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Esashi Y, Jenkins NW, Shao Y, Shaw JM, Park S, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Tanksalvala M. Tabletop extreme ultraviolet reflectometer for quantitative nanoscale reflectometry, scatterometry, and imaging. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:123705. [PMID: 38109468 DOI: 10.1063/5.0175860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Imaging using coherent extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light provides exceptional capabilities for the characterization of the composition and geometry of nanostructures by probing with high spatial resolution and elemental specificity. We present a multi-modal tabletop EUV imaging reflectometer for high-fidelity metrology of nanostructures. The reflectometer is capable of measurements in three distinct modes: intensity reflectometry, scatterometry, and imaging reflectometry, where each mode addresses different nanostructure characterization challenges. We demonstrate the system's unique ability to quantitatively and non-destructively measure the geometry and composition of nanostructures with tens of square microns field of view and sub-nanometer precision. Parameters such as surface and line edge roughness, density, nanostructure linewidth, and profile, as well as depth-resolved composition, can be quantitatively determined. The results highlight the applicability of EUV metrology to address a wide range of semiconductor and materials science challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Esashi
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Nicholas W Jenkins
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yunzhe Shao
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Justin M Shaw
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Seungbeom Park
- Core Technology R&D Team, Mechatronics Research, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Hwasung 18848, Republic of Korea
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- KMLabs Inc., Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Michael Tanksalvala
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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2
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Ryan SA, Johnsen PC, Elhanoty MF, Grafov A, Li N, Delin A, Markou A, Lesne E, Felser C, Eriksson O, Kapteyn HC, Grånäs O, Murnane MM. Optically controlling the competition between spin flips and intersite spin transfer in a Heusler half-metal on sub-100-fs time scales. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi1428. [PMID: 37948525 PMCID: PMC10637748 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The direct manipulation of spins via light may provide a path toward ultrafast energy-efficient devices. However, distinguishing the microscopic processes that can occur during ultrafast laser excitation in magnetic alloys is challenging. Here, we study the Heusler compound Co2MnGa, a material that exhibits very strong light-induced spin transfers across the entire M-edge. By combining the element specificity of extreme ultraviolet high-harmonic probes with time-dependent density functional theory, we disentangle the competition between three ultrafast light-induced processes that occur in Co2MnGa: same-site Co-Co spin transfer, intersite Co-Mn spin transfer, and ultrafast spin flips mediated by spin-orbit coupling. By measuring the dynamic magnetic asymmetry across the entire M-edges of the two magnetic sublattices involved, we uncover the relative dominance of these processes at different probe energy regions and times during the laser pulse. Our combined approach enables a comprehensive microscopic interpretation of laser-induced magnetization dynamics on time scales shorter than 100 femtoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad A. Ryan
- JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter C. Johnsen
- JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Mohamed F. Elhanoty
- Division of Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, SE 75120, Sweden
| | - Anya Grafov
- JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Na Li
- JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Anna Delin
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Center (SeRC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anastasios Markou
- Physics Department, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Edouard Lesne
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Felser
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Division of Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, SE 75120, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, 440 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- KMLabs Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Oscar Grånäs
- Division of Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, SE 75120, Sweden
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3
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Nguyen QLD, Simoni J, Dorney KM, Shi X, Ellis JL, Brooks NJ, Hickstein DD, Grennell AG, Yazdi S, Campbell EEB, Tan LZ, Prendergast D, Daligault J, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Direct Observation of Enhanced Electron-Phonon Coupling in Copper Nanoparticles in the Warm-Dense Matter Regime. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:085101. [PMID: 37683150 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.085101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Warm dense matter (WDM) represents a highly excited state that lies at the intersection of solids, plasmas, and liquids and that cannot be described by equilibrium theories. The transient nature of this state when created in a laboratory, as well as the difficulties in probing the strongly coupled interactions between the electrons and the ions, make it challenging to develop a complete understanding of matter in this regime. In this work, by exciting isolated ∼8 nm copper nanoparticles with a femtosecond laser below the ablation threshold, we create uniformly excited WDM. Using photoelectron spectroscopy, we measure the instantaneous electron temperature and extract the electron-ion coupling of the nanoparticle as it undergoes a solid-to-WDM phase transition. By comparing with state-of-the-art theories, we confirm that the superheated nanoparticles lie at the boundary between hot solids and plasmas, with associated strong electron-ion coupling. This is evidenced both by a fast energy loss of electrons to ions, and a strong modulation of the electron temperature induced by strong acoustic breathing modes that change the nanoparticle volume. This work demonstrates a new route for experimental exploration of the exotic properties of WDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh L D Nguyen
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jacopo Simoni
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xun Shi
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Nathan J Brooks
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories Inc., 4775 Walnut St #102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Amanda G Grennell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309 80309, USA
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Eleanor E B Campbell
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Liang Z Tan
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David Prendergast
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jerome Daligault
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories Inc., 4775 Walnut St #102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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4
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Gentry C, Liao CT, You W, Ryan SA, Varner BA, Shi X, Guan MX, Gray T, Temple D, Meng S, Raschke M, Rossnagel K, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Cating-Subramanian E. Author Correction: Super-resolved time-frequency measurements of coupled phonon dynamics in a 2D quantum material. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10821. [PMID: 37402759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gentry
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA.
| | - Wenjing You
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
| | - Sinéad A Ryan
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
| | - Baldwin Akin Varner
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
- Department of Physics, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, 23504, USA
| | - Xun Shi
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
| | - Meng-Xue Guan
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Thomas Gray
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
| | - Doyle Temple
- Department of Physics, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, 23504, USA
| | - Sheng Meng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Markus Raschke
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
| | - Kai Rossnagel
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics and KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24098, Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
- KMLabs Inc., 4775 Walnut Street, Suite 102, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA
| | - Emma Cating-Subramanian
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, Boulder, USA.
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5
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Segundo Staels VW, Conejero Jarque E, Carlson D, Hemmer M, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, San Roman J. Numerical investigation of gas-filled multipass cells in the enhanced dispersion regime for clean spectral broadening and pulse compression. Opt Express 2023; 31:18898-18906. [PMID: 37381320 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We show via numerical simulations that the regime of enhanced frequency chirp can be achieved in gas-filled multipass cells. Our results demonstrate that there exists a region of pulse and cell parameters for which a broad and flat spectrum with a smooth parabolic-like phase can be generated. This spectrum is compatible with clean ultrashort pulses, whose secondary structures are always below the 0.5% of its peak intensity such that the energy ratio (the energy contained within the main peak of the pulse) is above 98%. This regime makes multipass cell post-compression one of the most versatile schemes to sculpt a clean intense ultrashort optical pulse.
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6
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McBennett B, Beardo A, Nelson EE, Abad B, Frazer TD, Adak A, Esashi Y, Li B, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Knobloch JL. Universal Behavior of Highly Confined Heat Flow in Semiconductor Nanosystems: From Nanomeshes to Metalattices. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2129-2136. [PMID: 36881964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuring on length scales corresponding to phonon mean free paths provides control over heat flow in semiconductors and makes it possible to engineer their thermal properties. However, the influence of boundaries limits the validity of bulk models, while first-principles calculations are too computationally expensive to model real devices. Here we use extreme ultraviolet beams to study phonon transport dynamics in a 3D nanostructured silicon metalattice with deep nanoscale feature size and observe dramatically reduced thermal conductivity relative to bulk. To explain this behavior, we develop a predictive theory wherein thermal conduction separates into a geometric permeability component and an intrinsic viscous contribution, arising from a new and universal effect of nanoscale confinement on phonon flow. Using experiments and atomistic simulations, we show that our theory applies to a general set of highly confined silicon nanosystems, from metalattices, nanomeshes, porous nanowires, to nanowire networks, of great interest for next-generation energy-efficient devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan McBennett
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Albert Beardo
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Emma E Nelson
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Begoña Abad
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Amitava Adak
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yuka Esashi
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Baowen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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7
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Rana A, Liao CT, Iacocca E, Zou J, Pham M, Lu X, Subramanian EEC, Lo YH, Ryan SA, Bevis CS, Karl RM, Glaid AJ, Rable J, Mahale P, Hirst J, Ostler T, Liu W, O'Leary CM, Yu YS, Bustillo K, Ohldag H, Shapiro DA, Yazdi S, Mallouk TE, Osher SJ, Kapteyn HC, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Tserkovnyak Y, Murnane MM, Miao J. Three-dimensional topological magnetic monopoles and their interactions in a ferromagnetic meta-lattice. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:227-232. [PMID: 36690739 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Topological magnetic monopoles (TMMs), also known as hedgehogs or Bloch points, are three-dimensional (3D) non-local spin textures that are robust to thermal and quantum fluctuations due to the topology protection1-4. Although TMMs have been observed in skyrmion lattices1,5, spinor Bose-Einstein condensates6,7, chiral magnets8, vortex rings2,9 and vortex cores10, it has been difficult to directly measure the 3D magnetization vector field of TMMs and probe their interactions at the nanoscale. Here we report the creation of 138 stable TMMs at the specific sites of a ferromagnetic meta-lattice at room temperature. We further develop soft X-ray vector ptycho-tomography to determine the magnetization vector and emergent magnetic field of the TMMs with a 3D spatial resolution of 10 nm. This spatial resolution is comparable to the magnetic exchange length of transition metals11, enabling us to probe monopole-monopole interactions. We find that the TMM and anti-TMM pairs are separated by 18.3 ± 1.6 nm, while the TMM and TMM, and anti-TMM and anti-TMM pairs are stabilized at comparatively longer distances of 36.1 ± 2.4 nm and 43.1 ± 2.0 nm, respectively. We also observe virtual TMMs created by magnetic voids in the meta-lattice. This work demonstrates that ferromagnetic meta-lattices could be used as a platform to create and investigate the interactions and dynamics of TMMs. Furthermore, we expect that soft X-ray vector ptycho-tomography can be broadly applied to quantitatively image 3D vector fields in magnetic and anisotropic materials at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Rana
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ezio Iacocca
- Department of Mathematics, Physics, and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Ji Zou
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minh Pham
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xingyuan Lu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Emma-Elizabeth Cating Subramanian
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yuan Hung Lo
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sinéad A Ryan
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Charles S Bevis
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert M Karl
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew J Glaid
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rable
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pratibha Mahale
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Hirst
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Ostler
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - William Liu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Colum M O'Leary
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hendrik Ohldag
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stanley J Osher
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John V Badding
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tserkovnyak
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA.
