H2) response induced by feeding antigen.

OBJECTIVE

We here show a suppressive effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137, a potent inducer of IL-12, on IgE production against naturally fed antigen in a murine model.

METHODS

The ability of L. plantarum L-137 to induce IL-12 production was examined in vitro and in vivo. DBA/2 mice were fed a casein diet and injected intraperitoneally with L. plantarum L-137 from the beginning of feeding or 2 weeks later. Recombinant mouse IL-12 was also injected 2 weeks after the start of feeding. Casein-specific IgE and IgG1 in plasma were determined by ELISA.

RESULTS

L. plantarum L-137 directly induced IL-12 production by the peritoneal macrophages and also stimulated spleen cells to produce both IL-12 and interferon-gamma in vitro. In vivo treatment of L. plantarum L-137 also increased the plasma level of IL-12 in mice. Plasma anti-casein IgG1 and IgE levels were gradually elevated in DBA/2 mice fed a casein diet. Administration of L. plantarum L-137 from the beginning of feeding suppressed the elevation of anti-casein IgE levels, whereas the levels of anti-casein IgG1 were rather augmented by L. plantarum L-137. IL-12 production of the peritoneal macrophages was enhanced, but IL-4 production of concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated spleen cells was suppressed in the L. plantarum L-137-treated mice compared with control mice fed a casein diet. When L. plantarum L-137 was given from 2 weeks after the start of feeding, anti-casein IgE levels were also significantly suppressed, which was similar to the result found in mice treated with IL-12.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that L. plantarum L-137, a potent IL-12 inducer, is useful for prevention and treatment of food allergy.

Spontaneous rupture of the uterus caused by placenta percreta at 28 weeks of gestation: a case report

Placenta percreta is a rare complication of pregnancy. Rupture of the uterus due to placenta percreta is one of the most urgent obstetrical catastrophes. Recently, we observed a patient who developed placenta percreta accompanied by spontaneous uterine rupture at 28 weeks of gestation. A 29-year old gravida 3, para 1, who had a history of one cesarean section and one miscarriage with dilatation and curetage, was seen at 28 weeks of gestation. An acute abdomen and shock were diagnosed. Immediate laparotomy revealed a transverse rupture on the fundus of the uterus. A hysterectomy was performed. Pathological examination of the uterus showed placenta percreta. Rupture of the uterus due to placenta percreta before the onset of labor is extremely rare.

Effects of adenosine deaminase inhibition on blood pressure in old spontaneously hypertensive rats

Adenosine is an ubiquitously occurring endogenous nucleoside that via cell surface receptors exerts multiple antihypertensive actions, and mediates a number of biological responses that may reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore modulation of endogenous levels of adenosine may offer beneficial effects in hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine whether inhibition of adenosine deaminase lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We investigated the effects of erythro-9-(2-hydroxyl-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA), an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, on hemodynamic and renal parameters in 16-week-old and 36-week-old SHR and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and in 36-week-old SHR and WKY pretreated with 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfopheznylxanthine (DPSPX, an adenosine antagonist that does not enter the brain and is restricted to the extracellular space). Adenosine deaminase inhibition with EHNA (10 mg/kg, iv.) produced a marked fall in arterial blood pressure in older (MABP 162.0+/-7.6 mmHg and 120.7+/-11.7 mmHg for baseline and EHNA period, respectively; p<0.01), but not younger, SHR, whereas no effects on blood pressure were observed in age-matched normotensive WKY rats. EHNA did not affect renal hemodynamic and excretory function in any of six groups of animals. DPSPX blocked the antihypertensive effects of EHNA, suggesting that the effects of EHNA on blood pressure are mediated via peripheral adenosine receptors. Further studies are required to elucidate why inhibition of adenosine deaminase lowers blood pressure only in older SHR. The present data suggest that inhibition of adenosine deaminase may provide beneficial effects in older hypertensives and lead us to propose that design and use of extracellular adenosine deaminase inhibitors may offer cardiovascular protection in hypertension.

