Prelimbic cortex-nucleus accumbens core projection positively regulates itch and itch-related aversion

Itch is one of the most common clinical symptoms in patients with diseases of the skin, liver, or kidney, and it strongly triggers aversive emotion and scratching behavior. Previous studies have confirmed the role of the prelimbic cortex (Prl) and the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), which are reward and motivation regulatory centers, in the regulation of itch. However, it is currently unclear whether the Prl-NAcC projection, an important pathway connecting these two brain regions, is involved in the regulation of itch and its associated negative emotions. In this study, rat models of acute neck and cheek itch were established by subcutaneous injection of 5-HT, compound 48/80, or chloroquine. Immunofluorescence experiments determined that the number of c-Fos-immunopositive neurons in the Prl increased during acute itch. Chemogenetic inhibition of Prl glutamatergic neurons or Prl-NAcC glutamatergic projections can inhibit both histaminergic and nonhistaminergic itch-scratching behaviors and rectify the itch-related conditioned place aversion (CPA) behavior associated with nonhistaminergic itch. The Prl-NAcC projection may play an important role in the positive regulation of itch-scratching behavior by mediating the negative emotions related to itch.

NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 plays a dual regulatory role in tomato fruit cuticle formation

The plant cuticle is an important protective barrier on the plant surface, constructed mainly by polymerized cutin matrix and a complex wax mixture. Although the pathway of plant cuticle biosynthesis has been clarified, knowledge of the transcriptional regulation network underlying fruit cuticle formation remains limited. In the present work, we discovered that tomato fruits of the NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 knockout mutants (nor-like1) produced by CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9] displayed reduced cutin deposition and cuticle thickness, with a microcracking phenotype, while wax accumulation was promoted. Further research revealed that SlNOR-like1 promotes cutin deposition by binding to the promoters of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6 (SlGPAT6; a key gene for cutin monomer formation) and CUTIN DEFICIENT2 (SlCD2; a positive regulator of cutin production) to activate their expression. Meanwhile, SlNOR-like1 inhibits wax accumulation, acting as a transcriptional repressor by targeting wax biosynthesis, and transport-related genes 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase1 (SlKCS1), ECERIFERUM 1-2 (SlCER1-2), SlWAX2, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored lipid transfer protein 1-like (SlLTPG1-like). In conclusion, SlNOR-like1 executes a dual regulatory effect on tomato fruit cuticle development. Our results provide a new model for the transcriptional regulation of fruit cuticle formation.

Comprehensive analysis of a NAD+ metabolism-derived gene signature to predict the prognosis and immune landscape in endometrial cancer

As a crucial regulator influencing tumor progression, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is widely acknowledged. However, its role in endometrial cancer (EC) is not completely understood. In this study, we aimed to develop an NAD+metabolic-related genes (NMRGs) risk signature that could reflect the prognosis of EC patients and their responsiveness to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) confirmed two distinct NMRG subtypes in EC patients using consensus clustering, and a risk score was constructed utilizing an NAD+-related prognostic signature depending on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to assess the model's precision. Additionally, we used Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to predict the biological signaling pathways that might be involved. We also explored the role of the risk score in immune cell infiltration, tumor mutation burden (TMB), immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Our study established a prognostic risk signature based on six NMRGs, and we observed that the high-risk group was associated with a poorer prognosis. Furthermore, we identified a strong correlation between the high-risk group and several pathways, including DNA replication, cell cycle, and mismatch repair. Lastly, our findings highlighted the influence of NMRGs on the regulation of immune infiltration in EC. Therefore, this signature holds potential value in predicting the prognosis of EC patients and guiding their management, including decisions regarding immunotherapy and chemotherapy, ultimately improving the accuracy of EC patient care.

[Design of an improved percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage tube based on MRCP imaging data]

Objective: Quantified MRCP imaging data was used as a reference for design and preparation of a modified percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage (PTCD) tube. Methods: 3.0 T upper abdominal MR and MRCP imaging data of 2 300 patients treated from July 2015 to July 2020 at the Department of Radiology of the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University were screened and a total of 381 patients diagnosed with biliary duct structures were identified. Causative etiologies among these patients included pancreatic adenocarcinoma (pancreatic head), cholangiocarcinoma, ampullary carcinoma, as well as intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic bile duct dilation. An improved PTCD tube was designed based on MRCP quantification of left and right hepatic and common hepatic duct length. Results: In the setting of biliary obstruction caused by malignancy, the distance of the left hepatic duct from its origin to the point of left and right hepatic duct confluence was 15.9±3.8 mm, while the distance of the right hepatic duct from its origin to the point of left and right hepatic duct confluence was 12.4±3.2 mm; the length of the bile duct from its origin to the point of left and right hepatic duct confluence was 34.0±8.1 mm. The improved PTCD tube design incorporated an altered length of the drainage orifice. Conclusion: MRCP imaging of the biliary tract is effective for measuring biliary tract length in the setting of pathological dilation. Based on our biliary tract measurements, a modified PTCD tube was designed to more effectively meet drainage requirements and manage biliary obstruction caused by Bismuth-Corlette type Ⅱ and Ⅲ malignancies.

Association between BMI and osteoporotic fractures at different sites in Chinese women: a case-control retrospective study in Changsha

BACKGROUND

Osteoporotic fractures are a growing problem in an aging society. The association between body mass index (BMI) and osteoporotic fractures varies by fracture site and ethnicity. Limited knowledge exists regarding this association in native Chinese, particularly utilizing local databases as reference sources.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between BMI and osteoporotic fractures at different sites in Chinese women.

METHODS

Three thousand ninety-eight female patients with radiographic fractures and 3098 age- and sex-matched healthy controls without fractures were included in the study. Both of them underwent assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), with BMD measurements calculated using our own BMD reference database. Participants were classified into underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 24.0 kg/m2), overweight (24 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) according to the Chinese BMI classification standard.

RESULTS

There were 2296 (74.1%) vertebral fractures, 374 (12.1%) femoral neck fractures, and 428 (13.8%) other types of fractures in the case group. Bone mineral density (BMD) was almost lower in the fracture groups compared to the control groups (p = 0.048 to < 0.001). Compared with normal weight, underweight had a protective effect on total [odds ratio (OR) = 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.49 -0.75; P< 0.001], and lumbar fractures (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.41 - 0.67; P < 0.001), while obesity was associated with an increased risk for total (OR = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.85 - 2.76; P < 0.001), lumbar (OR = 2.17; 95% CI, 1.72 - 2.73; P < 0.001), and femoral neck fractures (OR = 4.08; 95% CI, 2.18 - 7.63; P < 0.001). Non-linear associations were observed between BMI and fractures: A J-curve for total, lumbar, and femoral neck fractures, and no statistical change for other types of fractures. Underweight was found to be a risk factor for other types of fracturess after adjusting for BMD (OR = 2.29; 95% CI, 1.09 - 4.80; P < 0.001). Osteoporosis and osteopenia were identified as risk factors for almost all sites of fracture when compared to normal bone mass.

CONCLUSIONS

Underweight has a protective effect on total and lumbar spine fractures in Chinese women, while obesity poses a risk factor for total, lumbar, and femoral neck fractures. The effect of BMI on fractures may be mainly mediated by BMD.