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8
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Gentry C, Liao CT, You W, Ryan SA, Varner BA, Shi X, Guan MX, Gray T, Temple D, Meng S, Raschke M, Rossnagel K, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Cating-Subramanian E. Super-resolved time–frequency measurements of coupled phonon dynamics in a 2D quantum material. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19734. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22055-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMethods to probe and understand the dynamic response of materials following impulsive excitation are important for many fields, from materials and energy sciences to chemical and neuroscience. To design more efficient nano, energy, and quantum devices, new methods are needed to uncover the dominant excitations and reaction pathways. In this work, we implement a newly-developed superlet transform—a super-resolution time-frequency analytical method—to analyze and extract phonon dynamics in a laser-excited two-dimensional (2D) quantum material. This quasi-2D system, 1T-TaSe2, supports both equilibrium and metastable light-induced charge density wave (CDW) phases mediated by strongly coupled phonons. We compare the effectiveness of the superlet transform to standard time-frequency techniques. We find that the superlet transform is superior in both time and frequency resolution, and use it to observe and validate novel physics. In particular, we show fluence-dependent changes in the coupled dynamics of three phonon modes that are similar in frequency, including the CDW amplitude mode, that clearly demonstrate a change in the dominant charge-phonon couplings. More interestingly, the frequencies of the three phonon modes, including the strongly-coupled CDW amplitude mode, remain time- and fluence-independent, which is unusual compared to previously investigated materials. Our study opens a new avenue for capturing the coherent evolution and couplings of strongly-coupled materials and quantum systems.
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9
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Carlson D, Tanksalvala M, Morrill D, Roman JS, Jarque EC, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Hemmer M. Nonlinear post-compression in multi-pass cells in the mid-IR region using bulk materials. Opt Lett 2022; 47:5289-5292. [PMID: 36240345 DOI: 10.1364/ol.471458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate the regime of nonlinear pulse compression at mid-IR wavelengths in a multi-pass cell (MPC) containing a dielectric plate. This post-compression setup allows for ionization-free spectral broadening and self-compression while mitigating self-focusing effects. We find that self-compression occurs for a wide range of MPC and pulse parameters and derive scaling rules that enable its optimization. We also reveal the solitonic dynamics of the pulse propagation in the MPC and its limitations and show that spatiotemporal/spectral couplings can be mitigated for appropriately chosen parameters. In addition, we reveal the formation of spectral features akin to quasi-phase matched degenerate four-wave mixing. Finally, we present two case studies of self-compression at 3-μm and 6-μm wavelengths using pulse parameters compatible with driving high-field physics experiments. The simulations presented in this paper set a framework for future experimental work using few-cycle pulses at mid-IR wavelengths.
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10
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Knobloch JL, McBennett B, Bevis CS, Yazdi S, Frazer TD, Adak A, Nelson EE, Hernández-Charpak JN, Cheng HY, Grede AJ, Mahale P, Nova NN, Giebink NC, Mallouk TE, Badding JV, Kapteyn HC, Abad B, Murnane MM. Structural and Elastic Properties of Empty-Pore Metalattices Extracted via Nondestructive Coherent Extreme UV Scatterometry and Electron Tomography. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41316-41327. [PMID: 36054507 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor metalattices consisting of a linked network of three-dimensional nanostructures with periodicities on a length scale <100 nm can enable tailored functional properties due to their complex nanostructuring. For example, by controlling both the porosity and pore size, thermal transport in these phononic metalattices can be tuned, making them promising candidates for efficient thermoelectrics or thermal rectifiers. Thus, the ability to characterize the porosity, and other physical properties, of metalattices is critical but challenging, due to their nanoscale structure and thickness. To date, only metalattices with high porosities, close to the close-packing fraction of hard spheres, have been studied experimentally. Here, we characterize the porosity, thickness, and elastic properties of a low-porosity, empty-pore silicon metalattice film (∼500 nm thickness) with periodic spherical pores (∼tens of nanometers), for the first time. We use laser-driven nanoscale surface acoustic waves probed by extreme ultraviolet scatterometry to nondestructively measure the acoustic dispersion in these thin silicon metalattice layers. By comparing the data to finite element models of the metalattice sample, we can extract Young's modulus and porosity. Moreover, by controlling the acoustic wave penetration depth, we can also determine the metalattice layer thickness and verify the substrate properties. Additionally, we utilize electron tomography images of the metalattice to verify the geometry and validate the porosity extracted from scatterometry. These advanced characterization techniques are critical for informed and iterative fabrication of energy-efficient devices based on nanostructured metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Knobloch
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brendan McBennett
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Charles S Bevis
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute and the Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Amitava Adak
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Emma E Nelson
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jorge N Hernández-Charpak
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hiu Y Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alex J Grede
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Pratibha Mahale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nabila Nabi Nova
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- KMLabs Incorporated, 4775 Walnut Street, Building 102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Begoña Abad
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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11
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Gui G, Brooks NJ, Wang B, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Liao CT. Single-Frame Characterization of Ultrafast Pulses with Spatiotemporal Orbital Angular Momentum. ACS Photonics 2022; 9:2802-2808. [PMID: 35996367 PMCID: PMC9389650 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Light that carries spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum (ST-OAM) makes possible new types of optical vortices arising from transverse OAM. ST-OAM pulses exhibit novel properties during propagation, transmission, refraction, diffraction, and nonlinear conversion, attracting growing experimental and theoretical interest and studies. However, one major challenge is the lack of a simple and straightforward method for characterizing ultrafast ST-OAM pulses. Using spatially resolved spectral interferometry, we demonstrate a simple, stationary, single-frame method to quantitatively characterize ultrashort light pulses carrying ST-OAM. Using our method, the presence of an ST-OAM pulse, including its main characteristics such as topological charge numbers and OAM helicity, can be identified easily from the unique and unambiguous features directly seen on the raw data-without any need for a full analysis of the data. After processing and reconstructions, other exquisite features, including pulse dispersion and beam divergence, can also be fully characterized. Our fast characterization method allows high-throughput and quick feedback during the generation and optical alignment processes of ST-OAM pulses. It is straightforward to extend our method to single-shot measurement by using a high-speed camera that matches the pulse repetition rate. This new method can help advance the field of spatially and temporally structured light and its applications in advanced metrologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Gui
- JILA
and Department of Physics, University of
Colorado and NIST, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Nathan J. Brooks
- JILA
and Department of Physics, University of
Colorado and NIST, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- JILA
and Department of Physics, University of
Colorado and NIST, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- JILA
and Department of Physics, University of
Colorado and NIST, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- KMLabs
Inc., 4775 Walnut Street, Suite 102, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- JILA
and Department of Physics, University of
Colorado and NIST, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- JILA
and Department of Physics, University of
Colorado and NIST, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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12
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Brooks NJ, Wang B, Binnie I, Tanksalvala M, Esashi Y, Knobloch JL, Nguyen QLD, McBennett B, Jenkins NW, Gui G, Zhang Z, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Bevis CS. Temporal and spectral multiplexing for EUV multibeam ptychography with a high harmonic light source. Opt Express 2022; 30:30331-30346. [PMID: 36242139 DOI: 10.1364/oe.458955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate temporally multiplexed multibeam ptychography implemented for the first time in the EUV, by using a high harmonic based light source. This allows for simultaneous imaging of different sample areas, or of the same area at different times or incidence angles. Furthermore, we show that this technique is compatible with wavelength multiplexing for multibeam spectroscopic imaging, taking full advantage of the temporal and spectral characteristics of high harmonic light sources. This technique enables increased data throughput using a simple experimental implementation and with high photon efficiency.