Chordoid meningioma in a child. Case report

A case of chordoid meningioma occurring in a 15-year-old girl is presented. The patient manifested seizures as the initial symptom and subsequently exhibited subclinical microcytic hypochromic anemia. The tumor, located in the falcotentorial region and associated with diffuse edema, was totally resected. On histological examination of the surgical specimen, the clustering pattern of partly vacuolated cells in the mucoid stroma mimicked chordoma; however, positive staining of individual cells for vimentin and epithelial membrane antigen led to a diagnosis of meningioma. Interestingly, the tumor cells were surrounded by a periodic acid-Schiff- and type IV collagen-positive substance. Electron microscopy demonstrated a strikingly dense and thick basal lamina. The patient's microcytic hypochromic anemia disappeared after the tumor was removed. Both the clinical and pathological features of this case resemble those of chordoid meningioma, a rare meningioma variant.

alpha-Tocopherol transfer protein gene: exon skipping of all transcripts causes ataxia

This report concerns the characterization of the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) gene in a Japanese family affected by ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency (AVED). The sequence analysis revealed a G-to-A transition at the 3' end of exon 3 in both alleles, which predicts outsplicing of this exon from premessenger RNA and the concomitant frame shift in the ataxic patient. We used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to analyze alpha-TTP gene transcripts. All transcripts in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the AVED patient, who was treated with large doses of vitamin E, lacked exon 3. The deduced truncated protein shares only 43% of the normal alpha-TTP. Normal control tissues and cells contained normal transcripts and, unexpectedly, also the same mutant transcripts as those of the patient, although with different transcription levels. Treatment of normal fibroblasts with clinically relevant concentrations of vitamin E increased production of transcripts in a dose-dependent manner. We propose that exon skipping of all transcripts through the complete inactivation of the splice site accounts for the clinical onset of AVED and for the clinical resistance to vitamin E in our patient.

Encephalomyelitis subsequent to mycoplasma infection with elevated serum anti-Gal C antibody

We report a 7-year-old girl with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis subsequent to a mycoplasma infection. She manifested a prolonged state of akinetic mutism, during which EEG revealed well-synchronized spindles. Four months later, she regained consciousness, with no mental deficit, but complete flaccid quadriplegia persisted and magnetic resonance imaging disclosed extensive destruction of the spinal cord. Antibody against galactocerebroside was detected in her serum during the acute phase. The anti-Gal C antibody is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated demyelinating diseases in the central nervous system subsequent to mycoplasma infections.

Apoptosis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes induced by exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids

To investigate the effect of glucocorticoids on apoptosis in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL), we examined the changes of i-IEL followed by in vivo treatment with dexamethasone. The fragmented DNA of i-IEL were significantly increased at 15 hr after dexamethasone treatment and, subsequently, the number of total i-IEL were decreased by day 4 after treatment. Although all subsets of i-IEL including CD8 alpha/alpha(+), CD8 alpha/beta(+), CD4+ and CD4+CD8+ i-IEL were decreased after dexamethasone treatment, CD8 alpha/alpha(+) i-IEL appeared to be relatively resistant to dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. Consistent with the in vivo findings, CD8 alpha/alpha(+) i-IEL exhibited less susceptibility to dexamethasone-induced cell death in vitro than other subsets. To investigate whether this process occurs under physiological conditions, we examined the kinetics of i-IEL after treatment with 15-hr water immersion stress. In mice subjected to water immersion stress, plasma glucocorticoids were remarkably elevated soon after the 15-hr stress. The increase in the fragmented DNA of i-IEL and subsequent decrease in the number of i-IEL were observed in the stressed mice in the same kinetics as seen in the dexamethasone-treated mice. Similar to dexamethasone-induced ell death, CD8 alpha/alpha(+) i-IEL appeared to be relatively resistant to stress-induced apoptosis compared with other i-IEL subsets. The expression level of Bcl-2 was significantly higher in CD8 alpha/alpha(+) i-IEL than in CD8 alpha/beta(+) i-IEL. Our results indicate that i-IEL are subjected to cell death via apoptosis by exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids and that different sensitivity to steroid-induced apoptosis may exist among i-IEL subsets in relation to their Bcl-2 expression.

