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MacGregor KA, Ho FK, Celis-Morales CA, Pell JP, Gallagher IJ, Moran CN. Association between menstrual cycle phase and metabolites in healthy, regularly menstruating women in UK Biobank, and effect modification by inflammatory markers and risk factors for metabolic disease. BMC Med 2023; 21:488. [PMID: 38066548 PMCID: PMC10709933 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03195-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence demonstrates some parameters of metabolic control, including glycaemic control, lipid control and insulin resistance, vary across the menstrual cycle. However, the literature is inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the association between the menstrual cycle phase and metabolites and to explore potential mediators and moderators of these associations. METHODS We undertook a cross-sectional cohort study using UK Biobank. The outcome variables were glucose; triglyceride; triglyceride to glucose index (TyG index); total, HDL and LDL cholesterol; and total to HDL cholesterol ratio. Generalised additive models (GAM) were used to investigate non-linear associations between the menstrual cycle phase and outcome variables. Anthropometric, lifestyle, fitness and inflammatory markers were explored as potential mediators and moderators of the associations between the menstrual cycle phase and outcome variables. RESULTS Data from 8694 regularly menstruating women in UK Biobank were analysed. Non-linear associations were observed between the menstrual cycle phase and total (p < 0.001), HDL (p < 0.001), LDL (p = 0.012) and total to HDL cholesterol (p < 0.001), but not glucose (p = 0.072), triglyceride (p = 0.066) or TyG index (p = 0.100). Neither anthropometric, physical fitness, physical activity, nor inflammatory markers mediated the associations between the menstrual cycle phase and metabolites. Moderator analysis demonstrated a greater magnitude of variation for all metabolites across the menstrual cycle in the highest and lowest two quartiles of fat mass and physical activity, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cholesterol profiles exhibit a non-linear relationship with the menstrual cycle phase. Physical activity, anthropometric and fitness variables moderate the associations between the menstrual cycle phase and metabolite concentration. These findings indicate the potential importance of physical activity and fat mass as modifiable risk factors of the intra-individual variation in metabolic control across the menstrual cycle in pre-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin A MacGregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Frederick K Ho
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Carlos A Celis-Morales
- School Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Human Performance Lab, Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Unit, University Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jill P Pell
- Human Performance Lab, Education, Physical Activity and Health Research Unit, University Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
- Centre for Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin N Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
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2
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Wilkinson D, Gallagher IJ, McNelly A, Bear DE, Hart N, Montgomery HE, Le Guennec A, Conte MR, Francis T, Harridge SDR, Atherton PJ, Puthucheary ZA. The metabolic effects of intermittent versus continuous feeding in critically ill patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19508. [PMID: 37945671 PMCID: PMC10636009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent (or bolus) feeding regimens in critically ill patients have been of increasing interest to clinicians and scientists. Changes in amino acid, fat and carbohydrate metabolites over time might yet deliver other benefits (e.g. modulation of the circadian rhythm and sleep, and impacts on ghrelin secretion, insulin resistance and autophagy). We set out to characterise these changes in metabolite concentration. The Intermittent versus Continuous Feeding in Critically Ill paitents study (NCT02358512) was an eight-centre single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Patients were randomised to received a continuous (control arm) or intermittent (6x/day, intervention arm) enteral feeding regimen. Blood samples were taken on trial days 1, 7 and 10 immediately before and 30 min after intermittent feeds, and at equivalent timepoints in the control arm. A pre-planned targeted metabolomic analysis was performend using Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy. Five hundred and ninety four samples were analysed from 75 patients. A total of 24 amino acid-, 19 lipid based-, and 44 small molecule metabolite features. Across the main two axes of variation (40-60% and 6-8% of variance), no broad patterns distinguished between intermittent or continuous feeding arms, across intra-day sampling times or over the 10 days from initial ICU admission. Logfold decreases in abundance were seen in metabolites related to amino acids (Glutamine - 0.682; Alanine - 0.594), ketone body metabolism (Acetone - 0.64; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid - 0.632; Acetonacetic Acid - 0.586), fatty acid (carnitine - 0.509) and carbohydrate metabolism ( Maltose - 0.510; Citric Acid - 0.485). 2-3 Butanediol, a by-product of sugar-fermenting microbial metabolism also decreased (- 0.489). No correlation was seen with change in quadriceps muscle mass for any of the 20 metabolites varying with time (all p > 0.05). Increasing severity of organ failure was related to increasing ketone body metabolism (3 Hydroxybutyric Acid-1 and - 3; p = 0.056 and p = 0.014), carnitine deficiency (p = 0.002) and alanine abundancy (p - 0.005). A 6-times a day intermittent feeding regimen did not alter metabolite patterns across time compared to continuous feeding in critically ill patients, either within a 24 h period or across 10 days of intervention. Future research on intermittent feeding regimens should focus on clinical process benefits, or extended gut rest and fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Cetnre, Nottingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottinghan University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | | | - A McNelly
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - D E Bear
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Critical Care, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation & King's College London (KCL) NIHR BRC, London, UK
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Hart
- Lane Fox Respiratory Service, Guy's & St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Research Centre, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - H E Montgomery
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - A Le Guennec
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M R Conte
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Francis
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S D R Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Cetnre, Nottingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottinghan University Hospitals and University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Z A Puthucheary
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK.
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK.
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Stokes T, Cen HH, Kapranov P, Gallagher IJ, Pitsillides AA, Volmar C, Kraus WE, Johnson JD, Phillips SM, Wahlestedt C, Timmons JA. Transcriptomics for Clinical and Experimental Biology Research: Hang on a Seq. Adv Genet (Hoboken) 2023; 4:2200024. [PMID: 37288167 PMCID: PMC10242409 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing the human genome empowers translational medicine, facilitating transcriptome-wide molecular diagnosis, pathway biology, and drug repositioning. Initially, microarrays are used to study the bulk transcriptome; but now short-read RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) predominates. Positioned as a superior technology, that makes the discovery of novel transcripts routine, most RNA-seq analyses are in fact modeled on the known transcriptome. Limitations of the RNA-seq methodology have emerged, while the design of, and the analysis strategies applied to, arrays have matured. An equitable comparison between these technologies is provided, highlighting advantages that modern arrays hold over RNA-seq. Array protocols more accurately quantify constitutively expressed protein coding genes across tissue replicates, and are more reliable for studying lower expressed genes. Arrays reveal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are neither sparsely nor lower expressed than protein coding genes. Heterogeneous coverage of constitutively expressed genes observed with RNA-seq, undermines the validity and reproducibility of pathway analyses. The factors driving these observations, many of which are relevant to long-read or single-cell sequencing are discussed. As proposed herein, a reappreciation of bulk transcriptomic methods is required, including wider use of the modern high-density array data-to urgently revise existing anatomical RNA reference atlases and assist with more accurate study of lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner Stokes
- Faculty of ScienceMcMaster UniversityHamiltonL8S 4L8Canada
| | - Haoning Howard Cen
- Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T 1Z3Canada
| | | | - Iain J Gallagher
- School of Applied SciencesEdinburgh Napier UniversityEdinburghEH11 4BNUK
| | | | | | | | - James D. Johnson
- Life Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T 1Z3Canada
| | | | | | - James A. Timmons
- Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL33136USA
- William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
- Augur Precision Medicine LTDStirlingFK9 5NFUK
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Wilson MT, Macgregor LJ, Fyfe J, Hunter AM, Hamilton DL, Gallagher IJ. Bayesian analysis of changes in standing horizontal and vertical jump after different modes of resistance training. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1700-1711. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2100676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Wilson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Lewis J Macgregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jackson Fyfe
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Paval DR, Patton R, McDonald J, Skipworth RJE, Gallagher IJ, Laird BJ. A systematic review examining the relationship between cytokines and cachexia in incurable cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:824-838. [PMID: 35080147 PMCID: PMC8977958 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is an unmet clinical need that affects more than 50% of patients with cancer. The systemic inflammatory response, which is mediated by a network of cytokines, has an established role in the genesis and maintenance of cancer as well as in cachexia; yet, the specific role of the cytokine milieu in cachexia requires elucidation. This systematic review aims to examine the relationship between cytokines and the cachexia syndrome in patients with incurable cancer. The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched for studies published between 01/01/2004 and 06/01/2020. Included studies measured cytokines and their relationship with cachexia and related symptoms/signs in adults with incurable cancer. After title screening (n = 5202), the abstracts (n = 1264) and the full-text studies (n = 322) were reviewed independently by two authors. The quality assessment of the selected papers was conducted using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Overall, 1277 patients with incurable cancer and 155 healthy controls were analysed in the 17 eligible studies. The mean age of the patients was 64 ± 15 (mean ± standard deviation). Only 34% of included participants were female. The included studies were assessed as moderate-quality to high-quality evidence (mean quality score: 7.8; range: 5-10). A total of 31 cytokines were examined in this review, of which interleukin-6 (IL-6, 14 studies) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 12 studies) were the most common. The definitions of cachexia and the weight-loss thresholds were highly variable across studies. Although the data could not be meta-analysed due to the high degree of methodological heterogeneity, the findings were discussed in a systematic manner. IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 were greater in cachectic patients compared with healthy individuals. Also, IL-6 levels were higher in cachectic participants as opposed to non-cachectic patients. Leptin, interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, adiponectin, and ghrelin did not demonstrate any significant difference between groups when individuals with cancer cachexia were compared against non-cachectic patients or healthy participants. These findings suggest that a network of cytokines, commonly IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8, are associated with the development of cachexia. Yet, this relationship is not proven to be causative and future studies should opt for longitudinal designs with consistent methodological approaches, as well as adequate techniques for analysing and reporting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Robert Paval
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | | | | | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Barry J Laird