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13
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Jacobs MN, Esashi Y, Jenkins NW, Brooks NJ, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Tanksalvala M. High-resolution, wavefront-sensing, full-field polarimetry of arbitrary beams using phase retrieval. Opt Express 2022; 30:27967-27982. [PMID: 36236954 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in structured illumination are enabling a wide range of applications from imaging to metrology, which can benefit from advanced beam characterization techniques. Solving uniquely for the spatial distribution of polarization in a beam typically involves the use of two or more polarization optics, such as a polarizer and a waveplate, which is prohibitive for some wavelengths outside of the visible spectrum. We demonstrate a technique that circumvents the use of a waveplate by exploiting extended Gerchberg-Saxton phase retrieval to extract the phase. The technique enables high-resolution, wavefront-sensing, full-field polarimetry capable of solving for both simple and exotic polarization states, and moreover, is extensible to shorter wavelength light.
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14
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Rego L, Brooks NJ, Nguyen QLD, Román JS, Binnie I, Plaja L, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Hernández-García C. Necklace-structured high-harmonic generation for low-divergence, soft x-ray harmonic combs with tunable line spacing. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj7380. [PMID: 35119926 PMCID: PMC8816339 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The extreme nonlinear optical process of high-harmonic generation (HHG) makes it possible to map the properties of a laser beam onto a radiating electron wave function and, in turn, onto the emitted x-ray light. Bright HHG beams typically emerge from a longitudinal phased distribution of atomic-scale quantum antennae. Here, we form a transverse necklace-shaped phased array of linearly polarized HHG emitters, where orbital angular momentum conservation allows us to tune the line spacing and divergence properties of extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray high-harmonic combs. The on-axis HHG emission has extremely low divergence, well below that obtained when using Gaussian driving beams, which further decreases with harmonic order. This work provides a new degree of freedom for the design of harmonic combs-particularly in the soft x-ray regime, where very limited options are available. Such harmonic beams can enable more sensitive probes of the fastest correlated charge and spin dynamics in molecules, nanoparticles, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rego
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Nathan J. Brooks
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Quynh L. D. Nguyen
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Julio San Román
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Iona Binnie
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Luis Plaja
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
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15
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Segundo Staels VW, Conejero Jarque E, Carlson D, Hemmer M, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, San Roman J. Supercontinuum generation in the enhanced frequency chirp regime in multipass cells. EPJ Web Conf 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202226608014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify, via numerical simulations, the regime of enhanced frequency chirp during nonlinear propagation in multipass cell. This regime - used before the dawn of chirped pulse amplification to generate ultrashort pulses - paves the way for the generation of temporally clean few-cycle pulses. Here, we demonstrate numerically that the spectra of pulses from an Yb-based laser system can be broadened into a flat supercontinuum with a smooth spectral phase compatible with a clean few-cycle pulse with temporal secondary structures with peak intensity below 0.5% that of the main peak.
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16
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Zhang Y, Shi X, Guan M, You W, Zhong Y, Kafle TR, Huang Y, Ding H, Bauer M, Rossnagel K, Meng S, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Creation of a novel inverted charge density wave state. Struct Dyn 2022; 9:014501. [PMID: 35071692 PMCID: PMC8759797 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Charge density wave (CDW) order is an emergent quantum phase that is characterized by periodic lattice distortion and charge density modulation, often present near superconducting transitions. Here, we uncover a novel inverted CDW state by using a femtosecond laser to coherently reverse the star-of-David lattice distortion in 1T-TaSe2. We track the signature of this novel CDW state using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and the time-dependent density functional theory to validate that it is associated with a unique lattice and charge arrangement never before realized. The dynamic electronic structure further reveals its novel properties that are characterized by an increased density of states near the Fermi level, high metallicity, and altered electron-phonon couplings. Our results demonstrate how ultrafast lasers can be used to create unique states in materials by manipulating charge-lattice orders and couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Zhang
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xun Shi
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Mengxue Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenjing You
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | - Tika R. Kafle
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Yaobo Huang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Michael Bauer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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17
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Dorney KM, Fan T, Nguyen QLD, Ellis JL, Hickstein DD, Brooks N, Zusin D, Gentry C, Hernández-García C, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Bright, single helicity, high harmonics driven by mid-infrared bicircular laser fields. Opt Express 2021; 29:38119-38128. [PMID: 34808871 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a unique tabletop light source with femtosecond-to-attosecond pulse duration and tailorable polarization and beam shape. Here, we use counter-rotating femtosecond laser pulses of 0.8 µm and 2.0 μm to extend the photon energy range of circularly polarized high-harmonics and also generate single-helicity HHG spectra. By driving HHG in helium, we produce circularly polarized soft x-ray harmonics beyond 170 eV-the highest photon energy of circularly polarized HHG achieved to date. In an Ar medium, dense spectra at photon energies well beyond the Cooper minimum are generated, with regions composed of a single helicity-consistent with the generation of a train of circularly polarized attosecond pulses. Finally, we show theoretically that circularly polarized HHG photon energies can extend beyond the carbon K edge, extending the range of molecular and materials systems that can be accessed using dynamic HHG chiral spectro-microscopies.
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18
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Beardo A, Knobloch JL, Sendra L, Bafaluy J, Frazer TD, Chao W, Hernandez-Charpak JN, Kapteyn HC, Abad B, Murnane MM, Alvarez FX, Camacho J. A General and Predictive Understanding of Thermal Transport from 1D- and 2D-Confined Nanostructures: Theory and Experiment. ACS Nano 2021; 15:13019-13030. [PMID: 34328719 PMCID: PMC8483436 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Heat management is crucial in the design of nanoscale devices as the operating temperature determines their efficiency and lifetime. Past experimental and theoretical works exploring nanoscale heat transport in semiconductors addressed known deviations from Fourier's law modeling by including effective parameters, such as a size-dependent thermal conductivity. However, recent experiments have qualitatively shown behavior that cannot be modeled in this way. Here, we combine advanced experiment and theory to show that the cooling of 1D- and 2D-confined nanoscale hot spots on silicon can be described using a general hydrodynamic heat transport model, contrary to previous understanding of heat flow in bulk silicon. We use a comprehensive set of extreme ultraviolet scatterometry measurements of nondiffusive transport from transiently heated nanolines and nanodots to validate and generalize our ab initio model, that does not need any geometry-dependent fitting parameters. This allows us to uncover the existence of two distinct time scales and heat transport mechanisms: an interface resistance regime that dominates on short time scales and a hydrodynamic-like phonon transport regime that dominates on longer time scales. Moreover, our model can predict the full thermomechanical response on nanometer length scales and picosecond time scales for arbitrary geometries, providing an advanced practical tool for thermal management of nanoscale technologies. Furthermore, we derive analytical expressions for the transport time scales, valid for a subset of geometries, supplying a route for optimizing heat dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Beardo
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Joshua L. Knobloch
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lluc Sendra
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Javier Bafaluy
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Travis D. Frazer
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weilun Chao
- Center
for X-Ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jorge N. Hernandez-Charpak
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Begoña Abad
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- Department
of Physics, JILA, and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - F. Xavier Alvarez
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Juan Camacho
- Physics
Department, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
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19
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Wang B, Tanksalvala M, Zhang Z, Esashi Y, Jenkins NW, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Liao CT. Coherent Fourier scatterometry using orbital angular momentum beams for defect detection. Opt Express 2021; 29:3342-3358. [PMID: 33770934 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Defect inspection on lithographic substrates, masks, reticles, and wafers is an important quality assurance process in semiconductor manufacturing. Coherent Fourier scatterometry (CFS) using laser beams with a Gaussian spatial profile is the standard workhorse routinely used as an in-line inspection tool to achieve high throughput. As the semiconductor industry advances toward shrinking critical dimensions in high volume manufacturing using extreme ultraviolet lithography, new techniques that enable high-sensitivity, high-throughput, and in-line inspection are critically needed. Here we introduce a set of novel defect inspection techniques based on bright-field CFS using coherent beams that carry orbital angular momentum (OAM). One of these techniques, the differential OAM CFS, is particularly unique because it does not rely on referencing to a pre-established database in the case of regularly patterned structures with reflection symmetry. The differential OAM CFS exploits OAM beams with opposite wavefront or phase helicity to provide contrast in the presence of detects. We numerically investigated the performance of these techniques on both amplitude and phase defects and demonstrated their superior advantages-up to an order of magnitude higher in signal-to-noise ratio-over the conventional Gaussian beam CFS. These new techniques will enable increased sensitivity and robustness for in-line nanoscale defect inspection and the concept could also benefit x-ray scattering and scatterometry in general.