[Statistical analysis of disability-adjusted life years for stomach and colorectal cancers in Changning District of Shanghai]

Objectives: To analyze the status and temporal changes of disability-adjusted life year (DALY) for stomach and colorectal cancers among registered permanent residents in Changning District of Shanghai Municipality, and provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of stomach and colorectal cancers in this district. Methods: Using the cancer registration data of stomach and colorectal cancers from 2002 to 2019, we estimated the indices such as the DALYs, the DALY crude rates, the age-standardized DALY rates, etc. Then we used the Joinpoint regression model to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC) and annual percent change (APC) to explore the temporal variations in different periods. Results: The DALYs of stomach and colorectal cancers in Changning District from 2002 to 2019 were 55 931 person years and 65 252 person years, respectively. The crude rates of DALY were 512.16/105 and 597.51/105, respectively. We observed a higher disease burden in men than in women, and the peak rate of DALY in stomach cancer was in the 75-79 years age group, while in colorectal cancer the rate was in the 85-years-or-older age group. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that from 2002 to 2019, the age-standardized DALY rate of stomach cancer showed a downward trend (AAPC=-3.86%, P＜0.05), while the trend of colorectal cancer was not statistically significant(AAPC=-0.08%, P＞0.05). However, the trends in the age-standardized DALY rates of colorectal cancer were different between males and females, with males showing an upward trend (AAPC=1.24%, P＜0.05) and females showing a downward trend (AAPC=-1.67%, P＜0.05). Conclusions: The DALY of stomach and colorectal cancers in Changning District of Shanghai showed a decreasing trend. Males and the middle-aged and elderly populations are still the key targets for disease prevention and control in this district.

Comparative transcriptome and metabolome profiles of the leaf and fruits of a Xianjinfeng litchi budding mutant and its mother plant

Background: Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is an important sub-tropical fruit in the horticulture market in China. Breeding for improved fruit characteristics is needed for satisfying consumer demands. Budding is a sustainable method for its propagation. During our ongoing breeding program, we observed a litchi mutant with flat leaves and sharp fruit peel cracking in comparison to the curled leaves and blunt fruit peel cracking fruits of the mother plant. Methods: To understand the possible molecular pathways involved, we performed a combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Results: We identified 1,060 metabolites in litchi leaves and fruits, of which 106 and 101 were differentially accumulated between the leaves and fruits, respectively. The mutant leaves were richer in carbohydrates, nucleotides, and phenolic acids, while the mother plant was rich in most of the amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, lipids and organic acids and derivatives, and vitamins. Contrastingly, mutant fruits had higher levels of amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates and derivatives, and organic acids and derivatives. However, the mother plant's fruits contained higher levels of flavonoids, scopoletin, amines, some amino acids and derivatives, benzamidine, carbohydrates and derivatives, and some organic acids and derivatives. The number of differentially expressed genes was consistent with the metabolome profiles. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway-enriched gene expressions showed consistent profiles as of metabolome analysis. Conclusion: These results provide the groundwork for breeding litchi for fruit and leaf traits that are useful for its taste and yield.

[Studies on clinicopathological features of duodenal-type follicular lymphoma of 18 patients]

To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of duodenal-type follicular lymphoma (D-FL), and to deepen the understanding of Duodenal-type follicular lymphoma. The clinical symptoms, endoscopic features, pathologic features, immunophenotype, molecular pathological features and treatment follow-up of 18 D-FL patients diagnosed in Department of Pathology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 2020 and July 2023 were summarized. A total of 18 patients with D-FL were included, including 10 males and 8 females. The median age was 49 (32-69) years respectively. Most of the patients were found during gastroenteroscopy or presented with the common gastrointestinal symptoms of stomach pain, acid reflux, vomiting and diarrhea. Most endoscopic findings were multiple small gray and white polyposis. In the pathological morphology, the mucous layer and submucous layer showed lymphoid follicular structures with full and strained follicles. The immunophenotype showed that the tumor cells strongly expressed CD20 and BCL2 and had low proliferation activity. Immunoglobulin clonal analysis of 1 case showed IgK monoclonal rearrangement (1/1). FISH showed 1 case of BCL2 gene rearrangement (1/3). All patients did not receive targeted chemotherapy and adopted a wait-and-see strategy. Median follow-up was 12 (2-34) months. This study shows that D-FL is an indolent lymphoma, which tends to occur in the duodenum and has a good prognosis.

[Clinicopathological study of epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomysarcoma with EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 fusion]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological and genetic features of epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomysarcoma with EWSR1-TFCP2 or FUS-TFCP2 fusion. Methods: The clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of 14 cases of epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomysarcoma with EWSR1-TFCP2 or FUS-TFCP2 fusion diagnosed from January 2019 to December 2022 in the Department of Pathology, Foshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Foshan, China were retrospectively analyzed. The cases were all subject to FISH or next generation sequencing for analysis of molecular genetic features. The literature was reviewed. Results: There were 5 males and 9 females, with the age at presentation ranging from 6 to 36 years (mean, 22 years). Tumors occurred in the head and neck (9 cases), pelvic region (2 cases), bladder (one case), right humerus (one case), and the abdominal wall, humerus and pubic at the same time (one case). Presenting symptoms varied by location but often included pain or discomfort. Most of the patients showed aggressive radiographic features with soft tissue extension. The tumors had a median size of 6.6 cm (range, 2-23 cm). The tumors were poorly defined and irregularly shaped. Microscopic examination showed diffuse proliferation of spindle or epithelioid cells. While morphologically high-grade tumors displayed obvious cytological atypia, a high mitotic count and tumor necrosis, low-grade tumors grew in sheets and fascicles composed of spindle, epithelioid cells with moderate or abundant amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm, without pronounced cytological atypia. The tumor cells expressed Desmin, MyoD1, and Myogenin, as well as ALK, EMA, and CKpan. EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusion was detected in 14 cases with next generation sequencing and confirmed by FISH. Six cases had EWSR1-TFCP2 fusions and 8 cases showed FUS-TFCP2 fusions. Follow-up information was available in 13 patients, ranged from 5 to 37 months. At the end of follow-up period, 7 patients died of the disease. Six patients were alive:two cases had local recurrences and metastases, two cases of recurrences, one case of metastasis and one case without recurrences and metastasis. Conclusions: Epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomysarcomas with EWSR1-TFCP2 or FUS-TFCP2 fusion show a very aggressive clinical course, and more commonly occur in the head and neck. Their genetic hallmark is the presence of EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 fusions. Familiarity with its clinicopathological characteristics is helpful in avoiding misdiagnoses.

[The efficacy of chemotherapy re-challenge in third-line setting for metastatic colorectal cancer patients: a real-world study]

Objective: To explore the efficacy of chemotherapy re-challenge in the third-line setting for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in the real world. Methods: The clinicopathological data, treatment information, recent treatment efficacy, adverse events and survival data of mCRC patients who had disease progression after treatment with oxaliplatin-based and/or irinotecan-based chemotherapy and received third-line chemotherapy re-challenge from January 2013 to December 2020 at Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital were retrospectively collected. Survival curves were plotted with the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the prognostic factors. Results: A total of 95 mCRC patients were included. Among them, 32 patients (33.7%) received chemotherapy alone and 63 patients (66.3%) received chemotherapy combined with targeted drugs. Eighty-three patients were treated with dual-drug chemotherapy (87.4%), including oxaliplatin re-challenge in 35 patients and irinotecan re-challenge in 48 patients. The remaining 12 patients were treated with triplet chemotherapy regimens (12.6%). Among them, as 5 patients had sequential application of oxaliplatin and irinotecan in front-line treatments, their third-line therapy re-challenged both oxaliplatin and irinotecan; 7 patients only had oxaliplatin prescription before, and these patients re-challenged oxaliplatin in the third-line treatment. The overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) reached 8.6% (8/93) and 61.3% (57/93), respectively. The median progression free survival (mPFS) and median overall survival (mOS) were 4.9 months and 13.0 months, respectively. The most common adverse events were leukopenia (34.7%) and neutropenia (34.7%), followed by gastrointestinal adverse reactions such as nausea (32.6%) and vomiting (31.6%). Grade 3-4 adverse events were mostly hematological toxicity. Cox multivariate analysis showed that gender (HR=1.609, 95% CI: 1.016-2.548) and the PFS of front-line treatments (HR=0.598, 95% CI: 0.378-0.947) were independent prognostic factors. Conclusion: The results suggested that it is safe and effective for mCRC patients to choose third-line chemotherapy re-challenge, especially for patients with a PFS of more than one year in front-line treatments.