- St Columba's Hospice, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Paval DR, Di Virgilio TG, Skipworth RJE, Gallagher IJ. The Emerging Role of Intelectin-1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:767859. [PMID: 35186726 PMCID: PMC8850632 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.767859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intelectin (ITLN) is an adipokine with two homologs-ITLN1 and ITLN2-that has various physiological functions. Studies analyzing the relationship between ITLN and cancer are focused on ITLN1; the available literature on ITLN2 and cancer is limited. This review aims to evaluate the role of ITLN1 in cancer without imposing any inclusion criteria, to examine pro- and anticancer roles for ITLN1 and to discuss whether the relationship between ITLN and cancer is mediated by obesity. FINDINGS Overall, ITLN1 level was highly variable in cancer patients but different from healthy individuals. Compared with control groups, patients with gastrointestinal and prostate cancer showed increased concentrations of circulating ITLN1, while patients with gynecological, breast, bladder, and renal cancer had lower ITLN1 levels. Several studies also evaluated tissue and tumor expression of ITLN1. In gastrointestinal cancer, ITLN1 was increased in tumor tissue compared with adjacent healthy tissue and elevated in the visceral adipose tissue of patients compared with controls. Consequently, the high levels of circulating ITLN1 might be determined by the tumor and by the cancer-associated weight loss in gastrointestinal cancer. ITLN1 can activate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway. The improper regulation of this pathway may contribute to a series of cellular events that favor tumor development and progression. Obesity has been linked with an increased risk of developing some cancers. Indeed, low circulating ITLN1 levels may be a marker of the metabolic effects of obesity, rather than obesity per se, and might contribute to a deregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS ITLN1 could be associated with cancer formation and progression. Since circulating ITLN1 levels are highly variable and differ between cancer types, the local tumor production of ITLN1 could be more relevant in determining malignant behavior. Future research should aim to identify the source of ITLN1 variability, to understand the differences in ITLN1 between distinct tumor types, and to further explore the signaling pathways through which this adipokine influences cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Robert Paval
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard J E Skipworth
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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MacGregor KA, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, Di Virgilio TG, Barwell ND, Gallagher IJ, Moran CN. Changes in adipose tissue microRNA expression across the menstrual cycle in regularly menstruating females: a pilot study. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:1-10. [PMID: 34796732 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00088.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclical changes in hormone profiles across the menstrual cycle are associated with alterations in metabolic control. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to regulating metabolic control, including adipose tissue metabolism. How fluctuations in hormonal profiles across the menstrual cycle affect adipose tissue miRNA expression remains unknown. Eleven healthy, regularly menstruating females underwent four sampling visits across their menstrual cycle. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and venous blood samples were collected at each sampling visit. Luteinizing hormone (LH) tests, calendar counting, and serum hormone concentrations were used to determine menstrual cycle phases: early-follicular (EF), late-follicular (LF), postovulatory (PO), and midluteal (ML). Serum follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone were determined using multiplex magnetic bead panels and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Global adipose tissue miRNA expression levels were determined via microarray in a subset of participants (n = 8) and 17 candidate miRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR in the whole cohort (n = 11). Global analysis of adipose tissue miRNA expression identified 33 miRNAs significantly altered across the menstrual cycle; however, no significant differences remained after correcting for multiple testing (P > 0.05). RT-qPCR analysis of candidate miRNAs revealed miR-497-5p expression was significantly altered across the menstrual cycle ([Formula: see text] = 0.18, P = 0.03); however, post hoc tests did not reveal any significant differences between menstrual cycle phases (P > 0.05). miR-30c-5p was associated with testosterone concentration (R2 = 0.13, P = 0.033). These pilot data indicate differences in adipose tissue miRNAs in healthy women across the menstrual cycle and a weak association with ovarian hormones. Further research in larger sample sizes is required to confirm regulation of miRNA expression across the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin A MacGregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Di Virgilio
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nick D Barwell
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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8
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Ntikas M, Hunter AM, Gallagher IJ, Di Virgilio TG. Longer Neurophysiological vs. Clinical Recovery Following Sport Concussion. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:737712. [PMID: 34957396 PMCID: PMC8695881 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.737712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess if injury-related alterations in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-5 (SCAT5) are matched by changes in transcranial magnetic stimulation-derived intracortical inhibition. We hypothesised that neurophysiological measures would take longer to return to normal than recovery assessed by the SCAT5 following sport related concussion (SRC). Methods: Thirteen male contact sport athletes (20.5 ± 4.5 years), who reported a concussion were recruited from local Rugby and American football clubs. Participants were tested at 4 timepoints throughout the concussion recovery period: within 24 h of concussion (day 0), and at 7, 9, and 11 days after concussion. All participants completed the SCAT5 and underwent TMS to assess cortical silent period duration (CSp), a measure of intracortical inhibition. Results: After concussion CSp significantly declined from day 0 (122 ± 28 ms) to day 11 (106 ± 15 ms) [F(3, 33) = 7.80, p < 0.001]. SCAT5 measures of symptom number and severity were significantly decreased [symptom number: χ(3)2 = 30.44, p < 0.01; symptom severity: χ(3)2 = 25.75, p < 0.001] between the day 0 timepoint and each of the other timepoints. SCAT5 balance errors (mBESS) decreased significantly [F(3, 33) = 19.55, p < 0.001] between the day 0 timepoint and each of the other timepoints. CSp and SCAT5 recovery patterns were different. SCAT5 domains recovered faster showing no further significant changes after day 7, whilst CSp was still decreasing between days 7 and 9. Due to the small sample size we also used a Bayesian linear model to investigate the recovery of CSp and mBESS. The posterior distribution of our Bayesian model provided evidence that CSp decreased at day 7 and it continued to decrease at day 9, unlike mBESS which decreased at day 7 and then reached a plateau. Conclusion: There are clinically important discrepancies between clinical and neurophysiological measures of concussion recovery. This finding has important implications for return to play (RTP) protocols and the prevention of complications after sport concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Ntikas
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Department of Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Department of Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Di Virgilio
- Department of Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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9
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MacGregor KA, Gallagher IJ, Moran CN. Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Menstrual Cycle Is Modified by BMI, Fitness, and Physical Activity in NHANES. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2979-2990. [PMID: 34111293 PMCID: PMC8475204 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is evidence demonstrating variation in insulin sensitivity across the menstrual cycle. However, to date, research has yielded inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE This study investigated variation in insulin sensitivity across the menstrual cycle and associations with body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). METHODS Data from 1906 premenopausal women in NHANES cycles 1999 to 2006 were analyzed. Menstrual cycle day was assessed using questionnaire responses recording days since last period. Rhythmic variation of plasma glucose, triglycerides, and insulin, homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and adipose tissue insulin resistance index (ADIPO-IR) across the menstrual cycle were analyzed using cosinor rhythmometry. Participants were assigned low or high categories of BMI, physical activity, and CRF, and category membership included in cosinor models as covariates. RESULTS Rhythmicity was demonstrated by a significant cosine fit for glucose (P = .014) but not triglycerides (P = .369), insulin (P = .470), HOMA-IR (P = .461), and ADIPO-IR (P = .335). When covariates were included, rhythmicity was observed when adjusting for: 1) BMI: glucose (P < .001), triglycerides (P < .001), insulin (P < .001), HOMA-IR (P < .001), and ADIPO-IR (P < .001); 2) physical activity: glucose (P < .001), triglycerides (P = .006), and ADIPO-IR (P = .038); and 3) CRF: triglycerides (P = .041), insulin (P = .002), HOMA-IR (P = .004), and ADIPO-IR (P = .004). Triglyceride amplitude, but not acrophase, was greater in the high physical activity category compared to low (P = .018). CONCLUSION Rhythmicity in insulin sensitivity and associated metabolites across the menstrual cycle are modified by BMI, physical activity, and CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin A MacGregor
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Colin N Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
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MacGregor KA, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, Barwell ND, Gallagher IJ, Moran CN, Di Virgilio TG. Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Sampling using a Mini-liposuction Technique. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 34633374 DOI: 10.3791/62635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on adipose tissue are useful in understanding metabolic and other conditions. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue is accessible. With appropriate training and strict adherence to aseptic technique, subcutaneous adipose samples can be safely and efficiently obtained in a non-clinical setting by researchers. Following the administration of local anesthetic lateral to the umbilicus, a 14 G needle attached to a 5 or 10 mL syringe is inserted through the skin into the subcutaneous tissue. Under suction, the syringe is moved in a reciprocating, slicing motion to isolate fragments of adipose tissue. Withdrawing the plunger is enough to ensure that adipose tissue fragments are aspirated through the needle into the syringe. A single biopsy can collect about 200 mg of tissue. This biopsy technique is very safe for both participants and research staff. Following the biopsy, participants can resume most everyday activities, although they should avoid swimming and overly strenuous activities for 48 h to avoid excessive bleeding. Participants can safely undergo 2 biopsies within a single day, meaning that the technique can be applied in before-after acute intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling
| | - Colin N Moran
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling
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11
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Willis CRG, Gallagher IJ, Wilkinson DJ, Brook MS, Bass JJ, Phillips BE, Smith K, Etheridge T, Stokes T, McGlory C, Gorissen SHM, Szewczyk NJ, Phillips SM, Atherton PJ. Transcriptomic links to muscle mass loss and declines in cumulative muscle protein synthesis during short-term disuse in healthy younger humans. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21830. [PMID: 34342902 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100276rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscle disuse leads to a rapid decline in muscle mass, with reduced muscle protein synthesis (MPS) considered the primary physiological mechanism. Here, we employed a systems biology approach to uncover molecular networks and key molecular candidates that quantitatively link to the degree of muscle atrophy and/or extent of decline in MPS during short-term disuse in humans. After consuming a bolus dose of deuterium oxide (D2 O; 3 mL.kg-1 ), eight healthy males (22 ± 2 years) underwent 4 days of unilateral lower-limb immobilization. Bilateral muscle biopsies were obtained post-intervention for RNA sequencing and D2 O-derived measurement of MPS, with thigh lean mass quantified using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Application of weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 15 distinct gene clusters ("modules") with an expression profile regulated by disuse and/or quantitatively connected to disuse-induced muscle mass or MPS changes. Module scans for candidate targets established an experimentally tractable set of candidate regulatory molecules (242 hub genes, 31 transcriptional regulators) associated with disuse-induced maladaptation, many themselves potently tied to disuse-induced reductions in muscle mass and/or MPS and, therefore, strong physiologically relevant candidates. Notably, we implicate a putative role for muscle protein breakdown-related molecular networks in impairing MPS during short-term disuse, and further establish DEPTOR (a potent mTOR inhibitor) as a critical mechanistic candidate of disuse driven MPS suppression in humans. Overall, these findings offer a strong benchmark for accelerating mechanistic understanding of short-term muscle disuse atrophy that may help expedite development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R G Willis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Joseph J Bass
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK.,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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12
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Laird BJ, McMillan D, Skipworth RJE, Fallon MT, Paval DR, McNeish I, Gallagher IJ. The Emerging Role of Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in Cancer Cachexia. Inflammation 2021; 44:1223-1228. [PMID: 33907915 PMCID: PMC8285330 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cancer cachexia remains an unmet need. The host-tumour interface and the resulting sequestration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Il-1β is critical in cachexia development. Neuroinflammation mediated via IL-1β through the hypothalamic pituitary axis results in increased muscle proteolysis and adipose lipolysis, thus creating a prolonged stress-like environment with loss of appetite and increased resting energy expenditure. Recent trials using a monoclonal antibody targeting IL-1β, canakinumab, have shown a potential role in lung cancer; however, a potential role of targeting IL-1β to treat cachexia in patients with lung cancer is unclear, yet the underlying pathophysiology provides a sound rationale that this may be a viable therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Laird