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20
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Tanksalvala M, Porter CL, Esashi Y, Wang B, Jenkins NW, Zhang Z, Miley GP, Knobloch JL, McBennett B, Horiguchi N, Yazdi S, Zhou J, Jacobs MN, Bevis CS, Karl RM, Johnsen P, Ren D, Waller L, Adams DE, Cousin SL, Liao CT, Miao J, Gerrity M, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Nondestructive, high-resolution, chemically specific 3D nanostructure characterization using phase-sensitive EUV imaging reflectometry. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/5/eabd9667. [PMID: 33571123 PMCID: PMC7840142 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation nano- and quantum devices have increasingly complex 3D structure. As the dimensions of these devices shrink to the nanoscale, their performance is often governed by interface quality or precise chemical or dopant composition. Here, we present the first phase-sensitive extreme ultraviolet imaging reflectometer. It combines the excellent phase stability of coherent high-harmonic sources, the unique chemical sensitivity of extreme ultraviolet reflectometry, and state-of-the-art ptychography imaging algorithms. This tabletop microscope can nondestructively probe surface topography, layer thicknesses, and interface quality, as well as dopant concentrations and profiles. High-fidelity imaging was achieved by implementing variable-angle ptychographic imaging, by using total variation regularization to mitigate noise and artifacts in the reconstructed image, and by using a high-brightness, high-harmonic source with excellent intensity and wavefront stability. We validate our measurements through multiscale, multimodal imaging to show that this technique has unique advantages compared with other techniques based on electron and scanning probe microscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tanksalvala
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Christina L Porter
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yuka Esashi
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Bin Wang
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nicholas W Jenkins
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Galen P Miley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brendan McBennett
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jihan Zhou
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystem Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew N Jacobs
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Charles S Bevis
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Robert M Karl
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter Johnsen
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - David Ren
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laura Waller
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel E Adams
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Seth L Cousin
- KMLabs Inc., 4775 Walnut St. #102, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystem Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Gerrity
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- KMLabs Inc., 4775 Walnut St. #102, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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21
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Abad B, Knobloch JL, Frazer TD, Hernández-Charpak JN, Cheng HY, Grede AJ, Giebink NC, Mallouk TE, Mahale P, Nova NN, Tomaschke AA, Ferguson VL, Crespi VH, Gopalan V, Kapteyn HC, Badding JV, Murnane MM. Nondestructive Measurements of the Mechanical and Structural Properties of Nanostructured Metalattices. Nano Lett 2020; 20:3306-3312. [PMID: 32227973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metalattices are artificial 3D solids, periodic on sub-100 nm length scales, that enable the functional properties of materials to be tuned. However, because of their complex structure, predicting and characterizing their properties is challenging. Here we demonstrate the first nondestructive measurements of the mechanical and structural properties of metalattices with feature sizes down to 14 nm. By monitoring the time-dependent diffraction of short wavelength light from laser-excited acoustic waves in the metalattices, we extract their acoustic dispersion, Young's modulus, filling fraction, and thicknesses. Our measurements are in excellent agreement with macroscopic predictions and potentially destructive techniques such as nanoindentation and scanning electron microscopy, with increased accuracy over larger areas. This is interesting because the transport properties of these metalattices do not obey bulk predictions. Finally, this approach is the only way to validate the filling fraction of metalattices over macroscopic areas. These combined capabilities can enable accurate synthesis of nanoenhanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Abad
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jorge N Hernández-Charpak
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hiu Y Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alex J Grede
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Noel C Giebink
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Pratibha Mahale
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nabila N Nova
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Andrew A Tomaschke
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, JILA and STROBE NSF Science & Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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22
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Tengdin P, Gentry C, Blonsky A, Zusin D, Gerrity M, Hellbrück L, Hofherr M, Shaw J, Kvashnin Y, Delczeg-Czirjak EK, Arora M, Nembach H, Silva TJ, Mathias S, Aeschlimann M, Kapteyn HC, Thonig D, Koumpouras K, Eriksson O, Murnane MM. Direct light-induced spin transfer between different elements in a spintronic Heusler material via femtosecond laser excitation. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz1100. [PMID: 32010777 PMCID: PMC6968936 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Heusler compounds are exciting materials for future spintronics applications because they display a wide range of tunable electronic and magnetic interactions. Here, we use a femtosecond laser to directly transfer spin polarization from one element to another in a half-metallic Heusler material, Co2MnGe. This spin transfer initiates as soon as light is incident on the material, demonstrating spatial transfer of angular momentum between neighboring atomic sites on time scales < 10 fs. Using ultrafast high harmonic pulses to simultaneously and independently probe the magnetic state of two elements during laser excitation, we find that the magnetization of Co is enhanced, while that of Mn rapidly quenches. Density functional theory calculations show that the optical excitation directly transfers spin from one magnetic sublattice to another through preferred spin-polarized excitation pathways. This direct manipulation of spins via light provides a path toward spintronic devices that can operate on few-femtosecond or faster time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Tengdin
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Christian Gentry
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Adam Blonsky
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zusin
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael Gerrity
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Lukas Hellbrück
- Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger Strasse 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Moritz Hofherr
- Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger Strasse 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Justin Shaw
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Yaroslav Kvashnin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University Uppsala, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Monika Arora
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Hans Nembach
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Tom J. Silva
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Stefan Mathias
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, I. Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Aeschlimann
- Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger Strasse 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Danny Thonig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University Uppsala, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University Uppsala, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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23
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Rego L, Dorney KM, Brooks NJ, Nguyen QL, Liao CT, San Román J, Couch DE, Liu A, Pisanty E, Lewenstein M, Plaja L, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Hernández-García C. Generation of extreme-ultraviolet beams with time-varying orbital angular momentum. Science 2019; 364:364/6447/eaaw9486. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Light fields carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide powerful capabilities for applications in optical communications, microscopy, quantum optics, and microparticle manipulation. We introduce a property of light beams, manifested as a temporal OAM variation along a pulse: the self-torque of light. Although self-torque is found in diverse physical systems (i.e., electrodynamics and general relativity), it was not realized that light could possess such a property. We demonstrate that extreme-ultraviolet self-torqued beams arise in high-harmonic generation driven by time-delayed pulses with different OAM. We monitor the self-torque of extreme-ultraviolet beams through their azimuthal frequency chirp. This class of dynamic-OAM beams provides the ability for controlling magnetic, topological, and quantum excitations and for manipulating molecules and nanostructures on their natural time and length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rego
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Kevin M. Dorney
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nathan J. Brooks
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Quynh L. Nguyen
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Julio San Román
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - David E. Couch
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Allison Liu
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Emilio Pisanty
- ICFO, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Maciej Lewenstein
- ICFO, Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Plaja
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories Inc. (KMLabs Inc.), 4775 Walnut Street no. 102, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca E-37008, Spain
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24
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Pisanty E, Rego L, San Román J, Picón A, Dorney KM, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Plaja L, Lewenstein M, Hernández-García C. Conservation of Torus-knot Angular Momentum in High-order Harmonic Generation. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:203201. [PMID: 31172784 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.203201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-order harmonic generation stands as a unique nonlinear optical up-conversion process, mediated by a laser-driven electron recollision mechanism, which has been shown to conserve energy, linear momentum, and spin and orbital angular momentum. Here, we present theoretical simulations that demonstrate that this process also conserves a mixture of the latter, the torus-knot angular momentum J_{γ}, by producing high-order harmonics with driving pulses that are invariant under coordinated rotations. We demonstrate that the charge J_{γ} of the emitted harmonics scales linearly with the harmonic order, and that this conservation law is imprinted onto the polarization distribution of the emitted spiral of attosecond pulses. We also demonstrate how the nonperturbative physics of high-order harmonic generation affect the torus-knot angular momentum of the harmonics, and we show that this configuration harnesses the spin selection rules to channel the full yield of each harmonic into a single mode of controllable orbital angular momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Pisanty
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Laura Rego
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio San Román
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Picón
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Luis Plaja
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maciej Lewenstein
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008, Salamanca, Spain
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25
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Karl RM, Mancini GF, Knobloch JL, Frazer TD, Hernandez-Charpak JN, Abad B, Gardner DF, Shanblatt ER, Tanksalvala M, Porter CL, Bevis CS, Adams DE, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Full-field imaging of thermal and acoustic dynamics in an individual nanostructure using tabletop high harmonic beams. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaau4295. [PMID: 30345364 PMCID: PMC6195334 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging charge, spin, and energy flow in materials is a current grand challenge that is relevant to a host of nanoenhanced systems, including thermoelectric, photovoltaic, electronic, and spin devices. Ultrafast coherent x-ray sources enable functional imaging on nanometer length and femtosecond timescales particularly when combined with advances in coherent imaging techniques. Here, we combine ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging with an extreme ultraviolet high harmonic light source to directly visualize the complex thermal and acoustic response of an individual nanoscale antenna after impulsive heating by a femtosecond laser. We directly image the deformations induced in both the nickel tapered nanoantenna and the silicon substrate and see the lowest-order generalized Lamb wave that is partially confined to a uniform nanoantenna. The resolution achieved-sub-100 nm transverse and 0.5-Å axial spatial resolution, combined with ≈10-fs temporal resolution-represents a significant advance in full-field dynamic imaging capabilities. The tapered nanoantenna is sufficiently complex that a full simulation of the dynamic response would require enormous computational power. We therefore use our data to benchmark approximate models and achieve excellent agreement between theory and experiment. In the future, this work will enable three-dimensional functional imaging of opaque materials and nanostructures that are sufficiently complex that their functional properties cannot be predicted.