Adaptive control-based synchronization of discrete-time fractional-order fuzzy neural networks with time-varying delays

This paper is concerned with complete synchronization for discrete-time fractional-order fuzzy neural networks (DFFNNs) with time-varying delays. First, three original equalities and two Caputo σ-difference inequalities are established based on theory of discrete-time fractional Calculus. Next, a novel discrete-time adaptive controller with time-varying delay is designed, by virtue of 1-norm Lyapunov function and newly established lemmas herein as well as inequality techniques and contradiction method, some judgement conditions are derived to guarantee complete synchronization for the explored DFFNNs. Benefitting from discrete-time adaptive control strategy and our analysis method, the conservatism of the derived synchronization criteria is reduced. Ultimately, the effectiveness of our theoretical results and secure communication scheme are demonstrated through two numerical examples.

Temporal Structures in Positron Spectra and Charge-Sign Effects in Galactic Cosmic Rays

We present the precision measurements of 11 years of daily cosmic positron fluxes in the rigidity range from 1.00 to 41.9 GV based on 3.4×10^{6} positrons collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station. The positron fluxes show distinctly different time variations from the electron fluxes at short and long timescales. A hysteresis between the electron fluxes and the positron fluxes is observed with a significance greater than 5σ at rigidities below 8.5 GV. On the contrary, the positron fluxes and the proton fluxes show similar time variation. Remarkably, we found that positron fluxes are modulated more than proton fluxes with a significance greater than 5σ for rigidities below 7 GV. These continuous daily positron fluxes, together with AMS daily electron, proton, and helium fluxes over an 11-year solar cycle, provide unique input to the understanding of both the charge-sign and mass dependencies of cosmic rays in the heliosphere.

[Efficacy and safety analysis of an improved overlength biliary stent in the treatment of biliary stricture]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an improved overlength biliary stent in the treatment of bile duct stricture. Methods: Prospective randomized controlled study. Patients with bile duct stricture in Peking University International Hospital from February 2016 to June 2021 were randomly divided into the conventional plastic biliary stents (CPBS) group and the improved overlength biliary stents (IOBS) group by envelope random method. CPBS or IOBS were placed after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) breast catheterization was successfully conducted and the stenosis length was determined by angiography. The incidence of postoperative complications, median patency time of postoperative stent and reoperation rate within 6 months were compared between the two groups, Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve, and log-rank test was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of IOBS in the treatment of bile duct stricture. Results: A total of 90 patients were included. There were 45 patients in IOBS group, including 28 males and 17 females, aged (67.2±11.7) years. There were 45 patients in CPBS group, including 26 males and 19 females, aged (64.6±14.4) years. The patients in the both groups were balanced and comparable. There were no significant differences in success rate of operation, operation time, hospitalization time, operation cost and prospective complication rate between the two groups (all P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the changes of liver function index before and 72 hours after operation between the two groups (both P>0.05). The median patency time of stents in IOBS group was longer than that in CPBS group [M(Q1, Q3), 201(155,246) vs 109(55,167) d, P=0.002].The IOBS group had lower reoperation rate than the CPBS group within 6 months [46.2% (18/39) vs 78.9%(30/38), P=0.003]. Conclusion: IOBS has good safety in the treatment of bile duct stricture and the clinical efficacy is superior to CPBS.

Untargeted Metabolomics and Physicochemical Analysis Revealed the Quality Formation Mechanism in Fermented Milk Inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis and Kluyveromyces marxianus Isolated from Traditional Fermented Milk

Traditional fermented milk from the western Sichuan plateau of China has a unique flavor and rich microbial diversity. This study explored the quality formation mechanism in fermented milk inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis NZ4 and Kluyveromyces marxianus SY11 (MFM), the dominant microorganisms isolated from traditional dairy products in western nan. The results indicated that MFM displayed better overall quality than the milk fermented with L. brevis NZ4 (LFM) and K. marxianus SY11 (KFM), respectively. MFM exhibited good sensory quality, more organic acid types, more free amino acids and esters, and moderate acidity and ethanol concentrations. Non-targeted metabolomics showed a total of 885 metabolites annotated in the samples, representing 204 differential metabolites between MFM and LFM and 163 between MFM and KFM. MFM displayed higher levels of N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid, cysteinyl serine, glaucarubin, and other substances. The differential metabolites were mainly enriched in pathways such as glycerophospholipid metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and beta-alanine metabolism. This study speculated that L. brevis affected K. marxianus growth via its metabolites, while the mixed fermentation of these strains significantly changed the metabolism pathway of flavor-related substances, especially glycerophospholipid metabolism. Furthermore, mixed fermentation modified the flavor and quality of fermented milk by affecting cell growth and metabolic pathways.

Synchronization of discrete-time fractional fuzzy neural networks with delays via quantized control

In this paper, synchronization issue of discrete-time fractional fuzzy neural networks (DFFNNs) with delays is solved via quantized control, and is applied in image encryption. Firstly, a novel fractional-order h-difference inequality which makes Lyapunov method more flexible and practical is strictly proved based on the properties of convex functions and theory of discrete fractional calculus. Secondly, by using compression mapping theorem and mathematical induction, we obtain two sufficient conditions to ensure the existence and uniqueness of solutions for DFFNNs. Whereafter, we design a suitable quantized controller, which not only saves channel resources but also reduces control costs. By utilizing our inequality and some analytical techniques, several conservative synchronization criteria for DFFNNs are acquired. Finally, two examples are arranged to illustrate the validity and practicability of our results.

[Development and validation of a prognostic prediction model for patients with stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ colon cancer incorporating high-risk pathological features]

Objective: To examine a predictive model that incorporating high risk pathological factors for the prognosis of stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ colon cancer. Methods: This study retrospectively collected clinicopathological information and survival outcomes of stage Ⅰ~Ⅲ colon cancer patients who underwent curative surgery in 7 tertiary hospitals in China from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. A total of 1 650 patients were enrolled, aged (M(IQR)) 62 (18) years (range: 14 to 100). There were 963 males and 687 females. The median follow-up period was 51 months. The Cox proportional hazardous regression model was utilized to select high-risk pathological factors, establish the nomogram and scoring system. The Bootstrap resampling method was utilized for internal validation of the model, the concordance index (C-index) was used to assess discrimination and calibration curves were presented to assess model calibration. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves after risk grouping, and Cox regression was used to compare disease-free survival between subgroups. Results: Age (HR=1.020, 95%CI: 1.008 to 1.033, P=0.001), T stage (T3:HR=1.995,95%CI:1.062 to 3.750,P=0.032;T4:HR=4.196, 95%CI: 2.188 to 8.045, P<0.01), N stage (N1: HR=1.834, 95%CI: 1.307 to 2.574, P<0.01; N2: HR=3.970, 95%CI: 2.724 to 5.787, P<0.01) and number of lymph nodes examined (≥36: HR=0.438, 95%CI: 0.242 to 0.790, P=0.006) were independently associated with disease-free survival. The C-index of the scoring model (model 1) based on age, T stage, N stage, and dichotomous variables of the lymph nodes examined (<12 and ≥12) was 0.723, and the C-index of the scoring model (model 2) based on age, T stage, N stage, and multi-categorical variables of the lymph nodes examined (<12, 12 to <24, 24 to <36, and ≥36) was 0.726. A scoring system was established based on age, T stage, N stage, and multi-categorical variables of lymph nodes examined, the 3-year DFS of the low-risk (≤1), middle-risk (2 to 4) and high-risk (≥5) group were 96.3% (n=711), 89.0% (n=626) and 71.4% (n=313), respectively. Statistically significant difference was observed among groups (P<0.01). Conclusions: The number of lymph nodes examined was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival after curative surgery in patients with stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ colon cancer. Incorporating the number of lymph nodes examined as a multi-categorical variable into the T and N staging system could improve prognostic predictive validity.