- Insitute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XR, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Donald McMillan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Marie T Fallon
- Insitute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XR, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D Robert Paval
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Iain McNeish
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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13
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Refalo MC, Hamilton DL, Paval DR, Gallagher IJ, Feros SA, Fyfe JJ. Influence of resistance training load on measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improvements in maximal strength and neuromuscular task performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1723-1745. [PMID: 33874848 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1898094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis determined resistance training (RT) load effects on various muscle hypertrophy, strength, and neuromuscular performance task [e.g., countermovement jump (CMJ)] outcomes. Relevent studies comparing higher-load [>60% 1-repetition maximum (RM) or <15-RM] and lower-load (≤60% 1-RM or ≥ 15-RM) RT were identified, with 45 studies (from 4713 total) included in the meta-analysis. Higher- and lower-load RT induced similar muscle hypertrophy at the whole-body (lean/fat-free mass; [ES (95% CI) = 0.05 (-0.20 to 0.29), P = 0.70]), whole-muscle [ES = 0.06 (-0.11 to 0.24), P = 0.47], and muscle fibre [ES = 0.29 (-0.09 to 0.66), P = 0.13] levels. Higher-load RT further improved 1-RM [ES = 0.34 (0.15 to 0.52), P = 0.0003] and isometric [ES = 0.41 (0.07 to 0.76), P = 0.02] strength. The superiority of higher-load RT on 1-RM strength was greater in younger [ES = 0.34 (0.12 to 0.55), P = 0.002] versus older [ES = 0.20 (-0.00 to 0.41), P = 0.05] participants. Higher- and lower-load RT therefore induce similar muscle hypertrophy (at multiple physiological levels), while higher-load RT elicits superior 1-RM and isometric strength. The influence of RT loads on neuromuscular task performance is however unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Refalo
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - D Robert Paval
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon A Feros
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jackson J Fyfe
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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14
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Pina I, Mendham AE, Tomaz SA, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK, Brooks NE, Gallagher IJ, Crockett R, Dudchenko P, Hunter AM. Intensity Matters for Musculoskeletal Health: A Cross-Sectional Study on Movement Behaviors of Older Adults from High-Income Scottish and Low-Income South African Communities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:4310. [PMID: 33921644 PMCID: PMC8072994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate differences in physical activity (PA) patterns and the associations between objectively measured 24-h movement behaviors and musculoskeletal measures (muscle strength, muscle mass, physical performance, and bone mineral density) in a high-income and a low-income community. This cross-sectional study recruited independent living older adults aged 60-85 years from high-income Scottish (n = 150) and low-income South African (n = 138) settings. Participants completed demographic and health questionnaires, and testing included body composition and bone mineral density (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), physical performance (grip strength, gait speed), and PA (accelerometry). Participants accumulated similar amounts of weekly total PA, however, the Scottish cohort engaged in more moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and sedentary behavior (SB), while the South African cohort spent more time sleeping and in light intensity PA (LPA). From compositional data analysis, more time spent in MVPA relative to the other movement behaviors was positively associated with higher muscle mass (p < 0.001) and strength (p = 0.001) in the Scottish cohort. Conversely, more time spent in MVPA was associated with faster gait speed (p < 0.001) and greater hip bone mineral density (p = 0.011) in the South African cohort. Our findings confirm the beneficial role of MVPA in both high- and low-income cohorts, however, the relationship MVPA had with components of musculoskeletal health in older adults differed between settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pina
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Amy E. Mendham
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.)
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Simone A. Tomaz
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.A.T.); (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Julia H. Goedecke
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.)
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Lisa K. Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.)
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Naomi E. Brooks
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.A.T.); (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Iain J. Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.A.T.); (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Rachel Crockett
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Paul Dudchenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (R.C.); (P.D.)
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.A.T.); (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
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15
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Mendham AE, Lundin-Olsson L, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK, Christensen DL, Gallagher IJ, Myburgh KH, Odunitan-Wayas FA, Lambert EV, Kalula S, Hunter AM, Brooks NE. Sarcopenic Obesity in Africa: A Call for Diagnostic Methods and Appropriate Interventions. Front Nutr 2021; 8:661170. [PMID: 33937309 PMCID: PMC8085278 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.661170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective aims to highlight the lack of current knowledge on sarcopenic obesity in Africa and to call for diagnostic methods and appropriate interventions. Sarcopenic obesity has been defined as obesity that occurs in combination with low muscle mass and function, which is typically evident in older adults. However, there has been no clear consensus on population-specific diagnostic criterion, which includes both gold-standard measures that can be used in a more advanced health care system, and surrogate measures that can be used in low-income settings with limited resources and funding. Importantly, low and middle-income countries (LMICs) across Africa are in an ongoing state of economic and social transition, which has contributed to an increase in the aging population, alongside the added burden of poverty, obesity, and associated co-morbidities. It is anticipated that alongside the increased prevalence of obesity, these countries will further experience an increase in age-related musculoskeletal diseases such as sarcopenia. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) approach will allow clinicians and researchers to consider developmental trajectories, and the influence of the environment, for targeting high-risk individuals and communities for treatment and/or prevention-based interventions that are implemented throughout all stages of the life course. Once a valid and reliable diagnostic criterion is developed, we can firstly assess the prevalence and burden of sarcopenic obesity in LMICs in Africa, and secondly, develop appropriate and sustainable interventions that target improved dietary and physical activity behaviors throughout the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Mendham
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Julia H Goedecke
- Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk L Christensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Feyisayo A Odunitan-Wayas
- Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Health through Physical Activity and Lifestyle Research Centre & Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sebastiana Kalula
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi E Brooks
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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16
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Mendham AE, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK, Brooks NE, Faber M, Christensen DL, Gallagher IJ, Lundin-Olsson L, Myburgh KH, Odunitan-Wayas FA, Lambert EV, Kalula S, Hunter AM. Understanding factors associated with sarcopenic obesity in older African women from a low-income setting: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:247. [PMID: 33853546 PMCID: PMC8048063 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High rates of food insecurity, obesity and obesity-related comorbidities in ageing South African (SA) women may amplify the risk of developing sarcopenic obesity. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of sarcopenic obesity and its diagnostic components [grip strength, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and body mass index (BMI)] in older SA women from a low-income setting. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited black SA women between the ages of 60-85 years (n = 122) from a low-income community. Testing included a fasting blood sample (markers of cardiometabolic risk, HIV), whole body and regional muscle and fat mass (dual-energy absorptiometry x-ray), anthropometry, blood pressure, functional movement tests, current medication use, demographic and health questionnaires, physical activity (PA; accelerometery), household food insecurity access scale, and a one-week quantified food frequency questionnaire. Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) criteria (grip strength and ASM, adjusted for BMI) were used to classify sarcopenia. Participants with sarcopenia alongside a BMI of > 30.0 kg/m2 were classified as having sarcopenic obesity. Prevalence using other criteria (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and the International Working Group for Sarcopenia) were also explored. RESULTS The prevalence of sarcopenia was 27.9%, which comprised of sarcopenia without obesity (3.3%) and sarcopenic obesity (24.6%). Other classification criteria showed that sarcopenia ranged from 0.8-14.7%, including 0.8-9.8% without obesity and 0-4.9% with sarcopenic obesity. Using multivariate-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) those with sarcopenic obesity presented with a descriptive profile of higher C-reactive protein, waist circumference, food security and sedentary time than women without sarcopenic obesity (p = 0.046). A similar profile described women with low BMI-adjusted grip strength (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The majority of women with sarcopenia were also obese (88%). We show a large discrepancy in the diagnostic criteria and the potential for significantly underestimating the prevalence of sarcopenia if BMI is not adjusted for. The main variables common to women with sarcopenic obesity were higher food security, lower PA and chronic inflammation. Our data highlights the importance of addressing obesity within these low-income communities to ensure the prevention of sarcopenic obesity and that quality of life is maintained with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Mendham
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Naomi E Brooks
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Mieke Faber
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk L Christensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | | | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Feyisayo A Odunitan-Wayas
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sebastiana Kalula
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
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17
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Odunitan-Wayas FA, Faber M, Mendham AE, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK, Brooks NE, Christensen DL, Gallagher IJ, Myburgh KH, Hunter AM, Lambert EV. Food Security, Dietary Intake, and Foodways of Urban Low-Income Older South African Women: An Exploratory Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:3973. [PMID: 33918829 PMCID: PMC8069086 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study explored the differences in sociodemographics, dietary intake, and household foodways (cultural, socioeconomic practices that affect food purchase, consumption, and preferences) of food secure and food insecure older women living in a low-income urban setting in South Africa. Women (n = 122) aged 60-85 years old were recruited, a sociodemographic questionnaire was completed, and food security categories were determined. The categories were dichotomised into food secure (food secure and mild food insecurity) and food insecure (moderate and severe). A one-week quantified food frequency questionnaire was administered. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). Most participants (>90%) were overweight/obese, unmarried/widowed, and breadwinners with a low monthly household income. Food insecure participants (36.9%) more frequently borrowed money for food (57.8% vs. 39.0%, p = 0.04), ate less so that their children could have more to eat (64.4%. vs. 27.3%, p = 0.001), and had higher housing density (1.2 vs. 1.0, p = 0.03), compared to their food-secure counterparts. Overall, <30% of participants met the WHO (Geneva, Switzerland) recommended daily servings of healthy foods (fruits, vegetables, and dairy products), but >60% perceived that they consumed an adequate amount of healthy foods. The overall low-quality diet of our cohort was associated with poor nutritional perceptions and choices, coupled with financial constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyisayo A Odunitan-Wayas
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
| | - Mieke Faber
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa;
| | - Amy E Mendham
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa;
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Naomi E Brooks
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Dirk L Christensen
- Section of Global Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Angus M Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (N.E.B.); (I.J.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; (A.E.M.); (J.H.G.); (L.K.M.); (E.V.L.)