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26
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Gao X, Patwardhan G, Shim B, Popmintchev T, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Gaeta AL. Ionization-assisted spatiotemporal localization in gas-filled capillaries. Opt Lett 2018; 43:3112-3115. [PMID: 29957799 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate numerically and experimentally that intense pulses propagating in gas-filled capillaries can undergo localization in space and time due to strong plasma defocusing. This phenomenon can occur below or above the self-focusing threshold Pcr as a result of ionization-induced refraction that excites higher-order modes. The constructive interference of higher-order modes leads to spatiotemporal localization and resurgence of the intensity. Simulations show that this confinement is more prominent at shorter wavelength pulses and for smaller capillary diameters. Experiments with ultraviolet pulses show evidence that this ionization-induced refocusing appears below Pcr and thus represents a mechanism for spatiotemporal confinement without self-focusing.
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27
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Pryor A, Rana A, Xu R, Rodriguez JA, Yang Y, Gallagher-Jones M, Jiang H, Kanhaiya K, Nathanson M, Park J, Kim S, Kim S, Nam D, Yue Y, Fan J, Sun Z, Zhang B, Gardner DF, Dias CSB, Joti Y, Hatsui T, Kameshima T, Inubushi Y, Tono K, Lee JY, Yabashi M, Song C, Ishikawa T, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Heinz H, Miao J. Single-shot 3D coherent diffractive imaging of core-shell nanoparticles with elemental specificity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8284. [PMID: 29844398 PMCID: PMC5974371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report 3D coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) of Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles with 6.1 nm spatial resolution with elemental specificity. We measured single-shot diffraction patterns of the nanoparticles using intense x-ray free electron laser pulses. By exploiting the curvature of the Ewald sphere and the symmetry of the nanoparticle, we reconstructed the 3D electron density of 34 core-shell structures from these diffraction patterns. To extract 3D structural information beyond the diffraction signal, we implemented a super-resolution technique by taking advantage of CDI’s quantitative reconstruction capabilities. We used high-resolution model fitting to determine the Au core size and the Pd shell thickness to be 65.0 ± 1.0 nm and 4.0 ± 0.5 nm, respectively. We also identified the 3D elemental distribution inside the nanoparticles with an accuracy of 3%. To further examine the model fitting procedure, we simulated noisy diffraction patterns from a Au/Pd core-shell model and a solid Au model and confirmed the validity of the method. We anticipate this super-resolution CDI method can be generally used for quantitative 3D imaging of symmetrical nanostructures with elemental specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Pryor
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Arjun Rana
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jose A Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yongsoo Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marcus Gallagher-Jones
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Huaidong Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Krishan Kanhaiya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Michael Nathanson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jaehyun Park
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.,Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sunam Kim
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.,Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.,Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.,Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Yu Yue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Jiadong Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Bosheng Zhang
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Dennis F Gardner
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Carlos Sato Baraldi Dias
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takaki Hatsui
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takashi Kameshima
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Jim Yang Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Changyong Song
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.,Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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28
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Mancini GF, Karl RM, Shanblatt ER, Bevis CS, Gardner DF, Tanksalvala MD, Russell JL, Adams DE, Kapteyn HC, Badding JV, Mallouk TE, Murnane MM. Colloidal crystal order and structure revealed by tabletop extreme ultraviolet scattering and coherent diffractive imaging. Opt Express 2018; 26:11393-11406. [PMID: 29716059 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.011393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal crystals with specific electronic, optical, magnetic, vibrational properties, can be rationally designed by controlling fundamental parameters such as chemical composition, scale, periodicity and lattice symmetry. In particular, silica nanospheres -which assemble to form colloidal crystals- are ideal for this purpose, because of the ability to infiltrate their templates with semiconductors or metals. However characterization of these crystals is often limited to techniques such as grazing incidence small-angle scattering that provide only global structural information and also often require synchrotron sources. Here we demonstrate small-angle Bragg scattering from nanostructured materials using a tabletop-scale setup based on high-harmonic generation, to reveal important information about the local order of nanosphere grains, separated by grain boundaries and discontinuities. We also apply full-field quantitative ptychographic imaging to visualize the extended structure of a silica close-packed nanosphere multilayer, with thickness information encoded in the phase. These combined techniques allow us to simultaneously characterize the silica nanospheres size, their symmetry and distribution within single colloidal crystal grains, the local arrangement of nearest-neighbor grains, as well as to quantitatively determine the number of layers within the sample. Key to this advance is the good match between the high harmonic wavelength used (13.5nm) and the high transmission, high scattering efficiency, and low sample damage of the silica colloidal crystal at this wavelength. As a result, the relevant distances in the sample - namely, the interparticle distance (≈124nm) and the colloidal grains local arrangement (≈1μm) - can be investigated with Bragg coherent EUV scatterometry and ptychographic imaging within the same experiment simply by tuning the EUV spot size at the sample plane (5μm and 15μm respectively). In addition, the high spatial coherence of high harmonics light, combined with advances in imaging techniques, makes it possible to image near-periodic structures quantitatively and nondestructively, and enables the observation of the extended order of quasi-periodic colloidal crystals, with a spatial resolution better than 20nm. In the future, by harnessing the high time-resolution of tabletop high harmonics, this technique can be extended to dynamically image the three-dimensional electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of functional nanosystems.