Effect of birth asphyxia on neonatal blood glucose during the early postnatal life: A multi-center study in Hubei Province, China

BACKGROUND

Birth asphyxia causes hypoxia or inadequate perfusion to the organs of newborns, leading to metabolism dysfunctions including blood glucose disorders.

METHODS

Neonates with and without birth asphyxia were retrospectively recruited from 53 hospitals in Hubei Province from January 1 to December 31, 2018. In summary, 875, 1139, and 180 cases in the control group, the mild asphyxia group, and the severe asphyxia group were recruited, respectively. Neonatal blood glucose values at postnatal 1, 2, 6, and 12 h (time error within 0.5 h was allowed) were gathered from the medical records.

RESULTS

The incidence rates of hyperglycemia in the control group, the mild asphyxia group and the severe asphyxia group were 2.97%, 7.90%, and 23.33%, respectively (p < 0.001). Additionally, the incidence rates of hypoglycemia in the three groups above were 3.66%, 4.13%, and 7.78%, respectively (p = 0.042). The blood glucose values of neonates with hypoglycemia in the asphyxia group were lower than in the control group (p = 0.003). Furthermore, the blood glucose values of neonates with hyperglycemia were highest in the severe asphyxia group (p < 0.001). There were 778 and 117 cases with blood glucose records at four predefined time points in the mild and severe asphyxia group, respectively. The incidence of blood glucose disorders in the mild asphyxia group significantly decreased from postnatal 6 h (p＜0.05). However, we found no obvious changes of the incidence of glucose disorders within postnatal 12 h in the severe asphyxia group (p = 0.589).

CONCLUSION

Birth asphyxia is likely to cause neonatal blood glucose disorders, both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, during the early postnatal life. The neonates with severe asphyxia have higher incidence, worse severity and longer duration of blood glucose disorders than neonates with mild asphyxia.

[CT texture analysis for predicting pseudoprogression in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma during PD-1 inhibitor therapy]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of enhanced CT texture feature analysis in predicting pseudoprogression in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) undergoing programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor therapy. Methods: A cross-sectional study. Data from 32 patients with mccRCC were retrospectively collected who received monotherapy with PD-1 inhibitors after standard treatment failure at Henan Cancer Hospital, from June 2015 to January 2021. Clinical information and enhanced CT images were analyzed to assess target lesion response. The lesions were divided into pseudoprogression and non-pseudoprogression groups. Manual segmentation of target lesions was performed using ITK-Snap software on baseline enhanced CT, and texture analysis was conducted using A.K. software to extract feature parameters. Differences in texture features between the pseudoprogression and non-pseudoprogression groups were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. A predictive model for pseudoprogression was constructed, and its performance was evaluated using ROC curve analysis. Results: A total of 32 patients with 89 lesions were included in the study. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in seven texture features between the pseudoprogression and non-pseudoprogression groups. These features included"original_ngtdm_Strength"(0.49 vs. -0.61,P=0.006), "wavelet-HLH_glszm_ZonePercentage"(0.67 vs. -0.22,P=0.024),"wavelet-LHL_ngtdm_Strength"(1.20 vs. -0.51,P=0.002), "wavelet-HLL_gldm_LargeDependenceEmphasis"(-0.84 vs. 0.19,P=0.002), "wavelet-HLH_glcm_Id" (-0.30 vs. 0.43,P=0.037),"wavelet- HLH_glrlm_RunPercentage"(0.45 vs. -0.01,P=0.032),"wavelet-LHH_firstorder_Skewness"(0.25 vs. -0.27, P=0.011). Based on these features, a pseudoprogression prediction model was developed with a P-value of 0.000 2 and an odds ratio of 0.045 (95%CI 0.009-0.227). The model exhibited a high predictive performance with an AUC of 0.907 (95%CI 0.817-0.997) according to ROC curve analysis. Conclusions: Enhanced CT texture feature analysis shows promise in predicting lesion pseudoprogression in patients with metastatic ccRCC undergoing PD-1 inhibitor therapy. The developed predictive model based on texture features demonstrates good performance and may assist in evaluating treatment response in these patients.

[Pre- and post-diagnosis body mass index in association with colorectal cancer death in a prospective cohort study]

Objective: To evaluate the association between pre-and post-diagnosis body mass index (BMI) and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) death. Methods: The cohort consisted of 3, 057 CRC patients from Shanghai who were diagnosed from Jan. 1, 2009 to Dec. 31, 2011 and aged from 20 to 74 years. The pre- and post-diagnosis BMI and clinical and lifestyle factors were collected at baseline. Death information was collected using record linkage with the Shanghai Cancer Registry and telephone confirmation during follow-up by the end of 2019. The Cox proportional regression model was used to estimate HR with 95% CI. Results: Analysis by multivariable Cox model showed no association between pre-diagnosis BMI and death risk in both male and female patients. Male patients with a post-diagnosis underweight BMI had an elevated risk of death compared to those in normal weight (HR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.21-2.37), especially in early stage cases. Overweight patients (HR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.89) and patients with obesity class Ⅰ (HR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.89)had better survival with decreased risks of death, especially in advanced stage cases. The decreased death risk in patients with obesity class Ⅱ was not significant (HR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.24-1.39). The P(trend) value for decreased risk of death with increased BMI in female patients was statistically significant (P<0.001), and the overweight and obesity class Ⅰ categories had better survival in advanced stage(HR(overweight)=0.62, 95% CI: 0.42-0.93; HR(obesity class Ⅰ)=0.39, 95% CI: 0.16-0.98). Both male and female patients with post-diagnosis BMI loss >2.0 kg/m(2) had an increased death risk when compared with those with stable BMI (change≤1.0 kg/m(2)) between pre- and post-diagnosis. BMI gain after diagnosis did not change death risk. Conclusions: Post-diagnosis BMI in the overweight or obesity class Ⅰ groups might be conducive to prolonging male CRC patients' survival, while underweight might result in poor prognosis. Keeping weight and avoiding excessive weight loss should be suggested for all CRC patients after diagnosis.

[Fibrocartilaginous lipoma: a clinicopathological analysis of six cases]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, immunophenotype, molecular genetics and differential diagnoses of fibrocartilaginous lipomas which consist of adipose tissue, fibrocartilage and fibrous elements. Methods: The clinicopathological features, immunohistochemical profiles and molecular profiles in six cases of fibrocartilaginous lipomas diagnosed at Foshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from January 2017 to February 2022 were included. The follow-up information, diagnosis and differential diagnoses were evaluated. Results: There were three males and three females with a median age of 53 years (range 36-69 years) at presentation. Tumors were located in the extremities, the head and neck region and trunk; and presented as painless masses that were located in the subcutaneous tissue or deep soft tissue. Grossly, three cases were well defined with thin capsule, one case was well circumscribed without capsule, two cases were surrounded by some skeletal muscle. The tumors were composed of fatty tissue with intermingled gray-white area. The tumors ranged from 1.50-5.50 cm (mean 2.92 cm). Microscopically, the hallmark of these lesions was the complex admixture of mature adipocytes, fibrocartilage and fibrous element in varying proportions; the fibrocartilage arranged in a nodular, sheet pattern with some adipocytes inside. Tumor cells had a bland appearance without mitotic activity. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies to SMA, desmin, S-100, SOX9, HMGA2, RB1, CD34, adipopholin was performed in six cases; the fibrocartilage was positive for S-100 and SOX9, adipocytes were positive for S-100, adipopholin and HMGA2; CD34 was expressed in the fibroblastic cells, while desmin and SMA were negative. Loss of nuclear RB1 expression was not observed. Other genetic abnormalities had not been found yet in four cases. Follow-up information was available in six cases; there was no recurrence in five, and one patient only underwent biopsy of the mass. Conclusions: Fibrocartilaginous lipoma is a benign lipomatous tumor with mature adipocytes, fibrocartilage and fibrous elements. By immunohistochemistry, they show the expression of fat and cartilage markers. No specific molecular genetics changes have been identified so far. Familiarity with its clinicopathological features helps the distinction from its morphologic mimics.