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18
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Bass JJ, Kazi AA, Deane CS, Nakhuda A, Ashcroft SP, Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Philp A, Tarum J, Kadi F, Andersen D, Garcia AM, Smith K, Gallagher IJ, Szewczyk NJ, Cleasby ME, Atherton PJ. The mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy in response to transient knockdown of the vitamin D receptor in vivo. J Physiol 2021; 599:963-979. [PMID: 33258480 PMCID: PMC7986223 DOI: 10.1113/jp280652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Reduced vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression prompts skeletal muscle atrophy. Atrophy occurs through catabolic processes, namely the induction of autophagy, while anabolism remains unchanged. In response to VDR-knockdown mitochondrial function and related gene-set expression is impaired. In vitro VDR knockdown induces myogenic dysregulation occurring through impaired differentiation. These results highlight the autonomous role the VDR has within skeletal muscle mass regulation. ABSTRACT Vitamin D deficiency is estimated to affect ∼40% of the world's population and has been associated with impaired muscle maintenance. Vitamin D exerts its actions through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), the expression of which was recently confirmed in skeletal muscle, and its down-regulation is linked to reduced muscle mass and functional decline. To identify potential mechanisms underlying muscle atrophy, we studied the impact of VDR knockdown (KD) on mature skeletal muscle in vivo, and myogenic regulation in vitro in C2C12 cells. Male Wistar rats underwent in vivo electrotransfer (IVE) to knock down the VDR in hind-limb tibialis anterior (TA) muscle for 10 days. Comprehensive metabolic and physiological analysis was undertaken to define the influence loss of the VDR on muscle fibre composition, protein synthesis, anabolic and catabolic signalling, mitochondrial phenotype and gene expression. Finally, in vitro lentiviral transfection was used to induce sustained VDR-KD in C2C12 cells to analyse myogenic regulation. Muscle VDR-KD elicited atrophy through a reduction in total protein content, resulting in lower myofibre area. Activation of autophagic processes was observed, with no effect upon muscle protein synthesis or anabolic signalling. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis identified systematic down-regulation of multiple mitochondrial respiration-related protein and genesets. Finally, in vitro VDR-knockdown impaired myogenesis (cell cycling, differentiation and myotube formation). Together, these data indicate a fundamental regulatory role of the VDR in the regulation of myogenesis and muscle mass, whereby it acts to maintain muscle mitochondrial function and limit autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Bass
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Abid A. Kazi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PhysiologyPennsylvania State University College of MedicineHersheyPAUSA
| | - Colleen S. Deane
- Department of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Living Systems InstituteUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Asif Nakhuda
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Stephen P. Ashcroft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Matthew S. Brook
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Daniel J. Wilkinson
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Mitochondrial Metabolism & Ageing Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical ResearchNew South WalesAustralia
- St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSWSydneyAustralia
| | - Janelle Tarum
- School of Health SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Fawzi Kadi
- School of Health SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Ditte Andersen
- Molecular Physiology of Diabetes LaboratoryDepartment of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Amadeo Muñoz Garcia
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaTNUTRIM School of Nutrition and Metabolism in Translational ResearchMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ken Smith
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Iain J. Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupFaculty of Health Sciences and SportUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - Nathaniel J. Szewczyk
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Mark E. Cleasby
- Molecular Physiology of Diabetes LaboratoryDepartment of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC)School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Bass JJ, Nakhuda A, Deane CS, Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Philp A, Tarum J, Kadi F, Andersen D, Garcia AM, Smith K, Gallagher IJ, Szewczyk NJ, Cleasby ME, Atherton PJ. Overexpression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101059. [PMID: 32771696 PMCID: PMC7475200 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been positively associated with skeletal muscle mass, function and regeneration. Mechanistic studies have focused on the loss of the receptor, with in vivo whole-body knockout models demonstrating reduced myofibre size and function and impaired muscle development. To understand the mechanistic role upregulation of the VDR elicits in muscle mass/health, we studied the impact of VDR over-expression (OE) in vivo before exploring the importance of VDR expression upon muscle hypertrophy in humans. METHODS Wistar rats underwent in vivo electrotransfer (IVE) to overexpress the VDR in the Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle for 10 days, before comprehensive physiological and metabolic profiling to characterise the influence of VDR-OE on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), anabolic signalling and satellite cell activity. Stable isotope tracer (D2O) techniques were used to assess sub-fraction protein synthesis, alongside RNA-Seq analysis. Finally, human participants underwent 20 wks of resistance exercise training, with body composition and transcriptomic analysis. RESULTS Muscle VDR-OE yielded total protein and RNA accretion, manifesting in increased myofibre area, i.e., hypertrophy. The observed increases in MPS were associated with enhanced anabolic signalling, reflecting translational efficiency (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR-signalling), with no effects upon protein breakdown markers being observed. Additionally, RNA-Seq illustrated marked extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, while satellite cell content, markers of proliferation and associated cell-cycled related gene-sets were upregulated. Finally, induction of VDR mRNA correlated with muscle hypertrophy in humans following long-term resistance exercise type training. CONCLUSION VDR-OE stimulates muscle hypertrophy ostensibly via heightened protein synthesis, translational efficiency, ribosomal expansion and upregulation of ECM remodelling-related gene-sets. Furthermore, VDR expression is a robust marker of the hypertrophic response to resistance exercise in humans. The VDR is a viable target of muscle maintenance through testable Vitamin D molecules, as active molecules and analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Bass
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Asif Nakhuda
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Colleen S Deane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Janelle Tarum
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Sweden
| | - Fawzi Kadi
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Sweden
| | - Ditte Andersen
- Molecular Physiology of Diabetes Laboratory, Dept. of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Amadeo Muñoz Garcia
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Metabolism in Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Smith
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mark E Cleasby
- Molecular Physiology of Diabetes Laboratory, Dept. of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK.