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29
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Popmintchev D, Galloway BR, Chen MC, Dollar F, Mancuso CA, Hankla A, Miaja-Avila L, O'Neil G, Shaw JM, Fan G, Ališauskas S, Andriukaitis G, Balčiunas T, Mücke OD, Pugzlys A, Baltuška A, Kapteyn HC, Popmintchev T, Murnane MM. Near- and Extended-Edge X-Ray-Absorption Fine-Structure Spectroscopy Using Ultrafast Coherent High-Order Harmonic Supercontinua. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:093002. [PMID: 29547333 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.093002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in high-order harmonic generation have made it possible to use a tabletop-scale setup to produce spatially and temporally coherent beams of light with bandwidth spanning 12 octaves, from the ultraviolet up to x-ray photon energies >1.6 keV. Here we demonstrate the use of this light for x-ray-absorption spectroscopy at the K- and L-absorption edges of solids at photon energies near 1 keV. We also report x-ray-absorption spectroscopy in the water window spectral region (284-543 eV) using a high flux high-order harmonic generation x-ray supercontinuum with 10^{9} photons/s in 1% bandwidth, 3 orders of magnitude larger than has previously been possible using tabletop sources. Since this x-ray radiation emerges as a single attosecond-to-femtosecond pulse with peak brightness exceeding 10^{26} photons/s/mrad^{2}/mm^{2}/1% bandwidth, these novel coherent x-ray sources are ideal for probing the fastest molecular and materials processes on femtosecond-to-attosecond time scales and picometer length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming-Chang Chen
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Photonics Technologies, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Franklin Dollar
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | | | - Amelia Hankla
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Luis Miaja-Avila
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Galen O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Justin M Shaw
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Guangyu Fan
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Skirmantas Ališauskas
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tadas Balčiunas
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver D Mücke
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Audrius Pugzlys
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrius Baltuška
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-387, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Tenio Popmintchev
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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30
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Tengdin P, You W, Chen C, Shi X, Zusin D, Zhang Y, Gentry C, Blonsky A, Keller M, Oppeneer PM, Kapteyn HC, Tao Z, Murnane MM. Critical behavior within 20 fs drives the out-of-equilibrium laser-induced magnetic phase transition in nickel. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaap9744. [PMID: 29511738 PMCID: PMC5834307 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that ferromagnets undergo a phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic at the Curie temperature, associated with critical phenomena such as a divergence in the heat capacity. A ferromagnet can also be transiently demagnetized by heating it with an ultrafast laser pulse. However, to date, the connection between out-of-equilibrium and equilibrium phase transitions, or how fast the out-of-equilibrium phase transitions can proceed, was not known. By combining time- and angle-resolved photoemission with time-resolved transverse magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopies, we show that the same critical behavior also governs the ultrafast magnetic phase transition in nickel. This is evidenced by several observations. First, we observe a divergence of the transient heat capacity of the electron spin system preceding material demagnetization. Second, when the electron temperature is transiently driven above the Curie temperature, we observe an extremely rapid change in the material response: The spin system absorbs sufficient energy within the first 20 fs to subsequently proceed through the phase transition, whereas demagnetization and the collapse of the exchange splitting occur on much longer, fluence-independent time scales of ~176 fs. Third, we find that the transient electron temperature alone dictates the magnetic response. Our results are important because they connect the out-of-equilibrium material behavior to the strongly coupled equilibrium behavior and uncover a new time scale in the process of ultrafast demagnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Tengdin
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wenjing You
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xun Shi
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zusin
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Christian Gentry
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Adam Blonsky
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Peter M. Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhensheng Tao
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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31
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Dorney KM, Rego L, Brooks NJ, Román JS, Liao CT, Ellis JL, Zusin D, Gentry C, Nguyen QL, Shaw JM, Picón A, Plaja L, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Hernández-García C. Controlling the polarization and vortex charge of attosecond high-harmonic beams via simultaneous spin-orbit momentum conservation. Nat Photonics 2018. [PMID: 33101455 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-018-0304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical interactions are governed by both spin and angular momentum conservation laws, which serve as a tool for controlling light-matter interactions or elucidating electron dynamics and structure of complex systems. Here, we uncover a form of simultaneous spin and orbital angular momentum conservation and show, theoretically and experimentally, that this phenomenon allows for unprecedented control over the divergence and polarization of extreme-ultraviolet vortex beams. High harmonics with spin and orbital angular momenta are produced, opening a novel regime of angular momentum conservation that allows for manipulation of the polarization of attosecond pulses-from linear to circular-and for the generation of circularly polarized vortices with tailored orbital angular momentum, including harmonic vortices with the same topological charge as the driving laser beam. Our work paves the way to ultrafast studies of chiral systems using high-harmonic beams with designer spin and orbital angular momentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Dorney
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laura Rego
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nathan J Brooks
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julio San Román
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zusin
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christian Gentry
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Quynh L Nguyen
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Justin M Shaw
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Antonio Picón
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Present address: Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Plaja
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA - Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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32
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Dorney KM, Ellis JL, Hernández-García C, Hickstein DD, Mancuso CA, Brooks N, Fan T, Fan G, Zusin D, Gentry C, Grychtol P, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Helicity-Selective Enhancement and Polarization Control of Attosecond High Harmonic Waveforms Driven by Bichromatic Circularly Polarized Laser Fields. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:063201. [PMID: 28949633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High harmonics driven by two-color counterrotating circularly polarized laser fields are a unique source of bright, circularly polarized, extreme ultraviolet, and soft x-ray beams, where the individual harmonics themselves are completely circularly polarized. Here, we demonstrate the ability to preferentially select either the right or left circularly polarized harmonics simply by adjusting the relative intensity ratio of the bichromatic circularly polarized driving laser field. In the frequency domain, this significantly enhances the harmonic orders that rotate in the same direction as the higher-intensity driving laser. In the time domain, this helicity-dependent enhancement corresponds to control over the polarization of the resulting attosecond waveforms. This helicity control enables the generation of circularly polarized high harmonics with a user-defined polarization of the underlying attosecond bursts. In the future, this technique should allow for the production of bright highly elliptical harmonic supercontinua as well as the generation of isolated elliptically polarized attosecond pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Dorney
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, Departamento de Física Aplicada, University of Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Christopher A Mancuso
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Nathan Brooks
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Tingting Fan
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Guangyu Fan
- Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dmitriy Zusin
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Christian Gentry
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Patrik Grychtol
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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33
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Couch DE, Buckingham GT, Baraban JH, Porterfield JP, Wooldridge LA, Ellison GB, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Peters WK. Tabletop Femtosecond VUV Photoionization and PEPICO Detection of Microreactor Pyrolysis Products. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5280-5289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Couch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Grant T. Buckingham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joshua H. Baraban
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Laura A. Wooldridge
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - G. Barney Ellison
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C. Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M. Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William K. Peters
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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34
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Hernández-García C, Popmintchev T, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Plaja L, Becker A, Jaron-Becker A. Isolated broadband attosecond pulse generation with near- and mid-infrared driver pulses via time-gated phase matching. Opt Express 2017; 25:11855-11866. [PMID: 28788745 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.011855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of the time-gated phase matching (ionization gating) mechanism in high-order harmonic generation for the isolation of attosecond pulses at near-infrared and mid-infrared driver wavelengths, for both few-cycle and multi-cycle driving laser pulses. Results of our high harmonic generation and three-dimensional propagation simulations show that broadband isolated pulses spanning from the extreme-ultraviolet well into the soft X-ray region of the spectrum can be generated for both few-cycle and multi-cycle laser pulses. We demonstrate the key role of absorption and group velocity matching for generating bright, isolated, attosecond pulses using long wavelength multi-cycle pulses. Finally, we show that this technique is robust against carrier-envelope phase and peak intensity variations.
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35
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Ellis JL, Dorney KM, Durfee CG, Hernández-García C, Dollar F, Mancuso CA, Fan T, Zusin D, Gentry C, Grychtol P, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Hickstein DD. Phase matching of noncollinear sum and difference frequency high harmonic generation above and below the critical ionization level. Opt Express 2017; 25:10126-10144. [PMID: 28468388 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the macroscopic physics of noncollinear high harmonic generation (HHG) at high pressures. We make the first experimental demonstration of phase matching of noncollinear high-order-difference-frequency generation at ionization fractions above the critical ionization level, which normally sets an upper limit on the achievable cutoff photon energies. Additionally, we show that noncollinear high-order-sum-frequency generation requires much higher pressures for phase matching than single-beam HHG does, which mitigates the short interaction region in this geometry. We also dramatically increase the experimentally realized cutoff energy of noncollinear circularly polarized HHG, reaching photon energies of 90 eV. Finally, we achieve complete angular separation of high harmonic orders without the use of a spectrometer.