[Progress on development and application of the diet-related inflammatory index in cancer epidemiological studies]

Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, causing an more serious burden of disease. Inflammation is considered a predisposing factor for cancer with close relationship with its incidence. In recent years, the public and epidemiologists has paid more attention to the association between nutrition and cancer and other chronic diseases in the perspective of inflammation. This paper summarizes the development and application of the diet-related inflammatory index in cancer epidemiological studies based on the literature retrieval of common diet-related inflammatory index. Firstly, we highlight the common diet-related inflammatory indices and their construction methods, such as the Dietary Inflammatory Index, a literature-derived diet-related inflammatory index, and the Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index, an empirically derived diet-related inflammatory index, and so on. Secondly, the epidemiological research progress on the commonly used diet-related inflammatory indices is briefly introduced. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of this inflammatory indices are also briefly described for the purpose of providing reference for nutrition epidemiological studies of cancer and other chronic diseases in China.

SIK2: A critical glucolipid metabolic reprogramming regulator and potential target in ovarian cancer

AIM

To explore the role of salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) on glucose and lipid metabolism in ovarian cancer (OC), so as to increase the understanding of potential inhibitors targeting SIK2 and lay a foundation for future precision medicine in OC patients.

METHODS

We reviewed and summarized the regulation effect of SIK2 on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipid synthesis, and fatty acids β-oxidation (FAO) in OC, as well as the potential molecular mechanism and the prospects of potential inhibitors targeting SIK2 in future cancer treatments.

RESULTS

Many pieces of evidence show that SIK2 is closed associated with glucose and lipid metabolism of OC. On the one hand, SIK2 enhances the Warburg effect by promoting glycolysis and inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and gluconeogenesis, on the other hand, SIK2 regulates intracellular lipid metabolism through promoting lipid synthesis and FAO, all of which ultimately induces growth, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance of OC. On this basis, SIK2 targeting may become a new solution for the treatment of a variety of cancer types including OC. The efficacy of some small molecule kinase inhibitors has also been demonstrated in tumor clinical trials.

CONCLUSION

SIK2 displays significant effects in OC progression and treatment through regulating cellular metabolism including glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, future research needs to further explore the molecular mechanisms of SIK2 in other types of energy metabolism in OC, based on this to develop more unique and effective inhibitors.

Improved Measurement of the Evolution of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay

Reactor neutrino experiments play a crucial role in advancing our knowledge of neutrinos. In this Letter, the evolution of the flux and spectrum as a function of the reactor isotopic content is reported in terms of the inverse-beta-decay yield at Daya Bay with 1958 days of data and improved systematic uncertainties. These measurements are compared with two signature model predictions: the Huber-Mueller model based on the conversion method and the SM2018 model based on the summation method. The measured average flux and spectrum, as well as the flux evolution with the ^{239}Pu isotopic fraction, are inconsistent with the predictions of the Huber-Mueller model. In contrast, the SM2018 model is shown to agree with the average flux and its evolution but fails to describe the energy spectrum. Altering the predicted inverse-beta-decay spectrum from ^{239}Pu fission does not improve the agreement with the measurement for either model. The models can be brought into better agreement with the measurements if either the predicted spectrum due to ^{235}U fission is changed or the predicted ^{235}U, ^{238}U, ^{239}Pu, and ^{241}Pu spectra are changed in equal measure.

Properties of Cosmic-Ray Sulfur and Determination of the Composition of Primary Cosmic-Ray Carbon, Neon, Magnesium, and Sulfur: Ten-Year Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

We report the properties of primary cosmic-ray sulfur (S) in the rigidity range 2.15 GV to 3.0 TV based on 0.38×10^{6} sulfur nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment (AMS). We observed that above 90 GV the rigidity dependence of the S flux is identical to the rigidity dependence of Ne-Mg-Si fluxes, which is different from the rigidity dependence of the He-C-O-Fe fluxes. We found that, similar to N, Na, and Al cosmic rays, over the entire rigidity range, the traditional primary cosmic rays S, Ne, Mg, and C all have sizeable secondary components, and the S, Ne, and Mg fluxes are well described by the weighted sum of the primary silicon flux and the secondary fluorine flux, and the C flux is well described by the weighted sum of the primary oxygen flux and the secondary boron flux. The primary and secondary contributions of the traditional primary cosmic-ray fluxes of C, Ne, Mg, and S (even Z elements) are distinctly different from the primary and secondary contributions of the N, Na, and Al (odd Z elements) fluxes. The abundance ratio at the source for S/Si is 0.167±0.006, for Ne/Si is 0.833±0.025, for Mg/Si is 0.994±0.029, and for C/O is 0.836±0.025. These values are determined independent of cosmic-ray propagation.

Synchronization Analysis of Discrete-Time Fractional-Order Quaternion-Valued Uncertain Neural Networks

This article studies synchronization issues for a class of discrete-time fractional-order quaternion-valued uncertain neural networks (DFQUNNs) using nonseparation method. First, based on the theory of discrete-time fractional calculus and quaternion properties, two equalities on the nabla Laplace transform and nabla sum are strictly proved, whereafter three Caputo difference inequalities are rigorously demonstrated. Next, based on our established inequalities and equalities, some simple and verifiable quasi-synchronization criteria are derived under the quaternion-valued nonlinear controller, and complete synchronization is achieved using quaternion-valued adaptive controller. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to substantiate the validity of derived results.

[Rapid determination of acetaminophen in plasma by LC-MS/MS]

Objective: To establish a method for the rapid determination of acetaminophen (APAP) in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. Methods: The plasma samples were extracted by methanol and acetonitrile (1: 1) and purified directly. C(18) column was used for sample separation. The mobile phase were methanol (5 mmol/L ammonium acetate) and water (5 mmol/L ammonium acetate). Samples were analyzed by LC MS/MS with the electrospray ionization multi reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Results: The calibration curves of APAP was linear in the concentration range of 0~10 mg/L, the correlation coefficient (r) was greater than 0.999 0. The relative standard deviation within and between batches was less than 10%. The recovery rate were 96.81%~101.7%. The detection limit of the method was 0.1 μg/L and the lower limit of quantification was 0.3 μg/L. Conclusion: This method has strong specificity, high sensitivity and reliable determination results. It is suitable for the rapid analysis of clinical plasma samples.

Quasi-projective and complete synchronization of discrete-time fractional-order delayed neural networks

This paper presents new theoretical results on quasi-projective synchronization (Q-PS) and complete synchronization (CS) of one kind of discrete-time fractional-order delayed neural networks (DFDNNs). At first, three new fractional difference inequalities for exploring the upper bound of quasi-synchronization error and adaptive synchronization are established by dint of Laplace transform and properties of discrete Mittag-Leffler function, which vastly expand a number of available results. Furthermore, two controllers are designed including nonlinear controller and adaptive controller. And on the basis of Lyapunov method, the aforementioned inequalities and properties of fractional-order difference operators, some sufficient synchronization criteria of DFDNNs are derived. Because of the above controllers, synchronization criteria in this paper are less conservative. At last, numerical examples are carried out to illustrate the usefulness of theoretical upshots.

Precision Measurement of Reactor Antineutrino Oscillation at Kilometer-Scale Baselines by Daya Bay

We present a new determination of the smallest neutrino mixing angle θ_{13} and the mass-squared difference Δm_{32}^{2} using a final sample of 5.55×10^{6} inverse beta-decay (IBD) candidates with the final-state neutron captured on gadolinium. This sample is selected from the complete dataset obtained by the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment in 3158 days of operation. Compared to the previous Daya Bay results, selection of IBD candidates has been optimized, energy calibration refined, and treatment of backgrounds further improved. The resulting oscillation parameters are sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.0851±0.0024, Δm_{32}^{2}=(2.466±0.060)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} for the normal mass ordering or Δm_{32}^{2}=-(2.571±0.060)×10^{-3}  eV^{2} for the inverted mass ordering.