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Miller J, Dreczkowski G, Ramage MI, Wigmore SJ, Gallagher IJ, Skipworth RJE. Adipose depot gene expression and intelectin-1 in the metabolic response to cancer and cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1141-1153. [PMID: 32232960 PMCID: PMC7432578 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a poorly understood metabolic consequence of cancer. During cachexia, different adipose depots demonstrate differential wasting rates. Animal models suggest adipose tissue may be a key driver of muscle wasting through fat-muscle crosstalk, but human studies in this area are lacking. We performed global gene expression profiling of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose from weight stable and cachectic cancer patients and healthy controls. METHODS Cachexia was defined as >2% weight loss plus low computed tomography-muscularity. Biopsies of SAT and VAT were taken from patients undergoing resection for oesophago-gastric cancer, and healthy controls (n = 16 and 8 respectively). RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed. cDNA was hybridised to the Affymetrix Clariom S microarray and data analysed using R/Bioconductor. Differential expression of genes was assessed using empirical Bayes and moderated-t-statistic approaches. Category enrichment analysis was used with a tissue-specific background to examine the biological context of differentially expressed genes. Selected differentially regulated genes were validated by qPCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for intelectin-1 was performed on all VAT samples. The previously-described cohort plus 12 additional patients from each group also had plasma I = intelectin-1 ELISA carried out. RESULTS In VAT vs. SAT comparisons, there were 2101, 1722, and 1659 significantly regulated genes in the cachectic, weight stable, and control groups, respectively. There were 2200 significantly regulated genes from VAT in cachectic patients compared with controls. Genes involving inflammation were enriched in cancer and control VAT vs. SAT, although different genes contributed to enrichment in each group. Energy metabolism, fat browning (e.g. uncoupling protein 1), and adipogenesis genes were down-regulated in cancer VAT (P = 0.043, P = 5.4 × 10-6 and P = 1 × 10-6 respectively). The gene showing the largest difference in expression was ITLN1, the gene that encodes for intelectin-1 (false discovery rate-corrected P = 0.0001), a novel adipocytokine associated with weight loss in other contexts. CONCLUSIONS SAT and VAT have unique gene expression signatures in cancer and cachexia. VAT is metabolically active in cancer, and intelectin-1 may be a target for therapeutic manipulation. VAT may play a fundamental role in cachexia, but the down-regulation of energy metabolism genes implies a limited role for fat browning in cachectic patients, in contrast to pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Miller
- Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Michael I Ramage
- Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen J Wigmore
- Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Science and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Richard J E Skipworth
- Clinical Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Wilkinson DJ, Rodriguez-Blanco G, Dunn WB, Phillips BE, Williams JP, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Gallagher IJ, Atherton PJ. Untargeted metabolomics for uncovering biological markers of human skeletal muscle ageing. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12517-12533. [PMID: 32580166 PMCID: PMC7377844 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing compromises skeletal muscle mass and function through poorly defined molecular aetiology. Here we have used untargeted metabolomics using UHPLC-MS to profile muscle tissue from young (n=10, 25±4y), middle aged (n=18, 50±4y) and older (n=18, 70±3y) men and women (50:50). Random Forest was used to prioritise metabolite features most informative in stratifying older age, with potential biological context examined using the prize-collecting Steiner forest algorithm embedded in the PIUMet software, to identify metabolic pathways likely perturbed in ageing. This approach was able to filter a large dataset of several thousand metabolites down to subnetworks of age important metabolites. Identified networks included the common age-associated metabolites such as androgens, (poly)amines/amino acids and lipid metabolites, in addition to some potentially novel ageing related markers such as dihydrothymine and imidazolone-5-proprionic acid. The present study reveals that this approach is a potentially useful tool to identify processes underlying human tissue ageing, and could therefore be utilised in future studies to investigate the links between age predictive metabolites and common biomarkers linked to health and disease across age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Giovanny Rodriguez-Blanco
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Warwick B Dunn
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - John P Williams
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- University of Stirling, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Stirling, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
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22
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Deane CS, Ames RM, Phillips BE, Weedon MN, Willis CRG, Boereboom C, Abdulla H, Bukhari SSI, Lund JN, Williams JP, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Gallagher IJ, Kadi F, Szewczyk NJ, Atherton PJ, Etheridge T. The acute transcriptional response to resistance exercise: impact of age and contraction mode. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2111-2126. [PMID: 30996129 PMCID: PMC6503873 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of resistance exercise (RE) remains a hotbed of research for muscle building and maintenance. However, the interactions between the contractile components of RE (i.e. concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC)) and age, are poorly defined. We used transcriptomics to compare age-related molecular responses to acute CON and ECC exercise. Eight young (21±1 y) and eight older (70±1 y) exercise-naïve male volunteers had vastus lateralis biopsies collected at baseline and 5 h post unilateral CON and contralateral ECC exercise. RNA was subjected to next-generation sequencing and differentially expressed (DE) genes tested for pathway enrichment using Gene Ontology (GO). The young transcriptional response to CON and ECC was highly similar and older adults displayed moderate contraction-specific profiles, with no GO enrichment. Age-specific responses to ECC revealed 104 DE genes unique to young, and 170 DE genes in older muscle, with no GO enrichment. Following CON, 15 DE genes were young muscle-specific, whereas older muscle uniquely expressed 147 up-regulated genes enriched for cell adhesion and blood vessel development, and 28 down-regulated genes involved in mitochondrial respiration, amino acid and lipid metabolism. Thus, older age is associated with contraction-specific regulation often without clear functional relevance, perhaps reflecting a degree of stochastic age-related dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Deane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Ryan M Ames
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Craig R G Willis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Catherine Boereboom
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Haitham Abdulla
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Syed S I Bukhari
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- Department of Surgery, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - John P Williams
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Fawzi Kadi
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Research Excellence and National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Postgraduate Entry Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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23
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Timmons JA, Gallagher IJ, Sood S, Phillips B, Crossland H, Howard R, Kraus WE, Atherton PJ. A statistical and biological response to an informatics appraisal of healthy aging gene signatures. Genome Biol 2019; 20:152. [PMID: 31375147 PMCID: PMC6676519 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Jacob and Speed did not identify even a single example of a '150-gene-set' that was statistically significant at classifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) samples, or age in independent studies. We attempt to clarify the various misunderstandings, below.
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Timmons JA, Atherton PJ, Larsson O, Sood S, Blokhin IO, Brogan RJ, Volmar CH, Josse AR, Slentz C, Wahlestedt C, Phillips SM, Phillips BE, Gallagher IJ, Kraus WE. A coding and non-coding transcriptomic perspective on the genomics of human metabolic disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:7772-7792. [PMID: 29986096 PMCID: PMC6125682 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), relying on hundreds of thousands of individuals, have revealed >200 genomic loci linked to metabolic disease (MD). Loss of insulin sensitivity (IS) is a key component of MD and we hypothesized that discovery of a robust IS transcriptome would help reveal the underlying genomic structure of MD. Using 1,012 human skeletal muscle samples, detailed physiology and a tissue-optimized approach for the quantification of coding (>18,000) and non-coding (>15,000) RNA (ncRNA), we identified 332 fasting IS-related genes (CORE-IS). Over 200 had a proven role in the biochemistry of insulin and/or metabolism or were located at GWAS MD loci. Over 50% of the CORE-IS genes responded to clinical treatment; 16 quantitatively tracking changes in IS across four independent studies (P = 0.0000053: negatively: AGL, G0S2, KPNA2, PGM2, RND3 and TSPAN9 and positively: ALDH6A1, DHTKD1, ECHDC3, MCCC1, OARD1, PCYT2, PRRX1, SGCG, SLC43A1 and SMIM8). A network of ncRNA positively related to IS and interacted with RNA coding for viral response proteins (P < 1 × 10−48), while reduced amino acid catabolic gene expression occurred without a change in expression of oxidative-phosphorylation genes. We illustrate that combining in-depth physiological phenotyping with robust RNA profiling methods, identifies molecular networks which are highly consistent with the genetics and biochemistry of human metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Timmons
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjana Sood
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Robert J Brogan
- Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, UK
| | | | | | - Cris Slentz
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science For Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Iain J Gallagher
- Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, UK.,School of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Shaw A, Jeromson S, Watterson KR, Pediani JD, Gallagher IJ, Whalley T, Dreczkowski G, Brooks N, Galloway SD, Hamilton DL. Multiple AMPK activators inhibit l-carnitine uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C689-C696. [PMID: 28298333 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene that encodes the principal l-carnitine transporter, OCTN2, can lead to a reduced intracellular l-carnitine pool and the disease Primary Carnitine Deficiency. l-Carnitine supplementation is used therapeutically to increase intracellular l-carnitine. As AMPK and insulin regulate fat metabolism and substrate uptake, we hypothesized that AMPK-activating compounds and insulin would increase l-carnitine uptake in C2C12 myotubes. The cells express all three OCTN transporters at the mRNA level, and immunohistochemistry confirmed expression at the protein level. Contrary to our hypothesis, despite significant activation of PKB and 2DG uptake, insulin did not increase l-carnitine uptake at 100 nM. However, l-carnitine uptake was modestly increased at a dose of 150 nM insulin. A range of AMPK activators that increase intracellular calcium content [caffeine (10 mM, 5 mM, 1 mM, 0.5 mM), A23187 (10 μM)], inhibit mitochondrial function [sodium azide (75 μM), rotenone (1 μM), berberine (100 μM), DNP (500 μM)], or directly activate AMPK [AICAR (250 μM)] were assessed for their ability to regulate l-carnitine uptake. All compounds tested significantly inhibited l-carnitine uptake. Inhibition by caffeine was not dantrolene (10 μM) sensitive despite dantrolene inhibiting caffeine-mediated calcium release. Saturation curve analysis suggested that caffeine did not competitively inhibit l-carnitine transport. To assess the potential role of AMPK in this process, we assessed the ability of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C (10 μM) to rescue the effect of caffeine. Compound C offered a partial rescue of l-carnitine uptake with 0.5 mM caffeine, suggesting that AMPK may play a role in the inhibitory effects of caffeine. However, caffeine likely inhibits l-carnitine uptake by alternative mechanisms independently of calcium release. PKA activation or direct interference with transporter function may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Shaw