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36
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Hernandez-Charpak JN, Hoogeboom-Pot KM, Li Q, Frazer TD, Knobloch JL, Tripp M, King SW, Anderson EH, Chao W, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Nardi D. Full Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of 11-50 nm Ultrathin Films: Influence of Network Connectivity on the Poisson's Ratio. Nano Lett 2017; 17:2178-2183. [PMID: 28240907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Precise characterization of the mechanical properties of ultrathin films is of paramount importance for both a fundamental understanding of nanoscale materials and for continued scaling and improvement of nanotechnology. In this work, we use coherent extreme ultraviolet beams to characterize the full elastic tensor of isotropic ultrathin films down to 11 nm in thickness. We simultaneously extract the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of low-k a-SiC:H films with varying degrees of hardness and average network connectivity in a single measurement. Contrary to past assumptions, we find that the Poisson's ratio of such films is not constant but rather can significantly increase from 0.25 to >0.4 for a network connectivity below a critical value of ∼2.5. Physically, the strong hydrogenation required to decrease the dielectric constant k results in bond breaking, lowering the network connectivity, and Young's modulus of the material but also decreases the compressibility of the film. This new understanding of ultrathin films demonstrates that coherent EUV beams present a new nanometrology capability that can probe a wide range of novel complex materials not accessible using traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge N Hernandez-Charpak
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Kathleen M Hoogeboom-Pot
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Qing Li
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Travis D Frazer
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Joshua L Knobloch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Marie Tripp
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Sean W King
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
| | - Erik H Anderson
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Weilun Chao
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Damiano Nardi
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Intel Corp., 2501 NW 229th Avenue, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, United States
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37
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Couch DE, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Peters WK. Uncovering Highly-Excited State Mixing in Acetone Using Ultrafast VUV Pulses and Coincidence Imaging Techniques. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2361-2366. [PMID: 28267341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the ultrafast dynamics of highly excited electronic states of small molecules is critical for a better understanding of atmospheric and astrophysical processes, as well as for designing coherent control strategies for manipulating chemical dynamics. In highly excited states, nonadiabatic coupling, electron-electron interactions, and the high density of states govern dynamics. However, these states are computationally and experimentally challenging to access. Fortunately, new sources of ultrafast vacuum ultraviolet pulses, in combination with electron-ion coincidence spectroscopies, provide new tools to unravel the complex electronic landscape. Here we report time-resolved photoelectron-photoion coincidence experiments using 8 eV pump photons to study the highly excited states of acetone. We uncover for the first time direct evidence that the resulting excited state consists of a mixture of both ny → 3p and π → π* character, which decays with a time constant of 330 fs. In the future, this approach can inform models of VUV photochemistry and aid in designing coherent control strategies for manipulating chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Couch
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William K Peters
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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38
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Mathias S, Eich S, Urbancic J, Michael S, Carr AV, Emmerich S, Stange A, Popmintchev T, Rohwer T, Wiesenmayer M, Ruffing A, Jakobs S, Hellmann S, Matyba P, Chen C, Kipp L, Bauer M, Kapteyn HC, Schneider HC, Rossnagel K, Murnane MM, Aeschlimann M. Self-amplified photo-induced gap quenching in a correlated electron material. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12902. [PMID: 27698341 PMCID: PMC5059442 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Capturing the dynamic electronic band structure of a correlated material presents a powerful capability for uncovering the complex couplings between the electronic and structural degrees of freedom. When combined with ultrafast laser excitation, new phases of matter can result, since far-from-equilibrium excited states are instantaneously populated. Here, we elucidate a general relation between ultrafast non-equilibrium electron dynamics and the size of the characteristic energy gap in a correlated electron material. We show that carrier multiplication via impact ionization can be one of the most important processes in a gapped material, and that the speed of carrier multiplication critically depends on the size of the energy gap. In the case of the charge-density wave material 1T-TiSe2, our data indicate that carrier multiplication and gap dynamics mutually amplify each other, which explains-on a microscopic level-the extremely fast response of this material to ultrafast optical excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mathias
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Eich
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - J Urbancic
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S Michael
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - A V Carr
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - S Emmerich
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - A Stange
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - T Popmintchev
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - T Rohwer
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Wiesenmayer
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - A Ruffing
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S Jakobs
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S Hellmann
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - P Matyba
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - C Chen
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - L Kipp
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - M Bauer
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - H C Kapteyn
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - H C Schneider
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - K Rossnagel
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - M M Murnane
- JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - M Aeschlimann
- Department of Physics and Research Center OPTIMAS, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Mancuso CA, Dorney KM, Hickstein DD, Chaloupka JL, Ellis JL, Dollar FJ, Knut R, Grychtol P, Zusin D, Gentry C, Gopalakrishnan M, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Controlling Nonsequential Double Ionization in Two-Color Circularly Polarized Femtosecond Laser Fields. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:133201. [PMID: 27715086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.133201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atoms undergoing strong-field ionization in two-color circularly polarized femtosecond laser fields exhibit unique two-dimensional photoelectron trajectories and can emit bright circularly polarized extreme ultraviolet and soft-x-ray beams. In this Letter, we present the first experimental observation of nonsequential double ionization in these tailored laser fields. Moreover, we can enhance or suppress nonsequential double ionization by changing the intensity ratio and helicity of the two driving laser fields to maximize or minimize high-energy electron-ion rescattering. Our experimental results are explained through classical simulations, which also provide insight into how to optimize the generation of circularly polarized high harmonic beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mancuso
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jan L Chaloupka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Franklin J Dollar
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Ronny Knut
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Patrik Grychtol
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zusin
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Christian Gentry
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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40
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Galloway BR, Popmintchev D, Pisanty E, Hickstein DD, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Popmintchev T. Lorentz drift compensation in high harmonic generation in the soft and hard X-ray regions of the spectrum. Opt Express 2016; 24:21818-21832. [PMID: 27661918 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.021818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a semi-classical study of the effects of the Lorentz force on electrons during high harmonic generation in the soft and hard X-ray regions driven by near- and mid-infrared lasers with wavelengths from 0.8 to 20 μm, and at intensities below 1015 W/cm2. The transverse extent of the longitudinal Lorentz drift is compared for both Gaussian focus and waveguide geometries. Both geometries exhibit a longitudinal electric field component that cancels the magnetic Lorentz drift in some regions of the focus, once each full optical cycle. We show that the Lorentz force contributes a super-Gaussian scaling which acts in addition to the dominant high harmonic flux scaling of λ-(5-6) due to quantum diffusion. We predict that the high harmonic yield will be reduced for driving wavelengths > 6 μm, and that the presence of dynamic spatial mode asymmetries results in the generation of both even and odd harmonic orders. Remarkably, we show that under realistic conditions, the recollision process can be controlled and does not shut off completely even for wavelengths >10 μm and recollision energies greater than 15 keV.
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41
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Shanblatt ER, Porter CL, Gardner DF, Mancini GF, Karl RM, Tanksalvala MD, Bevis CS, Vartanian VH, Kapteyn HC, Adams DE, Murnane MM. Quantitative Chemically Specific Coherent Diffractive Imaging of Reactions at Buried Interfaces with Few Nanometer Precision. Nano Lett 2016; 16:5444-5450. [PMID: 27447192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantitative, chemically specific imaging of buried nanostructures, including oxidation and diffusion reactions at buried interfaces, using nondestructive tabletop extreme ultraviolet (EUV) coherent diffractive imaging (CDI). Copper nanostructures inlaid in SiO2 are coated with 100 nm of aluminum, which is opaque to visible light and thick enough that neither visible microscopy nor atomic force microscopy can image the buried interface. Short wavelength high harmonic beams can penetrate the aluminum layer, yielding high-contrast images of the buried structures. Quantitative analysis shows that the reflected EUV light is extremely sensitive to the formation of multiple oxide layers, as well as interdiffusion of materials occurring at the metal-metal and metal-insulator boundaries deep within the nanostructure with few nanometers precision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina L Porter
- JILA, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Dennis F Gardner
- JILA, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Giulia F Mancini
- JILA, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Robert M Karl
- JILA, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | | | - Charles S Bevis
- JILA, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Victor H Vartanian
- SUNY Poly SEMATECH , 257 Fuller Road, Suite 2200, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Daniel E Adams
- JILA, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
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42
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Hoogeboom-Pot KM, Turgut E, Hernandez-Charpak JN, Shaw JM, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Nardi D. Nondestructive Measurement of the Evolution of Layer-Specific Mechanical Properties in Sub-10 nm Bilayer Films. Nano Lett 2016; 16:4773-4778. [PMID: 27285719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We use short wavelength extreme ultraviolet light to independently measure the mechanical properties of disparate layers within a bilayer film for the first time, with single-monolayer sensitivity. We show that in Ni/Ta nanostructured systems, while their density ratio is not meaningfully changed from that expected in bulk, their elastic properties are significantly modified, where nickel softens while tantalum stiffens, relative to their bulk counterparts. In particular, the presence or absence of the Ta capping layer influences the mechanical properties of the Ni film. This nondestructive nanomechanical measurement technique represents the first approach to date able to distinguish the properties of composite materials well below 100 nm in thickness. This capability is critical for understanding and optimizing the strength, flexibility and reliability of materials in a host of nanostructured electronic, photovoltaic, and thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Hoogeboom-Pot
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Emrah Turgut
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Jorge N Hernandez-Charpak
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Justin M Shaw
- Electromagnetics Division, NIST , Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Damiano Nardi
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
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43
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Zhang B, Gardner DF, Seaberg MH, Shanblatt ER, Porter CL, Karl R, Mancuso CA, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Adams DE. Ptychographic hyperspectral spectromicroscopy with an extreme ultraviolet high harmonic comb. Opt Express 2016; 24:18745-54. [PMID: 27505837 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.018745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a proof-of-principle demonstration of a new scheme of spectromicroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral range, where the spectral response of the sample at different wavelengths is imaged simultaneously. This scheme is enabled by combining ptychographic information multiplexing (PIM) with a tabletop EUV source based on high harmonic generation, where four spectrally narrow harmonics near 30 nm form a spectral comb structure. Extending PIM from previously demonstrated visible wavelengths to the EUV/X-ray wavelengths promises much higher spatial resolution and a more powerful spectral contrast mechanism, making PIM an attractive spectromicroscopy method in both microscopy and spectroscopy aspects. In addition to spectromicroscopy, this method images the multicolor EUV beam in situ, making this a powerful beam characterization technique. In contrast to other methods, the techniques described here use no hardware to separate wavelengths, leading to efficient use of the EUV radiation.