Temporal Structures in Electron Spectra and Charge Sign Effects in Galactic Cosmic Rays

We present the precision measurements of 11 years of daily cosmic electron fluxes in the rigidity interval from 1.00 to 41.9 GV based on 2.0×10^{8} electrons collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station. The electron fluxes exhibit variations on multiple timescales. Recurrent electron flux variations with periods of 27 days, 13.5 days, and 9 days are observed. We find that the electron fluxes show distinctly different time variations from the proton fluxes. Remarkably, a hysteresis between the electron flux and the proton flux is observed with a significance of greater than 6σ at rigidities below 8.5 GV. Furthermore, significant structures in the electron-proton hysteresis are observed corresponding to sharp structures in both fluxes. This continuous daily electron data provide unique input to the understanding of the charge sign dependence of cosmic rays over an 11-year solar cycle.

Association between the NEP rs701109 polymorphism and the clinical efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in Chinese patients with heart failure

OBJECTIVE

Sacubitril/valsartan is a commonly used medicine for treating heart failure (HF) patients, but the treatment effects significantly vary. Neprilysin (NEP) and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) play an important role in the efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between NEP and CES1 gene polymorphisms and the efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan treatment in HF patients.

METHODS

Genotyping of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the NEP and CES1 genes in 116 HF patients was performed by the Sequenom MassARRAY method, and logistic regression and haplotype analysis were used to evaluate the associations between SNPs and the clinical efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in HF patients.

RESULTS

A total of 116 Chinese patients with HF completed the whole trial, and T variations in rs701109 in NEP gene were an independent risk factor (P = 0.013, OR = 3.292, 95% CI:1.287-8.422) for the clinical efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan. Furthermore, haplotype analysis of 6 NEP SNPs (including rs701109) was performed and showed that the CGTACC and TGTACC haplotypes were significantly associated with clinical efficacy (OR = 0.095, 95%CI: 0.012-0.723, P = 0.003; OR = 5.586, 95% CI: 1.621-19.248, P = 0.005). Moreover, no association was found between SNPs of other selected genes in terms of efficacy in HF patients, and no association was observed between SNPs and symptomatic hypotension.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest an association between rs701109 and sacubitril/valsartan response in HF patients. Symptomatic hypotension is not associated with the presence of NEP polymorphisms.

[Analysis of the causes of long-standing pelvic anterior sacral space infection and discussion of management techniques]

Objective: To investigate the causes and management of long-term persistent pelvic presacral space infection. Methods: Clinical data of 10 patients with persistent presacral infection admitted to the Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University from October 2015 to October 2020 were collected. Different surgical approaches were used to treat the presacral infection according to the patients' initial surgical procedures. Results: Among the 10 patients, there were 2 cases of presacral recurrent infection due to rectal leak after radiotherapy for cervical cancer, 3 cases of presacral recurrent infection due to rectal leak after radiotherapy for rectal cancer Dixons, and 5 cases of presacral recurrent infection of sinus tract after adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer Miles. Of the 5 patients with leaky bowel, 4 had complete resection of the ruptured nonfunctional bowel and complete debridement of the presacral infection using an anterior transverse sacral incision with a large tipped omentum filling the presacral space; 1 had continuous drainage of the anal canal and complete debridement of the presacral infection using an anterior transverse sacral incision. 5 post-Miles patients all had debridement of the presacral infection using an anterior transverse sacral incision combined with an abdominal incision. The nine patients with healed presacral infection recovered from surgery in 26 to 210 days, with a median time of 55 days. Conclusions: Anterior sacral infections in patients with leaky gut are caused by residual bowel secretion of intestinal fluid into the anterior sacral space, and in post-Miles patients by residual anterior sacral foreign bodies. An anterior sacral caudal transverse arc incision combined with an abdominal incision is an effective surgical approach for complete debridement of anterior sacral recalcitrant infections.

Transgenerational Herbivory Effects on Performance of Clonal Offspring of the Invasive Plant Alternanthera philoxeroides

Interactions between alien plants and local enemies in introduced ranges may determine plant invasion success. However, little is known about whether herbivory-induced responses are transmitted across vegetative generations of plants and whether epigenetic changes are involved during this process. In a greenhouse experiment, we examined the effects of herbivory by the generalist herbivore Spodoptera litura on the growth, physiology, biomass allocation and DNA methylation level of the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides in the first- (G1), second- (G2) and third-generation (G3). We also tested the effects of root fragments with different branching orders (i.e., the primary- or secondary-root fragments of taproots) of G1 on offspring performance. Our results showed that G1 herbivory promoted the growth of the plants in G2 that sprouted from the secondary-root fragments of G1 but had a neutral or negative effect on the growth of the plants in G2 from the primary-root fragments. The growth of plants in G3 was significantly reduced by G3 herbivory but not affected by G1 herbivory. Plants in G1 exhibited a higher level of DNA methylation when they were damaged by herbivores than when they were not, while neither plants in G2 nor G3 showed herbivory-induced changes in DNA methylation. Overall, the herbivory-induced growth response within one vegetative generation may represent the rapid acclimatization of A. philoxeroides to the unpredictable generalist herbivores in the introduced ranges. Herbivory-induced trans-generational effects may be transient for clonal offspring of A. philoxeroides, which can be influenced by the branching order of taproots, but be less characterized by DNA methylation.

Statin use after valvular heart surgery is associated with a decreased risk of prosthetic valve endocarditis

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, China;

HKU-SZH Fund for Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline

Background

Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is a rare but serious complication following valvular heart surgery for which preventive strategies remain unknown. Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that statins may reduce the risk of infections and infection-related complications.

Purpose

We aim to assess the association between statin use and the risk of prosthetic valve endocarditis in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery.

Methods

In all patients undergoing valvular heart surgery in Hong Kong between 2010 and 2021, statin use was ascertained by ≥14-day consecutive filled prescriptions after surgery. Stepwise Poisson regression was applied to identify predictors of PVE. Baseline characteristics between statin nonusers (N = 1400) with statin users (N = 976) were balanced using the inverse probability of treatment weighting. Cox proportional-hazard models with competing risk regression were further performed to estimate the risk of PVE and cardiovascular mortality associated with statin use.

Results

Our study included 2376 patients; the mean age was 57.8±14.2 years, and 54.4% were males. Over a median follow-up of 5.5 years (interquartile range 2.8-8.6), PVE occurred in 93 patients (6.75 [95% CI 5.51-8.26] PVE events per 1000 person-years). PVE was associated with New York Heart Association Class (Relative Risk [RR] 1.22, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.01-1.45; P = 0.035), prior infective endocarditis (RR 8.64, 95% CI 5.58-13.19; P &lt; 0.001), and aortic valve replacement (RR 1.67, 95% CI 1.11-2.53; P = 0.014).

Compared with non-use, statin use was associated with a 47% lower risk of PVE incidence (multivariable-adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.53, 95% CI 0.33-0.83; P = 0.006) (Figure 1). This inverse association with the risk of PVE was duration dependent, with an adjusted SHR of 0.60 (95% CI 0.47-0.73; P &lt; 0.001) per year of statin use. Results were consistent across subgroups of sex (male vs female), the number of valvular procedures (single vs multiple), and prosthesis type (mechanical vs biological), but not in groups aged ≤60 years or with prior infective endocarditis (Figure 2). Statin use was associated with a 45% decreased risk of cardiovascular death (SHR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84; P = 0.006).

Conclusions

In patients undergoing valvular surgery, post-operative statin use is associated with a lower risk of PVE. These results provide new avenues for preventing PVE and hence valve failure.