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart Jeromson
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth R Watterson
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - John D Pediani
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Whalley
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Dreczkowski
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Brooks
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom;
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Abstract
The purpose of an F1000 review is to reflect on the bigger picture, exploring controversies and new concepts as well as providing opinion as to what is limiting progress in a particular field. We reviewed about 200 titles published in 2015 that included reference to 'skeletal muscle, exercise, and ageing' with the aim of identifying key articles that help progress our understanding or research capacity while identifying methodological issues which represent, in our opinion, major barriers to progress. Loss of neuromuscular function with chronological age impacts on both health and quality of life. We prioritised articles that studied human skeletal muscle within the context of age or exercise and identified new molecular observations that may explain how muscle responds to exercise or age. An important aspect of this short review is perspective: providing a view on the likely 'size effect' of a potential mechanism on physiological capacity or ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Timmons
- Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Gallagher IJ, Jacobi C, Tardif N, Rooyackers O, Fearon K. Omics/systems biology and cancer cachexia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 54:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sood S, Szkop KJ, Nakhuda A, Gallagher IJ, Murie C, Brogan RJ, Kaprio J, Kainulainen H, Atherton PJ, Kujala UM, Gustafsson T, Larsson O, Timmons JA. iGEMS: an integrated model for identification of alternative exon usage events. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:e109. [PMID: 27095197 PMCID: PMC4914109 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA microarrays and RNAseq are complementary methods for studying RNA molecules. Current computational methods to determine alternative exon usage (AEU) using such data require impractical visual inspection and still yield high false-positive rates. Integrated Gene and Exon Model of Splicing (iGEMS) adapts a gene-level residuals model with a gene size adjusted false discovery rate and exon-level analysis to circumvent these limitations. iGEMS was applied to two new DNA microarray datasets, including the high coverage Human Transcriptome Arrays 2.0 and performance was validated using RT-qPCR. First, AEU was studied in adipocytes treated with (n = 9) or without (n = 8) the anti-diabetes drug, rosiglitazone. iGEMS identified 555 genes with AEU, and robust verification by RT-qPCR (∼90%). Second, in a three-way human tissue comparison (muscle, adipose and blood, n = 41) iGEMS identified 4421 genes with at least one AEU event, with excellent RT-qPCR verification (95%, n = 22). Importantly, iGEMS identified a variety of AEU events, including 3′UTR extension, as well as exon inclusion/exclusion impacting on protein kinase and extracellular matrix domains. In conclusion, iGEMS is a robust method for identification of AEU while the variety of exon usage between human tissues is 5–10 times more prevalent than reported by the Genotype-Tissue Expression consortium using RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Sood
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, London, UK Research Department, XRGenomics Ltd, 35 Kingsland Road, London E2 8AA, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Szkop
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, London, UK Research Department, XRGenomics Ltd, 35 Kingsland Road, London E2 8AA, UK
| | - Asif Nakhuda
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, London, UK School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby Royal Hospital, Derbyshire, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Carl Murie
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, SciLifeLab, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert J Brogan
- Research Department, XRGenomics Ltd, 35 Kingsland Road, London E2 8AA, UK
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health and the Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Kainulainen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Philip J Atherton
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby Royal Hospital, Derbyshire, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, SciLifeLab, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James A Timmons
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, WC2R 2LS, London, UK Research Department, XRGenomics Ltd, 35 Kingsland Road, London E2 8AA, UK
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Jensen K, Gallagher IJ, Kaliszewska A, Zhang C, Abejide O, Gallagher MP, Werling D, Glass EJ. Live and inactivated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium stimulate similar but distinct transcriptome profiles in bovine macrophages and dendritic cells. Vet Res 2016; 47:46. [PMID: 27000047 PMCID: PMC4802613 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a major cause of gastroenteritis in cattle and humans. Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mø) are major players in early immunity to Salmonella, and their response could influence the course of infection. Therefore, the global transcriptional response of bovine monocyte-derived DC and Mø to stimulation with live and inactivated S. Typhimurium was compared. Both cell types mount a major response 2 h post infection, with a core common response conserved across cell-type and stimuli. However, three of the most affected pathways; inflammatory response, regulation of transcription and regulation of programmed cell death, exhibited cell-type and stimuli-specific differences. The expression of a subset of genes associated with these pathways was investigated further. The inflammatory response was greater in Mø than DC, in the number of genes and the enhanced expression of common genes, e.g., interleukin (IL) 1B and IL6, while the opposite pattern was observed with interferon gamma. Furthermore, a large proportion of the investigated genes exhibited stimuli-specific differential expression, e.g., Mediterranean fever. Two-thirds of the investigated transcription factors were significantly differentially expressed in response to live and inactivated Salmonella. Therefore the transcriptional responses of bovine DC and Mø during early S. Typhimurium infection are similar but distinct, potentially due to the overall function of these cell-types. The differences in response of the host cell will influence down-stream events, thus impacting on the subsequent immune response generated during the course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Jensen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Health and Exercise Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Anna Kaliszewska
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chen Zhang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Oluyinka Abejide
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.,Scotland's Rural College, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Maurice P Gallagher
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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Jeromson S, Gallagher IJ, Galloway SDR, Hamilton DL. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6977-7004. [PMID: 26610527 PMCID: PMC4663562 DOI: 10.3390/md13116977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a plastic tissue capable of adapting and mal-adapting to physical activity and diet. The response of skeletal muscle to adaptive stimuli, such as exercise, can be modified by the prior nutritional status of the muscle. The influence of nutrition on skeletal muscle has the potential to substantially impact physical function and whole body metabolism. Animal and cell based models show that omega-3 fatty acids, in particular those of marine origin, can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. Furthermore, recent human studies demonstrate that omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin can influence the exercise and nutritional response of skeletal muscle. These studies show that the prior omega-3 status influences not only the metabolic response of muscle to nutrition, but also the functional response to a period of exercise training. Omega-3 fatty acids of marine origin therefore have the potential to alter the trajectory of a number of human diseases including the physical decline associated with aging. We explore the potential molecular mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids may act in skeletal muscle, considering the n-3/n-6 ratio, inflammation and lipidomic remodelling as possible mechanisms of action. Finally, we suggest some avenues for further research to clarify how omega-3 fatty acids may be exerting their biological action in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Jeromson
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA Scotland, UK.
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA Scotland, UK.
| | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA Scotland, UK.
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA Scotland, UK.
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Sood S, Gallagher IJ, Lunnon K, Rullman E, Keohane A, Crossland H, Phillips BE, Cederholm T, Jensen T, van Loon LJC, Lannfelt L, Kraus WE, Atherton PJ, Howard R, Gustafsson T, Hodges A, Timmons JA. A novel multi-tissue RNA diagnostic of healthy ageing relates to cognitive health status. Genome Biol 2015; 16:185. [PMID: 26343147 PMCID: PMC4561473 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostics of the human ageing process may help predict future healthcare needs or guide preventative measures for tackling diseases of older age. We take a transcriptomics approach to build the first reproducible multi-tissue RNA expression signature by gene-chip profiling tissue from sedentary normal subjects who reached 65 years of age in good health. RESULTS One hundred and fifty probe-sets form an accurate classifier of young versus older muscle tissue and this healthy ageing RNA classifier performed consistently in independent cohorts of human muscle, skin and brain tissue (n = 594, AUC = 0.83-0.96) and thus represents a biomarker for biological age. Using the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men birth-cohort (n = 108) we demonstrate that the RNA classifier is insensitive to confounding lifestyle biomarkers, while greater gene score at age 70 years is independently associated with better renal function at age 82 years and longevity. The gene score is 'up-regulated' in healthy human hippocampus with age, and when applied to blood RNA profiles from two large independent age-matched dementia case-control data sets (n = 717) the healthy controls have significantly greater gene scores than those with cognitive impairment. Alone, or when combined with our previously described prototype Alzheimer disease (AD) RNA 'disease signature', the healthy ageing RNA classifier is diagnostic for AD. CONCLUSIONS We identify a novel and statistically robust multi-tissue RNA signature of human healthy ageing that can act as a diagnostic of future health, using only a peripheral blood sample. This RNA signature has great potential to assist research aimed at finding treatments for and/or management of AD and other ageing-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Sood
- XRGenomics Ltd, London, UK
- Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- XRGenomics Ltd, London, UK
- School of Health, Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Katie Lunnon
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Present address: University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Eric Rullman
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aoife Keohane
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Crossland
- Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
- School of Medicine, Derby Royal Hospital, Derbyshire, UK
| | | | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health, Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Robert Howard
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angela Hodges
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James A Timmons
- XRGenomics Ltd, London, UK.
- Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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Abstract
Serious and underappreciated sources of bias mean that extreme caution should be applied when using or interpreting functional enrichment analysis to validate findings from global RNA- or protein-expression analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Timmons
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Krzysztof J Szkop
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Stephens NA, Skipworth RJE, Gallagher IJ, Greig CA, Guttridge DC, Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Evaluating potential biomarkers of cachexia and survival in skeletal muscle of upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:53-61. [PMID: 26136412 PMCID: PMC4435097 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to grow the potential therapeutic armamentarium in the cachexia domain of supportive oncology, there is a pressing need to develop suitable biomarkers and potential drug targets. This pilot study evaluated several potential candidate biomarkers in skeletal muscle biopsies from a cohort of upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGIC) patients. METHODS One hundred seven patients (15 weight-stable healthy controls (HC) and 92 UGIC patients) were recruited. Mean (standard deviation) weight-loss of UGIC patients was 8.1 (9.3%). Cachexia was defined as weight-loss ≥5%. Rectus abdominis muscle was obtained at surgery and was analysed by western blotting or quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction. Candidate markers were selected according to previous literature and included Akt and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt, n = 52), forkhead box O transcription factors (n = 59), ubiquitin E3 ligases (n = 59, control of muscle anabolism/catabolism), BNIP3 and GABARAPL1 (n = 59, as markers of autophagy), myosin heavy-chain (MyHC, n = 54), dystrophin (n = 39), β-dystroglycan (n = 52), and β-sarcoglycan (n = 52, as markers of structural alteration in a muscle). Patients were followed up for an average of 1255 days (range 581-1955 days) or until death. Patients were grouped accordingly and analysed by (i) all cancer patients vs. HC; (ii) cachectic vs. non-cachectic cancer patients; and (iii) cancer patients surviving ≤1 vs. >1 year post operatively. RESULTS Cancer compared with HC patients had reduced mean (standard deviation) total Akt protein [0.49 (0.31) vs. 0.89 (0.17), P = 0.001], increased ratio of phosphorylated to total Akt [1.33 (1.04) vs. 0.32 (0.21), P = 0.002] and increased expression of GABARAPL1 [1.60 (0.76) vs. 1.10 (0.57), P = 0.024]. β-Dystroglycan levels were higher in cachectic compared with non-cachectic cancer patients [1.01 (0.16) vs. 0.87 (0.20), P = 0.007]. Survival was shortened in patients with low compared with high MyHC levels (median 316 vs. 1326 days, P = 0.023) and dystrophin levels (median 341 vs. 660 days, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The present study has identified intramuscular protein level of β-dystroglycan as a potential biomarker of cancer cachexia. Changes in the structural elements of muscle (MyHC or dystrophin) appear to be survival biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Stephens
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Richard J E Skipworth
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Carolyn A Greig
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Denis C Guttridge
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - James A Ross
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Kenneth C H Fearon
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
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Hamilton DL, Philp A, MacKenzie MG, Patton A, Towler MC, Gallagher IJ, Bodine SC, Baar K. Molecular brakes regulating mTORC1 activation in skeletal muscle following synergist ablation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E365-73. [PMID: 24961241 PMCID: PMC4137116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00674.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current work was to profile positive (mTORC1 activation, autocrine/paracrine growth factors) and negative [AMPK, unfolded protein response (UPR)] pathways that might regulate overload-induced mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) activation with the hypothesis that a number of negative regulators of mTORC1 will be engaged during a supraphysiological model of hypertrophy. To achieve this, mTORC1-IRS-1/2 signaling, BiP/CHOP/IRE1α, and AMPK activation were determined in rat plantaris muscle following synergist ablation (SA). SA resulted in significant increases in muscle mass of ~4% per day throughout the 21 days of the experiment. The expression of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) were high throughout the 21st day of overload. However, IGF signaling was limited, since IRS-1 and -2 were undetectable in the overloaded muscle from day 3 to day 9. The decreases in IRS-1/2 protein were paralleled by increases in GRB10 Ser(501/503) and S6K1 Thr(389) phosphorylation, two mTORC1 targets that can destabilize IRS proteins. PKB Ser(473) phosphorylation was higher from 3-6 days, and this was associated with increased TSC2 Thr(939) phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of TSC2 (Thr1345) (an AMPK site) was also elevated, whereas phosphorylation at the other PKB site, Thr(1462), was unchanged at 6 days. In agreement with the phosphorylation of Thr(1345), SA led to activation of AMPKα1 during the initial growth phase, lasting the first 9 days before returning to baseline by day 12. The UPR markers CHOP and BiP were elevated over the first 12 days following ablation, whereas IRE1α levels decreased. These data suggest that during supraphysiological muscle loading at least three potential molecular brakes engage to downregulate mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee Hamilton
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom;
| | - Andrew Philp
- Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew G MacKenzie
- Division of Molecular Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Patton
- Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Mhairi C Towler
- Division of Molecular Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Sue C Bodine
- Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Keith Baar
- Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
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Kilgour AHM, Gallagher IJ, MacLullich AMJ, Andrew R, Gray CD, Hyde P, Wackerhage H, Husi H, Ross JA, Starr JM, Chapman KE, Fearon KCH, Walker BR, Greig CA. Increased skeletal muscle 11βHSD1 mRNA is associated with lower muscle strength in ageing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84057. [PMID: 24391882 PMCID: PMC3877148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and function with age, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current understanding of the underlying mechanisms is limited. Glucocorticoids (GC) in excess cause muscle weakness and atrophy. We hypothesized that GC may contribute to sarcopenia through elevated circulating levels or increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling by increased expression of either GR or the GC-amplifying enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in muscle. Methods There were 82 participants; group 1 comprised 33 older men (mean age 70.2years, SD 4.4) and 19 younger men (22.2years, 1.7) and group 2 comprised 16 older men (79.1years, 3.4) and 14 older women (80.1years, 3.7). We measured muscle strength, mid-thigh cross-sectional area, fasting morning plasma cortisol, quadriceps muscle GR and 11βHSD1 mRNA, and urinary glucocorticoid metabolites. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression adjusting for age, gender and body size. Results Muscle strength and size were not associated with plasma cortisol, total urinary glucocorticoids or the ratio of urinary 5β-tetrahydrocortisol +5α-tetrahydrocortisol to tetrahydrocortisone (an index of systemic 11βHSD activity). Muscle strength was associated with 11βHSD1 mRNA levels (β -0.35, p = 0.04), but GR mRNA levels were not significantly associated with muscle strength or size. Conclusion Although circulating levels of GC are not associated with muscle strength or size in either gender, increased cortisol generation within muscle by 11βHSD1 may contribute to loss of muscle strength with age, a key component of sarcopenia. Inhibition of 11βHSD1 may have therapeutic potential in sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixe H. M. Kilgour
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Iain J. Gallagher
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair M. J. MacLullich
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Andrew
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Calum D. Gray
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Hyde
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Husi
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Ross
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth C. H. Fearon
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A. Greig
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lessard SJ, Rivas DA, Alves-Wagner AB, Hirshman MF, Gallagher IJ, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Atkins R, Greenhaff PL, Qi NR, Gustafsson T, Fielding RA, Timmons JA, Britton SL, Koch LG, Goodyear LJ. Resistance to aerobic exercise training causes metabolic dysfunction and reveals novel exercise-regulated signaling networks. Diabetes 2013; 62:2717-27. [PMID: 23610057 PMCID: PMC3717870 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low aerobic exercise capacity is a risk factor for diabetes and a strong predictor of mortality, yet some individuals are "exercise-resistant" and unable to improve exercise capacity through exercise training. To test the hypothesis that resistance to aerobic exercise training underlies metabolic disease risk, we used selective breeding for 15 generations to develop rat models of low and high aerobic response to training. Before exercise training, rats selected as low and high responders had similar exercise capacities. However, after 8 weeks of treadmill training, low responders failed to improve their exercise capacity, whereas high responders improved by 54%. Remarkably, low responders to aerobic training exhibited pronounced metabolic dysfunction characterized by insulin resistance and increased adiposity, demonstrating that the exercise-resistant phenotype segregates with disease risk. Low responders had impaired exercise-induced angiogenesis in muscle; however, mitochondrial capacity was intact and increased normally with exercise training, demonstrating that mitochondria are not limiting for aerobic adaptation or responsible for metabolic dysfunction in low responders. Low responders had increased stress/inflammatory signaling and altered transforming growth factor-β signaling, characterized by hyperphosphorylation of a novel exercise-regulated phosphorylation site on SMAD2. Using this powerful biological model system, we have discovered key pathways for low exercise training response that may represent novel targets for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donato A. Rivas
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Ryan Atkins
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Greenhaff
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan R. Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Roger A. Fielding
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James A. Timmons
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laurie J. Goodyear
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Laurie J. Goodyear,
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Gallagher IJ, Stephens NA, MacDonald AJ, Skipworth RJE, Husi H, Greig CA, Ross JA, Timmons JA, Fearon KCH. Suppression of skeletal muscle turnover in cancer cachexia: evidence from the transcriptome in sequential human muscle biopsies. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2817-27. [PMID: 22452944 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in patients with cancer remain poorly understood, and consequently there remains an unmet clinical need for new biomarkers and treatment strategies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Microarrays were used to examine the transcriptome in single biopsies from healthy controls (n = 6) and in paired biopsies [pre-resection baseline (weight-loss 7%) and 8 month post-resection follow-up (disease-free/weight-stable for previous 2 months)] from quadriceps muscle of patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGIC; n = 12). RESULTS Before surgery, 1,868 genes were regulated compared with follow-up (false discovery rate, 6%). Ontology analysis showed that regulated genes belonged to both anabolic and catabolic biologic processes with overwhelming downregulation in baseline samples. No literature-derived genes from preclinical cancer cachexia models showed higher expression in baseline muscle. Comparison with healthy control muscle (n = 6) revealed that despite differences in the transcriptome at baseline (941 genes regulated), the muscle of patients at follow-up was similar to control muscle (2 genes regulated). Physical activity (step count per day) did not differ between the baseline and follow-up periods (P = 0.9), indicating that gene expression differences reflected the removal of the cancer rather than altered physical activity levels. Comparative gene expression analysis using exercise training signatures supported this interpretation. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic and protein turnover-related pathways are suppressed in weight-losing patients with UGIC whereas removal of the cancer appears to facilitate a return to a healthy state, independent of changes in the level of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Gallagher