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44
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Ellis JL, Hickstein DD, Xiong W, Dollar F, Palm BB, Keister KE, Dorney KM, Ding C, Fan T, Wilker MB, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Dukovic G, Jimenez JL, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Materials Properties and Solvated Electron Dynamics of Isolated Nanoparticles and Nanodroplets Probed with Ultrafast Extreme Ultraviolet Beams. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:609-615. [PMID: 26807653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present ultrafast photoemission measurements of isolated nanoparticles in vacuum using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light produced through high harmonic generation. Surface-selective static EUV photoemission measurements were performed on nanoparticles with a wide array of compositions, ranging from ionic crystals to nanodroplets of organic material. We find that the total photoelectron yield varies greatly with nanoparticle composition and provides insight into material properties such as the electron mean free path and effective mass. Additionally, we conduct time-resolved photoelectron yield measurements of isolated oleylamine nanodroplets, observing that EUV photons can create solvated electrons in liquid nanodroplets. Using photoemission from a time-delayed 790 nm pulse, we observe that a solvated electron is produced in an excited state and subsequently relaxes to its ground state with a lifetime of 151 ± 31 fs. This work demonstrates that femotosecond EUV photoemission is a versatile surface-sensitive probe of the properties and ultrafast dynamics of isolated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Franklin Dollar
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- CIRES and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - K Ellen Keister
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chengyuan Ding
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tingting Fan
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Molly B Wilker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyle J Schnitzenbaumer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- CIRES and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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45
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Fan T, Grychtol P, Knut R, Hernández-García C, Hickstein DD, Zusin D, Gentry C, Dollar FJ, Mancuso CA, Hogle CW, Kfir O, Legut D, Carva K, Ellis JL, Dorney KM, Chen C, Shpyrko OG, Fullerton EE, Cohen O, Oppeneer PM, Milošević DB, Becker A, Jaroń-Becker AA, Popmintchev T, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC. Bright circularly polarized soft X-ray high harmonics for X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14206-11. [PMID: 26534992 PMCID: PMC4655510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519666112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first bright circularly polarized high-harmonic beams in the soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and use them to implement X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements in a tabletop-scale setup. Using counterrotating circularly polarized laser fields at 1.3 and 0.79 µm, we generate circularly polarized harmonics with photon energies exceeding 160 eV. The harmonic spectra emerge as a sequence of closely spaced pairs of left and right circularly polarized peaks, with energies determined by conservation of energy and spin angular momentum. We explain the single-atom and macroscopic physics by identifying the dominant electron quantum trajectories and optimal phase-matching conditions. The first advanced phase-matched propagation simulations for circularly polarized harmonics reveal the influence of the finite phase-matching temporal window on the spectrum, as well as the unique polarization-shaped attosecond pulse train. Finally, we use, to our knowledge, the first tabletop X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements at the N4,5 absorption edges of Gd to validate the high degree of circularity, brightness, and stability of this light source. These results demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating the polarization, spectrum, and temporal shape of high harmonics in the soft X-ray region by manipulating the driving laser waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440;
| | - Patrik Grychtol
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Ronny Knut
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440; Grupo de Investigación en Óptica Extrema, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Dmitriy Zusin
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Christian Gentry
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Franklin J Dollar
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | | | - Craig W Hogle
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Solid State Institute and Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Dominik Legut
- IT4Innovations Center, VSB Technical University of Ostrava, CZ 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University in Prague, CZ-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Carva
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University in Prague, CZ-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Oleg G Shpyrko
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Eric E Fullerton
- Center for Magnetic Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0401
| | - Oren Cohen
- Solid State Institute and Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Peter M Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dejan B Milošević
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Max-Born-Institut, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | | | - Tenio Popmintchev
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440;
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440
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46
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Hogle CW, Tong XM, Martin L, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC, Ranitovic P. Attosecond Coherent Control of Single and Double Photoionization in Argon. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:173004. [PMID: 26551112 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.173004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast high harmonic beams provide new opportunities for coherently controlling excitation and ionization processes in atoms, molecules, and materials on attosecond time scales by employing multiphoton two-pathway electron-wave-packet quantum interferences. Here we use spectrally tailored and frequency tuned vacuum and extreme ultraviolet harmonic combs, together with two phase-locked infrared laser fields, to show how the total single and double photoionization yields of argon can be coherently modulated by controlling the relative phases of both optical and electronic-wave-packet quantum interferences. This Letter is the first to apply quantum control techniques to double photoionization, which is a fundamental process where a single, high-energy photon ionizes two electrons simultaneously from an atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Hogle
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - X M Tong
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - L Martin
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - M M Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - H C Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - P Ranitovic
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab,1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Nkft, Dugonics ter 13, Szeged H6720, Hungary
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47
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Ellis JL, Hickstein DD, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Wilker MB, Palm BB, Jimenez JL, Dukovic G, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Xiong W. Solvents effects on charge transfer from quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3759-62. [PMID: 25751367 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To predict and understand the performance of nanodevices in different environments, the influence of the solvent must be explicitly understood. In this Communication, this important but largely unexplored question is addressed through a comparison of quantum dot charge transfer processes occurring in both liquid phase and in vacuum. By comparing solution phase transient absorption spectroscopy and gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that hexane, a common nonpolar solvent for quantum dots, has negligible influence on charge transfer dynamics. Our experimental results, supported by insights from theory, indicate that the reorganization energy of nonpolar solvents plays a minimal role in the energy landscape of charge transfer in quantum dot devices. Thus, this study demonstrates that measurements conducted in nonpolar solvents can indeed provide insight into nanodevice performance in a wide variety of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ellis
- †Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- †Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyle J Schnitzenbaumer
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Molly B Wilker
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- †Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- †Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- †Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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48
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Hickstein DD, Dollar F, Ellis JL, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Keister KE, Petrov GM, Ding C, Palm BB, Gaffney JA, Foord ME, Libby SB, Dukovic G, Jimenez JL, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Xiong W. Mapping nanoscale absorption of femtosecond laser pulses using plasma explosion imaging. ACS Nano 2014; 8:8810-8. [PMID: 25100104 DOI: 10.1021/nn503199v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We make direct observations of localized light absorption in a single nanostructure irradiated by a strong femtosecond laser field, by developing and applying a technique that we refer to as plasma explosion imaging. By imaging the photoion momentum distribution resulting from plasma formation in a laser-irradiated nanostructure, we map the spatial location of the highly localized plasma and thereby image the nanoscale light absorption. Our method probes individual, isolated nanoparticles in vacuum, which allows us to observe how small variations in the composition, shape, and orientation of the nanostructures lead to vastly different light absorption. Here, we study four different nanoparticle samples with overall dimensions of ∼100 nm and find that each sample exhibits distinct light absorption mechanisms despite their similar size. Specifically, we observe subwavelength focusing in single NaCl crystals, symmetric absorption in TiO2 aggregates, surface enhancement in dielectric particles containing a single gold nanoparticle, and interparticle hot spots in dielectric particles containing multiple smaller gold nanoparticles. These observations demonstrate how plasma explosion imaging directly reveals the diverse ways in which nanoparticles respond to strong laser fields, a process that is notoriously challenging to model because of the rapid evolution of materials properties that takes place on the femtosecond time scale as a solid nanostructure is transformed into a dense plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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49
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Hickstein DD, Dollar F, Gaffney JA, Foord ME, Petrov GM, Palm BB, Keister KE, Ellis JL, Ding C, Libby SB, Jimenez JL, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Xiong W. Observation and control of shock waves in individual nanoplasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:115004. [PMID: 24702383 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using an apparatus that images the momentum distribution of individual, isolated 100-nm-scale plasmas, we make the first experimental observation of shock waves in nanoplasmas. We demonstrate that the introduction of a heating pulse prior to the main laser pulse increases the intensity of the shock wave, producing a strong burst of quasimonoenergetic ions with an energy spread of less than 15%. Numerical hydrodynamic calculations confirm the appearance of accelerating shock waves and provide a mechanism for the generation and control of these shock waves. This observation of distinct shock waves in dense plasmas enables the control, study, and exploitation of nanoscale shock phenomena with tabletop-scale lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Hickstein
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado and JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Franklin Dollar
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado and JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jim A Gaffney
- Physics Division, Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Mark E Foord
- Physics Division, Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - George M Petrov
- Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Lab, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - K Ellen Keister
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado and JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ellis
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado and JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Chengyuan Ding
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado and JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Stephen B Libby
- Physics Division, Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado and JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado and JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado and JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Ding C, Xiong W, Fan T, Hickstein DD, Popmintchev T, Zhang X, Walls M, Murnane MM, Kapteyn HC. High flux coherent super-continuum soft X-ray source driven by a single-stage, 10mJ, Ti:sapphire amplifier-pumped OPA. Opt Express 2014; 22:6194-202. [PMID: 24663953 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the highest flux tabletop source of coherent soft X-rays to date, driven by a single-stage 10 mJ Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier at 1 kHz. We first down-convert the laser to 1.3 µm using a parametric amplifier, before up-converting it to soft X-rays using high harmonic generation in a high-pressure, phase matched, hollow waveguide geometry. The resulting optimally phase matched broadband spectrum extends to 200 eV, with a soft X-ray photon flux of > 10(6) photons/pulse/1% bandwidth at 1 kHz, corresponding to > 10(9) photons/s/1% bandwidth, or approximately a three order-of-magnitude increase compared with past work. Finally, using this broad bandwidth X-ray source, we demonstrate X-ray absorption spectroscopy of multiple elements and transitions in molecules in a single spectrum, with a spectral resolution of 0.25 eV, and with the ability to resolve the near edge fine structure.
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