Comparison of risk of hyperkalemia between SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4-inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Hyperkalemia is a common complication and increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), especially in those with diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the risk of hyperkalemia in patients initiated on SGLT2 inhibitors versus DPP-4 inhibitors among patients with T2DM.

Methods

This study included patients with T2DM who initiated on SGLT2 inhibitors or DPP-4 inhibitors between January 01, 2015 and December 31, 2019 from a territory-wide clinical registry in Hong Kong (Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System [CDARS]). A multivariable cox proportional hazards analysis, adjusting for key confounders, was used to compare the risk of central laboratory-determined hyperkalemia (serum potassium ≥6.0mmol/L) and hypokalemia (serum potassium &lt;3.5mmol/L), respectively, between SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors.

Results

10193 new users of SGLT2 inhibitors were matched to 17305 new users of DPP-4 inhibitors. During the 2-year follow-up, there were 104 hyperkalemia events (incident rate [IR] = 5.17 per 1000 person-years) among SGLT2 inhibitors and 306 events (IR = 9.09 per 1000 person-years) among DPP-4 inhibitors, of which SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of incident hyperkalemia (Adjusted HR: 0.66 [95%CI 0.53-0.83], p&lt;0.001), compared to DPP-4 inhibitors. The incident hypokalemia was similar between SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors (Adjusted HR: 0.91 [95%CI 0.81-1.03], P=0.13).

Conclusion

SGLT2 inhibitors reduced incident hyperkalemia, but without increasing incident hypokalemia compared to DPP-4 inhibitors.

The prelimbic cortex regulates itch processing by controlling attentional bias

Itch is a complex and unpleasant sensory experience. Recent studies have begun to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the modulation of sensory and emotional components of itch in the brain. However, the key brain regions and neural mechanism involved in modulating the attentional processing of itch remain elusive. Here, we showed that the prelimbic cortex (PrL) is associated with itch processing and that the manipulation of itch-responsive neurons in the PrL significantly disrupted itch-induced scratching. Interestingly, we found that increasing attentional bias toward a distracting stimulus could disturb itch processing. We also demonstrated the existence of a population of attention-related neurons in the PrL that drive attentional bias to regulate itch processing. Importantly, itch-responsive neurons and attention-related neurons significantly overlapped in the PrL and were mutually interchangeable in the regulation of itch processing at the cellular activity level. Our results revealed that the PrL regulates itch processing by controlling attentional bias.

[Clinical pathologic analysis and review of literature on 11 cases of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor]

Objective: To improve the understanding of histological variants of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). Methods: In this retrospective study, 11 cases of CEOT diagnosed from January 2008 to March 2022 were enrolled in the Department of Oral Pathology of Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University. Among them, 10 were male and 1 was female. The patients were 19 to 58 years old [(43.0±11.9) years] and the course of disease was 2 weeks to 5 years. The clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed and the follow-up of patients ranged from 1 to 8 years, including 8 cases with follow-up data and 3 cases lost to follow-up. Furthermore, the related domestic and international literature was reviewed. Results: Eleven cases of CEOT included 6 cases of classic CEOT, 2 cases of clear cell CEOT, 2 cases of Langerhans cell-rich variant of CEOT and 1 case of non-calcified CEOT. In 6 cases of classic CEOT, the ratio of occurrence in mandible to maxilla was 2∶1, the ratio in central parts to peripheral parts was 5∶1, 2 cases were associated with unerupted teeth and 3 cases showed local aggressiveness. Histopathologically, classic CEOT showed eosinophilic epithelial cells, amyloid and calcification with Ki-67 value<5%. Among 4 cases with follow-up information, 1 case recurred after 1 year and 3 cases did not recur for 3 to 8 years. In 2 cases of clear cell CEOT, they both occurred in the periphery of mandible, pathologically showing a mix of lamellar balloon-like clear cells and typical CEOT, positive for CK5/6 and p63 in the area where the epithelial cells and clear cells were located, scattered positive for periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) in clear cells, which indicated the presence of glycogen. The maximum Ki-67 value was 5% in this type. One case lost to follow-up and the other case did not recur for 1 year follow-up after surgery. In 2 cases of Langerhans cell-rich variant of CEOT, they were cystic solid lesions and both occurred in the anterior maxilla. Langerhans cells were scattered in the epithelium and non-calcified amyloid glomeruli were present. Two cases were followed up for 1 year and 2 years without recurrence after surgery. One case of non-calcified CEOT that occurs within the jan showed invasion of surrounding soft tissues and the highest of Ki-67 value at 8% in all 11 cases without recurrence at 1 year follow-up. Conclusions: The histological pattern of classic CEOT is unique, and it is necessary to prompt the understanding of several histological variants derived from it.

Transcription factor SlBEL2 interferes with GOLDEN2-LIKE and influences green shoulder formation in tomato fruits

Chloroplasts play a crucial role in plant growth and fruit quality. However, the molecular mechanisms of chloroplast development are still poorly understood in fruits. In this study, we investigated the role of the transcription factor SlBEL2 (BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 2) in fruit of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Phenotypic analysis of SlBEL2 overexpression (OE-SlBEL2) and SlBEL2 knockout (KO-SlBEL2) plants revealed that SlBEL2 has the function of inhibiting green shoulder formation in tomato fruits by affecting the development of fruit chloroplasts. Transcriptome profiling revealed that the expression of chloroplast-related genes such as SlGLK2 and SlLHCB1 changed significantly in the fruit of OE-SlBEL2 and KO-SlBEL2 plants. Further analysis showed that SlBEL2 could not only bind to the promoter of SlGLK2 to inhibit its transcription, but also interacted with the SlGLK2 protein to inhibit the transcriptional activity of SlGLK2 and its downstream target genes. SlGLK2 knockout (KO-SlGLK2) plants exhibited a complete absence of the green shoulder, which was consistent with the fruit phenotype of OE-SlBEL2 plants. SlBEL2 showed an expression gradient in fruits, in contrast with that reported for SlGLK2. In conclusion, our study reveals that SlBEL2 affects the formation of green shoulder in tomato fruits by negatively regulating the gradient expression of SlGLK2, thus providing new insights into the molecular mechanism of fruit green shoulder formation.

Peak atrial longitudinal strain as an independent predictor of composite endpoint in patients received aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis: a prospective cohort study

Objective

Severe aortic stenosis (AS) is the primary valvular heart disease, treatable only by aortic valve replacement (AVR). The prognostic value of pre-operative left atrial (LA) function on post-AVR clinical outcomes is uncertain. The study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of pre-operative peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) as a surrogate of LA function on post AVR all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalisation.

Methods

Patients aged 18 years old or above with severe AS were recruited and assessed using speckle-tracking echocardiography pre-operatively. Severe AS was defined according to 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease. PALS was measured. Based on the median value of PALS, patients were stratified into PALS &lt;15.94% and PALS &gt;15.94%. Patients with underlying pre-operative atrial fibrillation, other moderate to severe valvular heart diseases and cancers were excluded. Patients were followed up until death, heart failure hospitalisation or end of the study. The primary outcome is a composite endpoint of all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalisation. The association of PALS with the composite endpoint was evaluated by Cox Proportional Hazards analysis.

Results

A total of 128 patients (mean age 65.32±9.42 years, 56.3% male) were prospectively analyzed. Patients were followed up for a mean period of 3.9±2.4 years. A total of 65 of 128 patients (50.8%) belonged to PALS&lt;15.94%. During the study period, 23 patients developed the adverse events. A lower pre-operative PALS, both as a continuous or a categorical variable, were associated with a higher unadjusted risk of adverse events (Continuous; HR, 0.93; 95% CI 0.88–0.98; p=0.011; PALS &lt;15.94%; HR, 4.94; 95% CI, 1.67–14.58; p=0.004).