Striatal efferent involvement and its correlation to levodopa efficacy in patients with multiple system atrophy

We report an immunohistochemical investigation of the striatal efferents in the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra of five patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA): olivopontocerebellar atrophy (2), striatonigral degeneration (2), and Shy-Drager syndrome (1). All patients manifested parkinsonism during the clinical course of their illness. The administration of levodopa improved the symptoms of two patients, but not of the other three. Brain tissues from five age-matched neurologically normal subjects served as controls. Immunohistochemical assays were carried with antibodies against met-enkephalin, substance P, and calbindin-D28k. Irrespective of the clinical form of multiple system atrophy, the immunoreactivity with the antibodies was reduced at the dorsolateral portion of the striatum and the ventrolateral portions of the globus pallidus and of the substantia nigra. The woolly fiber arrangement of reaction product deposits seen in both segments of the globus pallidus of normal individuals was totally absent in the ventrolateral portions of the three patients who did not have a response to levodopa. By contrast, there were positively stained woolly fibers in globus pallidum segments of the two levodopa-responsive patients, even though their number and size were decreased in comparison with controls. These results indicate that the three clinical forms of multiple system atrophy share common topographic alterations of the striatal efferent system and that the severity of the involvement correlates with the clinically observed effect of levodopa on the parkinsonism.

Central effects of caffeine on renal renin secretion and norepinephrine spillover

Endogenous adenosine in the brain may inhibit central sympathetic tone and thereby restrain renin release, a mechanism that may be particularly important when sympathetic activity is enhanced. The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine increases renin release in part by disabling the central nervous system (CNS) adenosine brake on renin release. This hypothesis was tested by conducting three protocols in anesthetized rats. In the first protocol, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of caffeine (10 micrograms/kg/min) did not alter either bradycardic responses to intravenous (i.v.) infusion of N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, A1-receptor agonist) or depressor responses to i.v. infusions of CGS21680 (A1-receptor agonist). However, i.c.v. caffeine did block bradycardic responses to i.c.v. boluses of CPA and depressor responses to i.c.v. boluses of CGS21680, thus demonstrating that i.c.v. caffeine at the dose used blocks CNS but not peripheral adenosine receptors. In the second protocol, hydralazine (1 and 10 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally) significantly enhanced both the renal secretion of renin and the renal spillover of norepinephrine (NE), thus confirming that hydralazine can increase renin release by unloading arterial baroreceptors and increasing sympathetic tone to the kidneys. In the third protocol, the effects of i.c.v. caffeine (10 micrograms/kg/min) on hydralazine-induced (1 and 10 mg/kg, administered intraperitoneally) changes in renal secretion of renin and renal NE spillover were investigated. In this protocol, i.c.v. caffeine did not alter baseline values for either the renal secretion of renin or NE. In contrast, i.c.v. caffeine significantly (p = 0.03) enhanced the increase in renal renin secretion induced by 1 and 10 mg/kg hydralazine (for 1 mg/kg hydralazine delta of 6.4 +/- 46.7 and 142.4 +/- 142.9 renin activity/min/kg body weight in control and caffeine-treated animals, respectively; for 10 mg/kg hydralazine, delta 227.8 +/- 73.9 and 600.8 +/- 168.9 renin activity/min/kg body weight in control and caffeine-treated animals, respectively). The enhanced renin-secretion response to hydralazine in caffeine-treated rats was accompanied by augmented hydralazine-induced increase in renal NE spillover (p = 0.035). These data strongly support the hypothesis of a CNS adenosine brake on renin release that is disabled by caffeine.

An unusual cervical chordoma: CT and MRI

We report CT and MRI findings of an unusual cervical chordoma. CT showed only minimal bony destruction with a lobulated prevertebral mass. Sagittal MRI, however, clearly demonstrated a lesion involving the body of C2 extending prevertebrally and into the spinal canal.

Subcortical neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, and argentophilic glial inclusions in corticobasal degeneration

This report concerns an autopsy case of corticobasal degeneration (CBD). The patient was a 64-year-old woman with slowly progressing clumsiness and gait disturbance who died approximately 7 years after the onset of symptoms. The salient neuropathological findings were focal loss of neurons of the cerebral cortex, ballooned neurons and gliosis of the subcortical white matter, thalamus, and basal ganglia. In addition, there were marked neuronal loss and gliosis in the substantia nigra. The ballooned neurons were positively immunostained for phosphorylated neurofilament, alpha B-crystallin and synaptophysin; staining for the latter was intraneuronal. The examination of silver impregnated and Tau immunostained preparations revealed numerous basal neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, and glial inclusions; their presence was most pronounced in the brainstem tegmentum, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Neurofibrillary tangles consisting of straight tubules with a diameter of approximately 13-15 nm and constricted tubules were identified in the substantia nigra. The results of the present study indicate that the cytopathology of the subcortical gray matter and brainstem in CBD patients resembles that of progressive supranuclear palsy.