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Stephens NA, Gray C, MacDonald AJ, Tan BH, Gallagher IJ, Skipworth RJE, Ross JA, Fearon KCH, Greig CA. Sexual dimorphism modulates the impact of cancer cachexia on lower limb muscle mass and function. Clin Nutr 2012; 31:499-505. [PMID: 22296872 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is a sparsity of data on the impact of cachexia on human muscle function. This study examined the relationship between cachexia, quality of life and the mass/function/mechanical quality of lower limb skeletal muscle in gastrointestinal cancer patients. METHODS Quadriceps strength and lower limb power were measured in 54 patients with gastrointestinal cancer (n = 24 ≥ 10% weight-loss) and 18 healthy controls. Quadriceps cross-sectional area was measured in 33/54 patients and in all controls using MRI. Muscle mechanical quality was defined as quadriceps strength/unit quadriceps cross-sectional area. Quality of life was assessed using the EORTC QLQ-C30. Patients with weight-loss ≥ 10% were classified as cachectic. RESULTS In male cachectic patients, quadriceps strength (p = 0.003), lower limb power (p = 0.026), quadriceps cross-sectional area (p = 0.019) and muscle quality (p = 0.008) were reduced compared with controls. In female cachectic patients, quadriceps strength (p = 0.001) and muscle quality (p = 0.001) were reduced compared with controls. Physical function (p = 0.013) and fatigue (p = 0.004) quality of life scores were reduced in male cachectic compared with non-cachectic patients, but not in females. CONCLUSIONS Muscle quality is reduced in cancer patients. The degree of impairment of lower limb muscle mass, quality and function and the impact on quality of life varies with weight-loss and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Stephens
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
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Keller P, Gburcik V, Petrovic N, Gallagher IJ, Nedergaard J, Cannon B, Timmons JA. Gene-chip studies of adipogenesis-regulated microRNAs in mouse primary adipocytes and human obesity. BMC Endocr Disord 2011; 11:7. [PMID: 21426570 PMCID: PMC3070678 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue abundance relies partly on the factors that regulate adipogenesis, i.e. proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes. While components of the transcriptional program that initiates adipogenesis is well-known, the importance of microRNAs in adipogenesis is less well studied. We thus set out to investigate whether miRNAs would be actively modulated during adipogenesis and obesity. METHODS Several models exist to study adipogenesis in vitro, of which the cell line 3T3-L1 is the most well known, albeit not the most physiologically appropriate. Thus, as an alternative, we produced EXIQON microarray of brown and white primary murine adipocytes (prior to and following differentiation) to yield global profiles of miRNAs. RESULTS We found 65 miRNAs regulated during in vitro adipogenesis in primary adipocytes. We evaluated the similarity of our responses to those found in non-primary cell models, through literature data-mining. When comparing primary adipocyte profiles, with those of cell lines reported in the literature, we found a high degree of difference in 'adipogenesis' regulated miRNAs suggesting that the model systems may not be accurately representing adipogenesis. The expression of 10 adipogenesis-regulated miRNAs were studied using real-time qPCR and then we selected 5 miRNAs, that showed robust expression, were profiled in subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from 20 humans with a range of body mass indices (BMI, range = 21-48, and all samples have U133+2 Affymetrix profiles provided). Of the miRNAs tested, mir-21 was robustly expressed in human adipose tissue and positively correlated with BMI (R2 = 0.49, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, we provide a preliminary analysis of miRNAs associated with primary cell in vitro adipogenesis and demonstrate that the inflammation-associated miRNA, mir-21 is up-regulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue in human obesity. Further, we provide a novel transcriptomics database of EXIQON and Affymetrix adipocyte profiles to facilitate data mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Keller
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv Denmark
| | | | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Physiology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
- Tissue Injury & Repair Group, The Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Physiology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
- Department of Physiology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - James A Timmons
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
- Department of Physiology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv Denmark
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Davidsen PK, Gallagher IJ, Hartman JW, Tarnopolsky MA, Dela F, Helge JW, Timmons JA, Phillips SM. High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:309-17. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00901.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA), small noncoding RNA molecules, may regulate protein synthesis, while resistance exercise training (RT) is an efficient strategy for stimulating muscle protein synthesis in vivo. However, RT increases muscle mass, with a very wide range of effectiveness in humans. We therefore determined the expression level of 21 abundant miRNAs to determine whether variation in these miRNAs was able to explain the variation in RT-induced gains in muscle mass. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained from the top and bottom ∼20% of responders from 56 young men who undertook a 5 day/wk RT program for 12 wk. Training-induced muscle mass gain was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and fiber size was evaluated by histochemistry. The expression level of each miRNA was quantified using TaqMan-based quantitative PCR, with the analysis carried out in a blinded manner. Gene ontology and target gene profiling were used to predict the potential biological implications. Of the 21 mature miRNAs examined, 17 were stable during RT in both groups. However, miR-378, miR-29a, miR-26a, and miR-451 were differentially expressed between low and high responders. miR-378, miR-29a, and miR-26a were downregulated in low responders and unchanged in high responders, while miR-451 was upregulated only in low responders. Interestingly, the training-induced change in miR-378 abundance was positively correlated with muscle mass gains in vivo. Gene ontology analysis of the target gene list of miR-378, miR-29a, miR-26a, and miR-451, from the weighted cumulative context ranking methodology, indicated that miRNA changes in the low responders may be compensatory, reflecting a failure to “activate” growth and remodeling genes. We report, for the first time, that RT-induced hypertrophy in human skeletal muscle is associated with selected changes in miRNA abundance. Our analysis indicates that miRNAs may play a role in the phenotypic change and pronounced intergroup variation in the RT response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K. Davidsen
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Denmark
- Lifestyle Research Group, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Iain J. Gallagher
- Lifestyle Research Group, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flemming Dela
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Denmark
| | - Jørn W. Helge
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Denmark
| | - James A. Timmons
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Denmark
- Lifestyle Research Group, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
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Keller P, Vollaard NBJ, Gustafsson T, Gallagher IJ, Sundberg CJ, Rankinen T, Britton SL, Bouchard C, Koch LG, Timmons JA. A transcriptional map of the impact of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle phenotype. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 110:46-59. [PMID: 20930125 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00634.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways that are activated and contribute to physiological remodeling of skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercise have not been fully characterized. We previously reported that ∼800 gene transcripts are regulated following 6 wk of supervised endurance training in young sedentary males, referred to as the training-responsive transcriptome (TRT) (Timmons JA et al. J Appl Physiol 108: 1487-1496, 2010). Here we utilized this database together with data on biological variation in muscle adaptation to aerobic endurance training in both humans and a novel out-bred rodent model to study the potential regulatory molecules that coordinate this complex network of genes. We identified three DNA sequences representing RUNX1, SOX9, and PAX3 transcription factor binding sites as overrepresented in the TRT. In turn, miRNA profiling indicated that several miRNAs targeting RUNX1, SOX9, and PAX3 were downregulated by endurance training. The TRT was then examined by contrasting subjects who demonstrated the least vs. the greatest improvement in aerobic capacity (low vs. high responders), and at least 100 of the 800 TRT genes were differentially regulated, thus suggesting regulation of these genes may be important for improving aerobic capacity. In high responders, proangiogenic and tissue developmental networks emerged as key candidates for coordinating tissue aerobic adaptation. Beyond RNA-level validation there were several DNA variants that associated with maximal aerobic capacity (Vo(₂max)) trainability in the HERITAGE Family Study but these did not pass conservative Bonferroni adjustment. In addition, in a rat model selected across 10 generations for high aerobic training responsiveness, we found that both the TRT and a homologous subset of the human high responder genes were regulated to a greater degree in high responder rodent skeletal muscle. This analysis provides a comprehensive map of the transcriptomic features important for aerobic exercise-induced improvements in maximal oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Keller
- Translational Biomedicine, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Stephens NA, Gallagher IJ, Rooyackers O, Skipworth RJ, Tan BH, Marstrand T, Ross JA, Guttridge DC, Lundell L, Fearon KC, Timmons JA. Using transcriptomics to identify and validate novel biomarkers of human skeletal muscle cancer cachexia. Genome Med 2010; 2:1. [PMID: 20193046 PMCID: PMC2829926 DOI: 10.1186/gm122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cachexia is a multi-organ tissue wasting syndrome that contributes to morbidity and mortality in many cancer patients. Skeletal muscle loss represents an established key feature yet there is no molecular understanding of the disease process. In fact, the postulated molecular regulators of cancer cachexia originate largely from pre-clinical models and it is unclear how these translate to the clinical environment. Methods Rectus abdominis muscle biopsies were obtained from 65 upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer patients during open surgery and RNA profiling was performed on a subset of this cohort (n = 21) using the Affymetrix U133+2 platform. Quantitative analysis revealed a gene signature, which underwent technical validation and independent confirmation in a separate clinical cohort. Results Quantitative significance analysis of microarrays produced an 83-gene signature that was able to identify patients with greater than 5% weight loss, while this molecular profile was unrelated to markers of systemic inflammation. Selected genes correlating with weight loss were validated using quantitative real-time PCR and independently studied as general cachexia biomarkers in diaphragm and vastus lateralis from a second cohort (n = 13; UGI cancer patients). CaMKIIβ correlated positively with weight loss in all muscle groups and CaMKII protein levels were elevated in rectus abdominis. TIE1 was also positively associated with weight loss in both rectus abdominis and vastus lateralis muscle groups while other biomarkers demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns. Candidates selected from the pre-clinical literature, including FOXO protein and ubiquitin E3 ligases, were not related to weight loss in this human clinical study. Furthermore, promoter analysis identified that the 83 weight loss-associated genes had fewer FOXO binding sites than expected by chance. Conclusion We were able to discover and validate new molecular biomarkers of human cancer cachexia. The exercise activated genes CaMKIIβ and TIE1 related positively to weight-loss across muscle groups, indicating that this cachexia signature is not simply due to patient inactivity. Indeed, excessive CaMKIIβ activation is a potential mechanism for reduced muscle protein synthesis. Our genomics analysis also supports the view that the available preclinical models do not accurately reflect the molecular characteristics of human muscle from cancer cachexia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Stephens
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), School of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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Attout T, Martin C, Babayan SA, Kozek WJ, Bazzocchi C, Oudet F, Gallagher IJ, Specht S, Bain O. Pleural cellular reaction to the filarial infection Litomosoides sigmodontis is determined by the moulting process, the worm alteration, and the host strain. Parasitol Int 2008; 57:201-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nair MG, Gallagher IJ, Taylor MD, Loke P, Coulson PS, Wilson RA, Maizels RM, Allen JE. Chitinase and Fizz family members are a generalized feature of nematode infection with selective upregulation of Ym1 and Fizz1 by antigen-presenting cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:385-94. [PMID: 15618176 PMCID: PMC538942 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.385-394.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ym1 and Fizz1 are secreted proteins that have been identified in a variety of Th2-mediated inflammatory settings. We originally found Ym1 and Fizz1 as highly expressed macrophage genes in a Brugia malayi infection model. Here, we show that their expression is a generalized feature of nematode infection and that they are induced at the site of infection with both the tissue nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. At the sites of infection with N. brasiliensis, we also observed induction of other chitinase and Fizz family members (ChaFFs): acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and Fizz2. The high expression of both Ym1 and AMCase in the lungs of infected mice suggests that abundant chitinase production is an important feature of Th2 immune responses in the lung. In addition to expression of ChaFFs in the tissues, Ym1 and Fizz1 expression was observed in the lymph nodes. Expression both in vitro and in vivo was restricted to antigen-presenting cells, with the highest expression in B cells and macrophages. ChaFFs may therefore be important effector or wound-repair molecules at the site of nematode infection, with potential regulatory roles for Ym1 and Fizz1 in the draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera G Nair
- Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
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