Conclusion

The study demonstrated a lower pre-operative PALS is associated with all-cause mortality and heart failure admission in patients with severe AS undergoing AVR. Evaluation of LA function by assessing speckle tracking derived PALS may aid in prognostication for patients undergoing AVR.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

[Long-term outcomes of 328 patients with of autism spectrum disorder after fecal microbiota transplantation]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted. Clinical data from ASD patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and who underwent FMT in the Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University or Jinling Hospital between May 2012 to May 2021 were retrospectively collected. Scores derived from the autism behavior checklist (ABC), the childhood autism rating scale (CARS), the Bristol stool form scale (BSFS), and the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) were analyzed at baseline and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th and 60th month after FMT. Records of any adverse reactions were collected. Generalized estimating equations were used for analysis of data on time points before and after FMT. Results: A total of 328 patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. Their mean age was 6.1±3.4 years old. The cohort included 271 boys and 57 girls. The percentage of patients remaining in the study for post-treatment follow-up at the 1st, 3rd, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th and 60th month were as follows: 303 (92.4%), 284 (86.7%), 213 (64.9%), 190 (57.9%), 143 (43.6%), 79 (24.1%), 46 (14.0%), 31 (9.5%). After FMT, the average ABC score was significantly improved in the first 36 months and remained improved at the 48th month. However, the average score was not significantly different from baseline by the 60th month (1st-36th month, P<0.001; 48th month, P=0.008; 60th month, P=0.108). The average CARS score improved significantly during the first 48 months and remained improved at the 60th month (1st-48th month, P<0.001; 60th month, P=0.010). The average BSFS score was also significantly improved in the first 36 months (with an accompanying stool morphology that resembled type 4). This improvement was maintained at the 48th month. However, the average score was similar to baseline at the 60th month (1st-36th month, P<0.001; 48th month, P=0.008; 60th month, P=0.109). The average GSRS score was significantly improved during the first 24 months, but not afterwards (1st-24th month, P<0.001; 36th month, P=0.209; 48th month, P=0.996; 60th month, P=0.668). The adverse events recorded during treatment included abdominal distension in 21 cases (6.4%), nausea in 14 cases (4.3%), vomiting in 9 cases (2.7%), abdominal pain in 15 cases (4.6%), diarrhea in 18 cases (5.5%), fever in 13 cases (4.0%), and excitement in 24 cases (7.3%). All adverse reactions were mild to moderate and improved immediately after suspension of FMT or on treatment of symptoms. No serious adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion: FMT has satisfactory long-term efficacy and safety for the treatment of ASD with gastrointestinal symptoms.

[Effects of caloric restriction and rope-skipping exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese college students]

Objective: To explore the effect of three interventions including caloric restriction, rope-skipping exercise and caloric restriction combined with rope-skipping exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese college students. Methods: This study was a pilot randomized controlled trial. Overweight or obese students who met the inclusion criteria were recruited at Sun Yat-sen University in September 2019 and were randomly divided into four groups: caloric restriction group (CR), rope-skipping group (RS), combined group (CR-RS) and control group (CT). The intervention in each group lasted 8 weeks, specifically: the daily energy intake of CR was 100% to 110% of the basal metabolic energy; RS was instructed to rope three times a week, and CR-RS combined caloric restriction with rope-skipping. At the baseline and end of 8-week intervention, basic information, anthropometric indicators and fasting vein blood of students were collected. Paired t test and Wilcoxon paired-samples signed rank test were used for comparison before and after intervention, and analysis of covariance was used for comparison between groups after intervention. Results: A total of 29 students completed the trial and were included in the final analysis (7, 9, 7 and 6 students in CR, RS, CR-RS and CT, respectively). The mean age of students were (19.00±1.00) years, including 11 males and 18 females. The baseline characteristics of four groups were comparable. After 8 weeks of intervention, compared with CT, there was an increase in the body fat percentage and fat mass index in CR and CR-RS (P<0.05). Insulin level decreased in CR-RS (P<0.05). Systolic blood pressure in CR and diastolic blood pressure in CR-RS were higher (P<0.05). Compared with baseline, fat mass index decreased in CR (P<0.05), while body weight, BMI, and fat mass index decreased in CR-RS (P<0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested that the caloric restriction alone and calorie restriction combined with rope-skipping exercise can benefit overweight or obese college students with cardiometabolic risk factors.

A meta-analysis result: Uneven influences of season, geo-spatial scale and latitude on relationship between meteorological factors and the COVID-19 transmission

Meteorological factors have been confirmed to affect the COVID-19 transmission, but current studied conclusions varied greatly. The underlying causes of the variance remain unclear. Here, we proposed two scientific questions: (1) whether meteorological factors have a consistent influence on virus transmission after combining all the data from the studies; (2) whether the impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission can be influenced by season, geospatial scale and latitude. We employed a meta-analysis to address these two questions using results from 2813 published articles. Our results showed that, the influence of meteorological factors on the newly-confirmed COVID-19 cases varied greatly among existing studies, and no consistent conclusion can be drawn. After grouping outbreak time into cold and warm seasons, we found daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures have significant positive influences on the newly-confirmed COVID-19 cases in cold season, while significant negative influences in warm season. After dividing the scope of the outbreak into national and urban scales, relative humidity significantly inhibited the COVID-19 transmission at the national scale, but no effect on the urban scale. The negative impact of relative humidity, and the positive impacts of maximum temperatures and wind speed on the newly-confirmed COVID-19 cases increased with latitude. The relationship of maximum and minimum temperatures with the newly-confirmed COVID-19 cases were more susceptible to season, while relative humidity's relationship was more affected by latitude and geospatial scale. Our results suggested that relationship between meteorological factors and the COVID-19 transmission can be affected by season, geospatial scale and latitude. A rise in temperature would promote virus transmission in cold seasons. We suggested that the formulation and implementation of epidemic prevention and control should mainly refer to studies at the urban scale. The control measures should be developed according to local meteorological properties for individual city.

[Chinese foreign medical aid work should pay attention to heat stroke as a preventable disease under global warming context]

Within the global warming context, heat stroke heavily threatens human health as the most severe type of heat-related illnesses. Despite the urgent onset, severe condition and poor prognosis, heat stroke is entirely preventable and treatable. Most of the recipient countries of Chinese foreign medical aid work are concentrated in the tropical and subtropical regions. It is necessary to popularize the knowledge of heat stroke and improve the ability of diagnose and treatment among foreign medical aid members, which is critical to enhance the quality of medical service and provide better medical care for recipient countries and workers in Chinese-funded institutions. This article reviews the latest research progress in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of heat stroke to provide scientific reference for actively implementing interventions and reducing morbidity and mortality.

[New challenges for Chinese foreign medical aid in the context of global warming: heat-related illnesses]

Global warming poses an ever-increasing threat to human health, with heat-related illnesses affecting economically underdeveloped tropical regions, posing new challenges to Chinese foreign medical aid work in Africa. By improving the professional ability of foreign aid medical team members and paying attention to the prevention and treatment of heat-related illnesses, they can provide better medical services for recipient countries and Chinese migrant workers in Africa while ensuring their safety.

Itch-specific neurons in the ventrolateral orbital cortex selectively modulate the itch processing

Itch is a cutaneous sensation that is critical in driving scratching behavior. The long-standing question of whether there are specific neurons for itch modulation inside the brain remains unanswered. Here, we report a subpopulation of itch-specific neurons in the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) that is distinct from the pain-related neurons. Using a Tet-Off cellular labeling system, we showed that local inhibition or activation of these itch-specific neurons in the VLO significantly suppressed or enhanced itch-induced scratching, respectively, whereas the intervention did not significantly affect pain. Conversely, suppression or activation of pain-specific neurons in the VLO significantly affected pain but not itch. Moreover, fiber photometry and immunofluorescence verified that these itch- and pain-specific neurons are distinct in their functional activity and histological location. In addition, the downstream targets of itch- and pain-specific neurons were different. Together, the present study uncovers an important subpopulation of neurons in the VLO that specifically modulates itch processing.